1
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Ma Y, Qiao Y, Gao X. Potential role of hippocampal neurogenesis in spinal cord injury induced post-trauma depression. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2144-2156. [PMID: 38488549 PMCID: PMC11034606 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.392855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2024] Open
Abstract
It has been reported both in clinic and rodent models that beyond spinal cord injury directly induced symptoms, such as paralysis, neuropathic pain, bladder/bowel dysfunction, and loss of sexual function, there are a variety of secondary complications, including memory loss, cognitive decline, depression, and Alzheimer's disease. The large-scale longitudinal population-based studies indicate that post-trauma depression is highly prevalent in spinal cord injury patients. Yet, few basic studies have been conducted to address the potential molecular mechanisms. One of possible factors underlying the depression is the reduction of adult hippocampal neurogenesis which may come from less physical activity, social isolation, chronic pain, and elevated neuroinflammation after spinal cord injury. However, there is no clear consensus yet. In this review, we will first summarize the alteration of hippocampal neurogenesis post-spinal cord injury. Then, we will discuss possible mechanisms underlie this important spinal cord injury consequence. Finally, we will outline the potential therapeutic options aimed at enhancing hippocampal neurogenesis to ameliorate depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ma
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yue Qiao
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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2
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Herb M. NADPH Oxidase 3: Beyond the Inner Ear. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:219. [PMID: 38397817 PMCID: PMC10886416 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were formerly known as mere byproducts of metabolism with damaging effects on cellular structures. The discovery and description of NADPH oxidases (Nox) as a whole enzyme family that only produce this harmful group of molecules was surprising. After intensive research, seven Nox isoforms were discovered, described and extensively studied. Among them, the NADPH oxidase 3 is the perhaps most underrated Nox isoform, since it was firstly discovered in the inner ear. This stigma of Nox3 as "being only expressed in the inner ear" was also used by me several times. Therefore, the question arose whether this sentence is still valid or even usable. To this end, this review solely focuses on Nox3 and summarizes its discovery, the structural components, the activating and regulating factors, the expression in cells, tissues and organs, as well as the beneficial and detrimental effects of Nox3-mediated ROS production on body functions. Furthermore, the involvement of Nox3-derived ROS in diseases progression and, accordingly, as a potential target for disease treatment, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Herb
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany;
- German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), 50931 Cologne, Germany
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3
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Alam SMS, Watanabe Y, Steeno BL, Dutta S, Szilagyi HA, Wei A, Suter DM. Neuronal NADPH oxidase is required for neurite regeneration of Aplysia bag cell neurons. J Neurochem 2023; 167:505-519. [PMID: 37818836 PMCID: PMC10842957 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
NADPH oxidase (Nox), a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), is involved in neurodegeneration after injury and disease. Nox is expressed in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells and contributes to an elevated ROS level after injury. Contrary to the well-known damaging effect of Nox-derived ROS in neurodegeneration, recently a physiological role of Nox in nervous system development including neurogenesis, neuronal polarity, and axonal growth has been revealed. Here, we tested a role for neuronal Nox in neurite regeneration following mechanical transection in cultured Aplysia bag cell neurons. Using a novel hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 )-sensing dye, 5'-(p-borophenyl)-2'-pyridylthiazole pinacol ester (BPPT), we found that H2 O2 levels are elevated in regenerating growth cones following injury. Redistribution of Nox2 and p40phox in the growth cone central domain suggests Nox2 activation after injury. Inhibiting Nox with the pan-Nox inhibitor celastrol reduced neurite regeneration rate. Pharmacological inhibition of Nox is correlated with reduced activation of Src2 tyrosine kinase and F-actin content in the growth cone. Taken together, these findings suggest that Nox-derived ROS regulate neurite regeneration following injury through Src2-mediated regulation of actin organization in Aplysia growth cones.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Sabbir Alam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Yuichiro Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Brooke L. Steeno
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Soumyajit Dutta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Halie A. Szilagyi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Alexander Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Daniel M. Suter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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4
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Zuo Y, Ye J, Cai W, Guo B, Chen X, Lin L, Jin S, Zheng H, Fang A, Qian X, Abdelrahman Z, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Chen Z, Yu B, Gu X, Wang X. Controlled delivery of a neurotransmitter-agonist conjugate for functional recovery after severe spinal cord injury. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:1230-1240. [PMID: 37308588 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01416-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite considerable unmet medical needs, effective pharmacological treatments that promote functional recovery after spinal cord injury remain limited. Although multiple pathological events are implicated in spinal cord injuries, the development of a microinvasive pharmacological approach that simultaneously targets the different mechanisms involved in spinal cord injury remains a formidable challenge. Here we report the development of a microinvasive nanodrug delivery system that consists of amphiphilic copolymers responsive to reactive oxygen species and an encapsulated neurotransmitter-conjugated KCC2 agonist. Upon intravenous administration, the nanodrugs enter the injured spinal cord due to a disruption in the blood-spinal cord barrier and disassembly due to damage-triggered reactive oxygen species. The nanodrugs exhibit dual functions in the injured spinal cord: scavenging accumulated reactive oxygen species in the lesion, thereby protecting spared tissues, and facilitating the integration of spared circuits into the host spinal cord through targeted modulation of inhibitory neurons. This microinvasive treatment leads to notable functional recovery in rats with contusive spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Zuo
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingjia Ye
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wanxiong Cai
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Binjie Guo
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingmin Lin
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Jin
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hanyu Zheng
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ao Fang
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingran Qian
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zeinab Abdelrahman
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhipeng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zuobin Chen
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Bin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, P. R. China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, P. R. China
| | - Xuhua Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P. R. China.
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, P. R. China.
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5
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Khayrullina G, Bermudez S, Hopkins D, Yauger Y, Byrnes KR. Differential effects of NOX2 and NOX4 inhibition after rodent spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281045. [PMID: 36897852 PMCID: PMC10004500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a contributing factor to impaired function and pathology after spinal cord injury (SCI). The NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzyme is a key source of ROS; there are several NOX family members, including NOX2 and NOX4, that may play a role in ROS production after SCI. Previously, we showed that a temporary inhibition of NOX2 by intrathecal administration of gp91ds-tat immediately after injury improved recovery in a mouse SCI model. However, chronic inflammation was not affected by this single acute treatment, and other NOX family members were not assessed. Therefore, we aimed to explore the effect of genetic knockout (KO) of NOX2 or acute inhibition of NOX4 with GKT137831. A moderate SCI contusion injury was performed in 3 month old NOX2 KO and wild-type (WT) mice, who received no treatment or GKT137831/vehicle 30 minutes post-injury. Motor function was assessed using the Basso Mouse Scale (BMS), followed by evaluation of inflammation and oxidative stress markers. NOX2 KO mice, but not GKT137831 treated mice, demonstrated significantly improved BMS scores at 7, 14, and 28 days post injury (DPI) in comparison to WT mice. However, both NOX2 KO and GKT137831 significantly reduced ROS production and oxidative stress markers. Furthermore, a shift in microglial activation toward a more neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory state was observed in KO mice at 7 DPI and a reduction of microglial markers at 28 days. While acute alterations in inflammation were noted with GKT137831 administration, this was not sustained through 28 days. In vitro analysis also showed that while GKT137831 reduced ROS production by microglia, it did not translate to changes in pro-inflammatory marker expression within these cells. These data demonstrate that NOX2 and NOX4 play a role in post-injury ROS, but a single dose of NOX4 inhibitor fails to enhance long-term recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzal Khayrullina
- Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics Department, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Sara Bermudez
- Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics Department, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Deanna Hopkins
- Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics Department, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Young Yauger
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kimberly R. Byrnes
- Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics Department, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
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6
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Gu G, Ren J, Zhu B, Shi Z, Feng S, Wei Z. Multiple mechanisms of curcumin targeting spinal cord injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 159:114224. [PMID: 36641925 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is an irreversible disease process with a high disability and mortality rate. After primary spinal cord injury, the secondary injury may occur in sequence, which is composed of ischemia and hypoxia, excitotoxicity, calcium overload, oxidative stress and inflammation, resulting in massive death of parenchymal cells in the injured area, followed by the formation of syringomyelia. Effectively curbing the process of secondary injury can promote nerve repair and improve functional prognosis. As the main active ingredient in turmeric, curcumin can play an important role in reducing inflammation and oxidation, protecting the neurons, and ultimately reducing spinal cord injury. This article reviews the effects of curcumin on the repair of nerve injury, with emphasis on the various mechanisms by which curcumin promotes the treatment of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjin Gu
- National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Ren
- National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhongju Shi
- National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiqing Feng
- National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University Centre for Orthopaedics, Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Zhijian Wei
- National Spinal Cord Injury International Cooperation Base, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University Centre for Orthopaedics, Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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7
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Smith AN, Shaughness M, Collier S, Hopkins D, Byrnes KR. Therapeutic targeting of microglia mediated oxidative stress after neurotrauma. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1034692. [PMID: 36405593 PMCID: PMC9671221 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1034692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a primary component of the central nervous system injury response. Traumatic brain and spinal cord injury are characterized by a pronounced microglial response to damage, including alterations in microglial morphology and increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The acute activity of microglia may be beneficial to recovery, but continued inflammation and ROS production is deleterious to the health and function of other cells. Microglial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX), mitochondria, and changes in iron levels are three of the most common sources of ROS. All three play a significant role in post-traumatic brain and spinal cord injury ROS production and the resultant oxidative stress. This review will evaluate the current state of therapeutics used to target these avenues of microglia-mediated oxidative stress after injury and suggest avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin N. Smith
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michael Shaughness
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sean Collier
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Deanna Hopkins
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kimberly R. Byrnes
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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8
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Freyermuth-Trujillo X, Segura-Uribe JJ, Salgado-Ceballos H, Orozco-Barrios CE, Coyoy-Salgado A. Inflammation: A Target for Treatment in Spinal Cord Injury. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172692. [PMID: 36078099 PMCID: PMC9454769 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a significant cause of disability, and treatment alternatives that generate beneficial outcomes and have no side effects are urgently needed. SCI may be treatable if intervention is initiated promptly. Therefore, several treatment proposals are currently being evaluated. Inflammation is part of a complex physiological response to injury or harmful stimuli induced by mechanical, chemical, or immunological agents. Neuroinflammation is one of the principal secondary changes following SCI and plays a crucial role in modulating the pathological progression of acute and chronic SCI. This review describes the main inflammatory events occurring after SCI and discusses recently proposed potential treatments and therapeutic agents that regulate inflammation after insult in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Freyermuth-Trujillo
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City CP 06720, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Julia J. Segura-Uribe
- Subdirección de Gestión de la Investigación, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City CP 06720, Mexico
| | - Hermelinda Salgado-Ceballos
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City CP 06720, Mexico
| | - Carlos E. Orozco-Barrios
- CONACyT-Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City CP 06720, Mexico
| | - Angélica Coyoy-Salgado
- CONACyT-Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City CP 06720, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-55-2498-5223
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9
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Islam F, Bepary S, Nafady MH, Islam MR, Emran TB, Sultana S, Huq MA, Mitra S, Chopra H, Sharma R, Sweilam SH, Khandaker MU, Idris AM. Polyphenols Targeting Oxidative Stress in Spinal Cord Injury: Current Status and Future Vision. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:8741787. [PMID: 36046682 PMCID: PMC9423984 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8741787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A spinal cord injury (SCI) occurs when the spinal cord is deteriorated or traumatized, leading to motor and sensory functions lost even totally or partially. An imbalance within the generation of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defense levels results in oxidative stress (OS) and neuroinflammation. After SCI, OS and occurring pathways of inflammations are significant strenuous drivers of cross-linked dysregulated pathways. It emphasizes the significance of multitarget therapy in combating SCI consequences. Polyphenols, which are secondary metabolites originating from plants, have the promise to be used as alternative therapeutic agents to treat SCI. Secondary metabolites have activity on neuroinflammatory, neuronal OS, and extrinsic axonal dysregulated pathways during the early stages of SCI. Experimental and clinical investigations have noted the possible importance of phenolic compounds as important phytochemicals in moderating upstream dysregulated OS/inflammatory signaling mediators and axonal regeneration's extrinsic pathways after the SCI probable significance of phenolic compounds as important phytochemicals in mediating upstream dysregulated OS/inflammatory signaling mediators. Furthermore, combining polyphenols could be a way to lessen the effects of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahadul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Sristy Bepary
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Mohamed H. Nafady
- Faculty of Applied Health Science Technology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Md. Rezaul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
| | - Sharifa Sultana
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Amdadul Huq
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung Ang University, Anseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Hitesh Chopra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Sherouk Hussein Sweilam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo-Suez Road, Badr City 11829, Egypt
| | - Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abubakr M. Idris
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
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10
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NADPH Oxidases in Pain Processing. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061162. [PMID: 35740059 PMCID: PMC9219759 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation or injury to the somatosensory nervous system may result in chronic pain conditions, which affect millions of people and often cause major health problems. Emerging lines of evidence indicate that reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion or hydrogen peroxide, are produced in the nociceptive system during chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain and act as specific signaling molecules in pain processing. Among potential ROS sources in the somatosensory system are NADPH oxidases, a group of electron-transporting transmembrane enzymes whose sole function seems to be the generation of ROS. Interestingly, the expression and relevant function of the Nox family members Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4 in various cells of the nociceptive system have been demonstrated. Studies using knockout mice or specific knockdown of these isoforms indicate that Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4 specifically contribute to distinct signaling pathways in chronic inflammatory and/or neuropathic pain states. As selective Nox inhibitors are currently being developed and investigated in various physiological and pathophysiological settings, targeting Nox1, Nox2, and/or Nox4 could be a novel strategy for the treatment of chronic pain. Here, we summarize the distinct roles of Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4 in inflammatory and neuropathic processing and discuss the effectiveness of currently available Nox inhibitors in the treatment of chronic pain conditions.
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Simonyan KV, Chavushyan VA, Avetisyan LG, Simonyan RM, Isoyan AS, Simonyan GM, Hovhannisyan LE, Simonyan MA. Regulatory Effects of Stevia Rebaudiana on NADPH Oxidase-Related Manifestations of Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Rats with Spinal Cord Injury. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-021-09908-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Fang J, Sheng R, Qin ZH. NADPH Oxidases in the Central Nervous System: Regional and Cellular Localization and the Possible Link to Brain Diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:951-973. [PMID: 34293949 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Significance: The significant role of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (Nox) in signal transduction is mediated by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially in the central nervous system (CNS). The pathogenesis of some neurologic and psychiatric diseases is regulated by ROS, acting as a second messenger or pathogen. Recent Advances: In the CNS, the involvement of Nox-derived ROS has been implicated in the regulation of multiple signals, including cell survival/apoptosis, neuroinflammation, migration, differentiation, proliferation, and synaptic plasticity, as well as the integrity of the blood/brain barrier. In these processes, the intracellular signals mediated by the members of the Nox family vary among different tissues. The present review illuminates the regions and cellular, subcellular localization of Nox isoforms in the brain, the signal transduction, and the role of NOX enzymes in pathophysiology, respectively. Critical Issues: Different signal transduction cascades are coupled to ROS derived from various Nox homologues with varying degrees. Therefore, a critical issue worth noting is the varied role of the homologues of NOX enzymes in different signaling pathways and also they mediate different phenotypes in the diverse pathophysiological condition. This substantiates the effectiveness of selective Nox inhibitors in the CNS. Future Directions: Further investigation to elucidate the role of various homologues of NOX enzymes in acute and chronic brain diseases and signaling mechanisms, and the development of more specific NOX inhibitors for the treatment of CNS disease are urgently needed. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 951-973.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fang
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rui Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zheng-Hong Qin
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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13
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Simonyan KV, Chavushyan VA, Lorikyan AG, Simonyan RM, Avetisyan LG, Isoyan AS, Simonyan GM, Simonyan MA. NADPH Oxidase and Superoxide-Producing Associates in Cells of the Spinal Cord and Bone Marrow in Diabetic Rats with Spinal Cord Injury. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-021-09900-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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14
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Xiao X, Bu H, Li Z, Li Z, Bai Q, Wang Z, Yan L, Liu D, Peng X, Jia X, Gao F. NADPH-Oxidase 2 Promotes Autophagy in Spinal Neurons During the Development of Morphine Tolerance. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2089-2096. [PMID: 34008119 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03347-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Repeated morphine administration results in analgesic tolerance. However, the underlying mechanism of morphine analgesic tolerance remains unclear. NADPH-oxidase 2 (NOX2) is the first discovered NADPH oxidase, which mainly functions to produce reactive oxygen species. Its specific role in morphine tolerance has not been fully investigated. In this work, we found that chronic morphine administration significantly increased the expression of NOX2 in spinal cord. Pretreatment of NOX2 inhibitor blocked the upregulation of NOX2 and autophagy markers, including LC3B and P62, and consequently the development of morphine tolerance. NOX2 and LC3B were both colocalized with NeuN in spinal dorsal horn in morphine-tolerant rats. Our results suggest that the increased autophagy activity in spinal neurons promoted by NOX2 activation contributes to the development of morphine tolerance. NOX2 may be considered as a new therapeutic target for morphine tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huilian Bu
- Department of Pain Management, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhisong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhitao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lin Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Daiqiang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoling Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoqian Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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15
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Shi AC, Rohlwink U, Scafidi S, Kannan S. Microglial Metabolism After Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury - Overlooked Bystanders or Active Participants? Front Neurol 2021; 11:626999. [PMID: 33569038 PMCID: PMC7868439 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.626999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia play an integral role in brain development but are also crucial for repair and recovery after traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI induces an intense innate immune response in the immature, developing brain that is associated with acute and chronic changes in microglial function. These changes contribute to long-lasting consequences on development, neurologic function, and behavior. Although alterations in glucose metabolism are well-described after TBI, the bulk of the data is focused on metabolic alterations in astrocytes and neurons. To date, the interplay between alterations in intracellular metabolic pathways in microglia and the innate immune response in the brain following an injury is not well-studied. In this review, we broadly discuss the microglial responses after TBI. In addition, we highlight reported metabolic alterations in microglia and macrophages, and provide perspective on how changes in glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid metabolism can influence and modulate the microglial phenotype and response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aria C Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ursula Rohlwink
- Neuroscience Institute and Division of Neurosurgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susanna Scafidi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sujatha Kannan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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16
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Terzi A, Roeder H, Weaver CJ, Suter DM. Neuronal NADPH oxidase 2 regulates growth cone guidance downstream of slit2/robo2. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 81:3-21. [PMID: 33191581 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (Nox) are membrane-bound multi-subunit protein complexes producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) that regulate many cellular processes. Emerging evidence suggests that Nox-derived ROS also control neuronal development and axonal outgrowth. However, whether Nox act downstream of receptors for axonal growth and guidance cues is presently unknown. To answer this question, we cultured retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) derived from zebrafish embryos and exposed these neurons to netrin-1, slit2, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). To test the role of Nox in cue-mediated growth and guidance, we either pharmacologically inhibited Nox or investigated neurons from mutant fish that are deficient in Nox2. We found that slit2-mediated growth cone collapse, and axonal retraction were eliminated by Nox inhibition. Though we did not see an effect of either BDNF or netrin-1 on growth rates, growth in the presence of netrin-1 was reduced by Nox inhibition. Furthermore, attractive and repulsive growth cone turning in response to gradients of BDNF, netrin-1, and slit2, respectively, were eliminated when Nox was inhibited in vitro. ROS biosensor imaging showed that slit2 treatment increased growth cone hydrogen peroxide levels via mechanisms involving Nox2 activation. We also investigated the possible relationship between Nox2 and slit2/Robo2 signaling in vivo. astray/nox2 double heterozygote larvae exhibited decreased area of tectal innervation as compared to individual heterozygotes, suggesting both Nox2 and Robo2 are required for establishment of retinotectal connections. Our results provide evidence that Nox2 acts downstream of slit2/Robo2 by mediating growth and guidance of developing zebrafish RGC neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslihan Terzi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Haley Roeder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Cory J Weaver
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Daniel M Suter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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17
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Yin Z, Wang X, Zheng S, Cao P, Chen Y, Yu M, Liao C, Zhang Z, Han J, Duan Y, Yang X, Zhang S. LongShengZhi Capsule Attenuates Alzheimer-Like Pathology in APP/PS1 Double Transgenic Mice by Reducing Neuronal Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:582455. [PMID: 33328962 PMCID: PMC7719723 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.582455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. It may be caused by oxidative stress, inflammation, and cerebrovascular dysfunctions in the brain. LongShengZhi Capsule (LSZ), a traditional Chinese medicine, has been approved by the China Food and Drug Administration for treatment of patients with cardiovascular/cerebrovascular disease. LSZ contains several neuroprotective ingredients, including Hirudo, Astmgali Radix, Carthami Flos (Honghua), Persicae Semen (Taoren), Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma (Shichangpu), and Acanthopanax Senticosus (Ciwujia). In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of LSZ on the AD process. Double transgenic mice expressing the amyloid-β precursor protein and mutant human presenilin 1 (APP/PS1) to model AD were treated with LSZ for 7 months starting at 2 months of age. LSZ significantly improved the cognition of the mice without adverse effects, indicating its high degree of safety and efficacy after a long-term treatment. LSZ reduced AD biomarker Aβ plaque accumulation by inhibiting β-secretase and γ-secretase gene expression. LSZ also reduced p-Tau expression, cell death, and inflammation in the brain. Consistently, in vitro, LSZ ethanol extract enhanced neuronal viability by reducing L-glutamic acid-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in HT-22 cells. LSZ exerted antioxidative effects by enhancing superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase expression, reduced Aβ accumulation by inhibiting β-secretase and γ-secretase mRNA expression, and decreased p-Tau level by inhibiting NF-κB-mediated inflammation. It also demonstrated neuroprotective effects by regulating the Fas cell surface death receptor/B-cell lymphoma 2/p53 pathway. Taken together, our study demonstrates the antioxidative stress, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects of LSZ in the AD-like pathological process and suggests it could be a potential medicine for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zequn Yin
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Xuerui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Shihong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Peichang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Maoyun Yu
- School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, China
| | - Chenzhong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | | | - Jihong Han
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.,College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yajun Duan
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
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18
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Zhou K, Zheng Z, Li Y, Han W, Zhang J, Mao Y, Chen H, Zhang W, Liu M, Xie L, Zhang H, Xu H, Xiao J. TFE3, a potential therapeutic target for Spinal Cord Injury via augmenting autophagy flux and alleviating ER stress. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:9280-9302. [PMID: 32802192 PMCID: PMC7415792 DOI: 10.7150/thno.46566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Increasing evidence suggests that spinal cord injury (SCI)-induced defects in autophagic flux may contribute to an impaired ability for neurological repair following injury. Transcription factor E3 (TFE3) plays a crucial role in oxidative metabolism, lysosomal homeostasis, and autophagy induction. Here, we investigated the role of TFE3 in modulating autophagy following SCI and explored its impact on neurological recovery. Methods: Histological analysis via HE, Nissl and Mason staining, survival rate analysis, and behavioral testing via BMS and footprint analysis were used to determine functional recovery after SCI. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, immunofluorescence, TUNEL staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and immunoprecipitation were applied to examine levels of autophagy flux, ER-stress-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress, and AMPK related signaling pathways. In vitro studies using PC12 cells were performed to discern the relationship between ROS accumulation and autophagy flux blockade. Results: Our results showed that in SCI, defects in autophagy flux contributes to ER stress, leading to neuronal death. Furthermore, SCI enhances the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that induce lysosomal dysfunction to impair autophagy flux. We also showed that TFE3 levels are inversely correlated with ROS levels, and increased TFE3 levels can lead to improved outcomes. Finally, we showed that activation of TFE3 after SCI is partly regulated by AMPK-mTOR and AMPK-SKP2-CARM1 signaling pathways. Conclusions: TFE3 is an important regulator in ROS-mediated autophagy dysfunction following SCI, and TFE3 may serve as a promising target for developing treatments for SCI.
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19
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Li Y, Cao T, Ritzel RM, He J, Faden AI, Wu J. Dementia, Depression, and Associated Brain Inflammatory Mechanisms after Spinal Cord Injury. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061420. [PMID: 32521597 PMCID: PMC7349379 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of the chronic effects of spinal cord injury (SCI) has long focused on sensorimotor deficits, neuropathic pain, bladder/bowel dysfunction, loss of sexual function, and emotional distress. Although not well appreciated clinically, SCI can cause cognitive impairment including deficits in learning and memory, executive function, attention, and processing speed; it also commonly leads to depression. Recent large-scale longitudinal population-based studies indicate that patients with isolated SCI (without concurrent brain injury) are at a high risk of dementia associated with substantial cognitive impairments. Yet, little basic research has addressed potential mechanisms for cognitive impairment and depression after injury. In addition to contributing to disability in their own right, these changes can adversely affect rehabilitation and recovery and reduce quality of life. Here, we review clinical and experimental work on the complex and varied responses in the brain following SCI. We also discuss potential mechanisms responsible for these less well-examined, important SCI consequences. In addition, we outline the existing and developing therapeutic options aimed at reducing SCI-induced brain neuroinflammation and post-injury cognitive and emotional impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (Y.L.); (T.C.); (R.M.R.); (J.H.); (A.I.F.)
| | - Tuoxin Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (Y.L.); (T.C.); (R.M.R.); (J.H.); (A.I.F.)
| | - Rodney M. Ritzel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (Y.L.); (T.C.); (R.M.R.); (J.H.); (A.I.F.)
| | - Junyun He
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (Y.L.); (T.C.); (R.M.R.); (J.H.); (A.I.F.)
| | - Alan I. Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (Y.L.); (T.C.); (R.M.R.); (J.H.); (A.I.F.)
- University of Maryland Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Junfang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (Y.L.); (T.C.); (R.M.R.); (J.H.); (A.I.F.)
- University of Maryland Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-410-706-5189
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20
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Devanney NA, Stewart AN, Gensel JC. Microglia and macrophage metabolism in CNS injury and disease: The role of immunometabolism in neurodegeneration and neurotrauma. Exp Neurol 2020; 329:113310. [PMID: 32289316 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune responses, particularly activation of macrophages and microglia, are increasingly implicated in CNS disorders. It is now appreciated that the heterogeneity of functions adopted by these cells dictates neuropathophysiology. Research efforts to characterize the range of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory phenotypes and functions adopted by microglia and macrophages are fueled by the potential for inflammatory cells to both exacerbate neurodegeneration and promote repair/disease resolution. The stimulation-based, M1/M2 classification system has emerged over the last decade as a common language to discuss macrophage and microglia heterogeneity across different fields. However, discontinuities between phenotypic markers and function create potential hurdles for the utility of the M1/M2 system in the development of effective immunomodulatory therapeutics for neuroinflammation. A framework to approach macrophage and microglia heterogeneity from a function-based phenotypic approach comes from rapidly emerging evidence that metabolic processes regulate immune cell activation. This concept of immunometabolism, however, is only beginning to unfold in the study of neurodegeneration and has yet to receive much focus in the context of neurotrauma. In this review, we first discuss the current views of macrophage and microglia heterogeneity and limitations of the M1/M2 classification system for neuropathological studies. We then review and discuss the current literature supporting metabolism as a regulator of microglia function in vitro. Lastly, we evaluate the evidence that metabolism regulates microglia and macrophage phenotype in vivo in models of Alzheimer's disease (AD), stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Devanney
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States of America
| | - Andrew N Stewart
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States of America; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States of America
| | - John C Gensel
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States of America; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States of America.
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21
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Liu Z, Yao X, Jiang W, Li W, Zhu S, Liao C, Zou L, Ding R, Chen J. Advanced oxidation protein products induce microglia-mediated neuroinflammation via MAPKs-NF-κB signaling pathway and pyroptosis after secondary spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:90. [PMID: 32192500 PMCID: PMC7082940 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01751-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory response mediated by oxidative stress is considered as an important pathogenesis of spinal cord injury (SCI). Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) are novel markers of oxidative stress and their role in inflammatory response after SCI remained unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of AOPPs in SCI pathogenesis and explore the possible underlying mechanisms. Methods A C5 hemi-contusion injury was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats to confirm the involvement of AOPPs after SCI. For in vivo study, apocynin, the NADPH oxidase inhibitor was used to study the neuroprotective effects after SCI. For in vitro study, the BV2 microglia cell lines were pretreated with or without the inhibitor or transfected with or without small interference RNA (siRNA) and then stimulated with AOPPs. A combination of molecular and histological methods was used to clarify the mechanism and explore the signaling pathway both in vivo and in vitro. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted with Bonferroni post hoc tests to examine the differences between groups. Results The levels of AOPPs in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid as well as the contents in the spinal cord showed significant increase after SCI. Meanwhile, apocynin ameliorated tissue damage in the spinal cord after SCI, improving the functional recovery. Immunofluorescence staining and western blot analysis showed activation of microglia after SCI, which was in turn inhibited by apocynin. Pretreated BV2 cells with AOPPs triggered excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by activating NADPH oxidase. Increased ROS induced p38 MAPK and JNK phosphorylation, subsequently triggering nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 to express pro-inflammatory cytokines. Also, treatment of BV2 cells with AOPPs induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and cleavage of Gasdermin-d (GSDMD), causing pyroptosis. This was confirmed by cleavage of caspase-1, production of downstream mature interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 as well as rupture of rapid cell membrane. Conclusions Collectively, these data indicated AOPPs as biomarkers of oxidative stress, modulating inflammatory response in SCI by multiple signaling pathways, which also included the induction of NADPH oxidase dependent ROS, and NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis, and activation of MAPKs and NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Liu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinqiang Yao
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Wangsheng Jiang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Siyuan Zhu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Congrui Liao
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Zou
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruoting Ding
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jianting Chen
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
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Huang W, Xiong Y, Chen Y, Cheng Y, Wang R. NOX2 is involved in CB2-mediated protection against lung ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2020; 13:277-285. [PMID: 32211110 PMCID: PMC7061802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (LIRI) can occur in many clinical scenarios. Activation of the cannabinoid 2 (CB2) receptor limits tissue injury in some ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) models. However, whether and how CB2 receptor activation alleviates lung injury induced by I/R remain unclear. In this study, we sought to determine whether JWH133, a selective CB2 receptor agonist, could alleviate lung injury induced by I/R and to examine the role of NOX2 in this process. Here, an I/R model was established using male C57BL/6 mice, by blocking the left pulmonary hilum for 1 h, followed by reperfusion for 2 h. Results showed that pretreatment with JWH133 significantly attenuated I/R-induced lung injury (decreased lung injury scores and wet-to-dry weight ratio and increased oxygenation index), alleviated oxidative stress (increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), and decreased Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels). It also significantly increased CB2 receptor mRNA expression and protein levels and significantly reduced NOX2 mRNA and protein expression. Further, the CB2 receptor antagonist AM630 eliminated these effects mediated by JWH133. Pretreatment with the NOX2 inhibitor, gp91 ds-tat, reduced NOX2 expression, but did not affect CB2 receptor expression and failed to alleviate lung injury and oxidative stress after additional JWH133 treatment. Our study suggests that CB2 receptor activation alleviates LIRI by inhibiting oxidative stress and that NOX2 is involved in CB2-mediated protection against LIRI in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Yaqin Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Yali Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Rurong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
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The Importance of Natural Antioxidants in the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury in Animal Models: An Overview. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:3642491. [PMID: 32676138 PMCID: PMC7336207 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3642491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) face devastating health, social, and financial consequences, as well as their families and caregivers. Reducing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress are essential strategies for SCI treatment. Some compounds from traditional medicine could be useful to decrease ROS generated after SCI. This review is aimed at highlighting the importance of some natural compounds with antioxidant capacity used in traditional medicine to treat traumatic SCI. An electronic search of published articles describing animal models of SCI treated with natural compounds from traditional medicine was conducted using the following terms: Spinal Cord Injuries (MeSH terms) AND Models, Animal (MeSH terms) AND [Reactive Oxygen Species (MeSH terms) AND/OR Oxidative Stress (MeSH term)] AND Medicine, Traditional (MeSH terms). Articles reported from 2010 to 2018 were included. The results were further screened by title and abstract for studies performed in rats, mice, and nonhuman primates. The effects of these natural compounds are discussed, including their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties. Moreover, the antioxidant properties of natural compounds were emphasized since oxidative stress has a fundamental role in the generation and progression of several pathologies of the nervous system. The use of these compounds diminishes toxic effects due to their high antioxidant capacity. These compounds have been tested in animal models with promising results; however, no clinical studies have been conducted in humans. Further research of these natural compounds is crucial to a better understanding of their effects in patients with SCI.
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Sabirzhanov B, Li Y, Coll-Miro M, Matyas JJ, He J, Kumar A, Ward N, Yu J, Faden AI, Wu J. Inhibition of NOX2 signaling limits pain-related behavior and improves motor function in male mice after spinal cord injury: Participation of IL-10/miR-155 pathways. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 80:73-87. [PMID: 30807841 PMCID: PMC6660361 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase (NOX2) is an enzyme that induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) and serves as a switch between the pro-inflammatory and neurorestorative microglial/macrophage phenotypes; such changes play an important role in neuropathic pain and motor dysfunction. Increased NOX2 expression after spinal cord injury (SCI) has been reported, and inhibition of NOX2 improves motor function. However, the underlying mechanisms of NOX2 in post-traumatic pain and motor deficit remain unexplored. In the present study, we report that depletion of NOX2 (NOX2-/-) or inhibition of NOX2 using NOX2ds-tat significantly reduced mechanical/thermal cutaneous hypersensitivity and motor dysfunction after moderate contusion SCI at T10 in male mice. Western blot (WB, 3 mm lesion area) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) showed that SCI elevates NOX2 expression predominantly in microglia/macrophages up to 8 weeks post-injury. Deletion of NOX2 significantly reduced CD11b+/CD45hiF4/80+ macrophage infiltration at 24 h post-injury detected by flow cytometry and 8-OHG+ ROS production at 8 weeks post-injury by IHC in both lesion area and lumbar enlargement. NOX2 deficiency also altered microglial/macrophage pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory balance towards the neurorestorative response. WB analysis showed robust increase of Arginase-1 and YM1 proteins in NOX2-/- mice. Furthermore, qPCR analysis showed significant up-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels in NOX2-/- mice, associated with reduced microRNA-155 expression. These findings were confirmed in CD11b+ microglia/macrophages isolated from spinal cord at 3 days post-injury. Taken together, our data suggest an important role for IL-10/miR-155 pathway in regulating NOX2-mediated SCI-dysfunction. Thus, specific targeting of NOX2 may provide an effective strategy for treating neurological dysfunction in SCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Sabirzhanov
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201 USA
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201 USA
| | - Marino Coll-Miro
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201 USA
| | - Jessica J. Matyas
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201 USA
| | - Junyun He
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201 USA
| | - Alok Kumar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201 USA
| | - Nicole Ward
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201 USA
| | - Jingwen Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201 USA
| | - Alan I. Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201 USA.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201 USA,University of Maryland Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201 USA
| | - Junfang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA; University of Maryland Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA.
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Barua S, Kim JY, Yenari MA, Lee JE. The role of NOX inhibitors in neurodegenerative diseases. IBRO Rep 2019; 7:59-69. [PMID: 31463415 PMCID: PMC6709343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2019.07.1721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a key player in both chronic and acute brain disease due to the higher metabolic demand of the brain. Among the producers of free radicals, NADPH-oxidase (NOX) is a major contributor to oxidative stress in neurological disorders. In the brain, the superoxide produced by NOX is mainly found in leukocytes. However, recent studies have reported that it can be found in several other cell types. NOX has been reported to regulate neuronal signaling, memory processing, and central cardiovascular homeostasis. However, overproduction of NOX can contribute to neurotoxicity, CNS degeneration, and cardiovascular disorders. Regarding the above functions, NOX has been shown to play a crucial role in chronic CNS diseases like Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and in acute CNS disorders such as stroke, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and related cerebrovascular diseases. NOX is a multi-subunit complex consisting of two membrane-associated and four cytosolic subunits. Thus, in recent years, inhibition of NOX activity has drawn a great deal of attention from researchers in the field of treating chronic and acute CNS disorders and preventing secondary complications. Mounting evidence has shown that NOX inhibition is neuroprotective and that inhibiting NOX in circulating immune cells can improve neurological disease conditions. This review summarizes recent studies on the therapeutic effects and pharmacological strategies regarding NOX inhibitors in chronic and acute brain diseases and focuses on the hurdles that should be overcome before their clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Barua
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Youl Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea
| | - Midori A Yenari
- Department of Neurology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, 4150 Clement Street, MS 127, San Francisco, CA, 94121, United States
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21, PLUS Project for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea.,Brain Research Institute, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea
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Paracrine Mechanisms of Redox Signalling for Postmitotic Cell and Tissue Regeneration. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:514-530. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Role of NADPH oxidase-2 in the progression of the inflammatory response secondary to striatum excitotoxic damage. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:91. [PMID: 30995916 PMCID: PMC6471795 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1478-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During excitotoxic damage, neuronal death results from the increase in intracellular calcium, the induction of oxidative stress, and a subsequent inflammatory response. NADPH oxidases (NOX) are relevant sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during excitotoxic damage. NADPH oxidase-2 (NOX-2) has been particularly related to neuronal damage and death, as well as to the resolution of the subsequent inflammatory response. As ROS are crucial components of the regulation of inflammatory response, in this work, we evaluated the role of NOX-2 in the progression of inflammation resulting from glutamate-induced excitotoxic damage of the striatum in an in vivo model. Methods The striata of wild-type C57BL/6 J and NOX-2 KO mice (gp91Cybbtm1Din/J) were stereotactically injected with monosodium glutamate either alone or in combination with IL-4 or IL-10. The damage was evaluated in histological sections stained with cresyl violet and Fluoro-Jade B. The enzymatic activity of caspase-3 and NOX were also measured. Additionally, the cytokine profile was identified by ELISA and motor activity was verified by the tests of the cylinder, the adhesive tape removal, and the inverted grid. Results Our results show a neuroprotective effect in mice with a genetic inhibition of NOX-2, which is partially due to a differential response to excitotoxic damage, characterized by the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. In NOX-2 KO animals, the excitotoxic condition increased the production of interleukin-4, which could contribute to the production of interleukin-10 that decreased neuronal apoptotic death and the magnitude of striatal injury. Treatment with interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 protected from excitotoxic damage in wild-type animals. Conclusions The release of proinflammatory cytokines during the excitotoxic event promotes an additional apoptotic death of neurons that survived the initial damage. During the subsequent inflammatory response to excitotoxic damage, ROS generated by NOX-2 play a decisive role in the extension of the lesion and consequently in the severity of the functional compromise, probably by regulating the anti-inflammatory cytokines production. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1478-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Zhang B, Bailey WM, McVicar AL, Stewart AN, Veldhorst AK, Gensel JC. Reducing age-dependent monocyte-derived macrophage activation contributes to the therapeutic efficacy of NADPH oxidase inhibition in spinal cord injury. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 76:139-150. [PMID: 30453022 PMCID: PMC6348135 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The average age at the time of spinal cord injury (SCI) has increased to 43 years old. Middle-aged mice (14 months old, MO) exhibit impaired recovery after SCI with age-dependent increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production through NADPH oxidase (NOX) along with pro-inflammatory macrophage activation. Despite these aging differences, clinical therapies are being examined in individuals regardless of age based upon preclinical data generated primarily using young animals (∼4 MO). Our objective is to test the extent to which age affects SCI treatment efficacy. Specifically, we hypothesize that the effectiveness of apocynin, a NOX inhibitor, is age-dependent in SCI. METHODS Apocynin treatment (5 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered 1 and 6 h after moderate T9 contusion SCI (50kdyn IH) and then daily for 1 week to 4 and 14 MO mice. Locomotor and anatomical recovery was evaluated for 28 days. Monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM) and microglial activation and ROS production were evaluated at 3 and 28 days post-injury. RESULTS Apocynin improved functional and anatomical recovery in 14 but not 4 MO SCI mice. Apocynin-mediated recovery was coincident with significant reductions in MDM infiltration and MDM-ROS production in 14 MO SCI mice. Importantly, microglial activation was unaffected by treatment. CONCLUSION These results indicate that apocynin exhibits age-dependent neuroprotective effects by blocking excessive neuroinflammation through NOX-mediated ROS production in MDMs. Further, these data identify age as a critical regulator for SCI treatment efficacy and indicate that pharmacologically reduced macrophage, but not microglia, activation and ROS production reverses age-associated neurological impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Zhang
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; College of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046 PR China.
| | - William M. Bailey
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Anna Leigh McVicar
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Andrew N. Stewart
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Amy K. Veldhorst
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - John C. Gensel
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536,Correspondence to Dr. John C. Gensel or Dr. Bei Zhang, John C. Gensel, B463 Biomed & Bio Sci Research Building (BBSRB), University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, (859) 218-0516, , Bei Zhang, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, PR China, 712046, 86-02938184662, ;
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Méndez-Lara KA, Santos D, Farré N, Ruiz-Nogales S, Leánez S, Sánchez-Quesada JL, Zapico E, Lerma E, Escolà-Gil JC, Blanco-Vaca F, Martín-Campos JM, Julve J, Pol O. Administration of CORM-2 inhibits diabetic neuropathy but does not reduce dyslipidemia in diabetic mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204841. [PMID: 30286142 PMCID: PMC6171880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The antinociceptive effects of the carbon monoxide-releasing molecule tricarbonyldichlororuthenium (II) dimer (CORM-2) during chronic pain are well documented, but most of its possible side-effects remain poorly understood. In this work, we examine the impact of CORM-2 treatment on the lipoprotein profile and two main atheroprotective functions attributed to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes while analyzing the effect of this drug on diabetic neuropathy. Streptozotocin (Stz)-induced diabetic mice treated with CORM-2 (Stz-CORM-2) or vehicle (Stz-vehicle) were used to evaluate the effect of this drug on the modulation of painful diabetic neuropathy using nociceptive behavioral tests. Plasma and tissue samples were used for chemical and functional analyses, as appropriate. Two main antiatherogenic properties of HDL, i.e., the ability of HDL to protect low-density lipoprotein (LDL) from oxidation and to promote reverse cholesterol transport from macrophages to the liver and feces in vivo (m-RCT), were also assessed. Stz-induced diabetic mice displayed hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and pain hypersensitivity. The administration of 10 mg/kg CORM-2 during five consecutive days inhibited allodynia and hyperalgesia and significantly ameliorated spinal cord markers (Cybb and Bdkrb1expression) of neuropathic pain in Stz mice, but it did not reduce the combined dyslipidemia shown in Stz-treated mice. Its administration to Stz-treated mice led to a significant increase in the plasma levels of cholesterol (∼ 1.4-fold vs. Ctrl, ∼ 1.3- fold vs. Stz-vehicle; p < 0.05) and was attributed to significant elevations in both non-HDL (∼ 1.8-fold vs. Ctrl; ∼ 1.6-fold vs. Stz-vehicle; p < 0.05) and HDL cholesterol (∼ 1.3-fold vs. Ctrl, ∼ 1.2-fold vs. Stz-vehicle; p < 0.05). The increased HDL in plasma was not accompanied by a commensurate elevation in m-RCT in Stz-CORM-2 compared to Stz-vehicle mice; instead, it was worsened as revealed by decreased [3H]-tracer trafficking into the feces in vivo. Furthermore, the HDL-mediated protection against LDL oxidation ex vivo shown by the HDL isolated from Stz-CORM-2 mice did not differ from that obtained in Stz-vehicle mice. In conclusion, the antinociceptive effects produced by a high dose of CORM-2 were accompanied by antioxidative effects but were without favorable effects on the dyslipidemia manifested in diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Alejandra Méndez-Lara
- Grup de Bases Metabòliques de Risc Cardiovascular, Institut de Recerca de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Santos
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Farré
- Grup de Bases Metabòliques de Risc Cardiovascular, Institut de Recerca de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sheila Ruiz-Nogales
- Grup de Bases Metabòliques de Risc Cardiovascular, Institut de Recerca de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Leánez
- Grup de Neurofarmacologia Molecular, Institut de Recerca de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
- Grup de Neurofarmacologia Molecular, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Sánchez-Quesada
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain
- Grup de Bioquímica Cardiovascular, Institut de Recerca de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edgar Zapico
- Departament de Bioquímica, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Lerma
- Departament de Patologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Ciències Morfològiques, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
- Grup de Bases Metabòliques de Risc Cardiovascular, Institut de Recerca de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Blanco-Vaca
- Grup de Bases Metabòliques de Risc Cardiovascular, Institut de Recerca de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús María Martín-Campos
- Grup de Bases Metabòliques de Risc Cardiovascular, Institut de Recerca de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Julve
- Grup de Bases Metabòliques de Risc Cardiovascular, Institut de Recerca de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (JJ); (OP)
| | - Olga Pol
- Grup de Neurofarmacologia Molecular, Institut de Recerca de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
- Grup de Neurofarmacologia Molecular, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (JJ); (OP)
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Brabazon F, Bermudez S, Shaughness M, Khayrullina G, Byrnes KR. The effects of insulin on the inflammatory activity of BV2 microglia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201878. [PMID: 30148836 PMCID: PMC6110462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), which function to monitor and maintain homeostasis. Microglial activation occurs after CNS injury, infection or disease. Prolonged microglial activation is detrimental to the CNS as they produce nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in neuronal cell dysfunction and death. Microglial activation is implicated in the neurological deficits following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and Alzheimer's disease. Intranasal insulin administration is a promising treatment of Alzheimer's disease and TBI. However, the exact effect of insulin on microglia is currently unclear. The goal of this study was therefore to examine the effect of insulin administration on activated microglia. The microglial cell line BV2 were exposed to a pro-inflammatory stimulus, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), followed by insulin administration. Outcome measures were conducted at 24 hours after treatment. In vitro assays quantified NO and ROS production. Western blot, immunocytochemistry and phagocytosis assay further examined the effect of insulin on microglial activity. Insulin treatment significantly reduced NO, ROS and TNFα production and increased phagocytic activity. Insulin treatment also significantly reduced iNOS expression, but had no significant effect on any other M1 or M2 macrophage polarization marker examined. These data suggest that insulin has very specific effects to reduce pro-inflammatory or chemoattractant properties of microglia, and this may be one mechanism by which insulin has beneficial effects in CNS injury or neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Brabazon
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Sara Bermudez
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Michael Shaughness
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Guzal Khayrullina
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Kimberly R. Byrnes
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
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Fu Q, Li C, Yu L. Gambogic acid inhibits spinal cord injury and inflammation through suppressing the p38 and Akt signaling pathways. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:2026-2032. [PMID: 29138827 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamboge is the dry resin secreted by Garcinia hanburyi Hook.f, with the function of promoting blood circulation, detoxification, hemostasis and killing insects, used for the treatment of cancer, brain edema and other diseases. Gambogic acid is the main effective constituent of Gamboge. The present study investigated the protective effects of gambogic acid on spinal cord injury (SCI) and its anti‑inflammatory mechanism in an SCI model in vivo. Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) testing was used to detect the protective effects of gambogic acid on nerve function of SCI rats. The water content of the spinal cord was used to analyze the protective effects of gambogic acid on the damage of SCI. Treatment with gambogic acid effectively improved BBB scores and inhibited water content of the spinal cord in SCI rats. Also, gambogic acid significantly reduced inflammatory cytokines levels of [tumor necrosis factor‑α, interleukin (IL)‑6, IL‑12 and IL‑1β] and oxidative stress (malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, glutathione and glutathione‑peroxidase) factors, and suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand, phosphorylated p38 protein expression and toll‑like receptor 4/nuclear factor‑κB pathway activation, and increased phosphatidylinositol 3‑kinase/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway activation in SCI rats. These results provide evidence that gambogic acid inhibits SCI and inflammation through suppressing the p38 and Akt signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Fu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Physical Therapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Chaojian Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 570311, P.R. China
| | - Lehua Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Physical Therapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
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Brabazon F, Wilson CM, Jaiswal S, Reed J, Frey WH, Byrnes KR. Intranasal insulin treatment of an experimental model of moderate traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:3203-3218. [PMID: 28058996 PMCID: PMC5584695 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16685106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in learning and memory dysfunction. Cognitive deficits result from cellular and metabolic dysfunction after injury, including decreased cerebral glucose uptake and inflammation. This study assessed the ability of intranasal insulin to increase cerebral glucose uptake after injury, reduce lesion volume, improve memory and learning function and reduce inflammation. Adult male rats received a controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury followed by intranasal insulin or saline treatment daily for 14 days. PET imaging of [18F]-FDG uptake was performed at baseline and at 48 h and 10 days post-injury and MRI on days three and nine post injury. Motor function was tested with the beam walking test. Memory function was assessed with Morris water maze. Intranasal insulin after CCI significantly improved several outcomes compared to saline. Insulin-treated animals performed better on beam walk and demonstrated significantly improved memory. A significant increase in [18F]-FDG uptake was observed in the hippocampus. Intranasal insulin also resulted in a significant decrease in hippocampus lesion volume and significantly less microglial immunolabeling in the hippocampus. These data show that intranasal insulin improves memory, increases cerebral glucose uptake and decreases neuroinflammation and hippocampal lesion volume, and may therefore be a viable therapy for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Brabazon
- 1 Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Colin M Wilson
- 2 Department of Radiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,3 Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shalini Jaiswal
- 2 Department of Radiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,3 Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John Reed
- 1 Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William H Frey
- 4 Health Partners Neuroscience Research, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Kimberly R Byrnes
- 1 Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,3 Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,5 Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Neuronal-Glial Interactions Maintain Chronic Neuropathic Pain after Spinal Cord Injury. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:2480689. [PMID: 28951789 PMCID: PMC5603132 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2480689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The hyperactive state of sensory neurons in the spinal cord enhances pain transmission. Spinal glial cells have also been implicated in enhanced excitability of spinal dorsal horn neurons, resulting in pain amplification and distortions. Traumatic injuries of the neural system such as spinal cord injury (SCI) induce neuronal hyperactivity and glial activation, causing maladaptive synaptic plasticity in the spinal cord. Recent studies demonstrate that SCI causes persistent glial activation with concomitant neuronal hyperactivity, thus providing the substrate for central neuropathic pain. Hyperactive sensory neurons and activated glial cells increase intracellular and extracellular glutamate, neuropeptides, adenosine triphosphates, proinflammatory cytokines, and reactive oxygen species concentrations, all of which enhance pain transmission. In addition, hyperactive sensory neurons and glial cells overexpress receptors and ion channels that maintain this enhanced pain transmission. Therefore, post-SCI neuronal-glial interactions create maladaptive synaptic circuits and activate intracellular signaling events that permanently contribute to enhanced neuropathic pain. In this review, we describe how hyperactivity of sensory neurons contributes to the maintenance of chronic neuropathic pain via neuronal-glial interactions following SCI.
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von Leden RE, Khayrullina G, Moritz KE, Byrnes KR. Age exacerbates microglial activation, oxidative stress, inflammatory and NOX2 gene expression, and delays functional recovery in a middle-aged rodent model of spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:161. [PMID: 28821269 PMCID: PMC5563003 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0933-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) among people over age 40 has been steadily increasing since the 1980s and is associated with worsened outcome than injuries in young people. Age-related increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) are suggested to lead to chronic inflammation. The NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) enzyme is expressed by microglia and is a primary source of ROS. This study aimed to determine the effect of age on inflammation, oxidative damage, NOX2 gene expression, and functional performance with and without SCI in young adult (3 months) and middle-aged (12 months) male rats. Methods Young adult and middle-aged rats were assessed in two groups—naïve and moderate contusion SCI. Functional recovery was determined by weekly assessment with the Basso, Beattie, and Breshnahan general motor score (analyzed two-way ANOVA) and footprint analysis (analyzed by Chi-square analysis). Tissue was analyzed for markers of oxidative damage (8-OHdG, Oxyblot, and 3-NT), microglial-related inflammation (Iba1), NOX2 component (p47PHOX, p22PHOX, and gp91PHOX), and inflammatory (CD86, CD206, TNFα, and NFκB) gene expression (all analyzed by unpaired Student’s t test). Results In both naïve and injured aged rats, compared to young rats, tissue analysis revealed significant increases in 8-OHdG and Iba1, as well as inflammatory and NOX2 component gene expression. Further, injured aged rats showed greater lesion volume rostral and caudal to the injury epicenter. Finally, injured aged rats showed significantly reduced Basso–Beattie–Bresnahan (BBB) scores and stride length after SCI. Conclusions These results show that middle-aged rats demonstrate increased microglial activation, oxidative stress, and inflammatory gene expression, which may be related to elevated NOX2 expression, and contribute to worsened functional outcome following injury. These findings are essential to elucidating the mechanisms of age-related differences in response to SCI and developing age-appropriate therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona E von Leden
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA. .,Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Room C2099, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
| | - Guzal Khayrullina
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Room C2099, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Kasey E Moritz
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Kimberly R Byrnes
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Room C2099, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
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35
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Noristani HN, Gerber YN, Sabourin JC, Le Corre M, Lonjon N, Mestre-Frances N, Hirbec HE, Perrin FE. RNA-Seq Analysis of Microglia Reveals Time-Dependent Activation of Specific Genetic Programs following Spinal Cord Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:90. [PMID: 28420963 PMCID: PMC5376598 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons have inherent competence to regrow following injury, although not spontaneously. Spinal cord injury (SCI) induces a pronounced neuroinflammation driven by resident microglia and infiltrating peripheral macrophages. Microglia are the first reactive glial population after SCI and participate in recruitment of monocyte-derived macrophages to the lesion site. Both positive and negative influence of microglia and macrophages on axonal regeneration had been reported after SCI, raising the issue whether their response depends on time post-lesion or different lesion severity. We analyzed molecular alterations in microglia at several time-points after different SCI severities using RNA-sequencing. We demonstrate that activation of microglia is time-dependent post-injury but is independent of lesion severity. Early transcriptomic response of microglia after SCI involves proliferation and neuroprotection, which is then switched to neuroinflammation at later stages. Moreover, SCI induces an autologous microglial expression of astrocytic markers with over 6% of microglia expressing glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin from as early as 72 h post-lesion and up to 6 weeks after injury. We also identified the potential involvement of DNA damage and in particular tumor suppressor gene breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (Brca1) in microglia after SCI. Finally, we established that BRCA1 protein is specifically expressed in non-human primate spinal microglia and is upregulated after SCI. Our data provide the first transcriptomic analysis of microglia at multiple stages after different SCI severities. Injury-induced microglia expression of astrocytic markers at RNA and protein levels demonstrates novel insights into microglia plasticity. Finally, increased microglia expression of BRCA1 in rodents and non-human primate model of SCI, suggests the involvement of oncogenic proteins after CNS lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harun N Noristani
- MMDN, University of Montpellier; EPHE, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1198Montpellier, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1051Montpellier, France
| | - Yannick N Gerber
- MMDN, University of Montpellier; EPHE, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1198Montpellier, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1051Montpellier, France.,"Integrative Biology of Neurodegeneration", IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science and Neuroscience Department, University of the Basque CountryBilbao, Spain
| | - Jean-Charles Sabourin
- "Integrative Biology of Neurodegeneration", IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science and Neuroscience Department, University of the Basque CountryBilbao, Spain
| | - Marine Le Corre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1051Montpellier, France.,Department of Neurosurgery, Gui de Chauliac HospitalMontpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Lonjon
- MMDN, University of Montpellier; EPHE, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1198Montpellier, France.,Department of Neurosurgery, Gui de Chauliac HospitalMontpellier, France
| | - Nadine Mestre-Frances
- MMDN, University of Montpellier; EPHE, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1198Montpellier, France
| | - Hélène E Hirbec
- Institute for Functional Genomics, CNRS UMR5203, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1191Montpellier, France
| | - Florence E Perrin
- MMDN, University of Montpellier; EPHE, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1198Montpellier, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1051Montpellier, France.,"Integrative Biology of Neurodegeneration", IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science and Neuroscience Department, University of the Basque CountryBilbao, Spain
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36
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Hao DJ, Liu C, Zhang L, Chen B, Zhang Q, Zhang R, An J, Zhao J, Wu M, Wang Y, Simental A, He B, Yang H. Lipopolysaccharide and Curcumin Co-Stimulation Potentiates Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Phagocytosis Via Enhancing Their Activation. Neurotherapeutics 2017; 14:502-518. [PMID: 27743319 PMCID: PMC5398976 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-016-0485-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The gradual deterioration following central nervous system (CNS) injuries or neurodegenerative disorders is usually accompanied by infiltration of degenerated and apoptotic neural tissue debris. A rapid and efficient clearance of these deteriorated cell products is of pivotal importance in creating a permissive environment for regeneration of those damaged neurons. Our recent report revealed that the phagocytic activity of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) can make a substantial contribution to neuronal growth in such a hostile environment. However, little is known about how to further increase the ability of OECs in phagocytosing deleterious products. Here, we used an in vitro model of primary cells to investigate the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and curcumin (CCM) co-stimulation on phagocytic activity of OECs and the possible underlying mechanisms. Our results showed that co-stimulation using LPS and CCM can significantly enhance the activation of OECs, displaying a remarkable up-regulation in chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2, tumor necrosis factor-α, and Toll-like receptor 4, increased OEC proliferative activity, and improved phagocytic capacity compared with normal and LPS- or CCM-treated OECs. More importantly, this potentiated phagocytosis activity greatly facilitated neuronal growth under hostile culture conditions. Moreover, the up-regulation of transglutaminase-2 and phosphatidylserine receptor in OECs activated by LPS and CCM co-stimulation are likely responsible for mechanisms underlying the observed cellular events, because cystamine (a specific inhibitor of transglutaminase-2) and neutrophil elastase (a cleavage enzyme of phosphatidylserine receptor) can effectively abrogate all the positive effects of OECs, including phagocytic capacity and promotive effects on neuronal growth. This study provides an alternative strategy for the repair of traumatic nerve injury and neurologic diseases with the application of OECs in combination with LPS and CCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Jun Hao
- Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, China.
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, 710054, China.
| | - Cuicui Liu
- Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Jing An
- Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Mingmei Wu
- Institute of Neurosciences, The Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Alfred Simental
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Baorong He
- Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, China.
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, 710054, China.
| | - Hao Yang
- Shaanxi Spine Medicine Research Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, China.
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Shaanxi, 710054, China.
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von Leden RE, Yauger YJ, Khayrullina G, Byrnes KR. Central Nervous System Injury and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase: Oxidative Stress and Therapeutic Targets. J Neurotrauma 2017; 34:755-764. [PMID: 27267366 PMCID: PMC5335782 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the central nervous system (CNS) includes both traumatic brain and spinal cord injury (TBI and SCI, respectively). These injuries, which are heterogeneous and, therefore, difficult to treat, result in long-lasting functional, cognitive, and behavioral deficits. Severity of injury is determined by multiple factors, and is largely mediated by the activity of the CNS inflammatory system, including the primary CNS immune cells, microglia. The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) family of enzymes is a primary source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), key inflammatory mediators after CNS injury. ROS play a central role in inflammation, contributing to cytokine translation and release, microglial polarization and activation, and clearance of damaged tissue. NOX has been suggested as a potential therapeutic target in CNS trauma, as inhibition of this enzyme family modulates inflammatory cell response and ROS production. The purpose of this review is to understand how the different NOX enzymes function and what role they play in the scope of CNS trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Young J. Yauger
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Guzal Khayrullina
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kimberly R. Byrnes
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
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Shultz RB, Zhong Y. Minocycline targets multiple secondary injury mechanisms in traumatic spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:702-713. [PMID: 28616020 PMCID: PMC5461601 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.206633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Minocycline hydrochloride (MH), a semi-synthetic tetracycline derivative, is a clinically available antibiotic and anti-inflammatory drug that also exhibits potent neuroprotective activities. It has been shown to target multiple secondary injury mechanisms in spinal cord injury, via its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties. The secondary injury mechanisms that MH can potentially target include inflammation, free radicals and oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, calcium influx, mitochondrial dysfunction, ischemia, hemorrhage, and edema. This review discusses the potential mechanisms of the multifaceted actions of MH. Its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects are partially achieved through conserved mechanisms such as modulation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathways as well as inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Additionally, MH can directly inhibit calcium influx through the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, mitochondrial calcium uptake, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) enzymatic activity, and iron toxicity. It can also directly scavenge free radicals. Because it can target many secondary injury mechanisms, MH treatment holds great promise for reducing tissue damage and promoting functional recovery following spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Shultz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yinghui Zhong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Ishii T, Ueyama T, Shigyo M, Kohta M, Kondoh T, Kuboyama T, Uebi T, Hamada T, Gutmann DH, Aiba A, Kohmura E, Tohda C, Saito N. A Novel Rac1-GSPT1 Signaling Pathway Controls Astrogliosis Following Central Nervous System Injury. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:1240-1250. [PMID: 27941025 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.748871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrogliosis (i.e. glial scar), which is comprised primarily of proliferated astrocytes at the lesion site and migrated astrocytes from neighboring regions, is one of the key reactions in determining outcomes after CNS injury. In an effort to identify potential molecules/pathways that regulate astrogliosis, we sought to determine whether Rac/Rac-mediated signaling in astrocytes represents a novel candidate for therapeutic intervention following CNS injury. For these studies, we generated mice with Rac1 deletion under the control of the GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) promoter (GFAP-Cre;Rac1flox/flox). GFAP-Cre;Rac1flox/flox (Rac1-KO) mice exhibited better recovery after spinal cord injury and exhibited reduced astrogliosis at the lesion site relative to control. Reduced astrogliosis was also observed in Rac1-KO mice following microbeam irradiation-induced injury. Moreover, knockdown (KD) or KO of Rac1 in astrocytes (LN229 cells, primary astrocytes, or primary astrocytes from Rac1-KO mice) led to delayed cell cycle progression and reduced cell migration. Rac1-KD or Rac1-KO astrocytes additionally had decreased levels of GSPT1 (G1 to S phase transition 1) expression and reduced responses of IL-1β and GSPT1 to LPS treatment, indicating that IL-1β and GSPT1 are downstream molecules of Rac1 associated with inflammatory condition. Furthermore, GSPT1-KD astrocytes had cell cycle delay, with no effect on cell migration. The cell cycle delay induced by Rac1-KD was rescued by overexpression of GSPT1. Based on these results, we propose that Rac1-GSPT1 represents a novel signaling axis in astrocytes that accelerates proliferation in response to inflammation, which is one important factor in the development of astrogliosis/glial scar following CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiji Ishii
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takehiko Ueyama
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan,
| | - Michiko Shigyo
- the Division of Neuromedical Science, Department of Bioscience, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kohta
- the Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kondoh
- the Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Kuboyama
- the Division of Neuromedical Science, Department of Bioscience, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Uebi
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hamada
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - David H Gutmann
- the Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, and
| | - Atsu Aiba
- the Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Eiji Kohmura
- the Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Chihiro Tohda
- the Division of Neuromedical Science, Department of Bioscience, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Naoaki Saito
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan,
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40
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Bermudez S, Khayrullina G, Zhao Y, Byrnes KR. NADPH oxidase isoform expression is temporally regulated and may contribute to microglial/macrophage polarization after spinal cord injury. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 77:53-64. [PMID: 27729244 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in both acute and chronic inflammation, as a result of activation of microglia, invasion of macrophages and activation of the NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzyme. The NOX enzyme is a primary source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and is expressed by microglia and macrophages after SCI. These cells can assume either a pro- (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) polarization phenotype and contribute to tissue response to SCI. However, the contribution of NOX expression and ROS production to this polarization and vice versa is currently undefined. We therefore investigated the impact of SCI on NOX expression and microglial/macrophage polarization over time in a mouse model of contusion injury. Adult C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to a moderate T9 contusion SCI and tissue was assessed at acute, sub-acute and chronic time points for NOX isoform expression and co-expression with M1 and M2 microglia/macrophage polarization markers. Two NOX isoforms were increased after injury and were associated with both M1 and M2 markers, with an M1 preference for NOX2 acutely and NOX4 chronically. M2 cells were primarily found at acute time points only; the peak of NOX2 expression was associated with the decline in M2 polarization. In vitro, NOX2 inhibition shifted microglial polarization toward the M2 phenotype. These results now show that microglial/macrophage expression of NOX isoforms is independent of polarization state, but that NOX activity can influence subsequent polarization. These data can contribute to the therapeutic targeting of NOX as a therapy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bermudez
- Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics Department, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| | - Guzal Khayrullina
- Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics Department, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| | - Yujia Zhao
- Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics Department, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| | - Kimberly R Byrnes
- Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics Department, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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Zhang B, Bailey WM, McVicar AL, Gensel JC. Age increases reactive oxygen species production in macrophages and potentiates oxidative damage after spinal cord injury. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 47:157-167. [PMID: 27596335 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Age potentiates neurodegeneration and impairs recovery from spinal cord injury (SCI). Previously, we observed that age alters the balance of destructive (M1) and protective (M2) macrophages; however, the age-related pathophysiology in SCI is poorly understood. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) contributes to reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated damage and macrophage activation in neurotrauma. Further, NOX and ROS increase with central nervous system age. Here, we found significantly higher ROS generation in 14 versus 4-month-old (MO) mice after contusion SCI. Notably, NOX2 increased in 14 MO ROS-producing macrophages suggesting that macrophages and NOX contribute to SCI oxidative stress. Indicators of lipid peroxidation, a downstream cytotoxic effect of ROS accumulation, were significantly higher in 14 versus 4 MO SCI mice. We also detected a higher percentage of ROS-producing M2 (Arginase-1-positive) macrophages in 14 versus 4 MO mice, a previously unreported SCI phenotype, and increased M1 (CD16/32-positive) macrophages with age. Thus, NOX and ROS are age-related mediators of SCI pathophysiology and normally protective M2 macrophages may potentiate secondary injury through ROS generation in the aged injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Zhang
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - William M Bailey
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Anna Leigh McVicar
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - John C Gensel
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Liu J, Du L. PERK pathway is involved in oxygen-glucose-serum deprivation-induced NF-kB activation via ROS generation in spinal cord astrocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 467:197-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Gokce EC, Kahveci R, Atanur OM, Gürer B, Aksoy N, Gokce A, Sargon MF, Cemil B, Erdogan B, Kahveci O. Neuroprotective effects of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides against traumatic spinal cord injury in rats. Injury 2015; 46:2146-55. [PMID: 26298021 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) is a mushroom belonging to the polyporaceae family of Basidiomycota and has widely been used as a traditional medicine for thousands of years. G. lucidum has never been studied in traumatic spinal cord injury. The aim of this study is to investigate whether G. lucidum polysaccharides (GLPS) can protect the spinal cord after experimental spinal cord injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were randomized into five groups of eight animals each: control, sham, trauma, GLPS, and methylprednisolone. In the control group, no surgical intervention was performed. In the sham group, only a laminectomy was performed. In all the other groups, the spinal cord trauma model was created by the occlusion of the spinal cord with an aneurysm clip. In the spinal cord tissue, caspase-3 activity, tumour necrosis factor-alpha levels, myeloperoxidase activity, malondialdehyde levels, nitric oxide levels, and superoxide dismutase levels were analysed. Histopathological and ultrastructural evaluations were also performed. Neurological evaluation was performed using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan locomotor scale and the inclined-plane test. RESULTS After traumatic spinal cord injury, increases in caspase-3 activity, tumour necrosis factor-alpha levels, myeloperoxidase activity, malondialdehyde levels, and nitric oxide levels were detected. After the administration of GLPS, decreases were observed in tissue caspase-3 activity, tumour necrosis factor-alpha levels, myeloperoxidase activity, malondialdehyde levels, and nitric oxide levels. Furthermore, GLPS treatment showed improved results in histopathological scores, ultrastructural scores, and functional tests. CONCLUSIONS Biochemical, histopathological, and ultrastructural analyses and functional tests reveal that GLPS exhibits meaningful neuroprotective effects against spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Cemal Gokce
- Department of Neurosurgery, Turgut Ozal University, Emek, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Kahveci
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ministry of Health, Kirikkale Yuksek Ihtisas State Hospital, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Osman Malik Atanur
- International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies (UNIDO-ICHET), Cevizlibag, Zeytinburnu 34015, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bora Gürer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ministry of Health, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Nurkan Aksoy
- Department of Biochemistry, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Aysun Gokce
- Department of Pathology, Ministry of Health, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Berker Cemil
- Department of Neurosurgery, Turgut Ozal University, Emek, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bulent Erdogan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Turgut Ozal University, Emek, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozan Kahveci
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
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Khayrullina G, Bermudez S, Byrnes KR. Inhibition of NOX2 reduces locomotor impairment, inflammation, and oxidative stress after spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:172. [PMID: 26377802 PMCID: PMC4574142 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0391-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in the activation of the NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzyme, inducing production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We hypothesized that the NOX2 isoform plays an integral role in post-SCI inflammation and functional deficits. Methods Moderate spinal cord contusion injury was performed in adult male mice, and flow cytometry, western blot, and immunohistochemistry were used to assess NOX2 activity and expression, inflammation, and M1/M2 microglia/macrophage polarization from 1 to 28 days after injury. The NOX2-specific inhibitor, gp91ds-tat, was injected into the intrathecal space immediately after impact. The Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) was used to assess locomotor function at 24 h post-injury and weekly thereafter. Results Our findings show that gp91ds-tat treatment significantly improved functional recovery through 28 days post-injury and reduced inflammatory cell concentrations in the injured spinal cord at 24 h and 7 days post-injury. In addition, a number of oxidative stress markers were reduced in expression at 24 h after gp91ds-tat treatment, which was accompanied by a reduction in M1 polarization marker expression. Conclusion Based on our findings, we now conclude that inhibition of NOX2 significantly improves outcome after SCI, most likely via acute reductions in oxidative stress and inflammation. NOX2 inhibition may therefore have true potential as a therapy after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzal Khayrullina
- Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics Department, Uniformed Services University, Room B2048, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
| | - Sara Bermudez
- Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics Department, Uniformed Services University, Room B2048, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
| | - Kimberly R Byrnes
- Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics Department, Uniformed Services University, Room B2048, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
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