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Gao H, Li X, Chen X, Hai D, Wei C, Zhang L, Li P. The Functional Roles of Lactobacillus acidophilus in Different Physiological and Pathological Processes. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:1226-1233. [PMID: 36196014 PMCID: PMC9668099 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2205.05041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are live microorganisms that can be consumed by humans in amounts sufficient to offer health-promoting effects. Owing to their various biological functions, probiotics are widely used in biological engineering, industry and agriculture, food safety, and the life and health fields. Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus), an important human intestinal probiotic, was originally isolated from the human gastrointestinal tract and its functions have been widely studied ever since it was named in 1900. L. acidophilus has been found to play important roles in many aspects of human health. Due to its good resistance against acid and bile salts, it has broad application prospects in functional, edible probiotic preparations. In this review, we explore the basic characteristics and biological functions of L. acidophilus based on the research progress made thus far worldwide. Various problems to be solved regarding the applications of probiotic products and their future development are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Gao
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, P.R. China
| | - Xiatian Chen
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, P.R. China
| | - Deng Hai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB243UE, UK
| | - Chuang Wei
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, P.R. China,Corresponding authors L. Zhang Phone +86 18660263885 E-mail:
| | - Peifeng Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, P.R. China,
P. Li E-mail:
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Rasinkangas P, Forssten SD, Marttinen M, Ibarra A, Bothe G, Junnila J, Uebelhack R, Donazzolo Y, Ouwehand AC. Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bi-07 supports lactose digestion in vitro and in randomized, placebo- and lactase-controlled clinical trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 116:1580-1594. [PMID: 36149331 PMCID: PMC9761758 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Probiotics may alleviate lactose maldigestion. OBJECTIVES The objective was to select a probiotic with high lactase activity and compare it with lactase and placebo in clinical trials. METHODS Bacterial cultures were screened for lactase activity in a model of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bi-07 (Bi-07) counts were adjusted in subsequent experiments to correspond to 4500 Food Chemicals Codex (FCC) units of lactase, the amount in the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)-approved health claim. Two crossover clinical trials, Booster Alpha and Booster Omega, were performed in participants with lactose intolerance, where 2 × 1012 CFUs Bi-07, 4662 FCC lactase, or placebo was consumed simultaneously with a lactose challenge, with 1-wk washouts between challenges. The trial designs were identical except for the source of lactose. Breath hydrogen concentration (BHC) was measured to assess the effect of the investigational products on lactose digestion, for which incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was the primary outcome. Peak BHC, cumulative BHC, and GI symptoms were secondary outcomes. RESULTS Bi-07 was superior to placebo in reducing BHC [iAUC, parts per million (ppm) ∙ h] in both trials (Booster Alpha: geometric least square mean ratio: 0.462; 95% CI: 0.249, 0.859; P = 0.016; Booster Omega: 0.227; 95% CI: 0.095, 0.543; P = 0.001). Lactase was superior to placebo in Booster Alpha (0.190; 95% CI: 0.102, 0.365; P < 0.001) but not Booster Omega (0.493; 95% CI: 0.210, 1.156; P = 0.102). Noninferiority of Bi-07 compared with lactase was observed in Booster Omega (0.460; 95% CI: 0.193, 1.096; P = 0.079; CI upper limit < 1.25 noninferiority margin). Odds of abdominal pain (compared with placebo: 0.32, P = 0.036) and flatulence (compared with placebo: 0.25, P = 0.007) were lower with lactase in Booster Alpha. Increased odds of nausea were seen with Bi-07 (compared with placebo: 4.0, P = 0.005) in Booster Omega. CONCLUSIONS Bi-07 has high lactase activity, and in 2 clinical trials, it supported lactose digestion in individuals with lactose intolerance.These trials were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03659747 (Booster Alpha) and NCT03814668 (Booster Omega).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofia D Forssten
- Health & Biosciences, International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. (IFF), Kantvik, Finland
| | - Maija Marttinen
- Health & Biosciences, International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. (IFF), Kantvik, Finland
| | - Alvin Ibarra
- Health & Biosciences, International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. (IFF), Kantvik, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | - Arthur C Ouwehand
- Health & Biosciences, International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. (IFF), Kantvik, Finland
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Masoumi SJ, Mehrabani D, Saberifiroozi M, Fattahi MR, Moradi F, Najafi M. The effect of yogurt fortified with Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium sp. probiotic in patients with lactose intolerance. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:1704-1711. [PMID: 33747481 PMCID: PMC7958570 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the effect of probiotic yogurt fortified with Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium sp. in patients with lactose intolerance. Fifty-five patients suffering from lactose intolerance were randomly divided into control group of 28 lactose intolerance patients who received nonprobiotic yogurt (100 ml) and experimental group consisted of 27 lactose intolerance patients who received probiotic yogurt fortified (100 ml) with L. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium sp. Each individual received yogurt for one week. Lactose intolerance was confirmed when the patients received 75 g lactose and were positive after 30 min until 3 hr for lactose intolerance symptoms and by hydrogen breath test (HBT). After intervention, the hydrogen level was lower in experimental group in comparison with the control group. Lactose intolerance symptoms in experimental group were much less than the control group. Our findings revealed that probiotic yogurt fortified with L. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium sp. could safely and effectively decrease lactose intolerance symptoms and HBT, so our probiotic can be recommended as a treatment of choice in lactose intolerance patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Jalil Masoumi
- Nutrition Research CenterSchool of Nutrition and Food SciencesShiraz University of Medical ScienceShirazIran
- Gastroenterohepatology Research CenterShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Davood Mehrabani
- Stem Cell Technology Research CenterShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
- Burn and Wound Healing Research CenterShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
- Comparative and Experimental Medicine CenterShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Mehdi Saberifiroozi
- Digestive Disease Research CenterDigestive Disease Research InstituteTehran University of Medical ScienceTehranIran
| | - Mohammad Reza Fattahi
- Gastroenterohepatology Research CenterShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Fariba Moradi
- Office of Vice President for Health AffairsShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Student Research CommitteeShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
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Ohadian Moghadam S, Momeni SA. Human microbiome and prostate cancer development: current insights into the prevention and treatment. Front Med 2020; 15:11-32. [PMID: 32607819 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-019-0731-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The huge communities of microorganisms that symbiotically colonize humans are recognized as significant players in health and disease. The human microbiome may influence prostate cancer development. To date, several studies have focused on the effect of prostate infections as well as the composition of the human microbiome in relation to prostate cancer risk. Current studies suggest that the microbiota of men with prostate cancer significantly differs from that of healthy men, demonstrating that certain bacteria could be associated with cancer development as well as altered responses to treatment. In healthy individuals, the microbiome plays a crucial role in the maintenance of homeostasis of body metabolism. Dysbiosis may contribute to the emergence of health problems, including malignancy through affecting systemic immune responses and creating systemic inflammation, and changing serum hormone levels. In this review, we discuss recent data about how the microbes colonizing different parts of the human body including urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, oral cavity, and skin might affect the risk of developing prostate cancer. Furthermore, we discuss strategies to target the microbiome for risk assessment, prevention, and treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seyed Ali Momeni
- Uro-Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Leis R, de Castro MJ, de Lamas C, Picáns R, Couce ML. Effects of Prebiotic and Probiotic Supplementation on Lactase Deficiency and Lactose Intolerance: A Systematic Review of Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051487. [PMID: 32443748 PMCID: PMC7284493 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactose intolerance (LI) is characterized by the presence of primarily gastrointestinal clinical signs resulting from colonic fermentation of lactose, the absorption of which is impaired due to a deficiency in the lactase enzyme. These clinical signs can be modified by several factors, including lactose dose, residual lactase expression, concurrent ingestion of other dietary components, gut-transit time, and enteric microbiome composition. In many of individuals with lactose malabsorption, clinical signs may be absent after consumption of normal amounts of milk or, in particular, dairy products (yogurt and cheese), which contain lactose partially digested by live bacteria. The intestinal microbiota can be modulated by biotic supplementation, which may alleviate the signs and symptoms of LI. This systematic review summarizes the available evidence on the influence of prebiotics and probiotics on lactase deficiency and LI. The literature search was conducted using the MEDLINE (via PUBMED) and SCOPUS databases following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and included randomized controlled trials. For each study selected, the risk of bias was assessed following the Cochrane Collaboration methodology. Our findings showed varying degrees of efficacy but an overall positive relationship between probiotics and LI in relation to specific strains and concentrations. Limitations regarding the wide heterogeneity between the studies included in this review should be taken into account. Only one study examined the benefits of prebiotic supplementation and LI. So further clinical trials are needed in order to gather more evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaura Leis
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.-J.d.C.); (R.P.); (M.L.C.)
- IDIS-Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBEROBN, Instituto Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Pediatría, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-981-951-116
| | - María-José de Castro
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.-J.d.C.); (R.P.); (M.L.C.)
- IDIS-Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBERER, Instituto Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmela de Lamas
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Pediatría, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Rosaura Picáns
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.-J.d.C.); (R.P.); (M.L.C.)
| | - María L. Couce
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.-J.d.C.); (R.P.); (M.L.C.)
- IDIS-Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Pediatría, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- CIBERER, Instituto Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Ali MA, Zhang Z, Li H, Zhang Y, Fu S, Zhang W, Man C, Jiang Y. A Culture-Independent Method for Enumeration of Viable Load of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM by using Real-Time PCR. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/ijfe-2019-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe study was performed to develop a non-culture method to quantify viable loads of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM using RNA-based molecular technique. The ‘growth curve’ and ‘cycle threshold curve’ were developed respectively by plate counting and using cycle threshold (CT) values. ‘Standard curve’ was constructed using cells per milliliter and relative CT values. A maximum viable count (1.5 ± 0.15) × 1010 cells/mL with a minimum CT value 20.18 ± 0.56 was achieved following 18 h of growth. The two parameters were inversely proportional to each other over the exponential growth. The ‘standard curve’ corresponded to equation y = 2E + 28e−2.034x (y = cells/mL, x = CT value; R2 = 0.993), and no sample showed significant difference between ‘plate count’ and relative ‘PCR count’ following the validation process. Industrial adaptation of this method in dairy processing could potentially contribute to a faster enumeration of viable L. acidophilus NCFM compared to plate counting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Aslam Ali
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin150030, China
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin150030, China
| | - Hongfu Li
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin150030, China
| | - Yashuo Zhang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin150030, China
| | - Shiqian Fu
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin150030, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin150030, China
| | - Chaoxin Man
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin150030, China
| | - Yujun Jiang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin150030, China
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Wosinska L, Cotter PD, O'Sullivan O, Guinane C. The Potential Impact of Probiotics on the Gut Microbiome of Athletes. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2270. [PMID: 31546638 PMCID: PMC6835687 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that physical fitness influences the gut microbiome and as a result, promotes health. Indeed, exercise-induced alterations in the gut microbiome can influence health parameters crucial to athletic performance, specifically, immune function, lower susceptibility to infection, inflammatory response and tissue repair. Consequently, maintenance of a healthy gut microbiome is essential for an athlete's health, training and performance. This review explores the effect of exercise on the microbiome while also investigating the effect of probiotics on various potential consequences associated with over-training in athletes, as well as their associated health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Wosinska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland.
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland.
- APC Microbiome Ireland, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland.
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland.
- APC Microbiome Ireland, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland.
| | - Orla O'Sullivan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland.
- APC Microbiome Ireland, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland.
| | - Caitriona Guinane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland.
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Andersson H, Asp NG, Bruce Å, Roos S, Wadström T, Wold AE. Health effects of probiotics and prebiotics A literature review on human studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v45i0.1790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nils-Georg Asp
- Applied Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Åke Bruce
- National Food Administration, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Roos
- Dept of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Torkel Wadström
- Dept of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Agnes E. Wold
- Dept of Clinical Immunology, Goteborg University, Sweden
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Moslemi M, Mazaheri Nezhad Fard R, Hosseini SM, Homayouni-Rad A, Mortazavian AM. Incorporation of Propionibacteria in Fermented Milks as a Probiotic. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 56:1290-312. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.766584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Mummah S, Oelrich B, Hope J, Vu Q, Gardner CD. Effect of raw milk on lactose intolerance: a randomized controlled pilot study. Ann Fam Med 2014; 12:134-41. [PMID: 24615309 PMCID: PMC3948760 DOI: 10.1370/afm.1618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This pilot study aimed to determine whether raw milk reduces lactose malabsorption and/or lactose intolerance symptoms relative to pasteurized milk. METHODS We performed a crossover trial involving 16 adults with self-reported lactose intolerance and lactose malabsorption confirmed by hydrogen (H2) breath testing. Participants underwent 3, 8-day milk phases (raw vs 2 controls: pasteurized, soy) in randomized order separated by 1-week washout periods. On days 1 and 8 of each phase, milk consumption was 473 mL (16 oz); on days 2 to 7, milk dosage increased daily by 118 mL (4 oz), beginning with 118 mL (4 oz) on day 2 and reaching 710 mL (24 oz) on day 7. Outcomes were area under the breath H2 curve (AUC H2) and self-reported symptom severity (visual analog scales: flatulence/gas, audible bowel sounds, abdominal cramping, diarrhea). RESULTS AUC H2 (mean ± standard error of the mean) was higher for raw vs pasteurized on day 1 (113 ± 21 vs 71 ± 12 ppm·min·10(-2), respectively, P = .01) but not day 8 (72 ± 14 vs 74 ± 15 ppm·min·10(-2), respectively, P = .9). Symptom severities were not different for raw vs pasteurized on day 7 with the highest dosage (P >.7). AUC H2 and symptom severities were higher for both dairy milks compared with soy milk. CONCLUSIONS Raw milk failed to reduce lactose malabsorption or lactose intolerance symptoms compared with pasteurized milk among adults positive for lactose malabsorption. These results do not support widespread anecdotal claims that raw milk reduces the symptoms of lactose intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mummah
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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Amirian ES, Petrosino JF, Ajami NJ, Liu Y, Mims MP, Scheurer ME. Potential role of gastrointestinal microbiota composition in prostate cancer risk. Infect Agent Cancer 2013; 8:42. [PMID: 24180596 PMCID: PMC3826836 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-8-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Among men in the U.S., prostate cancer is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death. Despite its prevalence, there are few established risk factors for prostate cancer. Some studies have found that intake of certain foods/nutrients may be associated with prostate cancer risk, but few have accounted for how intake and metabolic factors may interact to influence bioavailable nutrient levels and subsequent disease risk. Presentation of the hypothesis The composition of the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome may influence metabolism of dietary compounds and nutrients (e.g., plant phenols, calcium, choline) that may be relevant to prostate cancer risk. We, therefore, propose the hypothesis that GI microbiota may have a markedly different composition among individuals with higher prostate cancer risk. These individuals could have microbial profiles that are conducive to intestinal inflammation and/or are less favorable for the metabolism and uptake of chemopreventive agents. Testing the hypothesis Because very little preliminary data exist on this potential association, a case–control study may provide valuable information on this topic. Such a study could evaluate whether the GI microbial profile is markedly different between three groups of individuals: healthy men, those with latent prostate cancer, and those with invasive prostate cancer. Any findings could then be validated in a larger study, designed to collect a series of specimens over time. Implications of the hypothesis Given the plethora of information emerging from the Human Microbiome Project, this is an opportune time to explore associations between the microbiome and complex human diseases. Identification of profiles that alter the host’s risk for disease may clarify inconsistencies in the literature on dietary factors and cancer risk, and could provide valuable targets for novel cancer prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael E Scheurer
- Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza MS:BCM305, 77030 Houston, TX, USA.
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Development of microencapsulation delivery system for long-term preservation of probiotics as biotherapeutics agent. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:620719. [PMID: 24027760 PMCID: PMC3763591 DOI: 10.1155/2013/620719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The administration of probiotic bacteria for health benefit has rapidly expanded in recent years, with a global market worth $32.6 billion predicted by 2014. The oral administration of most of the probiotics results in the lack of ability to survive in a high proportion of the harsh conditions of acidity and bile concentration commonly encountered in the gastrointestinal tract of humans. Providing probiotic living cells with a physical barrier against adverse environmental conditions is therefore an approach currently receiving considerable interest. Probiotic encapsulation technology has the potential to protect microorganisms and to deliver them into the gut. However, there are still many challenges to overcome with respect to the microencapsulation process and the conditions prevailing in the gut. This review focuses mainly on the methodological approach of probiotic encapsulation including biomaterials selection and choice of appropriate technology in detailed manner.
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Łaniewska-Trokenheim Ł, Olszewska M, Miks-Krajnik M, Zadernowska A. Patterns of survival and volatile metabolites of selected Lactobacillus strains during long-term incubation in milk. J Microbiol 2010; 48:445-51. [PMID: 20799085 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-010-0056-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The focus of this study was to monitor the survival of populations and the volatile compound profiles of selected Lactobacillus strains during long-term incubation in milk. The enumeration of cells was determined by both the Direct Epifluorescent Filter Technique using carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA) staining and the plate method. Volatile compounds were analysed by the gas-chromatography technique. All strains exhibited good survival in cultured milks, but Lactobacillus crispatus L800 was the only strain with comparable growth and viability in milk, assessed by plate and epifluorescence methods. The significant differences in cell numbers between plate and microscopic counts were obtained for L. acidophilus strains. The investigated strains exhibited different metabolic profiles. Depending on the strain used, 3 to 8 compounds were produced. The strains produced significantly higher concentrations of acetic acid, compared to other volatiles. Lactobacillus strains differed from one another in number and contents of the volatile compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łucja Łaniewska-Trokenheim
- Industrial and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Pl. Cieszyński 1, Olsztyn, Poland
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Savaiano DA, Boushey CJ, McCabe GP. Lactose intolerance symptoms assessed by meta-analysis: a grain of truth that leads to exaggeration. J Nutr 2006; 136:1107-13. [PMID: 16549489 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.4.1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A meta-analysis was conducted to compare the lactose intolerance symptoms of lactose maldigesters after consuming lactose (as milk, lactose dissolved in water, milk products, or commercial product) with responses after a placebo under masked conditions. An English language MEDLINE search was conducted using the medical subject heading of "lactose intolerance" from 1966 to January 2002. From an initial 1,553 citations, 2 independent reviewers selected 21 studies based on study design (randomized, crossover, blind) and use of an amount of lactose likely to be found in a meal (7-25 g) and a placebo among subjects free of gastrointestinal problems and >4 years old. Mean severity of symptom responses were analyzed as standardized differences, and the presence or absence of a symptom was estimated as pooled incidence differences (ID). For severity of flatulence, the standardized difference was 0.18 (95% confidence interval [CI] -0.16 to +0.52). The CIs for abdominal bloating and pain, degree of diarrhea, frequency of bowel movements per day, and frequency of diarrhea per day also included 0. For abdominal bloating, the ID was 5.9 more people per 100 with symptoms after lactose than placebo (CI -0.07 to +0.19). This same nonsignificant relationship was found for abdominal pain. The ID for diarrhea or loose stools was 0.15 (CI 0.03 to 0.28). Although the incidence of diarrhea was significantly higher, the size of the effect was very small. The results indicate that lactose is not a major cause of symptoms for lactose maldigesters following usual intakes of dairy foods, that is, 1 cup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis A Savaiano
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
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Furet JP, Quénée P, Tailliez P. Molecular quantification of lactic acid bacteria in fermented milk products using real-time quantitative PCR. Int J Food Microbiol 2005; 97:197-207. [PMID: 15541806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2003] [Revised: 03/15/2004] [Accepted: 04/22/2004] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Real-time quantitative PCR assays were developed for the absolute quantification of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, L. casei, L. paracasei, L. rhamnosus, L. acidophilus and L. johnsonii) in fermented milk products. The results of molecular quantification and classic bacterial enumeration did not differ significantly with respect to S. thermophilus and the species of the L. casei group which were detected in the six commercial fermented products tested, thus showing that DNA extraction was efficient and that genomic DNA solutions were free of PCR inhibitors. For L. delbrueckii, the results of bacterial enumeration were generally lower by a factor 10 to 100 than those of PCR quantification, suggesting a loss of viability during storage of the dairy products at 1-8 degrees C for most of the strains in this species. Real-time quantitative assays enabled identification of the species of lactic acid bacterial strains initially present in commercial fermented milk products and their accurate quantification with a detection threshold of 10(3) cells per ml of product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Furet
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherches Laitières et Génétique Appliquée, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France
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18
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Saavedra JM, Abi-Hanna A, Moore N, Yolken RH. Long-term consumption of infant formulas containing live probiotic bacteria: tolerance and safety. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79:261-7. [PMID: 14749232 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/79.2.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonpathogenic live bacteria are consumed as food by many children, particularly in the form of yogurt. The tolerance and safety of long-term consumption of specific types and strains of probiotic bacteria are not well documented. OBJECTIVE The goal was to evaluate tolerance to formulas containing 2 levels of probiotic supplementation and effects on growth, general clinical status, and intestinal health in free-living healthy infants. DESIGN This was a prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of healthy infants aged 3-24 mo. Infants were assigned to receive a standard milk-based formula containing 1 x 10(7) colony-forming units (CFU)/g each of Bifidobacterium lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus, formula containing 1 x 10(6) CFU/g each of B. lactis and S. thermophilus, or unsupplemented formula. Clinical outcomes included formula intake, gastrointestinal tolerance, anthropometric measures, daycare attendance, and history of illness. RESULTS One hundred eighteen infants aged ( +/- SD) 7.0 +/- 2.9 mo at enrollment consumed formula for 210 +/- 127 d. There were no significant differences in age, sex, formula consumption, or length of study between groups. The supplemented formulas were well accepted and were associated with a lower frequency of reported colic or irritability (P < 0.001) and a lower frequency of antibiotic use (P < 0.001) than was the unsupplemented formula. There were no significant differences between groups in growth, health care attention seeking, daycare absenteeism, or other health variables. CONCLUSION Long-term consumption of formulas supplemented with B. lactis and S. thermophilus was well tolerated and safe and resulted in adequate growth, reduced reporting of colic or irritability, and a lower frequency of antibiotic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Saavedra
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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19
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Tailliez P. Les lactobacilles : propriétés, habitats, rôle physiologique et intérêt en santé humaine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1294-5501(04)94231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Hooper LV, Midtvedt T, Gordon JI. How host-microbial interactions shape the nutrient environment of the mammalian intestine. Annu Rev Nutr 2002; 22:283-307. [PMID: 12055347 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.22.011602.092259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1025] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Humans and other mammals are colonized by a vast, complex, and dynamic consortium of microorganisms. One evolutionary driving force for maintaining this metabolically active microbial society is to salvage energy from nutrients, particularly carbohydrates, that are otherwise nondigestible by the host. Much of our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which members of the intestinal microbiota degrade complex polysaccharides comes from studies of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, a prominent and genetically manipulatable component of the normal human and mouse gut. Colonization of germ-free mice with B. thetaiotaomicron has shown how this anaerobe modifies many aspects of intestinal cellular differentiation/gene expression to benefit both host and microbe. These and other studies underscore the importance of understanding precisely how nutrient metabolism serves to establish and sustain symbiotic relationships between mammals and their bacterial partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lora V Hooper
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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21
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Some Characteristics of Practical Relevance of the β -Galactosidase from Potential Probiotic Strains ofPropionibacterium acidipropionici. Anaerobe 2002. [DOI: 10.1006/anae.2002.0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Abstract
In the past century the beneficial roles of nonpathogenic bacteria in the intestinal lumen were described. In the past decade there has been a dramatic increase in scientific work supporting the concept that there are clinical benefits to ingesting specific nonpathogenic organisms (probiotics). The potential benefits of modifying the intestinal flora composition of certain high-risk groups, eg, premature infants, travelers, and children receiving antibiotics, are emerging in the literature. Studies documenting prophylactic and therapeutic benefits in acute viral gastroenteritis and in atopic disease point not only to the potential applications, but also to the fact that the mechanisms of action of these agents may be due to their interaction with the gut as an immunologic organ. The benefits documented thus far are of varying degree and are most likely dependent on the number of agents, the dose, the dosing patterns, and the characteristics of the host and its underlying luminal microbial environment. Consequently, the safety and specification of a particular probiotic agent and methods of delivery to a particular population for a particular purpose should be carefully documented before making broad recommendations. The cost-benefit assessment of adding probiotics to our diet for prophylactic or therapeutic purposes, as well as better regulation of these agents as commercial products, is also needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Saavedra
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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23
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de Vrese M, Stegelmann A, Richter B, Fenselau S, Laue C, Schrezenmeir J. Probiotics--compensation for lactase insufficiency. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 73:421S-429S. [PMID: 11157352 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/73.2.421s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Yogurt and other conventional starter cultures and probiotic bacteria in fermented and unfermented milk products improve lactose digestion and eliminate symptoms of intolerance in lactose maldigesters. These beneficial effects are due to microbial beta-galactosidase in the (fermented) milk product, delayed gastrointestinal transit, positive effects on intestinal functions and colonic microflora, and reduced sensitivity to symptoms. Intact bacterial cell walls, which act as a mechanical protection of lactase during gastric transit, and the release of the enzyme into the small intestine are determinants of efficiency. There is a poor correlation between lactose maldigestion and intolerance; in some studies, low hydrogen exhalation without significant improvement of clinical symptoms was observed. Probiotic bacteria, which by definition target the colon, normally promote lactose digestion in the small intestine less efficiently than do yogurt cultures. They may, however, alleviate clinical symptoms brought about by undigested lactose or other reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M de Vrese
- Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Federal Dairy Research Center, Hermann-Weigmann-Strasse 1, D-24103 Kiel, Germany.
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24
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Sanders ME, Klaenhammer TR. Invited review: the scientific basis of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM functionality as a probiotic. J Dairy Sci 2001; 84:319-31. [PMID: 11233016 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(01)74481-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM is a probiotic strain available in conventional foods (milk, yogurt, and toddler formula) and dietary supplements. Its commercial availability in the United States since the mid-1970s is predicated on its safety, its amenability to commercial manipulation, and its biochemical and physiological attributes presumed to be important to human probiotic functionality. The strain has been characterized in vitro, in animal studies, and in humans. NCFM is the progenitor of the strain being used for complete chromosome sequencing and therefore will be a cornerstone strain for understanding the relationship between genetics and probiotic functionality. Both phenotypic and genotypic techniques have verified its taxonomic status as a type A1 L. acidophilus strain. It adheres to Caco-2 and mucus-secreting HT-29 cell culture systems, produces antimicrobial compounds, and is amenable to genetic manipulation and directed DNA introduction. NCFM survives gastrointestinal tract transit in both healthy and diseased populations. NCFM inhibits aberrant crypt formation in mutagenized rats, indicative of activity that could decrease the risk of colon cancer. A blend of probiotic strains containing NCFM decreased the incidence of pediatric diarrhea. NCFM led to a significant decrease in levels of toxic amines in the blood of dialysis patients with small bowel bacterial overgrowth. At adequate daily feeding levels, NCFM may facilitate lactose digestion in lactose-intolerant subjects. Further validation of the probiotic properties of NCFM in humans and clarification of its mechanisms of probiotic action are needed to better understand the role this strain might play in promoting human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Sanders
- Dairy and Food Culture Technologies, Littleton, CO 80122-2526, USA.
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25
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Zárate G, Chaia AP, González S, Oliver G. Viability and beta-galactosidase activity of dairy propionibacteria subjected to digestion by artificial gastric and intestinal fluids. J Food Prot 2000; 63:1214-21. [PMID: 10983795 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-63.9.1214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An important criterion to consider in the selection of strains for dietary adjuncts is the ability of the microorganisms to survive the severe conditions of acidity and bile concentrations usually found in the gastrointestinal tract. In the present work, we report the effects of digestions by artificial gastric and intestinal fluids on beta-galactosidase activity and survival of four strains of dairy propionibacteria previously selected by their bile tolerance and beta-galactosidase activity. The strains were exposed to artificial gastric juice at pH values between 2 and 7 and then subjected to artificial intestinal digestion. Both viability and beta-galactosidase activity were seriously affected at pH 2. Skim milk and Emmental cheese juice exerted a protective effect on the parameters tested. The trypsin present in the intestinal fluid inactivated the enzyme beta-galactosidase in strains of Propionibacterium freudenreichii but not in Propionibacterium acidipropionici. Moreover, the presence of bile salts enhanced the beta-galactosidase activity of these strains by permeabilization of the cells during the first hour of exposure. The intestinal transit rate confirmed the permanence of the bacteria in the intestine for long enough to be permeabilized. These results suggest that P. acidipropionici would be a good source of beta-galactosidase activity in the intestine. We also propose a practical and effective in vitro method as a tool of screening and selection of potential probiotic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zárate
- Centro de Referencias para Lactobacilos (CERELA), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
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26
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Hosono A. Effect of administration of Lactobacillus gasseri on serum lipids and fecal steroids in hypercholesterolemic rats. J Dairy Sci 2000; 83:1705-11. [PMID: 10984145 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(00)75039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of milk and nonfermented milks produced from Lactobacillus gasseri on serum lipids and total bile acids and fecal steroids and microflora were estimated in rats fed cholesterol-enriched diets. Lactobacilli decreased and coliforms increased in feces of the control group; however, the concentrations of fecal lactobacilli remained unchanged when rats were fed nonfermented milks. Fecal coliforms in rats receiving milk and nonfermented milk produced from L. gasseri SBT0270 increased, while rats receiving nonfermented milk produced from L. gasseri SBT0274 had lower fecal coliform count than did the control group. Only NFM-A significantly reduced serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and bile acids. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was significantly decreased when rats were given milk and nonfermented milks. Milk and NFM-A lowered serum triglycerides levels. Milk and nonfermented milks did not affect the total neutral steroids, but higher levels of acidic steroid were detected in the feces than the control group. The results showed that the hypocholesterolemic effect of L. gasseri SBT0270 was attributed to its ability to suppress the reabsorption of bile acids into the enterohepatic circulation and to enhance the excretion of acidic steroids in feces of hypercholesterolemic rats.
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27
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Abstract
Oral consumption of probiotic bacteria has the potential to support the health of American consumers. This paper will discuss the rationale of the probiotic theory, several health targets for probiotic bacteria, probiotic products in the U.S. and, finally, issues pertaining to communication about probiotic products to the consumer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Sanders
- Dairy and Food Culture Technologies, Littleton, CO 80122-2526, USA
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28
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Reid G. In vitro testing of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFMTM as a possible probiotic for the urogenital tract. Int Dairy J 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0958-6946(00)00059-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Hosono A. Viability of Lactobacillus gasseri and its cholesterol-binding and antimutagenic activities during subsequent refrigerated storage in nonfermented milk. J Dairy Sci 1999; 82:2536-42. [PMID: 10629798 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(99)75507-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect storage at 4 degrees C on the viability of Lactobacillus gasseri and its sodium taurocholate-deconjugating and cholesterol-binding abilities as well as desmutagenic activity was investigated. Unfermented milks containing L. gasseri strains SBT0274 and SBT0270 at 10(9) cfu/ml were prepared using 10% skim milk. Total and bile-tolerant lactobacilli for strains SBT0274 and SBT0270 generally decreased after 14 d of storage at 4 degrees C; however, viable cells of these strains were still at 10(8) cfu/ml after 28 d of storage. The amounts of cholic acid released and of cholesterol bound by strains SBT0274 and SBT0270 declined over time, especially at 21 d of storage. Antimutagenic activity of unfermented milk made from both strains was attributed to the bacterial cells, and the activity was stable during storage at 4 degrees C for 28 d.
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- G Reid
- Lawson Research Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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31
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CHARTERIS WILLIAMP, KELLY PHILLIPM, MORELLI LORENZO, COLLINS JKEVIN. Ingredient selection criteria for probiotic microorganisms in functional dairy foods. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0307.1998.tb02516.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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McBean LD, Miller GD. Allaying fears and fallacies about lactose intolerance. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION 1998; 98:671-6. [PMID: 9627625 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-8223(98)00152-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Public awareness and misunderstandings of lactose intolerance are at an all-time high. Many people erroneously believe they are lactose intolerant or develop gastrointestinal symptoms after intake of lactose. Consequently, lactose-containing foods such as milk and other dairy foods may be eliminated unnecessarily from the diet. Because these foods are a major source of calcium, low intake of them can compromise calcium nutriture. This, in turn, can increase the risk of major chronic diseases such as osteoporosis (porous bones) and hypertension. This review is intended to help dietetics professionals alleviate clients' fears about lactose intolerance and recommend dietary strategies to improve tolerance to lactose. Scientific findings indicate that the prevalence of lactose intolerance is grossly overestimated. Other physiologic and psychologic factors can contribute to gastrointestinal symptoms that mimic lactose intolerance. Scientific findings also indicate that people with laboratory-confirmed low levels of the enzyme lactase can consume 1 serving of milk with a meal or 2 servings of milk per day in divided doses at breakfast and dinner without experiencing symptoms. Several dietary strategies are available to help lactose maldigesters include milk and other dairy foods in their diet without experiencing symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D McBean
- National Dairy Council, Rosemont, Ill., USA
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33
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Abstract
Probiotics in the form of fermented milk products have been consumed for centuries. In this century various health benefits have been purported to result from consumption of foods containing live microorganisms, particularly lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Probiotics can provide relief for lactose intolerant individuals and reduce bouts of diarrhea. Evidence for other claims such as lowering serum cholesterol, suppressing cancer and stimulating the immune system remains to be clearly established by conducting well-controlled, statistically-valid clinical trials. Although the benefits to healthy individuals are uncertain, many consumers especially in Japan and Europe, perceive probiotic products to be healthful, and sales are robust.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Scheinbach
- Nabisco Research, Schaeberle Technology Center, 200 DeForest Ave., E. Hanover, New Jersey 07936, USA.
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34
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Sieber R, Stransky M, de Vrese M. [Lactose intolerance and consumption of milk and milk products]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ERNAHRUNGSWISSENSCHAFT 1997; 36:375-93. [PMID: 9467238 DOI: 10.1007/bf01617834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The disaccharide lactose is present as a natural component of foods only in milk and dairy products. In the gastrointestinal tract, lactose is hydrolysed by the enzyme beta-galactosidase (lactase) into glucose and galactose. These components are absorbed. With the exception of the caucasian race, the lactase activity decreases in most people at an age of 4 to 6 years. Lactose intake can cause symptoms of bloating, flatulence, abdominal pain, and diarrhea due to the lactose reaching the large intestine. This phenomenon is called lactose intolerance. It is generally recommended to those persons that they refrain from the consumption of milk and dairy products. However, most lactose intolerant people are able to digest small amounts of milk. They can also consume cheese that contains no (hard and semi-hard) or only small amounts of lactose (present in only 10% of soft cheeses). These products are very important sources of calcium. Compared to milk, the lactose content of yogurt is usually lower by about one third. Studies during the last 10 years have shown that in spite of its lactose content yogurt is very well tolerated by lactose intolerant persons. This advantage is ascribed to the presence of living lactic acid bacteria in fermented dairy products which survive passage through the stomach and also to the lactase present in these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sieber
- Institut für Physiologie und Biochemie der Ernährung Bundesanstalt für Milchforschung, Kiel
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