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Silva FG, Silva SR, Pereira AMF, Cerqueira JL, Conceição C. A Comprehensive Review of Bovine Colostrum Components and Selected Aspects Regarding Their Impact on Neonatal Calf Physiology. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1130. [PMID: 38612369 PMCID: PMC11010951 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Colostrum contains macro- and micronutrients necessary to meet the nutritional and energy requirements of the neonatal calf, bioactive components that intervene in several physiological aspects, and cells and microorganisms that modulate the calf's immune system and gut microbiome. Colostrum is sometimes mistaken as transition milk, which, although more nutritive than whole milk, has a distinct biochemical composition. Furthermore, most research about colostrum quality and colostrum management focuses on the transfer of maternal IgG to the newborn calf. The remaining components of colostrum and transition milk have not received the same attention, despite their importance to the newborn animal. In this narrative review, a large body of literature on the components of bovine colostrum was reviewed. The variability of these components was summarized, emphasizing specific components that warrant deeper exploration. In addition, the effects of each component present in colostrum and transition milk on several key physiological aspects of the newborn calf are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio G. Silva
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory of Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal (J.L.C.)
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Department of Zootechnics, School of Science and Technology, University of Évora, Pólo da Mitra Apartado 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (A.M.F.P.); (C.C.)
- Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Agrarian School of Ponte de Lima, Rua D. Mendo Afonso, 147 Refóios do Lima, 4990-706 Ponte de Lima, Portugal
| | - Severiano R. Silva
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory of Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal (J.L.C.)
| | - Alfredo M. F. Pereira
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Department of Zootechnics, School of Science and Technology, University of Évora, Pólo da Mitra Apartado 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (A.M.F.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Joaquim Lima Cerqueira
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory of Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal (J.L.C.)
- Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Agrarian School of Ponte de Lima, Rua D. Mendo Afonso, 147 Refóios do Lima, 4990-706 Ponte de Lima, Portugal
| | - Cristina Conceição
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Department of Zootechnics, School of Science and Technology, University of Évora, Pólo da Mitra Apartado 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (A.M.F.P.); (C.C.)
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Thorsteinsson M, Lund P, Weisbjerg MR, Noel SJ, Schönherz AA, Hellwing ALF, Hansen HH, Nielsen MO. Enteric methane emission of dairy cows supplemented with iodoform in a dose-response study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12797. [PMID: 37550361 PMCID: PMC10406889 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38149-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric methane (CH4) emission is one of the major greenhouse gasses originating from cattle. Iodoform has in studies been found to be a potent mitigator of rumen CH4 formation in vitro. This study aimed to quantify potential of iodoform as an anti-methanogenic feed additive for dairy cows and investigate effects on feed intake, milk production, feed digestibility, rumen microbiome, and animal health indicators. The experiment was conducted as a 4 × 4 Latin square design using four lactating rumen, duodenal, and ileal cannulated Danish Holstein dairy cows. The treatments consisted of four different doses of iodoform (1) 0 mg/day, (2) 320 mg/day, (3) 640 mg/day, and (4) 800 mg/day. Iodoform was supplemented intra-ruminally twice daily. Each period consisted of 7-days of adaptation, 3-days of digesta and blood sampling, and 4-days of gas exchange measurements using respiration chambers. Milk yield and dry matter intake (DMI) were recorded daily. Rumen samples were collected for microbial analyses and investigated for fermentation parameters. Blood was sampled and analyzed for metabolic and health status indicators. Dry matter intake and milk production decreased linearly by maximum of 48% and 33%, respectively, with increasing dose. Methane yield (g CH4/kg DMI) decreased by maximum of 66%, while up to 125-fold increases were observed in hydrogen yield (g H2/kg DMI) with increasing dose of iodoform. Total tract digestibility of DM, OM, CP, C, NDF, and starch were unaffected by treatments, but large shifts, except for NDF, were observed for ruminal to small intestinal digestion of the nutrients. Some indicators of disturbed rumen microbial activity and fermentation dynamics were observed with increasing dose, but total number of ruminal bacteria was unaffected by treatment. Serum and plasma biomarkers did not indicate negative effects of iodoform on cow health. In conclusion, iodoform was a potent mitigator of CH4 emission. However, DMI and milk production were negatively affected and associated with indications of depressed ruminal fermentation. Future studies might reveal if depression of milk yield and feed intake can be avoided if iodoform is continuously administered by mixing it into a total mixed ration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirka Thorsteinsson
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, AU Viborg - Research Centre Foulum, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark.
- iCLIMATE - Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark.
- CBIO - Centre for Circular Bioeconomy, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Peter Lund
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, AU Viborg - Research Centre Foulum, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
- iCLIMATE - Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
- CBIO - Centre for Circular Bioeconomy, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Martin Riis Weisbjerg
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, AU Viborg - Research Centre Foulum, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
- iCLIMATE - Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
- CBIO - Centre for Circular Bioeconomy, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Samantha Joan Noel
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, AU Viborg - Research Centre Foulum, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
- iCLIMATE - Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
- CBIO - Centre for Circular Bioeconomy, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Anna Amanda Schönherz
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, AU Viborg - Research Centre Foulum, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
- iCLIMATE - Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
- CBIO - Centre for Circular Bioeconomy, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Anne Louise Frydendahl Hellwing
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, AU Viborg - Research Centre Foulum, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
- iCLIMATE - Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
- CBIO - Centre for Circular Bioeconomy, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Hanne Helene Hansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Mette Olaf Nielsen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, AU Viborg - Research Centre Foulum, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
- iCLIMATE - Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
- CBIO - Centre for Circular Bioeconomy, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
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Perumal P, De AK, Bhattacharya D, Chakurkar EB. Lactation stages modulate the hematological, serum biochemical, and endocrinological profiles and oxidative stress markers in crossbred cows under tropical humid island ecosystem of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:131. [PMID: 36964324 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03544-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to assess the interrelationship between hematological, serum biochemical, and endocrinological profiles and oxidative stress markers and lactational stages in crossbred (CB) dairy cows of Andaman and Nicobar Islands (ANI). Healthy (n = 6) CB cows (50-62.50% exotic inheritance; Holstein Friesian × Andaman local) of 4th parity with age of 7-9 years and body weight of 350-400 kg were selected from Cattle Breeding Farm, ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR-CIARI), Port Blair, ANI. These experimental cows were synchronized with Ovsynch protocol, and parturition was planned to happen in the month of May-June. Lactation was allowed for 305 days. Hematological profiles, serum biochemical profiles, oxidative stress markers and endocrinological profiles were measured at a 15-day interval from day 07 to 305 of lactation (after 6 days of colostrum). The lactation period was divided into first (day 07 to 90), second (day 91 to 180), and third (day 181 to 305) stage of lactation. Average daily milk yield (L) did not vary among the stages of lactations; however, first (8.56 ± 1.26) and second (9.79 ± 0.87) stages had higher milk yield compared to third (7.93 ± 0.79) stage of lactation. Hematological profiles did not vary among the stages of lactation; however, these values were within the range of bovine species at lactation. Serum glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, total protein, globulin, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) increased (P < 0.05) and albumin and creatinine decreased (P < 0.05) gradually as lactation stages advanced. Activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and concentration of calcium, phosphorous, and magnesium were nearly similar among the stages of lactation. Similarly, triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) increased and prolactin and cortisol decreased (P < 0.05) gradually as stages of lactation advanced. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) increased and malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased (P < 0.05) as lactation stages advanced. The results of the present study indicated that the lactating CB cows suffered nutritional stress (deficiency of protein, carbohydrate, lipids, and minerals), physiological stress (higher cortisol), oxidative stress (higher MDA and deficiency of total antioxidant capacity), and hormonal imbalance (higher prolactin and cortisol and deficiency of thyroid hormones) during the early stages of lactation. Thus, the first and second stages are more stressful events compared to the third stage of lactation in the CB cows in ANI. Therefore, regular monitoring of blood components and accordingly suitable feeding strategies with balanced nutrients and minerals, supplementation of suitable antioxidants, and appropriate management practices need to be implemented to mitigate these stresses and to prevent metabolic disorders with maximum milk production during different stages of lactation in CB cows under humid tropical island ecosystem of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Perumal
- ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair-744 105, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Port Blair, India.
| | - A K De
- ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair-744 105, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Port Blair, India
| | - D Bhattacharya
- ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair-744 105, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Port Blair, India
| | - E B Chakurkar
- ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair-744 105, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Port Blair, India
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Ferreira MFDL, Rennó LN, Rodrigues II, Detmann E, Paulino MF, de Campos Valadares Filho S, Martins HC, Moreira SS, de Lana DS. Effects of parity order on performance, metabolic, and hormonal parameters of grazing beef cows during pre-calving and lactation periods. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:311. [PMID: 34563192 PMCID: PMC8467019 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic profile evaluation is a tool widely used in ruminant nutrition as metabolic cues that relate nutrition to physiology. Metabolic and hormonal traits change during pre-partum and lactation according to parity in dairy cows, but studies of beef cows under grazing are scarce. The present study aimed to evaluate how metabolic and hormonal traits change over time, their relationship to performance, and determine if these factors differ according to the parity order of grazing beef cows. Thirty-six pregnant Nellore cows (12 nulliparous, 12 primiparous, and 12 multiparous) were used. The study started at 60 d prepartum until 203 d of lactation. Results The initial body weight (BW) and final BW were higher for multiparous cows (P > 0.05). An interaction occurred between parity and day (P < .0001) for body condition score. Nulliparous and primiparous body condition score were reduced from − 60 prepartum to 30 postpartum, then stabilized 60 postpartum (P < 0.05), while multiparous maintained body condition score from − 60 days until 60 days postpartum (P > 0.05). Calf BW, final BW, and average daily gain did not differ between parities (P > 0.05). Effect of day (P < 0.05) was detected for non-esterified fatty acids, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, progesterone, and insulin. An interaction was observed between parity and days for glucose, HDL, β-hydroxybutyrate, creatinine and IGF-1 (P < 0.05). Parity affected serum urea nitrogen, total proteins, albumin, and globulins (P < 0.05). Parity and day relative to calving did not impact total T3 and T4 (P > 0.05). Conclusions Hormonal and metabolic profile is strongly influenced by the stage of lactation. Time effects (pre-partum and lactation period) were more pronounced in nulliparous since they displayed more unbalanced metabolic and hormonal traits and lowered BCS pre- and postpartum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Fellipe de Lana Ferreira
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Peter Henry Rolfs Avenue, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Luciana Navajas Rennó
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Peter Henry Rolfs Avenue, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Isabela Iria Rodrigues
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Peter Henry Rolfs Avenue, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Edenio Detmann
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Peter Henry Rolfs Avenue, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Mário Fonseca Paulino
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Peter Henry Rolfs Avenue, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | | | - Hudson Caio Martins
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Peter Henry Rolfs Avenue, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Samira Silveira Moreira
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Peter Henry Rolfs Avenue, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Daniela Silveria de Lana
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Peter Henry Rolfs Avenue, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
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Abstract
Thyroid hormones are crucial for normal cognition and neurodevelopment in children. The introduction of the screening programs for congenital hypothyroidism has decreased the incidence of untreated congenital hypothyroidism. As maternal thyroid disease is common, and may impact on thyroid gland development and function in the fetus, optimal management is crucial. This review discusses thyroid function and the impact of maternal thyroid disease on the fetus and neonate, as well as the influence of thyroid hormones, thyroid antibodies and the excretion of thyroid medication into breast milk on infant thyroid function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Mallya
- Neonatal Unit, Rosie Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Amanda L Ogilvy-Stuart
- Neonatal Unit, Rosie Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Alexander EK, Pearce EN, Brent GA, Brown RS, Chen H, Dosiou C, Grobman WA, Laurberg P, Lazarus JH, Mandel SJ, Peeters RP, Sullivan S. 2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and the Postpartum. Thyroid 2017; 27:315-389. [PMID: 28056690 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2016.0457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1282] [Impact Index Per Article: 183.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid disease in pregnancy is a common clinical problem. Since the guidelines for the management of these disorders by the American Thyroid Association (ATA) were first published in 2011, significant clinical and scientific advances have occurred in the field. The aim of these guidelines is to inform clinicians, patients, researchers, and health policy makers on published evidence relating to the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease in women during pregnancy, preconception, and the postpartum period. METHODS The specific clinical questions addressed in these guidelines were based on prior versions of the guidelines, stakeholder input, and input of task force members. Task force panel members were educated on knowledge synthesis methods, including electronic database searching, review and selection of relevant citations, and critical appraisal of selected studies. Published English language articles were eligible for inclusion. The American College of Physicians Guideline Grading System was used for critical appraisal of evidence and grading strength of recommendations. The guideline task force had complete editorial independence from the ATA. Competing interests of guideline task force members were regularly updated, managed, and communicated to the ATA and task force members. RESULTS The revised guidelines for the management of thyroid disease in pregnancy include recommendations regarding the interpretation of thyroid function tests in pregnancy, iodine nutrition, thyroid autoantibodies and pregnancy complications, thyroid considerations in infertile women, hypothyroidism in pregnancy, thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy, thyroid nodules and cancer in pregnant women, fetal and neonatal considerations, thyroid disease and lactation, screening for thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy, and directions for future research. CONCLUSIONS We have developed evidence-based recommendations to inform clinical decision-making in the management of thyroid disease in pregnant and postpartum women. While all care must be individualized, such recommendations provide, in our opinion, optimal care paradigms for patients with these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik K Alexander
- 1 Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth N Pearce
- 2 Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gregory A Brent
- 3 Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles, California
| | - Rosalind S Brown
- 4 Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Herbert Chen
- 5 Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Chrysoula Dosiou
- 6 Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - William A Grobman
- 7 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Peter Laurberg
- 8 Departments of Endocrinology & Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital , Aalborg, Denmark
| | - John H Lazarus
- 9 Institute of Molecular Medicine, Cardiff University , Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Susan J Mandel
- 10 Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robin P Peeters
- 11 Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus Medical Center , Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Scott Sullivan
- 12 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
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Vupru K, Das PK, Mukherjee J, Banerjee D, Perumal P, Ghosh PR. Infradian rhythmicity in lactogenic hormone (prolactin, growth hormone, cortisol and thyroid hormone) secretion throughout the lactation cycle in mithun cows ( Bos frontalis): variation among strains. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2016.1199116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kezhavituo Vupru
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Research Centre on Mithun (NRCM), Jharnapani, Medziphema, India
| | - Pradip Kumar Das
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Veterinary Physiology, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, India
| | - Joydip Mukherjee
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Veterinary Physiology, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, India
| | - Dipak Banerjee
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Veterinary Physiology, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, India
| | - P. Perumal
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Research Centre on Mithun (NRCM), Jharnapani, Medziphema, India
| | - Prabal Ranjan Ghosh
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Veterinary Physiology, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, India
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Mukherjee J, Mallick S, Chaudhury M, Prakash B, Dang A. Infradian rhythmicity in milk leukocyte activity together with plasma cortisol and prolactin levels throughout the lactation period in high-yielding crossbred cows. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2015.1066544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Validated ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for quantitative analysis of total and free thyroid hormones in bovine serum. J Chromatogr A 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.04.032 pmid: 24786658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Validated ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for quantitative analysis of total and free thyroid hormones in bovine serum. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1345:164-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Guyot H, de Oliveira LA, Ramery E, Beckers JF, Rollin F. Effect of a combined iodine and selenium supplementation on I and Se status of cows and their calves. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2011; 25:118-24. [PMID: 21514807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Iodine (I) and selenium (Se) deficiencies are commonly reported in cattle, however, there are also studies regarding a very high iodine supply. The aim of the study was to determine the long-term effect of I and Se supplementation on non-pregnant cows, pregnant cows and their calves. The hypothalamus pituitary axis was investigated (TSH, T4, T3 assays) during a TRH challenge on non-pregnant cows. Twenty-four cows, half of them pregnant, were assigned into 2 diet-groups, one group with a low I (0.45 ppm) and Se (0.15 ppm) diet (LISe), the other with a high I (5.45 ppm) and Se (0.45 ppm) diet (HISe), for a period of 120 days. Nutritional (plasma iodide, urinary I, plasma Se, I content in colostrum and foetal fluids) and functional (thyrotropin, thyroid hormones, glutathione-peroxidase activity in erythrocytes) markers of I and Se status were assayed in dams at regular intervals for 120 days and in their calves at birth. A TRH challenge was performed on 8 non-pregnant cows at day 110 of the trial. At the end of the study, I and Se nutritional markers were higher in dams in the HISe group, compared to the LISe group, except for plasma Se. At birth, I nutritional markers in calves in the HISe group were higher compared to the LISe group. Reactivity of the pituitary-thyroid-axis was not influenced by I and Se supplementation. I and Se supplementation is efficient in improving newborn status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Guyot
- University of Liege, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Clinic for Ruminants, Liege, Belgium.
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Ambrosio R, Sannino ML, Cortese L, Nappi C, Ara D, Cioffi M. Validation and Application of an Immunofluorimetric Assay for Detection of Serum Free Triiodothyronine and Free Thyroxine Concentrations in Buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis) under Various Physiological Conditions. J Vet Diagn Invest 2009; 21:668-73. [DOI: 10.1177/104063870902100511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was designed to validate an immunofluorimetric method to measure free triiodothyronine (fT3) and free thyroxine (fT4) concentrations in the serum of buffalo and to develop a better understanding of thyroid metabolism in buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis) of different ages and reproductive statuses. Free triiodothyronine and fT4 were determined in sera from 4 groups of 10 animals, each representing 5–10-year-old lactating buffalo, 2–3–year-old first calf heifers, 1–1.5-year-old virgin heifers, and 5–10–year-old dry buffalo. The average sensitivity of the immunofluorimetric assay was 5.9 pmol/l for fT3 and 14.7 pmol/l for fT4. Intra-assay and interassay coefficients of variation were 5.6% and 5.1% for fT3 and 1.5% and 4.3% for fT4, respectively. Virgin heifers had higher average values for fT3 and fT4, while lactating buffalo had the lowest average values. Dry buffalo and first calf heifers had intermediate fT3 and fT4 values. The findings of this study suggested that lactating buffalo were in a state of low thyroid activity, while virgin heifers had increased thyroid activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ambrosio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Veterinarie, Sezione di Clinica Medica, Università di Napoli “Federico II,” Naples, Italy
| | | | - Laura Cortese
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Veterinarie, Sezione di Clinica Medica, Università di Napoli “Federico II,” Naples, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Ara
- Patologia clinica-Dipartimento di Patologia generale, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Seconda Università di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Cioffi
- Patologia clinica-Dipartimento di Patologia generale, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Seconda Università di Napoli, Naples, Italy
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Kirat D, Kato S. Monocarboxylate transporter genes in the mammary gland of lactating cows. Histochem Cell Biol 2009; 132:447-55. [PMID: 19636583 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-009-0621-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study is the first to examine the expression of the 14 monocarboxylate transporter genes (MCT1-MCT14) in the mammary gland of mammals. RT-PCR, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence confocal laser microscopy were applied in a comprehensive approach to assess the expression and cellular localization of MCTs in the mammary gland of lactating cattle. RT-PCR revealed the existence of nine MCT isoforms, namely MCT1, MCT2, MCT3, MCT4, MCT5, MCT8, MCT10, MCT13, and MCT14 in cow mammary gland. The amplified cDNA segments were confirmed by sequence analysis and deposited in the GenBank. Using the commercially available antibodies against MCT1-MCT8, Western blotting verified the protein expression of MCT1, MCT2, MCT3, MCT4, MCT5, and MCT8 in the cow mammary gland. The precise cellular localization of the identified MCT proteins showed that both MCT1 and MCT2 were basolaterally localized on the cow mammary alveolar epithelial cells. In contrast, MCT4 protein signal was expressed on the apical membrane of these alveolar epithelia. MCT8, however, was predominantly localized on the basolateral membranes of the lactocytes, along with its weak labeling on the apical membrane of the same cells. No immunoreactive staining for MCT3 and MCT5 proteins could be detected histochemically in lactating bovine mammary tissue. Additionally, we proved the colocalization of CD147 with both MCT1 and MCT4 on the boundaries of the cow mammary alveolar epithelia. The existence and localization pattern of MCT genes in the mammary gland of lactating cows suggest their possible involvement in the transport of essential elements required for milk synthesis and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Kirat
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582-1 Bunkyodai-Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.
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Contreras PA, Wittwer F, Matamoros R, Mayorga IM, van Schaik G. Effect of grazing pasture with a low selenium content on the concentrations of triiodothyronine and thyroxine in serum, and GSH-Px activity in erythrocytes in cows in Chile. N Z Vet J 2005; 53:77-80. [PMID: 15731838 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2005.36472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the effect of grazing pasture that had a low selenium (Se) concentration on serum concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in dairy cows. METHODS Forty pregnant Friesian cows were grazed on pasture that contained 0.03-0.04 ppm Se on a dry matter (DM) basis. Two months before parturition, 20 cows were randomly selected and treated with 1 mg Se/kg bodyweight subcutaneously, as barium selenate (Group Se-S). The other group (Se-D) was not supplemented. Blood samples were taken before supplementation (-60 days) and 30, 60, 90, 180 and 270 days after parturition, for determination of concentrations of T3 and T4 in serum, and GSH-Px activity in erythrocytes. RESULTS Erythrocyte GSH-Px activity in the Se-D group was <60 U/g haemoglobin (Hb) throughout the experiment. Supplementation increased (p<0.05) activities to >130 U/g Hb throughout lactation. Mean serum concentrations of T4 in Se-D and Se-S cows increased from 23.7 (SEM 0.7) and 23.4 (SEM 0.8) nmol/L, respectively, in the prepartum period to 69.6 (SEM 0.1) and 67.6 (SEM 0.2) nmol/L, respectively, at 180 days of lactation (p<0.01), and no effect of Se supplementation was evident. Serum concentrations of T3 in Se-D cows decreased (p<0.05) from 1.6 (SEM 0.1) nmol/L prepartum to 1.0 (SEM 0.2) nmol/L at the beginning of lactation, and remained lower (p<0.05) than those in the Se-S cows which did not decrease after calving and ranged from 1.9 (SEM 0.1) to 2.4 (SEM 0.2) nmol/L throughout lactation. CONCLUSIONS Serum T3 concentrations decreased during early lactation in unsupplemented cows grazing pastures low in Se (0.03-0.04 ppm) and both serum T3 and erythrocyte GSHPx activities were consistently lower throughout lactation compared with Se-supplemented cows. Se supplementation had no effect on serum T4 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Contreras
- Instituto de Ciencias Clinicas Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile.
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Pezzi C, Accorsi PA, Vigo D, Govoni N, Gaiani R. 5'-deiodinase activity and circulating thyronines in lactating cows. J Dairy Sci 2003; 86:152-8. [PMID: 12613860 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)73595-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the correlation between lactation and thyroid hormone metabolism, the authors studied concentrations of total and free thyroxine (T4 and fT4), triiodothyronine (T3 and fT3), and reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) in plasma and milk, as well as liver and mammary gland 5'-deiodinase (5'D) activity in dry, early, middle, and late lactating dairy cows. Cows in early lactation show lower plasma levels of T4 and rT3 than dry, middle, and late lactating animals, whereas T3 shows the lowest plasma levels in the dry period; free T4 and T3 show a similar pattern. In early lactation there is a clear decrease in liver 5'D associated with a notable increase in mammary 5'D. Concentrations of T4 and T3 in milk drop significantly in the first few days after delivery, whereas rT3 increases up to the fourth month. The findings suggest a relationship between the hypothyroid status of lactating cows and the rearrangement of organ-specific 5'-deiodinase activity related to the maintenance of the udder's function.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pezzi
- Dipartimento di Morfofisiologia Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italia.
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16
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Tiirats T. Thyroxine, triiodothyronine and reverse-triiodothyronine concentrations in blood plasma in relation to lactational stage, milk yield, energy and dietary protein intake in Estonian dairy cows. Acta Vet Scand 1997. [PMID: 9503676 DOI: 10.1186/bf03548480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Average levels of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and reverse-triiodothyronine (rT3) in blood plasma of 159 Estonian Red and Estonian Black and White cows were 55.2 nmol/L, 1.78 nmol/L and 0.25 nmol/L respectively. Animals were grouped according to stage of lactation. The T4 level was significantly lower during the early stage of lactation (45.1 nmol/L), compared with later stages, but increased as the stage of lactation progressed (late stage of lactation - 56.7, dry cows 64.3 nmol/L). The T3 level was significantly higher at the late stage of lactation (1.93 nmol/L) compared with the early stage of lactation (1.71 nmol/L) and level in dry cows (1.71 nmol/L). rT3 showed a trend similar to that found for T4 (lowest plasma concentration in early lactation, 0.19; highest in the dry period, 0.33; late lactation, 0.24 nmol/L). Levels of all thyroid hormones were negatively related to the daily milk yield (T4-r = -.51, rT3-r = -.47, calculated thyroid index as rT3 x T3 x T4-r = -.52, for all p < .0001; T3-r = -.32, p < .01). Plasma thyroid hormone concentrations were affected by energy and dietary protein intake. Differences were found in thyroid hormone levels between the 2 breeds and between summer and winter holding periods for Estonian Red cows, which could all be explained by differences in the feeding level and daily milk yield. It is suggested that maintaining low levels of thyroid hormones in early lactation may be one of the dairy cow's mechanisms of reducing metabolic demand.
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Wheeler JG, Amos HE, Froetschel MA, Coomer JC, Maddox T, Fernandez JM. Responses of early lactation cows fed winter and summer annual forages and undegradable intake protein. J Dairy Sci 1995; 78:2767-81. [PMID: 8675760 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(95)76908-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows were divided into six blocks of 4 cows based on their previous 305-d mature equivalent milk yield and were used in a 2 x 3 factorial experiment for the first 84 DIM. Objectives were to determine the effects of forage and RUP supplementation of DM and nutrient intakes and digestibilities, milk yield and composition, BW change, and plasma concentrations of insulin, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, cortisol, NEFA, urea N, and protein. One cow from each block was assigned to wheat or sorghum silage plus one of three concentrates. Protein treatments were 1) all supplemental CP from soybean meal; 2) 33.3% of supplemental CP from heat soybean meal, fish meal, and corn gluten meal; and 3) protein treatment 2 plus an additional 4.6% CP from soybean meal. Intakes of DM, CP, NDF, ADF, NEL, and RUP were higher in cows fed sorghum silage; RUP tended to increase DMI. Milk and 3.5% FCM yields were higher for cows fed sorghum silage than for those fed wheat silage (42.3 vs. 40.0 kg/d and 41.2 vs. 38.7 kg/d, respectively). Milk protein, lactose, and SNF were increased by RUP. Insulin was increased, cortisol was decreased, and thyroid hormones were unaffected by RUP. Concentrations of NEFA were highest at wk 4. For early lactation cows fed diets containing sorghum or wheat silage, RUP is a necessity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Wheeler
- Animal and Dairy Science Department, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-2771, USA
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Abstract
Deficiency of cobalt, copper, iron, iodine, manganese, selenium, or zinc can cause a reduction in production. Reduced production occurs most commonly when a deficiency corresponds to the phases of growth, reproduction, or lactation. Because of environmental, nutrient, disease, genetic, and drug interactions, deficiencies of single or multiple elements can occur even when the levels recommended by the National Research Council for these nutrients are being fed. Additionally, random supplementation of trace elements above National Research Council recommendations is not justified because of the negative interaction among nutrients and potential toxicosis. Evaluation of trace element status can be difficult because many disease states will alter blood analytes used to evaluate nutrient adequacy. Proper dietary and animal evaluation, as well as response to supplementation, are necessary before diagnosing a trace element deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Graham
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis
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Kreuzer M, Kirchgessner M, Blum JW. Konzentration von Hormonen und Stoffwechselparametern im Blutplasma von Kühen während und nach unterschiedlicher Rohproteinzufuhr. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1991.tb00235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ronge H, Blum JW. Somatomedin C and other hormones in dairy cows around parturition, in newborn calves and in milk. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 1988. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1988.tb00190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Sufficient amounts of energy are stored in the animal body to support its needs during periods when dietary intake does not meet energy requirements. To be utilized, these energy reserves must be converted to compounds appropriate for oxidation at the cellular level. In addition, energy supplies must be transferred from storage sites to sites of utilization. The biochemical pathways of oxidation provide not only a means of deriving energy from carbon compounds, but also a means of transferring carbons from one type of energy source to another. The transfer of carbons between carbohydrates, lipids, ketone bodies, and proteins is regulated by endocrine and substrate effects. Regulation of this activity constitutes fuel homeostasis. Breakdowns in these homeostatic mechanisms result in metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Herdt
- American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan
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