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Yang Y, Jin H, Li X, Yan J. Biohydrogenation of 1,3-Butadiene to 1-Butene under Acetogenic Conditions by Acetobacterium wieringae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:1637-1645. [PMID: 36647731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The environmental fate and transformation mechanism(s) of 1,3-butadiene (BD) under anoxic conditions remain largely unexplored. Anaerobic consortia that can biohydrogenate BD to stoichiometric amounts of 1-butene at a maximum rate of 205.7 ± 38.6 μM day-1 were derived from freshwater river sediment. The formation of 1-butene occurred only in the presence of both H2 and CO2 with concomitant acetate production, suggesting the dependence of BD biohydrogenation on acetogenesis. The 16S rRNA gene-targeted amplicon sequencing revealed the enrichment and dominance of a novel Acetobacterium wieringae population, designated as strain N, in the BD-biohydrogenating community. Multiple genes encoding putative ene-reductases, candidate catalysts for the hydrogenation of the C═C bond in diene compounds, were annotated on the metagenome-assembled genome of strain N, and thus attributed the BD biohydrogenation activity to strain N. Our findings emphasize an essential but overlooked role of certain Acetobacterium members (e.g., strain N) contributing to the natural attenuation of BD in contaminated subsurface environments (e.g., sediment and groundwater). Future efforts to identify and characterize the ene-reductase(s) responsible for BD biohydrogenation in strain N hold promise for the development of industrial biocatalysts capable of stereoselective conversion of BD to 1-butene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Huijuan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiuying Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
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Use of biomarker data and metabolite relative potencies to support derivation of noncancer reference values based on the reproductive and developmental toxicity effects of 1,3-butadiene. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 134:105239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kirman CR, Hays SM. Use of Biomarker Data and Relative Potencies of Mutagenic Metabolites to Support Derivation of Cancer Unit Risk Values for 1,3-Butadiene from Rodent Tumor Data. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10070394. [PMID: 35878299 PMCID: PMC9316621 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10070394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Unit Risk (UR) values were derived for 1,3-butadiene (BD) based upon its ability to cause tumors in laboratory mice and rats. Metabolism has been established as the significant molecular initiating event of BD’s carcinogenicity. The large quantitative species differences in the metabolism of BD and potency of critical BD epoxide metabolites must be accounted for when rodent toxicity responses are extrapolated to humans. Previously published methods were extended and applied to cancer risk assessments to account for species differences in metabolism, as well as differences in mutagenic potency of BD metabolites within the context of data-derived adjustment factors (DDEFs). This approach made use of biomarker data (hemoglobin adducts) to quantify species differences in the internal doses of BD metabolites experienced in mice, rats, and humans. Using these methods, the dose–response relationships in mice and rats exhibit improved concordance, and result in upper bound UR values ranging from 2.1 × 10−5 to 1.2 × 10−3 ppm−1 for BD. Confidence in these UR values was considered high based on high confidence in the key studies, medium-to-high confidence in the toxicity database, high confidence in the estimates of internal dose, and high confidence in the dose–response modeling.
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Golding BT, Abelairas-Edesa M, Tilbury RD, Wilson JP, Zhang D, Henderson AP, Bleasdale C, Clegg W, Watson WP. Influence of the methyl group in isoprene epoxides on reactivity compared to butadiene epoxides: Biological significance. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 361:109949. [PMID: 35490797 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of the epoxides of 1,3-butadiene and isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) with oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur nucleophiles have been compared to enable a better molecular understanding of the relative human toxicities of these epoxides. Hydrolysis of rac.-ethenyloxirane in (18O)water gave 77% (2-18O)but-3-ene-1,2-diol and 23% (1-18O)but-3-ene-1,2-diol. The R:S ratio for but-3-ene-1,2-diol from hydrolysis of (S)-ethenyloxirane was 75:25. Hence, hydrolysis of ethenyloxirane occurs by competing SN2 attack at C-2 and C-3 in 3:1 ratio, with no SN1 component. Hydrolysis of rac.-2-ethenyl-2-methyloxirane gave 2-hydroxy-2-methylbut-3-en-1-ol (73%) and 27% of a 2:1 mixture of the E- and Z-isomers of 4-hydroxy-2-methylbut-2-en-1-ol. In (18O)water (2-18O)2-hydroxy-2-methylbut-3-en-1-ol was obtained. Formation of these products occurs via SN1 ionisation to resonance-stabilised allylic cations which are captured by water. Reaction of rac.-ethenyloxirane with l-valine methyl ester gave diastereoisomeric adducts from SN2 attack of the valine amino at both C-2 (substituted position) and C-3 of the oxirane. The corresponding reaction of rac.-2-methyl-2-ethenyloxirane gave diastereoisomeric adducts, (R, S)- and (S, S)-N-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-buten-1-yl)-l-valine methyl ester, from SN2 attack of the valine amino solely at C-3. Reactions of rac.-2-ethenyl-2-methyloxirane with cysteine derivatives occurred at C-2 in neutral polar media (SN1 reaction) or at C-3 in basic media (SN2), whereas for ethenyloxirane products arose from attack at both C-2 and C-3. Reaction of meso-butadiene diepoxide (meso-2,2'-bioxirane) with l-valine methyl ester gave mainly 2:1 adducts, dimethyl 2,2'-(((2R,3S)-2,3-dihydroxybutane-1,4-diyl)bis(azanediyl))-(2S,2'S)-bis(3-methyl-butanoates), whereas 2-methyl-2,2'-bioxirane gave a mixture of 1:1 [methyl 2-(3,4-dihydroxy-3-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-methylbutanoates] and 2:1 adducts. Meso-2,2'-bioxirane reacted with N-acetylcysteine methyl ester in methanol to afford meso-thiolane-3,4-diol, by elimination of N-acetyldehydroalanine methyl ester from a precursor cyclic adduct. Similarly, 2-methyl-2,2'-bioxirane gave solely 3-methylthiolane-3,4-diols. Thus, the methyl group of isoprene has a subtle effect on the reactivity of its epoxides relative to those of butadiene and therefore, in the context of their toxicology, could abrogate crosslinking of nitrogen functions in biomolecules related to mutagenicity and carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard T Golding
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon, Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Manuel Abelairas-Edesa
- NewChem Technologies, The Biosphere, Draymans Way, Newcastle Helix, Newcastle Upon, Tyne, NE4 5BX, UK
| | - Rowena D Tilbury
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon, Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Joanne P Wilson
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon, Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Daping Zhang
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon, Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Alistair P Henderson
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon, Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK; NewChem Technologies, The Biosphere, Draymans Way, Newcastle Helix, Newcastle Upon, Tyne, NE4 5BX, UK
| | - Christine Bleasdale
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon, Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - William Clegg
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon, Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - William P Watson
- Shell International Chemicals BV, Shell Research and Technology Centre Amsterdam, Toxicology Department, P.O. Box 38000, 1030BN, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Syngenta Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TJ, UK
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Pujari SS, Jokipii Krueger CC, Chao C, Hutchins S, Hurben AK, Boysen G, Tretyakova N. DEB-FAPy-dG Adducts of 1,3-Butadiene: Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Formation in 1,2,3,4-Diepoxybutane Treated DNA. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202103245. [PMID: 34767297 PMCID: PMC10603587 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic activation of the human carcinogen 1,3-butadiene (BD) by cytochrome 450 monooxygenases gives rise to a genotoxic diepoxide, 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB). This reactive electrophile alkylates guanine bases in DNA to produce N7-(2-hydroxy-3,4-epoxy-1-yl)-dG (N7-DE-dG) adducts. Because of the positive charge at the N7 position of the purine heterocycle, N7-DEB-dG adducts are inherently unstable and can undergo spontaneous depurination or base-catalyzed imidazole ring opening to give N6 -[2-deoxy-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl]-2,6-diamino-3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-5-N-1-(oxiran-2-yl)propan-1-ol-formamidopyrimidine (DEB-FAPy-dG) adducts. Here we report the first synthesis and structural characterization of DEB-FAPy-dG adducts. Authentic standards of DEB-FAPy-dG and its 15 N3 -labeled analogue were used for the development of a quantitative nanoLC-ESI+ -HRMS/MS method, allowing for adduct detection in DEB-treated calf thymus DNA. DEB-FAPy-dG formation in DNA was dependent on DEB concentration and pH, with higher numbers observed under alkaline conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh S Pujari
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Caitlin C Jokipii Krueger
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Christopher Chao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Spencer Hutchins
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Alexander K Hurben
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Gunnar Boysen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and the Winthrop P Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham St., Slot 820, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Natalia Tretyakova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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Erber L, Goodman S, Wright FA, Chiu WA, Tretyakova NY, Rusyn I. Intra- and Inter-Species Variability in Urinary N7-(1-Hydroxy-3-buten-2-yl)guanine Adducts Following Inhalation Exposure to 1,3-Butadiene. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:2375-2383. [PMID: 34726909 PMCID: PMC8715497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene is a known carcinogen primarily targeting lymphoid tissues, lung, and liver. Cytochrome P450 activates butadiene to epoxides which form covalent DNA adducts that are thought to be a key mechanistic event in cancer. Previous studies suggested that inter-species, -tissue, and -individual susceptibility to adverse health effects of butadiene exposure may be due to differences in metabolism and other mechanisms. In this study, we aimed to examine the extent of inter-individual and inter-species variability in the urinary N7-(1-hydroxy-3-buten-2-yl)guanine (EB-GII) DNA adduct, a well-known biomarker of exposure to butadiene. For a population variability study in mice, we used the collaborative cross model. Female and male mice from five strains were exposed to filtered air or butadiene (590 ppm, 6 h/day, 5 days/week for 2 weeks) by inhalation. Urine samples were collected, and the metabolic activation of butadiene by DNA-reactive species was quantified as urinary EB-GII adducts. We quantified the degree of EB-GII variation across mouse strains and sexes; then, we compared this variation with the data from rats (exposed to 62.5 or 200 ppm butadiene) and humans (0.004-2.2 ppm butadiene). We show that sex and strain are significant contributors to the variability in urinary EB-GII levels in mice. In addition, we find that the degree of variability in urinary EB-GII in collaborative cross mice, when expressed as an uncertainty factor for the inter-individual variability (UFH), is relatively modest (≤threefold) possibly due to metabolic saturation. By contrast, the variability in urinary EB-GII (adjusted for exposure) observed in humans, while larger than the default value of 10-fold, is largely consistent with UFH estimates for other chemicals based on human data for non-cancer endpoints. Overall, these data demonstrate that urinary EB-GII levels, particularly from human studies, may be useful for quantitative characterization of human variability in cancer risks to butadiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Erber
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Samantha Goodman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Fred A. Wright
- Bioinformatics Research Center and Departments of Biological Sciences and Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Weihsueh A. Chiu
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Natalia Y. Tretyakova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA,Corresponding authors: Natalia Tretyakova, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, 2-147 CCRB, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; phone: (612) 626-3432; ; Ivan Rusyn, Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA; phone: (979) 458-9866;
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA,Corresponding authors: Natalia Tretyakova, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, 2-147 CCRB, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; phone: (612) 626-3432; ; Ivan Rusyn, Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA; phone: (979) 458-9866;
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Nellis M, Caperton CO, Liu K, Tran V, Go YM, Hallberg LM, Ameredes BT, Jones DP, Boysen G. Lung metabolome of 1,3-butadiene exposed Collaborative Cross mice reflects metabolic phenotype of human lung cancer. Toxicology 2021; 463:152987. [PMID: 34648870 PMCID: PMC9062885 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD) exposure is known to cause numerous adverse health effects, including cancer, in animals and humans. BD is metabolized to reactive epoxide intermediates, which are genotoxic, but it is not well know what other effects BD has on cellular metabolism. We examined the effects of exposure to BD on the mouse lung metabolome in the genetically heterogeneous collaborative cross outbred mouse model. Mice were exposed to 3 concentra-tions of BD for 10 days (2, 20, and 200 ppm), and lung tissues were analyzed using high-resolution mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. As compared to controls (0 ppm BD), BD had extensive effects on lung metabolism at all concentrations of exposure, including the lowest concentration of 2 ppm, as reflected by reprogramming of multiple metabolic pathways. Metabolites participating in glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle were elevated, with 8 out of 10 metabolites demonstrating a 2 to 8-fold increase, including the oncometabolite fumarate. Fatty acid levels, sphingosine, and sphinganine were decreased (2 to 8-fold), and fatty acyl-CoAs were significantly increased (16 to 31-fold), suggesting adjustments in lipid metabolism. Furthermore, metabolites involved in basic amino acid metabolism, steroid hormone metabolism, and nucleic acid metabolism were significantly altered. Overall, these changes mirror the metabolic alterations found in lung cancer cells, suggesting that very low doses of BD induce metabolic adaptations that may prevent or promote adverse health effects such as tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Nellis
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States
| | - Caitlin O Caperton
- Department of Environment and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, United States; The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, United States
| | - Ken Liu
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States
| | - ViLinh Tran
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States
| | - Young-Mi Go
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States
| | - Lance M Hallberg
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, United States; Sealy Center for Environmental Health and Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, United States
| | - Bill T Ameredes
- Sealy Center for Environmental Health and Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, United States; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, United States
| | - Dean P Jones
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States
| | - Gunnar Boysen
- Department of Environment and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, United States; The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, United States.
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Erber L, Goodman S, Jokipii Krueger CC, Rusyn I, Tretyakova N. Quantitative NanoLC/NSI +-HRMS Method for 1,3-Butadiene Induced bis-N7-guanine DNA-DNA Cross-Links in Urine. TOXICS 2021; 9:247. [PMID: 34678943 PMCID: PMC8540193 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9100247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a common environmental and industrial chemical widely used in plastic and rubber manufacturing and also present in cigarette smoke and automobile exhaust. BD is classified as a known human carcinogen based on evidence of carcinogenicity in laboratory animals treated with BD by inhalation and epidemiological studies revealing an increased risk of leukemia and lymphohematopoietic cancers in workers occupationally exposed to BD. Upon exposure via inhalation, BD is bioactivated to several toxic epoxides including 3,4-epoxy-1-butene (EB), 3,4-epoxy-1,2-butanediol (EBD), and 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB); these are conjugated with glutathione and excreted as 2-(N-acetyl-L-cystein-S-yl)-1-hydroxybut-3-ene/1-(N-acetyl-L-cystein-S-yl)-2-hydroxybut-3-ene (MHBMA), 4-(N-acetyl-L-cystein-S-yl)-1,2-dihydroxybutane (DHBMA), and 1,4-bis-(N-acetyl-L-cystein-S-yl)butane-2,3-diol (bis-BDMA). Exposure to DEB generates monoalkylated DNA adducts, DNA-DNA crosslinks, and DNA-protein crosslinks, which can cause base substitutions, genomic rearrangements, and large genomic deletions. In this study, we developed a quantitative nanoLC/NSI+-HRMS methodology for 1,4-bis-(gua-7-yl)-2,3-butanediol (bis-N7G-BD) adducts in urine (LOD: 0.1 fmol/mL urine, LOQ: 1.0 fmol/mL urine). This novel method was used to quantify bis-N7G-BD in urine of mice treated with 590 ± 150 ppm BD for 2 weeks (6 h/day, 5 days/week). Bis-N7G-BD was detected in urine of male and female BD-exposed mice (574.6 ± 206.0 and 571.1 ± 163.4 pg/mg of creatinine, respectively). In addition, major urinary metabolites of BD, bis-BDMA, MHBMA and DHBMA, were measured in the same samples. Urinary bis-N7G-BD adduct levels correlated with DEB-derived metabolite bis-BDMA (r = 0.80, Pearson correlation), but not with the EB-derived DNA adducts (EB-GII) or EB-derived metabolites MHBMA and DHBMA (r = 0.24, r = 0.14, r = 0.18, respectively, Pearson correlations). Urinary bis-N7G-BD could be employed as a novel non-invasive biomarker of exposure to BD and bioactivation to its most mutagenic metabolite, DEB. This method will be useful for future studies of 1,3-butadiene exposure and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Erber
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (L.E.); (C.C.J.K.)
| | - Samantha Goodman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Caitlin C. Jokipii Krueger
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (L.E.); (C.C.J.K.)
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Natalia Tretyakova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (L.E.); (C.C.J.K.)
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Jokipii Krueger CC, Park SL, Madugundu G, Patel Y, Le Marchand L, Stram DO, Tretyakova N. Ethnic differences in excretion of butadiene-DNA adducts by current smokers. Carcinogenesis 2021; 42:694-704. [PMID: 33693566 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgab020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a known human carcinogen used in the synthetic polymer industry and also found in cigarette smoke, automobile exhaust and wood burning smoke. BD is metabolically activated by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP) 2E1 and 2A6 to 3,4-epoxy-1-butene (EB), which can be detoxified by GST-catalyzed glutathione conjugation or hydrolysis. We have previously observed ethnic differences in urinary levels of EB-mercapturic acids in white, Japanese American and Native Hawaiian smokers. In the present study, similar analyses were extended to urinary BD-DNA adducts. BD-induced N7-(1-hydroxy-3-buten-2-yl) guanine (EB-GII) adducts were quantified in urine samples obtained from smokers and non-smokers belonging to three racial/ethnic groups: white, Japanese American and Native Hawaiian. After adjusting for sex, age, nicotine equivalents, body mass index and batch, we found that Japanese American smokers excreted significantly higher amounts of urinary EB-GII than whites [1.45 (95% confidence interval: 1.12-1.87) versus 0.68 (95% confidence interval: 0.52-0.85) fmol/ml urine, P = 4 × 10-5]. Levels of urinary EB-GII in Native Hawaiian smokers were not different from those in whites [0.67 (95% confidence interval: 0.51-0.84) fmol/ml urine, P = 0.938]. There were no racial/ethnic differences in urinary EB-GII adduct levels in non-smokers. Racial/ethnic differences in urinary EB-GII adduct levels in smokers could not be explained by GSTT1 gene deletion or CYP2A6 enzymatic activity. Urinary EB-GII adduct levels in smokers were significantly associated with concentrations of BD metabolite dihyroxybutyl mercapturic acid. Overall, our results reveal that urinary EB-GII adducts in smokers differ across racial/ethnic groups. Future studies are required to understand genetic and epigenetic factors that may be responsible for these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin C Jokipii Krueger
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - S Lani Park
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Guru Madugundu
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yesha Patel
- Department of Preventative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Daniel O Stram
- Department of Preventative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Natalia Tretyakova
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Nakamura J, Carro S, Gold A, Zhang Z. An unexpected butadiene diolepoxide-mediated genotoxicity implies alternative mechanism for 1,3-butadiene carcinogenicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 266:129149. [PMID: 33310515 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD) is abundant in combustion products such as cigarette smoke. While BD has been classified as a known human carcinogen, a long-standing question is the identity of the ultimate carcinogenic metabolite in humans. We hypothesize that 3,4-epoxybutane-1,2-diol (EBD) may play a critical role in human carcinogenesis due to its high bioavailability. We utilized a differential toxicity assay for BD metabolites and newly synthesized EBD analogs in a series of isogenic chicken cells lacking specific DNA repair proteins to address the mode of action of BD genotoxicity and infer a mode of action. Surprisingly, as with the diepoxide 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB), the monoepoxide EBD showed remarkable toxicity to cells deficient in Fanconi anemia (FANC) genes. This observation suggests that EBD may be transformed into a bifunctional metabolite and forms interstrand cross-links. EBD and its analog with a hydroxy substituent at C1 were found to be highly toxic to FANCD2-deficient chicken and human cells. The Results suggest that EBD may be transformed to a bifunctional epoxy aldehyde, perhaps by alcohol dehydrogenase, to which the observed FANC sensitivity could be attributed. The implications of this study are very important in considering mechanisms by which EBD may cause leukemia and lymphoma in humans exposed to BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Nakamura
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Biosciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan; Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Sujey Carro
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zhenfa Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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11
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Peterson LA, Balbo S, Fujioka N, Hatsukami DK, Hecht SS, Murphy SE, Stepanov I, Tretyakova NY, Turesky RJ, Villalta PW. Applying Tobacco, Environmental, and Dietary-Related Biomarkers to Understand Cancer Etiology and Evaluate Prevention Strategies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:1904-1919. [PMID: 32051197 PMCID: PMC7423750 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-1356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Many human cancers are caused by environmental and lifestyle factors. Biomarkers of exposure and risk developed by our team have provided critical data on internal exposure to toxic and genotoxic chemicals and their connection to cancer in humans. This review highlights our research using biomarkers to identify key factors influencing cancer risk as well as their application to assess the effectiveness of exposure intervention and chemoprevention protocols. The use of these biomarkers to understand individual susceptibility to the harmful effects of tobacco products is a powerful example of the value of this type of research and has provided key data confirming the link between tobacco smoke exposure and cancer risk. Furthermore, this information has led to policy changes that have reduced tobacco use and consequently, the tobacco-related cancer burden. Recent technological advances in mass spectrometry led to the ability to detect DNA damage in human tissues as well as the development of adductomic approaches. These new methods allowed for the detection of DNA adducts in tissues from patients with cancer, providing key evidence that exposure to carcinogens leads to DNA damage in the target tissue. These advances will provide valuable insights into the etiologic causes of cancer that are not tobacco-related.See all articles in this CEBP Focus section, "Environmental Carcinogenesis: Pathways to Prevention."
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Peterson
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Silvia Balbo
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Naomi Fujioka
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Irina Stepanov
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Natalia Y Tretyakova
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Robert J Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Peter W Villalta
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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12
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Jokipii Krueger CC, Madugundu G, Degner A, Patel Y, Stram DO, Church TR, Tretyakova N. Urinary N7-(1-hydroxy-3-buten-2-yl) guanine adducts in humans: temporal stability and association with smoking. Mutagenesis 2020; 35:19-26. [PMID: 31702786 PMCID: PMC7016204 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gez030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a known human carcinogen found in cigarette smoke, automobile exhaust, and urban air. Workers occupationally exposed to BD in the workplace have an increased incidence of leukemia and lymphoma. BD undergoes cytochrome P450-mediated metabolic activation to 3,4-epoxy-1-butene (EB), 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB) and 1,2-dihydroxy-3,4-epoxybutane (EBD), which form covalent adducts with DNA. We have previously reported a quantitative nanoLC/ESI+-HRMS3 method for urinary N7-(1-hydroxy-3-buten-2-yl) guanine (EB-GII) adducts as a mechanism-based biomarker of BD exposure. In the present study, the method was updated to include high throughput 96-well solid phase extraction (SPE) and employed to establish urinary EB-GII biomarker stability and association with smoking. Urinary EB-GII levels were measured bimonthly for 1 year in 19 smokers to determine whether single adduct measurement provides reliable levels of EB-GII in an individual smoker. In addition, association of EB-GII with smoking was studied in 17 individuals participating in a smoking cessation program. EB-GII levels decreased 34% upon smoking cessation, indicating that it is associated with smoking status, but may also originate from sources other than exposure to cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin C Jokipii Krueger
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Guru Madugundu
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Amanda Degner
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Yesha Patel
- Department of Preventative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Daniel O Stram
- Department of Preventative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Timothy R Church
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Natalia Tretyakova
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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13
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Walker VE, Degner A, Carter EW, Nicklas JA, Walker DM, Tretyakova N, Albertini RJ. 1,3-Butadiene metabolite 1,2,3,4 diepoxybutane induces DNA adducts and micronuclei but not t(9;22) translocations in human cells. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 312:108797. [PMID: 31422076 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies of 1,3-butadiene (BD) exposures have reported a possible association with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), which is defined by the presence of the t(9;22) translocation (Philadelphia chromosome) creating an oncogenic BCR-ABL fusion gene. Butadiene diepoxide (DEB), the most mutagenic of three epoxides resulting from BD, forms DNA-DNA crosslink adducts that can lead to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Thus, a study was designed to determine if (±)-DEB exposure of HL60 cells, a promyelocytic leukemia cell line lacking the Philadelphia chromosome, can produce t(9;22) translocations. In HL60 cells exposed for 3 h to 0-10 μM DEB, overlapping dose-response curves suggested a direct relationship between 1,4-bis-(guan-7-yl)-2,3-butanediol crosslink adduct formation (R = 0.977, P = 0.03) and cytotoxicity (R = 0.961, P = 0.002). Experiments to define the relationships between cytotoxicity and the induction of micronuclei (MN), a dosimeter of DNA DSBs, showed that 24 h exposures of HL60 cells to 0-5.0 μM DEB caused significant positive correlations between the concentration and (i) the degree of cytotoxicity (R = 0.998, p = 0.002) and (ii) the frequency of MN (R = 0.984, p = 0.016) at 48 h post exposure. To determine the relative induction of MN and t(9;22) translocations following exposures to DEB, or x-rays as a positive control for formation of t(9;22) translocations, HL60 cells were exposed for 24 h to 0, 1, 2.5, or 5 μM DEB or to 0, 2.0, 3.5, or 5.0 Gy x-rays, or treatments demonstrated to yield 0, 20%, 50%, or 80% cytotoxicity. Treatments between 0 and 3.5 Gy x-rays caused significant dose-related increases in both MN (p < 0.001) and t(9;22) translocations (p = 0.01), whereas DEB exposures causing similar cytotoxicity levels did not increase translocations over background. These data indicate that, while DEB induces DNA DSBs required for formation of MN and translocations, acute DEB exposures of HL60 cells did not produce the Philadelphia chromosome obligatory for CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon E Walker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States.
| | - Amanda Degner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
| | - Elizabeth W Carter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States.
| | - Janice A Nicklas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States.
| | - Dale M Walker
- The Burlington HC Research Group, Inc., Jericho, VT, United States.
| | - Natalia Tretyakova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
| | - Richard J Albertini
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States.
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14
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Israel JW, Chappell GA, Simon JM, Pott S, Safi A, Lewis L, Cotney P, Boulos HS, Bodnar W, Lieb JD, Crawford GE, Furey TS, Rusyn I. Tissue- and strain-specific effects of a genotoxic carcinogen 1,3-butadiene on chromatin and transcription. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:153-167. [PMID: 29429127 PMCID: PMC6095468 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9739-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic effects of environmental chemicals are under intense investigation to fill existing knowledge gaps between environmental/occupational exposures and adverse health outcomes. Chromatin accessibility is one prominent mechanism of epigenetic control of transcription, and understanding of the chemical effects on both could inform the causal role of epigenetic alterations in disease mechanisms. In this study, we hypothesized that baseline variability in chromatin organization and transcription profiles among various tissues and mouse strains influence the outcome of exposure to the DNA damaging chemical 1,3-butadiene. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated DNA damage along with comprehensive quantification of RNA transcripts (RNA-seq), identification of accessible chromatin (ATAC-seq), and characterization of regions with histone modifications associated with active transcription (ChIP-seq for acetylation at histone 3 lysine 27, H3K27ac). We collected these data in the lung, liver, and kidney of mice from two genetically divergent strains, C57BL/6J and CAST/EiJ, that were exposed to clean air or to 1,3-butadiene (~600 ppm) for 2 weeks. We found that tissue effects dominate differences in both gene expression and chromatin states, followed by strain effects. At baseline, xenobiotic metabolism was consistently more active in CAST/EiJ, while immune system pathways were more active in C57BL/6J across tissues. Surprisingly, even though all three tissues in both strains harbored butadiene-induced DNA damage, little transcriptional effect of butadiene was observed in liver and kidney. Toxicologically relevant effects of butadiene in the lung were on the pathways of xenobiotic metabolism and inflammation. We also found that variability in chromatin accessibility across individuals (i.e., strains) only partially explains the variability in transcription. This study showed that variation in the basal states of epigenome and transcriptome may be useful indicators for individuals or tissues susceptible to genotoxic environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer W Israel
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Grace A Chappell
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeremy M Simon
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sebastian Pott
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alexias Safi
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lauren Lewis
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Paul Cotney
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hala S Boulos
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wanda Bodnar
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jason D Lieb
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gregory E Crawford
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Terrence S Furey
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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15
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Hartman JH, Miller GP, Caro AA, Byrum SD, Orr LM, Mackintosh SG, Tackett AJ, MacMillan-Crow LA, Hallberg LM, Ameredes BT, Boysen G. 1,3-Butadiene-induced mitochondrial dysfunction is correlated with mitochondrial CYP2E1 activity in Collaborative Cross mice. Toxicology 2017; 378:114-124. [PMID: 28082109 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) metabolizes low molecular weight hydrophobic compounds, including 1,3-butadiene, which is converted by CYP2E1 to electrophilic epoxide metabolites that covalently modify cellular proteins and DNA. Previous CYP2E1 studies have mainly focused on the enzyme localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (erCYP2E1); however, active CYP2E1 has also been found in mitochondria (mtCYP2E1) and the distribution of CYP2E1 between organelles can influence an individual's response to exposure. Relatively few studies have focused on the contribution of mtCYP2E1 to activation of chemical toxicants. We hypothesized that CYP2E1 bioactivation of 1,3-butadiene within mitochondria adversely affects mitochondrial respiratory complexes I-IV. A population of Collaborative Cross mice was exposed to air (control) or 200ppm 1,3-butadiene. Subcellular fractions (mitochondria, DNA, and microsomes) were collected from frozen livers and CYP2E1 activity was measured in microsomes and mitochondria. Individual activities of mitochondrial respiratory complexes I-IV were measured using in vitro assays and purified mitochondrial fractions. In air- and 1,3-butadiene-exposed mouse samples, mtDNA copy numbers were assessed by RT-PCR, and mtDNA integrity was assessed through a PCR-based assay. No significant changes in mtDNA copy number or integrity were observed; however, there was a decrease in overall activity of mitochondrial respiratory complexes I, II, and IV after 1,3-butadiene exposure. Additionally, higher mtCYP2E1 (but not erCYP2E1) activity was correlated with decreased mitochondrial respiratory complex activity (in complexes I-IV) in the 1,3-butadiene-exposed (not control) animals. Together, these results represent the first in vivo link between mitochondrial CYP2E1 activity and mitochondrial toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H Hartman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Grover P Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.
| | - Andres A Caro
- Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway, AR, United States
| | - Stephanie D Byrum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Lisa M Orr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Samuel G Mackintosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Alan J Tackett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Lee Ann MacMillan-Crow
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Lance M Hallberg
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Sealy Center for Environmental Health and Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Bill T Ameredes
- Sealy Center for Environmental Health and Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, United States
| | - Gunnar Boysen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States; The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.
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16
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Bolognesi C, Kirsch-Volders M. The ex vivo L-CBMN assay detects significant human exposure to butadiene. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 770:73-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Lee JH, Kang HS, Han DH. Ratios of N-(2,3,4-trihydroxybutyl) valine and N-(2-hydroxy-3-butenyl) valine formed hemoglobin adducts in female mice inhalation exposure with 1,3-butadiene. Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 21:15-20. [PMID: 15986572 DOI: 10.1191/0748233705th210oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a known rodent and probable human carcinogen (IARC, group 2A) or ‘known to be a human carcinogen’ (Department of Health and Human Services, 2000). Exposure to BD can occur either via petrochemical products or through the general environment. Adducts can be used as biomarkers for biological monitoring of carcinogen exposure. This study investigated the hemoglobin adducts in blood after inhalation exposure to BD in ICR female mice for three weeks (5 h/day-5 days/week). During the inhalation exposure, the body weights of mice were significantly lower from day 9 onward for the 500 ppm BD group and from day 4 onward for the 1000 ppm BD group. On the 1st, 2nd and 3rd weeks after inhalation exposure, the concentrations of HB Val adducts were 1.8, 3.7 and 6.2 pmol/mg globin for the 500 ppm BD group, and 5.7, 7.4 and 16.0 pmol/mg globin for the 1000 ppm BD group. The concentrations of THB Val adducts were 32.0, 42.0 and 55.0 pmol/mg globin for the 500 ppm BD group, and 67.8, 72.7 and 83.5 pmol/mg globin for the 1000 ppm BD group. Their defined ratios were higher at the earlier exposure period and at the lower concentration. They were 17.8, 11.4 and 8.87 for the 500 ppm BD group, and 11.9, 9.8 and 5.2 for the 1000 ppm BD group, on the 1st, 2nd and 3rd weeks after inhalation exposure. THB Val and HB Val adducts appear to be the important hemoglobin adducts for monitoring BD exposure, with the latter being a more predictable biomarker than the former.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Heon Lee
- Department of Environmental Education, Kongju National University, Kongju, Chungnam-do, South Korea.
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18
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Kotapati S, Esades A, Matter B, Le C, Tretyakova N. High throughput HPLC-ESI(-)-MS/MS methodology for mercapturic acid metabolites of 1,3-butadiene: Biomarkers of exposure and bioactivation. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 241:23-31. [PMID: 25727266 PMCID: PMC4550585 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD) is an important industrial and environmental carcinogen present in cigarette smoke, automobile exhaust, and urban air. The major urinary metabolites of BD in humans are 2-(N-acetyl-L-cystein-S-yl)-1-hydroxybut-3-ene/1-(N-acetyl-L-cystein-S-yl)-2-hydroxybut-3-ene (MHBMA), 4-(N-acetyl-L-cystein-S-yl)-1,2-dihydroxybutane (DHBMA), and 4-(N-acetyl-L-cystein-S-yl)-1,2,3-trihydroxybutyl mercapturic acid (THBMA), which are formed from the electrophilic metabolites of BD, 3,4-epoxy-1-butene (EB), hydroxymethyl vinyl ketone (HMVK), and 3,4-epoxy-1,2-diol (EBD), respectively. In the present work, a sensitive high-throughput HPLC-ESI(-)-MS/MS method was developed for simultaneous quantification of MHBMA and DHBMA in small volumes of human urine (200 μl). The method employs a 96 well Oasis HLB SPE enrichment step, followed by isotope dilution HPLC-ESI(-)-MS/MS analysis on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The validated method was used to quantify MHBMA and DHBMA in urine of workers from a BD monomer and styrene-butadiene rubber production facility (40 controls and 32 occupationally exposed to BD). Urinary THBMA concentrations were also determined in the same samples. The concentrations of all three BD-mercapturic acids and the metabolic ratio (MHBMA/(MHBMA+DHBMA+THBMA)) were significantly higher in the occupationally exposed group as compared to controls and correlated with BD exposure, with each other, and with BD-hemoglobin biomarkers. This improved high throughput methodology for MHBMA and DHBMA will be useful for future epidemiological studies in smokers and occupationally exposed workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Kotapati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Amanda Esades
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Brock Matter
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Chap Le
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Natalia Tretyakova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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19
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Park SL, Kotapati S, Wilkens LR, Tiirikainen M, Murphy SE, Tretyakova N, Le Marchand L. 1,3-Butadiene exposure and metabolism among Japanese American, Native Hawaiian, and White smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 23:2240-9. [PMID: 25368399 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We hypothesize that the differences in lung cancer risk in Native Hawaiians, whites, and Japanese Americans may, in part, be due to variation in the metabolism of 1,3-butadiene, one of the most abundant carcinogens in cigarette smoke. METHODS We measured two biomarkers of 1,3-butadiene exposure, monohydroxybutyl mercapturic acid (MHBMA) and dihydroxybutyl mercapturic acid (DHBMA), in overnight urine samples among 584 Native Hawaiians, Japanese Americans, and white smokers in Hawaii. These values were normalized to creatinine levels. Ethnic-specific geometric means were compared adjusting for age at urine collection, sex, body mass index, and nicotine equivalents (a marker of total nicotine uptake). RESULTS We found that mean urinary MHBMA differed by race/ethnicity (P = 0.0002). The values were highest in whites and lowest in Japanese Americans. This difference was only observed in individuals with the GSTT1-null genotype (P = 0.0001). No difference across race/ethnicity was found among those with at least one copy of the GSTT1 gene (P ≥ 0.72). Mean urinary DHBMA did not differ across racial/ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS The difference in urinary MHBMA excretion levels from cigarette smoking across three ethnic groups is, in part, explained by the GSTT1 genotype. Mean urinary MHBMA levels are higher in whites among GSTT1-null smokers. IMPACT The overall higher excretion levels of MHBMA in whites and lower levels of MHBMA in Japanese Americans are consistent with the higher lung cancer risk in the former. However, the excretion levels of MHBMA in Native Hawaiians are not consistent with their disease risk and thus unlikely to explain their high risk of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungshim Lani Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Srikanth Kotapati
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Lynne R Wilkens
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Maarit Tiirikainen
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Loïc Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii.
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20
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Kotapati S, Wickramaratne S, Esades A, Boldry EJ, Quirk Dorr D, Pence MG, Guengerich FP, Tretyakova NY. Polymerase Bypass of N(6)-Deoxyadenosine Adducts Derived from Epoxide Metabolites of 1,3-Butadiene. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1496-507. [PMID: 26098310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
N(6)-(2-Hydroxy-3-buten-1-yl)-2'-deoxyadenosine (N(6)-HB-dA I) and N(6),N(6)-(2,3-dihydroxybutan-1,4-diyl)-2'-deoxyadenosine (N(6),N(6)-DHB-dA) are exocyclic DNA adducts formed upon alkylation of the N(6) position of adenine in DNA by epoxide metabolites of 1,3-butadiene (BD), a common industrial and environmental chemical classified as a human and animal carcinogen. Since the N(6)-H atom of adenine is required for Watson-Crick hydrogen bonding with thymine, N(6)-alkylation can prevent adenine from normal pairing with thymine, potentially compromising the accuracy of DNA replication. To evaluate the ability of BD-derived N(6)-alkyladenine lesions to induce mutations, synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing site-specific (S)-N(6)-HB-dA I and (R,R)-N(6),N(6)-DHB-dA adducts were subjected to in vitro translesion synthesis in the presence of human DNA polymerases β, η, ι, and κ. While (S)-N(6)-HB-dA I was readily bypassed by all four enzymes, only polymerases η and κ were able to carry out DNA synthesis past (R,R)-N(6),N(6)-DHB-dA. Steady-state kinetic analyses indicated that all four DNA polymerases preferentially incorporated the correct base (T) opposite (S)-N(6)-HB-dA I. In contrast, hPol β was completely blocked by (R,R)-N(6),N(6)-DHB-dA, while hPol η and κ inserted A, G, C, or T opposite the adduct with similar frequency. HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of primer extension products confirmed that while translesion synthesis past (S)-N(6)-HB-dA I was mostly error-free, replication of DNA containing (R,R)-N(6),N(6)-DHB-dA induced significant numbers of A, C, and G insertions and small deletions. These results indicate that singly substituted (S)-N(6)-HB-dA I lesions are not miscoding, but that exocyclic (R,R)-N(6),N(6)-DHB-dA adducts are strongly mispairing, probably due to their inability to form stable Watson-Crick pairs with dT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Kotapati
- †Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Susith Wickramaratne
- †Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Amanda Esades
- †Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Emily J Boldry
- †Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Danae Quirk Dorr
- †Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Matthew G Pence
- ‡Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- ‡Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Natalia Y Tretyakova
- †Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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A preliminary regional PBPK model of lung metabolism for improving species dependent descriptions of 1,3-butadiene and its metabolites. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 238:102-10. [PMID: 26079054 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD), a volatile organic chemical (VOC), is used in synthetic rubber production and other industrial processes. It is detectable at low levels in ambient air as well as in tobacco smoke and gasoline vapors. Inhalation exposures to high concentrations of BD have been associated with lung cancer in both humans and experimental animals, although differences in species sensitivity have been observed. Metabolically active lung cells such as Pulmonary Type I and Type II epithelial cells and club cells (Clara cells)(1) are potential targets of BD metabolite-induced toxicity. Metabolic capacities of these cells, their regional densities, and distributions vary throughout the respiratory tract as well as between species and cell types. Here we present a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for BD that includes a regional model of lung metabolism, based on a previous model for styrene, to provide species-dependent descriptions of BD metabolism in the mouse, rat, and human. Since there are no in vivo data on BD pharmacokinetics in the human, the rat and mouse models were parameterized to the extent possible on the basis of in vitro metabolic data. Where it was necessary to use in vivo data, extrapolation from rat to mouse was performed to evaluate the level of uncertainty in the human model. A kidney compartment and description of downstream metabolism were also included in the model to allow for eventual use of available urinary and blood biomarker data in animals and humans to calibrate the model for estimation of BD exposures and internal metabolite levels. Results from simulated inhalation exposures to BD indicate that incorporation of differential lung region metabolism is important in describing species differences in pulmonary response and that these differences may have implications for risk assessments of human exposures to BD.
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Wickramaratne S, Seiler CL, Tretyakova NY. Synthesis of DNA Oligodeoxynucleotides Containing Site-Specific 1,3-Butadiene-Deoxyadenosine Lesions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 61:4.61.1-4.61.22. [PMID: 26344227 DOI: 10.1002/0471142700.nc0461s61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Post-oligomerization synthesis is a useful technique for preparing site-specifically modified DNA oligomers. This approach involves site-specific incorporation of inherently reactive halogenated nucleobases into DNA strands using standard solid-phase synthesis, followed by post-oligomerization nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reactions with carcinogen-derived synthons. In these reactions, the inherent reactivities of DNA and carcinogen-derived species are reversed: the modified DNA nucleobase acts as an electrophile, while the carcinogen-derived species acts as a nucleophile. In the present protocol, we describe the use of the post-oligomerization approach to prepare DNA strands containing site- and stereospecific N6-adenine and N1,N6-adenine adducts induced by epoxide metabolites of the known human and animal carcinogen 1,3-butadiene (BD). The resulting oligomers containing site-specific, structurally defined DNA adducts can be used in structural and biological studies to reveal the roles of specific BD adducts in carcinogenesis and mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susith Wickramaratne
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Christopher L Seiler
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Natalia Y Tretyakova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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23
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Kowal EA, Wickramaratne S, Kotapati S, Turo M, Tretyakova N, Stone MP. Major groove orientation of the (2S)-N(6)-(2-hydroxy-3-buten-1-yl)-2'-deoxyadenosine DNA adduct induced by 1,2-epoxy-3-butene. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1675-86. [PMID: 25238403 PMCID: PMC4203389 DOI: 10.1021/tx500159w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD) is an environmental and occupational toxicant classified as a human carcinogen. It is oxidized by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases to 1,2-epoxy-3-butene (EB), which alkylates DNA. BD exposures lead to large numbers of mutations at A:T base pairs even though alkylation of guanines is more prevalent, suggesting that one or more adenine adducts of BD play a role in BD-mediated genotoxicity. However, the etiology of BD-mediated genotoxicity at adenine remains poorly understood. EB alkylates the N(6) exocyclic nitrogen of adenine to form N(6)-(hydroxy-3-buten-1-yl)-2'-dA ((2S)-N(6)-HB-dA) adducts ( Tretyakova , N. , Lin , Y. , Sangaiah , R. , Upton , P. B. , and Swenberg , J. A. ( 1997 ) Carcinogenesis 18 , 137 - 147 ). The structure of the (2S)-N(6)-HB-dA adduct has been determined in the 5'-d(C(1)G(2)G(3)A(4)C(5)Y(6)A(7)G(8)A(9)A(10)G(11))-3':5'-d(C(12)T(13)T(14)C(15)T(16)T(17)G(18)T(19) C(20)C(21)G(22))-3' duplex [Y = (2S)-N(6)-HB-dA] containing codon 61 (underlined) of the human N-ras protooncogene, from NMR spectroscopy. The (2S)-N(6)-HB-dA adduct was positioned in the major groove, such that the butadiene moiety was oriented in the 3' direction. At the Cα carbon, the methylene protons of the modified nucleobase Y(6) faced the 5' direction, which placed the Cβ carbon in the 3' direction. The Cβ hydroxyl group faced toward the solvent, as did carbons Cγ and Cδ. The Cβ hydroxyl group did not form hydrogen bonds with either T(16) O(4) or T(17) O(4). The (2S)-N(6)-HB-dA nucleoside maintained the anti conformation about the glycosyl bond, and the modified base retained Watson-Crick base pairing with the complementary base (T(17)). The adduct perturbed stacking interactions at base pairs C(5):G(18), Y(6):T(17), and A(7):T(16) such that the Y(6) base did not stack with its 5' neighbor C(5), but it did with its 3' neighbor A(7). The complementary thymine T(17) stacked well with both 5' and 3' neighbors T(16) and G(18). The presence of the (2S)-N(6)-HB-dA resulted in a 5 °C reduction in the Tm of the duplex, which is attributed to less favorable stacking interactions and adduct accommodation in the major groove.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa A. Kowal
- Department
of Chemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer
Center, and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, 2201 West End Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Susith Wickramaratne
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Masonic Cancer Center, and Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Srikanth Kotapati
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Masonic Cancer Center, and Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Michael Turo
- Department
of Chemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer
Center, and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, 2201 West End Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Natalia Tretyakova
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Masonic Cancer Center, and Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Michael P. Stone
- Department
of Chemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer
Center, and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, 2201 West End Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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Carrieri M, Bartolucci GB, Paci E, Sacco P, Pigini D, Zaratin L, Cottica D, Scapellato ML, Tranfo G. Validation of a radial diffusive sampler for measuring occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1353:114-20. [PMID: 24602307 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a major industrial chemical used in the manufacture of rubbers and latexes; it is also a ubiquitous environmental pollutant whose major source is traffic. Occupational exposure to (BD) can occur both during its production and during its use as a raw material. The objective of the study was the laboratory and field validation of a new diffusive sampler for BD. The nominal sampling rate of the Radiello diffusive sampler filled with Carbopack X is 30.5 cm(3)/min, at 0.177 mg/m(3), 20 °C and 50% relative humidity (RH), for an 8-h exposure time. A model can be used for calculating the sampling rate as a function of temperature, time and RH. The concentration does not affect the sampling rate above 30 μg/m(3). The measurement uncertainty (k=2), calculated both by laboratory data and by field comparison according to International Standard Organization (ISO) 13752, satisfies the EN 482:2006 requirement for measurements between 0.1 and 0.5 times the threshold limit value-time weighted average (TLV-TWA) (uncertainty<50%). For field validation study, 38 workers exposed to BD and 20 administrative employees, as the control group, underwent environmental and biological monitoring. Personal exposure to BD was measured by diffusive samplers (Radiello) in comparison with active samplers. The BD exposure levels detected for the exposed subjects were low (mean 0.059, range <0.010-1.340 mg/m(3)) but higher than the controls levels, all below 0.010 mg/m(3). The comparison between diffusive and active (pumped) air sampling showed a good correlation, with no systematic deviation from the ideal values of the intercept and slope of the optimized regression line. The concentrations of two biomarkers were also determined on urine samples, collected at the end of the work-shift: unchanged BD, by GC-MS, and the metabolite dihydroxybutylmercapturic acid (DHBMA), by HPLC-MS/MS. The urinary excretion of the biomarkers was on average higher in the exposed group (urinary BD: mean 8.8, range <1-48.1 ng/l; DHBMA: mean 0.232, range 0.016-0.572 mg/l) than in controls (urinary BD: mean 6.4, range 2.6-14.5 ng/l; DHBMA: mean 0.205, range 0.037-0.602 mg/l), but a statistically significant difference was achieved only for unchanged BD and not for DHBMA. In conclusion, the environmental monitoring measured by diffusive samplers (Radiello) appears to be a reliable method for the assessment of exposure to low levels of airborne BD and a convenient alternative to the conventional active sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Carrieri
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padua, Italy.
| | - Giovanni B Bartolucci
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padua, Italy.
| | - Enrico Paci
- Department of Occupational Medicine INAIL Research, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Sacco
- Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, Environmental Research Centre, Via Svizzera 16, 35127 Padua, Italy.
| | - Daniela Pigini
- Parma Research Center, INAIL Research, Viale Antonio Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Zaratin
- Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, Environmental Research Centre, Via Svizzera 16, 35127 Padua, Italy
| | - Danilo Cottica
- Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, Environmental Research Centre, Via Svizzera 16, 35127 Padua, Italy
| | - Maria L Scapellato
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Giovanna Tranfo
- Department of Occupational Medicine INAIL Research, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
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Sangaraju D, Villalta PW, Wickramaratne S, Swenberg J, Tretyakova N. NanoLC/ESI+ HRMS3 quantitation of DNA adducts induced by 1,3-butadiene. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:1124-35. [PMID: 24867429 PMCID: PMC5076477 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-0916-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to 1,3-butadiene (BD) present in automobile exhaust, cigarette smoke, and forest fires is of great concern because of its potent carcinogenicity. The adverse health effects of BD are mediated by its epoxide metabolites such as 3,4-epoxy-1-butene (EB), which covalently modify genomic DNA to form promutagenic nucleobase adducts. Because of their direct role in cancer, BD-DNA adducts can be used as mechanism-based biomarkers of BD exposure. In the present work, a mass spectrometry-based methodology was developed for accurate, sensitive, and precise quantification of EB-induced N-7-(1-hydroxy-3-buten-2-yl) guanine (EB-GII) DNA adducts in vivo. In our approach, EB-GII adducts are selectively released from DNA backbone by neutral thermal hydrolysis, followed by ultrafiltration, offline HPLC purification, and isotope dilution nanoLC/ESI(+)-HRMS(3) analysis on an Orbitrap Velos mass spectrometer. Following method validation, EB-GII lesions were quantified in human fibrosarcoma (HT1080) cells treated with micromolar concentrations of EB and in liver tissues of rats exposed to sub-ppm concentrations of BD (0.5-1.5 ppm). EB-GII concentrations increased linearly from 1.15 ± 0.23 to 10.11 ± 0.45 adducts per 10(8) nucleotides in HT1080 cells treated with 0.5-10 μM EB. EB-GII concentrations in DNA of laboratory rats exposed to 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 ppm BD were 0.17 ± 0.05, 0.33 ± 0.08, and 0.50 ± 0.04 adducts per 10(8) nucleotides, respectively [corrected]. We also used the new method to determine the in vivo half-life of EB-GII adducts in rat liver DNA (2.20 ± 0.12 d) and to detect EB-GII in human blood DNA. To our knowledge, this is the first application of nanoLC/ESI(+)-HRMS(3) Orbitrap methodology to quantitative analysis of DNA adducts in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewakar Sangaraju
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Peter W. Villalta
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Susith Wickramaratne
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - James Swenberg
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Natalia Tretyakova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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26
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Kowal EA, Seneviratne U, Wickramaratne S, Doherty KE, Cao X, Tretyakova N, Stone MP. Structures of exocyclic R,R- and S,S-N(6),N(6)-(2,3-dihydroxybutan-1,4-diyl)-2'-deoxyadenosine adducts induced by 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:805-17. [PMID: 24741991 PMCID: PMC4027948 DOI: 10.1021/tx400472p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD) is an industrial and environmental chemical present in urban air and cigarette smoke, and is classified as a human carcinogen. It is oxidized by cytochrome P450 to form 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB); DEB bis-alkylates the N(6) position of adenine in DNA. Two enantiomers of bis-N(6)-dA adducts of DEB have been identified: R,R-N(6),N(6)-(2,3-dihydroxybutan-1,4-diyl)-2'-deoxyadenosine (R,R-DHB-dA), and S,S-N(6),N(6)-(2,3-dihydroxybutan-1,4-diyl)-2'-deoxyadenosine (S,S-DHB-dA) [ Seneviratne , U. , Antsypovich , S. , Dorr , D. Q. , Dissanayake , T. , Kotapati , S. , and Tretyakova , N. ( 2010 ) Chem. Res. Toxicol. 23 , 1556 -1567 ]. Herein, the R,R-DHB-dA and S,S-DHB-dA adducts have been incorporated into the 5'-d(C(1)G(2)G(3)A(4)C(5)X(6)A(7)G(8)A(9)A(10)G(11))-3':5'-d(C(12)T(13)T(14)C(15)T(16)T(17)G(18)T(19)C(20)C(21)G(22))-3' duplex [X(6) = R,R-DHB-dA (R(6)) or S,S-DHB-dA (S(6))]. The structures of the duplexes were determined by molecular dynamics calculations, which were restrained by experimental distances obtained from NMR data. Both the R,R- and S,S-DHB-dA adducts are positioned in the major groove of DNA. In both instances, the bulky 3,4-dihydroxypyrrolidine rings are accommodated by an out-of-plane rotation about the C6-N(6) bond of the bis-alkylated adenine. In both instances, the directionality of the dihydroxypyrrolidine ring is evidenced by the pattern of NOEs between the 3,4-dihydroxypyrrolidine protons and DNA. Also in both instances, the anti conformation of the glycosyl bond is maintained, which combined with the out-of-plane rotation about the C6-N(6) bond, allows the complementary thymine, T(17), to remain stacked within the duplex, and form one hydrogen bond with the modified base, between the imine nitrogen of the modified base and the T(17) N3H imino proton. The loss of the second Watson-Crick hydrogen bonding interaction at the lesion sites correlates with the lower thermal stabilities of the R,R- and S,S-DHB-dA duplexes, as compared to the corresponding unmodified duplex. The reduced base stacking at the adduct sites may also contribute to the thermal instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa A Kowal
- Department of Chemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, and Center for Structural Biology, Stevenson Science Center, Vanderbilt University , 2201 West End Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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Inhibitory potency of 4-carbon alkanes and alkenes toward CYP2E1 activity. Toxicology 2014; 318:51-8. [PMID: 24561005 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CYP2E1 has been implicated in the bioactivation of many small molecules into reactive metabolites which form adducts with proteins and DNA, and thus a better understanding of the molecular determinants of its selectivity are critical for accurate toxicological predictions. In this study, we determined the potency of inhibition of human CYP2E1 for various 4-carbon alkanes, alkenes and alcohols. In addition, known CYP2E1 substrates and inhibitors including 4-methylpyrazole, aniline, and dimethylnitrosamine were included to determine their relative potencies. Of the 1,3-butadiene-derived metabolites studied, 3,4-epoxy-1-butene was the strongest inhibitor with an IC50 of 110 μM compared to 1700 μM and 6600 μM for 1,2-butenediol and 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane, respectively. Compared to known inhibitors, inhibitory potency of 3,4-epoxy-1-butene is between 4-methylpyrazole (IC50 = 1.8 μM) and dimethylnitrosamine (IC50 = 230 μM). All three butadiene metabolites inhibit CYP2E1 activity through a simple competitive mechanism. Among the 4-carbon compounds studied, the presence and location of polar groups seems to influence inhibitory potency. To further examine this notion, the investigation was extended to include structurally and chemically similar analogues, including propylene oxide and various butane alcohols. Those results demonstrated preferential recognition of CYP2E1 toward the type and location of polar and hydrophobic structural elements. Taken together, CYP2E1 metabolism may be modified in vivo by exposure to 4-carbon compounds, such as drugs, and nutritional constituents, a finding that highlights the complexity of exposure to mixtures.
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Kotapati S, Sangaraju D, Esades A, Hallberg L, Walker VE, Swenberg JA, Tretyakova NY. Bis-butanediol-mercapturic acid (bis-BDMA) as a urinary biomarker of metabolic activation of butadiene to its ultimate carcinogenic species. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:1371-8. [PMID: 24531806 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human carcinogen 1,3-butadiene (BD) undergoes metabolic activation to 3,4-epoxy-1-butene (EB), hydroxymethylvinyl ketone (HMVK), 3,4-epoxy-1,2-butanediol (EBD) and 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB). Among these, DEB is by far the most genotoxic metabolite and is considered the ultimate carcinogenic species of BD. We have shown previously that BD-exposed laboratory mice form 8- to 10-fold more DEB-DNA adducts than rats exposed at the same conditions, which may be responsible for the enhanced sensitivity of mice to BD-mediated cancer. In the present study, we have identified 1,4-bis-(N-acetyl-L-cystein-S-yl)butane-2,3-diol (bis-BDMA) as a novel DEB-specific urinary biomarker. Isotope dilution high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry was employed to quantify bis-BDMA and three other BD-mercapturic acids, 2-(N-acetyl-L-cystein-S-yl)-1-hydroxybut-3-ene/1-(N-acetyl-L-cystein-S-yl)-2-hydroxy-but-3-ene (MHBMA, from EB), 4-(N-acetyl-L-cystein-S-yl)-1,2-dihydroxybutane (DHBMA, from HMVK) and 4-(N-acetyl-L-cystein-S-yl)-1,2,3-trihydroxybutane (THBMA, from EBD), in urine of confirmed smokers, occupationally exposed workers and BD-exposed laboratory rats. Bis-BDMA was formed in a dose-dependent manner in urine of rats exposed to 0-200 p.p.m. BD by inhalation, although it was a minor metabolite (1%) as compared with DHBMA (47%) and THBMA (37%). In humans, DHBMA was the most abundant BD-mercapturic acid excreted (93%), followed by THBMA (5%) and MHBMA (2%), whereas no bis-BDMA was detected. These results reveal significant differences in metabolism of BD between rats and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Kotapati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA, Sealy Center for Environmental Health and Medicine (SCEHM) and the Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA, Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA and Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Dewakar Sangaraju
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA, Sealy Center for Environmental Health and Medicine (SCEHM) and the Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA, Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA and Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Amanda Esades
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA, Sealy Center for Environmental Health and Medicine (SCEHM) and the Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA, Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA and Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lance Hallberg
- Sealy Center for Environmental Health and Medicine (SCEHM) and the Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Vernon E Walker
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA and
| | - James A Swenberg
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Natalia Y Tretyakova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA, Sealy Center for Environmental Health and Medicine (SCEHM) and the Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA, Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA and Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Pianalto KM, Hartman JH, Boysen G, Miller GP. Differences in butadiene adduct formation between rats and mice not due to selective inhibition of CYP2E1 by butadiene metabolites. Toxicol Lett 2013; 223:221-7. [PMID: 24021170 PMCID: PMC3831829 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
CYP2E1 metabolizes 1,3-butadiene (BD) into genotoxic and possibly carcinogenic 1,2-epoxy-3-butene (EB), 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB), and 1,2-epoxy-3,4-butanediol (EB-diol). The dose response of DNA and protein adducts derived from BD metabolites increases linearly at low BD exposures and then saturates at higher exposures in rats, but not mice. It was hypothesized that differences in adduct formation between rodents reflect more efficient BD oxidation in mice than rats. Herein, we assessed whether BD-derived metabolites selectively inhibit rat but not mouse CYP2E1 activity using B6C3F1 mouse and Fisher 344 rat liver microsomes. Basal CYP2E1 activities toward 4-nitrophenol were similar between rodents. Through IC50 studies, EB was the strongest inhibitor (IC50 54μM, mouse; 98μM, rat), BD-diol considerably weaker (IC50 1200μM, mouse; 1000μM, rat), and DEB inhibition nonexistent (IC50>25mM). Kinetic studies showed that in both species EB and BD-diol inhibited 4-nitrophenol oxidation through two-site mechanisms in which inhibition constants reflected trends observed in IC50 studies. None of the reactive epoxide metabolites inactivated CYP2E1 irreversibly. Thus, there was no selective inhibition or inactivation of rat CYP2E1 by BD metabolites relative to mouse Cyp2e1, and it can be inferred that CYP2E1 activity toward BD between rodent species would similarly not be impacted by the presence of BD metabolites. Inhibition of CYP2E1 by BD metabolites is then not responsible for the reported species difference in BD metabolism, formation of BD-derived DNA and protein adducts, mutagenicity and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaila M. Pianalto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas at Fayetteville, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Jessica H. Hartman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Gunnar Boysen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Grover P. Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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Sangaraju D, Villalta P, Goggin M, Agunsoye MO, Campbell C, Tretyakova N. Capillary HPLC-accurate mass MS/MS quantitation of N7-(2,3,4-trihydroxybut-1-yl)-guanine adducts of 1,3-butadiene in human leukocyte DNA. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1486-97. [PMID: 23937706 DOI: 10.1021/tx400213m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a high volume industrial chemical commonly used in polymer and rubber production. It is also present in cigarette smoke, automobile exhaust, and urban air, leading to widespread exposure of human populations. Upon entering the body, BD is metabolized to electrophilic epoxides, 3,4-epoxy-1-butene (EB), diepoxybutane (DEB), and 3,4-epoxy-1,2-diol (EBD), which can alkylate DNA nucleobases. The most abundant BD epoxide, EBD, modifies the N7-guanine positions in DNA to form N7-(2, 3, 4-trihydroxybut-1-yl) guanine (N7-THBG) adducts, which can be useful as biomarkers of BD exposure and metabolic activation to DNA-reactive epoxides. In the present work, a capillary HPLC-high resolution ESI⁺-MS/MS (HPLC-ESI⁺-HRMS/MS) methodology was developed for accurate, sensitive, and reproducible quantification of N7-THBG in cell culture and in human white blood cells. In our approach, DNA is subjected to neutral thermal hydrolysis to release N7-guanine adducts from the DNA backbone, followed by ultrafiltration, solid-phase extraction, and isotope dilution HPLC-ESI⁺-HRMS/MS analysis on an Orbitrap Velos mass spectrometer. Following method validation, N7-THBG was quantified in human fibrosarcoma (HT1080) cells treated with micromolar concentrations of DEB and in DNA isolated from blood of smokers, nonsmokers, individuals participating in a smoking cessation program, and occupationally exposed workers. N7-THBG concentrations increased linearly from 31.4 ± 4.84 to 966.55 ± 128.05 adducts per 10⁹ nucleotides in HT1080 cells treated with 1-100 μM DEB. N7-THBG amounts in leukocyte DNA of nonsmokers, smokers, and occupationally exposed workers were 7.08 ± 5.29, 8.20 ± 5.12, and 9.72 ± 3.80 adducts per 10⁹ nucleotides, respectively, suggesting the presence of an endogenous or environmental source for this adduct. The availability of sensitive HPLC-ESI⁺-HRMS/MS methodology for BD-induced DNA adducts in humans will enable future population studies of interindividual and ethnic differences in BD bioactivation to DNA-reactive epoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewakar Sangaraju
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Kirman C, Grant R. Quantitative human health risk assessment for 1,3-butadiene based upon ovarian effects in rodents. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 62:371-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Sangaraju D, Goggin M, Walker V, Swenberg J, Tretyakova N. NanoHPLC-nanoESI(+)-MS/MS quantitation of bis-N7-guanine DNA-DNA cross-links in tissues of B6C3F1 mice exposed to subppm levels of 1,3-butadiene. Anal Chem 2012; 84:1732-9. [PMID: 22220765 PMCID: PMC3298759 DOI: 10.1021/ac203079c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD) is an important industrial chemical and a common environmental pollutant present in urban air. BD is classified as a human carcinogen based on epidemiological evidence for an increased incidence of leukemia in workers occupationally exposed to BD and its potent carcinogenicity in laboratory mice. A diepoxide metabolite of BD, 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB), is considered the ultimate carcinogenic species of BD due to its ability to form genotoxic DNA-DNA cross-links. We have previously employed capillary HPLC-ESI(+)-MS/MS (liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry) methods to quantify DEB-induced DNA-DNA conjugates, e.g. 1,4-bis-(guan-7-yl)-2,3-butanediol (bis-N7G-BD), 1-(guan-7-yl)-4-(aden-1-yl)-2,3-butanediol (N7G-N1A-BD), and 1,N(6)-(1-hydroxymethyl-2-hydroxypropan-1,3-diyl)-2'-deoxyadenosine (1,N(6)-HMHP-dA), in tissues of laboratory mice exposed to 6.25-625 ppm BD (Goggin et al. Cancer Res. 2009, 69(6), 2479-2486). However, typical BD human exposure levels are 0.01 to 3.2 ppb in urban air and 1-2.0 ppm in an occupational setting, requiring greater detection sensitivity for these critical lesions. In the present study, a nanoHPLC-nanoESI(+)-MS/MS method was developed for ultrasensitive, accurate, and precise quantitation of bis-N7G-BD in tissues of laboratory mice treated with low ppm and subppm concentrations of BD. The LOD value of the new method is 0.5 fmol/100 μg DNA, and the LOQ is 1.0 fmol/100 μg DNA, making it possible to quantify bis-N7G-BD adducts present at concentrations of 3 per 10(9) nucleotides. Bis-N7G-BD adduct amounts in liver tissues of mice exposed to 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 ppm BD for 2 weeks were 5.7 ± 3.3, 9.2 ± 1.5, and 18.6 ± 6.9 adducts per 10(9) nucleotides, respectively, suggesting that bis-N7G-BD adduct formation is more efficient under low exposure conditions. To our knowledge, this is the first quantitative analysis of DEB specific DNA adducts following low ppm and subppm exposure to BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewakar Sangaraju
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Melissa Goggin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Vernon Walker
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108
- University of Vermont., Burlington, VT 05405
| | - James Swenberg
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Natalia Tretyakova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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Cho SH, Guengerich FP. Conjugation of butadiene diepoxide with glutathione yields DNA adducts in vitro and in vivo. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:706-12. [PMID: 22181695 DOI: 10.1021/tx200471x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
1,2,3,4-Diepoxybutane (DEB) is reported to be the most potent mutagenic metabolite of 1,3-butadiene, an important industrial chemical and environmental pollutant. DEB is capable of inducing the formation of monoalkylated DNA adducts and DNA-DNA and DNA-protein cross-links. We previously reported that DEB forms a conjugate with glutathione (GSH) and that the conjugate is considerably more mutagenic than several other butadiene-derived epoxides, including DEB, in the base pair tester strain Salmonella typhimurium TA1535 [Cho et al. (2010) Chem. Res. Toxicol. 23, 1544-1546]. In the present study, we determined steady-state kinetic parameters of the conjugation of the three DEB stereoisomers-R,R, S,S, and meso (all formed by butadiene oxidation)-with GSH by six GSH transferases. Only small differences (<3-fold) were found in the catalytic efficiency of conjugate formation (k(cat)/K(m)) with all three DEB stereoisomers and the six GSH transferases. The three stereochemical DEB-GSH conjugates had similar mutagenicity. Six DNA adducts (N(3)-adenyl, N(6)-adenyl, N(7)-guanyl, N(1)-guanyl, N(4)-cytidyl, and N(3)-thymidyl) were identified in the reactions of DEB-GSH conjugate with nucleosides and calf thymus DNA using LC-MS and UV and NMR spectroscopy. N(6)-Adenyl and N(7)-guanyl GSH adducts were identified and quantitated in vivo in the livers of mice and rats treated with DEB ip. These results indicate that such DNA adducts are formed from the DEB-GSH conjugate, are mutagenic regardless of sterochemistry, and are therefore expected to contribute to the carcinogenicity of DEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hee Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
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Boysen G, Georgieva NI, Bordeerat NK, Šram RJ, Vacek P, Albertini RJ, Swenberg JA. Formation of 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane-specific hemoglobin adducts in 1,3-butadiene exposed workers. Toxicol Sci 2012; 125:30-40. [PMID: 22003190 PMCID: PMC3243749 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD) is an important industrial chemical that is classified as a human carcinogen. BD carcinogenicity has been attributed to its metabolism to several reactive epoxide metabolites and formation of the highly mutagenic 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB) has been hypothesized to drive mutagenesis and carcinogenesis at exposures experienced in humans. We report herein the formation of DEB-specific N,N-(2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-butadiyl)valine (pyr-Val) in BD-exposed workers as a biomarker of DEB formation. pyr-Val was determined in BD monomer and polymer plant workers that had been previously analyzed for several other biomarkers of exposure and effect. pyr-Val was detected in 68 of 81 (84%) samples ranging from 0.08 to 0.86 pmol/g globin. Surprisingly, pyr-Val was observed in 19 of 23 administrative control subjects not known to be exposed to BD, suggesting exposure from environmental sources of BD. The mean ± SD amounts of pyr-Val were 0.11 ± 0.07, 0.16 ± 0.12, and 0.29 ± 0.20 pmol/g globin in the controls, monomer, and polymer workers, respectively, clearly demonstrating formation of DEB in humans. The amounts of pyr-Val found in this study suggest that humans are much less efficient in the formation of DEB than mice or rats at similar exposures. Formation of pyr-Val was more than 50-fold lower than has been associated with increased mutagenesis in rodents. The results further suggest that formation of DEB relative to other epoxides is significantly different in the highest exposed polymer workers compared with controls and BD monomer workers. Whether this is due to saturation of metabolic formation or increased GST-mediated detoxification could not be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Boysen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering
- Center for Environmental Health and Susceptibility, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | | | | | - Radim J. Šram
- Department of Genetic Ecotoxicology, Laboratory of Genetic Ecotoxicology, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pamela Vacek
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | | | - James A. Swenberg
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering
- Center for Environmental Health and Susceptibility, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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1,2:3,4-Diepoxybutane in blood of male B6C3F1 mice and male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to 1,3-butadiene. Toxicol Lett 2011; 207:286-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ramalingam S, Jayaprakash A, Mohan S, Karabacak M. Vibrational investigation on FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra, IR intensity, Raman activity, peak resemblance, ideal estimation, standard deviation of computed frequencies analyses and electronic structure on 3-methyl-1,2-butadiene using HF and DFT (LSDA/B3LYP/B3PW91) calculations. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2011; 82:79-90. [PMID: 21813316 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
FT-IR and FT-Raman (4000-100 cm(-1)) spectral measurements of 3-methyl-1,2-butadiene (3M12B) have been attempted in the present work. Ab-initio HF and DFT (LSDA/B3LYP/B3PW91) calculations have been performed giving energies, optimized structures, harmonic vibrational frequencies, IR intensities and Raman activities. Complete vibrational assignments on the observed spectra are made with vibrational frequencies obtained by HF and DFT (LSDA/B3LYP/B3PW91) at 6-31G(d,p) and 6-311G(d,p) basis sets. The results of the calculations have been used to simulate IR and Raman spectra for the molecule that showed good agreement with the observed spectra. The potential energy distribution (PED) corresponding to each of the observed frequencies are calculated which confirms the reliability and precision of the assignment and analysis of the vibrational fundamentals modes. The oscillation of vibrational frequencies of butadiene due to the couple of methyl group is also discussed. A study on the electronic properties such as HOMO and LUMO energies, were performed by time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) approach. The calculated HOMO and LUMO energies show that charge transfer occurs within the molecule. The thermodynamic properties of the title compound at different temperatures reveal the correlations between standard heat capacities (C) standard entropies (S), and standard enthalpy changes (H).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ramalingam
- Department of Physics, A.V.C. College, Mayiladuthurai, Tamilnadu, India.
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Stone MP, Huang H, Brown KL, Shanmugam G. Chemistry and structural biology of DNA damage and biological consequences. Chem Biodivers 2011; 8:1571-615. [PMID: 21922653 PMCID: PMC3714022 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The formation of adducts by the reaction of chemicals with DNA is a critical step for the initiation of carcinogenesis. The structural analysis of various DNA adducts reveals that conformational and chemical rearrangements and interconversions are a common theme. Conformational changes are modulated both by the nature of adduct and the base sequences neighboring the lesion sites. Equilibria between conformational states may modulate both DNA repair and error-prone replication past these adducts. Likewise, chemical rearrangements of initially formed DNA adducts are also modulated both by the nature of adducts and the base sequences neighboring the lesion sites. In this review, we focus on DNA damage caused by a number of environmental and endogenous agents, and biological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Stone
- Department of Chemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
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Kotapati S, Matter BA, Grant AL, Tretyakova NY. Quantitative analysis of trihydroxybutyl mercapturic acid, a urinary metabolite of 1,3-butadiene, in humans. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1516-26. [PMID: 21749114 DOI: 10.1021/tx2001306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a known human carcinogen present in cigarette smoke and in automobile exhaust, leading to widespread exposure of human populations. BD requires cytochrome P450-mediated metabolic activation to electrophilic species, e.g. 3,4-epoxy-1-butene (EB), hydroxymethyl vinyl ketone (HMVK), and 3,4-epoxy-1,2-diol (EBD), which form covalent adducts with DNA. EB, HMVK, and EBD can be conjugated with glutathione and ultimately excreted in urine as monohydroxybutenyl mercapturic acid (MHBMA), dihydroxybutyl mercapturic acid (DHBMA), and trihydroxybutyl mercapturic acid (THBMA), respectively, which can serve as biomarkers of BD exposure and metabolic processing. While MHBMA and DHBMA have been found in smokers and nonsmokers, THBMA has not been previously detected in humans. In the present work, an isotope dilution HPLC-ESI(-)-MS/MS methodology was developed and employed to quantify THBMA in urine of known smokers and nonsmokers (19-27 per group). The new method has excellent sensitivity (LOQ, 1 ng/mL urine) and achieves accurate quantitation using a small sample volume (100 μL). Mean urinary THBMA concentrations in smokers and nonsmokers were found to be 21.6 and 13.7 ng/mg creatinine, respectively, suggesting that there are sources of THBMA other than exposure to tobacco smoke in humans, as is also the case for DHBMA. However, THBMA concentrations are significantly greater in urine of smokers than that of nonsmokers (p < 0.01). Furthermore, THBMA amounts in human urine declined 25-50% following smoking cessation, suggesting that smoking is an important source of this metabolite in humans. The HPLC-ESI(-)-MS/MS methodology developed in the present work will be useful for future epidemiological studies of BD exposure and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Kotapati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Swenberg JA, Bordeerat NK, Boysen G, Carro S, Georgieva NI, Nakamura J, Troutman JM, Upton PB, Albertini RJ, Vacek PM, Walker VE, Sram RJ, Goggin M, Tretyakova N. 1,3-Butadiene: Biomarkers and application to risk assessment. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 192:150-4. [PMID: 20974116 PMCID: PMC3501005 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a known rodent and human carcinogen that is metabolized mainly by P450 2E1 to three epoxides, 1,2-epoxy-3-butene (EB), 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB) and 1,2-epoxy-3,4-butanediol (EB-diol). The individual epoxides vary up to 200-fold in their mutagenic potency, with DEB being the most mutagenic metabolite. It is important to understand the internal formation of the individual epoxides to assign the relative risk for each metabolite and to understand the molecular mechanisms responsible for major species differences in carcinogenicity. We have conducted extensive exposure-biomarker studies on mice, rats and humans. Using low exposures that range from current occupational levels to human exposures from tobacco smoke has provided evidence that mice are very different from humans, with mice forming ∼200 times more DEB than humans at exposures of 0.1-1.5ppm BD. While no gender differences have been noted in mice and rats for globin adducts or N-7 guanine adducts, female rats and mice had 2-3-fold higher Hprt mutations and DNA-DNA cross-links, suggesting a gender difference in DNA repair. Numerous molecular epidemiology studies have evaluated globin adducts and Hprt mutations, SCEs and chromosomal abnormalities. None of the blinded studies have shown evidence of human genotoxicity at current occupational exposures and studies of globin adducts have shown similar or lower formation of adducts in females than males. If one calculates the EB dose-equivalents for the three species, mice clearly differ from rats and humans, being ∼44 and 174 times greater than rats and humans, respectively. These data provide a scientific basis for improved risk assessment of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Swenberg
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27559, USA.
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Mercapturic acids as metabolites of alkylating substances in urine samples of German inhabitants. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2011; 214:196-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Koturbash I, Scherhag A, Sorrentino J, Sexton K, Bodnar W, Tryndyak V, Latendresse JR, Swenberg JA, Beland FA, Pogribny IP, Rusyn I. Epigenetic alterations in liver of C57BL/6J mice after short-term inhalational exposure to 1,3-butadiene. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:635-40. [PMID: 21147608 PMCID: PMC3094413 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a high-volume industrial chemical and a known human carcinogen. The main mode of BD carcinogenicity is thought to involve formation of genotoxic epoxides. OBJECTIVES In this study we tested the hypothesis that BD may be epigenotoxic (i.e., cause changes in DNA and histone methylation) and explored the possible molecular mechanisms for the epigenetic changes. METHODS AND RESULTS We administered BD (6.25 and 625 ppm) to C57BL/6J male mice by inhalation for 2 weeks (6 hr/day, 5 days a week) and then examined liver tissue from these mice for signs of toxicity using histopathology and gene expression analyses. We observed no changes in mice exposed to 6.25 ppm BD, but glycogen depletion and dysregulation of hepatotoxicity biomarker genes were observed in mice exposed to 625 ppm BD. We detected N-7-(2,3,4-trihydroxybut-1-yl)guanine (THB-Gua) adducts in liver DNA of exposed mice in a dose-responsive manner, and also observed extensive alterations in the cellular epigenome in the liver, including demethylation of global DNA and repetitive elements and a decrease in histone H3 and H4 lysine methylation. In addition, we observed down-regulation of DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) and suppressor of variegation 3-9 homolog 1, a histone lysine methyltransferase (Suv39h1), and up-regulation of the histone demethylase Jumonji domain 2 (Jmjd2a), proteins responsible for the accurate maintenance of the epigenetic marks. Although the epigenetic effects were most pronounced in the 625-ppm exposure group, some effects were evident in mice exposed to 6.25 ppm BD. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that exposure to BD leads to epigenetic alterations in the liver, which may be important contributors to the mode of BD carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Koturbash
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Anne Scherhag
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
- Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
| | - Jessica Sorrentino
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kenneth Sexton
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Wanda Bodnar
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Volodymyr Tryndyak
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - John R. Latendresse
- Toxicologic Pathology Associates, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - James A. Swenberg
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Frederick A. Beland
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Igor P. Pogribny
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Kirman CR, Albertini RA, Gargas ML. 1,3-Butadiene: III. Assessing carcinogenic modes of action. Crit Rev Toxicol 2010; 40 Suppl 1:74-92. [PMID: 20868268 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2010.507183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a multisite carcinogen in laboratory rodents following lifetime exposure, with greater potency in the mouse than the rat, and is associated with an increase in leukemia mortality in highly exposed workers. Species differences in the formation of reactive metabolites underlie observed species differences in sensitivity to the carcinogenic effects of BD. The modes of action (MOAs) for human leukemia and rodent tumors are both likely related to mutagenic potencies of one or more of these metabolites. However, differences in the nature of genotoxic lesions associated with human leukemia and rodent tumors, along with their implications for risk assessment, require that they be discussed separately. The MOAs for BD are assessed in this review using the modified Hill criteria and human relevance framework. Key events in MOAs for human and rodent cancers are identified, along with important species differences and sources of nonlinearity for each event that can affect extrapolations made from high- to low-dose exposures. Because occupational exposures to BD have also included co-exposures to styrene and dimethyldithiocarbamide (DMDTC), potential interactions with BD carcinogenicity are also discussed. The MOAs for BD carcinogenesis will be used to guide key decisions made in the quantitative cancer dose-response assessment.
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Kirman CR, Albertini RJ, Sweeney LM, Gargas ML. 1,3-Butadiene: I. Review of metabolism and the implications to human health risk assessment. Crit Rev Toxicol 2010; 40 Suppl 1:1-11. [PMID: 20868266 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2010.507181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a multisite carcinogen in laboratory rodents following lifetime exposure, with mice demonstrating greater sensitivity than rats. In epidemiology studies of men in the styrene-butadiene rubber industry, leukemia mortality is associated with butadiene exposure, and this association is most pronounced for high-intensity BD exposures. Metabolism is an important determinant of BD carcinogenicity. BD is metabolized to several electrophilic intermediates, including epoxybutene (EB), diepoxybutane (DEB), and epoxybutane diol (EBD), which differ considerably in their genotoxic potency (DEB >> EB > EBD). Important species differences exist with respect to the formation of reactive metabolites and their subsequent detoxification, which underlie observed species differences in sensitivity to the carcinogenic effects of BD. The modes of action for human leukemia and for the observed solid tumors in rodents are both likely related to the genotoxic potencies for one or more of these metabolites. A number of factors related to metabolism can also contribute to nonlinearity in the dose-response relationship, including enzyme induction and inhibition, depletion of tissue glutathione, and saturation of oxidative metabolism. A quantitative risk assessment of BD needs to reflect these species differences and sources of nonlinearity if it is to reflect the current understanding of the disposition of BD.
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Cho SH, Loecken EM, Guengerich FP. Mutagenicity of a glutathione conjugate of butadiene diepoxide. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:1544-6. [PMID: 20879737 DOI: 10.1021/tx100304f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of the important commodity chemical 1,3-butadiene are attributed to the epoxide products. We confirmed our previous work showing that expression of rat glutathione (GSH) transferase 5-5 enhances the mutagenicity of butadiene diepoxide in Salmonella typhimurium TA1535. A GSH-butadiene diepoxide conjugate was isolated and fully characterized by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance as S-(2-hydroxy-3,4-epoxybutyl)GSH. The conjugate had a t(½) of 2.6 h (pH 7.4, 37 °C) and was considerably more mutagenic than butadiene diepoxide or monoepoxide in S. typhimurium. We propose that the GSH conjugate may be a major species involved in butadiene genotoxicity, not a detoxication product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hee Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
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Grant RL, Haney J, Curry AL, Honeycutt M. A chronic reference value for 1,3-butadiene based on an updated noncancer toxicity assessment. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2010; 13:460-475. [PMID: 20711928 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2010.499735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A chronic noncancer toxicity assessment for 1,3-butadiene (BD) has been conducted by the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) using information not available to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) in 2002. The TCEQ developed a chronic reference value (ReV) of 33 microg/m3 (15 ppb). The chronic ReV is based on the same animal study and critical endpoint used by U.S. EPA for ovarian atrophy in B6C3F1 mice, but uses mode of action (MOA) information that indicates the diepoxide metabolite is responsible for ovarian atrophy. In addition, diepoxide-specific hemoglobin adduct data in mice, rats, and humans and other experimental data that became available after 2002 were used to support a conservative data-derived toxicokinetic animal-to-human uncertainty factor (UFA) of 0.3. The default toxicodynamic UFA of 3 was used, together with the data-derived toxicokinetic UFA of 0.3, resulting in a total UFA of 1. The necessary experimental data were not available to calculate a chemical-specific adjustment factor, although supporting data suggest the toxicokinetic UFA may range from 0.01 to 0.2. The chronic ReV value, along with a unit risk factor developed by the TCEQ, will be used to evaluate ambient air monitoring data so that the general public is protected against adverse health effects from chronic exposure to BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta L Grant
- Toxicology Division, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Austin, Texas 78711-3087, USA.
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Hemoglobin adducts in 1,3-butadiene exposed Czech workers: female-male comparisons. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 188:668-76. [PMID: 20619252 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported results of a molecular epidemiological study of female and male 1,3-butadiene (BD) exposed Czech workers showing that females appeared to absorb or metabolize less BD per unit exposure concentration than did males, based on metabolite concentrations in urine (Chem. Biol. Interact. 166 (2007) 63-77). However, that unexpected observation could not be verified at the time because the only additional BD metabolite measurement attempted was for 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB) as reflected in specific N,N[2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-butyl]valine (pyr-Val) hemoglobin adduct concentrations, which were not quantifiable in any subject with the method then employed. Neither somatic gene mutations nor chromosome aberrations were associated with BD exposure levels in that study, consistent with findings in an earlier Czech study of males only. We have since measured production and accumulation of the 1,2-dihydroxy-3,4-epoxybutane (EBD) metabolite as reflected in N-[2,3,4-trihydroxy-butyl]valine (THB-Val) hemoglobin adduct concentrations. The mean THB-Val concentration was significantly higher in exposed males than in control males (922.3pmol/g and 275.5pmol/g, respectively), but exposed and control females did not differ significantly (224.5pmol/g and 181.1pmol/g, respectively). In both the control and exposed groups mean THB-Val concentrations were significantly higher for males than females. THB-Val concentrations were significantly correlated with mean 8-h TWA exposures for both males and females, but the rate of increase with increasing BD exposure was significantly lower for females. THB-Val concentrations also increased with increasing urine M2 metabolite [isomeric mixture of 1-hydroxy-2-{N-actylcysteinyl}-3-butene and 2-hydroxy-1-{N-acetylcysteinyl}-3-butene] concentrations in both sexes but the rate of increase was also lower in females than in males. There were no significant correlations between THB-Val concentrations and either somatic gene mutations or chromosome aberrations in either males or females. These results using another biomarker to measure a second metabolite of BD support the original conclusion that females absorb or metabolize less BD than males per unit exposure and indicate that the size of the difference increases with exposure. This observation in humans differs from findings in rodents where at prolonged exposures to high BD levels the females form higher amounts of hemoglobin adducts than do males, a difference that disappears at shorter duration lower exposure levels, while female susceptibility to BD induced mutations and tumorgenesis in rodents appears to persist at all BD exposure levels.
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Georgieva NI, Boysen G, Bordeerat N, Walker VE, Swenberg JA. Exposure-response of 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane-specific N-terminal valine adducts in mice and rats after inhalation exposure to 1,3-butadiene. Toxicol Sci 2010; 115:322-9. [PMID: 20176624 PMCID: PMC2871755 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a known rodent and human carcinogen that is metabolized mainly by P450 2E1 to three epoxides, 1,2-epoxy-3-butene (EB), 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB), and 1,2-epoxy-3,4-butanediol. The individual epoxides vary up to 200-fold in their mutagenic potency, with DEB being the most mutagenic metabolite. It is important to understand the internal formation of the individual epoxides to assign the relative risk for each metabolite and to understand the molecular mechanisms responsible for extensive species differences in carcinogenicity. This study presents a comprehensive exposure-response for the formation of the DEB-specific N,N-(2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-butadiyl)valine (pyr-Val) in mice and rats. Using nano-ultra high pressure liquid chromatography-tandem-mass spectrometry allowed analysis of pyr-Val in mice and rats exposed to BD as low as 0.1 and 0.5 ppm BD, respectively, and demonstrated significant differences in the amounts and exposure-response of pyr-Val formation. Mice formed 10- to 60-fold more pyr-Val compared to rats at similar exposures. The formation of pyr-Val increased with exposures, and the formation was most efficient with regard to formation per parts per million BD at low exposures. While formation at higher exposures appeared linear in mice, in rats formation saturated at exposures > or = 200 ppm for 10 days. In rats, amounts of pyr-Val were lower after 20 days than after 10 days of exposure, suggesting that the lifespan of rat erythrocytes may be shortened following exposure to BD. This research supports the hypothesis that the lower susceptibility of rats to BD-induced carcinogenesis results from greatly reduced formation of DEB following exposure to BD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gunnar Boysen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering
- Center for Environmental Health and Susceptibility, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | | | - Vernon E. Walker
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - James A. Swenberg
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering
- Center for Environmental Health and Susceptibility, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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Li Y, Liu HL, Huang XR, Li Z, Sun YB, Sun CC. Theoretical study for ozonolysis of 1,3-butadiene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2010.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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A follow-up study of mortality among women in the North American synthetic rubber industry. J Occup Environ Med 2010; 51:1314-25. [PMID: 19858743 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e3181bd8972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate mortality from cancer and other diseases among 4863 women employed at eight North American styrene-butadiene rubber plants. Cancers of the lymphohematopoietic tissues, breast, and ovary were of strongest a priori interest. METHODS Cause-specific standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated. RESULTS The observed number of deaths was approximately equal to that expected for leukemia (10 observed/13 expected), Hodgkin lymphoma (1/1.6), multiple myeloma (7/7.9), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (15/14), and cancers of the breast (72/74) and ovary (21/22). Ever-hourly women had more than expected deaths from lung (47/30, SMR = 159, CI = 117 to 211) and bladder (6/1.8, SMR = 332, CI = 122 to 723) cancers. Exposure-response analysis, done only for lung cancer, indicated no trend for butadiene or styrene. CONCLUSIONS The observed excesses of lung and bladder cancers may be attributable to nonoccupational factors rather than to workplace exposures.
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Hoenerhoff MJ, Hong HH, Ton TV, Lahousse SA, Sills RC. A review of the molecular mechanisms of chemically induced neoplasia in rat and mouse models in National Toxicology Program bioassays and their relevance to human cancer. Toxicol Pathol 2009; 37:835-48. [PMID: 19846892 PMCID: PMC3524969 DOI: 10.1177/0192623309351726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tumor response in the B6C3F1 mouse, F344 rat, and other animal models following exposure to various compounds provides evidence that people exposed to these or similar compounds may be at risk for developing cancer. Although tumors in rodents and humans are often morphologically similar, underlying mechanisms of tumorigenesis are often unknown and may be different between the species. Therefore, the relevance of an animal tumor response to human health would be better determined if the molecular pathogenesis were understood. The underlying molecular mechanisms leading to carcinogenesis are complex and involve multiple genetic and epigenetic events and other factors. To address the molecular pathogenesis of environmental carcinogens, the authors examine rodent tumors (e.g., lung, colon, mammary gland, skin, brain, mesothelioma) for alterations in cancer genes and epigenetic events that are associated with human cancer. National Toxicology Program (NTP) studies have identified several genetic alterations in chemically induced rodent neoplasms that are important in human cancer. Identification of such alterations in rodent models of chemical carcinogenesis caused by exposure to environmental contaminants, occupational chemicals, and other compounds lends further support that they are of potential human health risk. These studies also emphasize the importance of molecular evaluation of chemically induced rodent tumors for providing greater public health significance for NTP evaluated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Hoenerhoff
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27519, USA.
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