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Khatib AM, Nip J, Fallavollita L, Lehmann M, Jensen G, Brodt P. Regulation of urokinase plasminogen activator/plasmin- mediated invasion of melanoma cells by the integrin vitronectin receptor αVβ3. Int J Cancer 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1097-0215(200002)9999:9999<::aid-ijc1055>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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2
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Goupille P, Jayson MI, Valat JP, Freemont AJ. Matrix metalloproteinases: the clue to intervertebral disc degeneration? Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1998; 23:1612-26. [PMID: 9682320 DOI: 10.1097/00007632-199807150-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A review of the current literature on the role of matrix metalloproteinases in intervertebral disc degeneration. OBJECTIVE To detail the characteristics of matrix metalloproteinases (classification, structure, substrate specificity and regulation) and to report previous studies of intervertebral discs. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Degeneration of the intervertebral disc, a probable prerequisite to disc herniation, is a complex phenomenon, and its physiopathologic course remains unclear. Matrix metalloproteinases probably play an important role but have received sparse attention in the literature. METHODS A systematic review of studies reporting a role of matrix metalloproteinases in intervertebral disc degeneration. RESULTS In several studies, investigators have reported the presence of proteolytic enzymes from disc culture systems and disc tissue extracts in degenerated human intervertebral discs, especially collagenase-1 (MMP-1) and stromelysin-1 (MMP-3). The matrix metalloproteinases are regulated by specific inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, or TIMPS), cytokines (interleukin-1), and growth factors. CONCLUSIONS This field of application is of particular interest because conventional treatments are disappointing in chronic low back pain. Clinical trials with specific inhibitors of metalloproteinases are beginning in osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Goupille
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
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3
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Steinmeyer J, Daufeldt S, Kalbhen DA. The proteoglycan metabolism, morphology and viability of articular cartilage treated with a synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. RESEARCH IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR DIE GESAMTE EXPERIMENTELLE MEDIZIN EINSCHLIESSLICH EXPERIMENTELLER CHIRURGIE 1997; 197:63-79. [PMID: 9380952 DOI: 10.1007/s004330050056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are among the key enzymes responsible for the proteolytic destruction of articular cartilage during chronic rheumatic diseases. Articular cartilage is one potential target for drugs designed to inhibit the activity of MMPs in order to stop or to slow down the proteolytic destruction of the extracellular matrix of cartilage. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the synthetic inhibitor of MMPs U-24522 for its ability (1) to inhibit in vitro the activity of MMP-proteoglycanases; (2) to modulate the morphology and viability of cartilage explants; and (3) to modify the biosynthesis and release of proteoglycans from articular cartilage explants. U-24522 dose-dependently inhibited the activity of MMP-proteoglycanases and significantly reduced the release of proteoglycans from interleukin-1 treated bovine articular cartilage explants when tested at concentrations ranging from 10(-4) to 10(-9) M. This hydroxamic acid derivative proved not to be harmful to chondrocyte viability and cartilage morphology. In addition, U-24522 had no effect on the rate of proteoglycan biosynthesis of interleukin-1 treated cartilage explants and increased the percentage of newly synthesized proteoglycans to form macromolecular aggregates. Thus U-24522 combines direct inhibitory potential on the activity of MMP-proteoglycanases with the inhibition of interleukin-1 stimulated proteoglycan loss from articular cartilage explants without affecting the morphology, viability and biosynthesis of proteoglycans of bovine articular cartilage explants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Steinmeyer
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Germany
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4
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Durko M, Navab R, Shibata HR, Brodt P. Suppression of basement membrane type IV collagen degradation and cell invasion in human melanoma cells expressing an antisense RNA for MMP-1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1356:271-80. [PMID: 9194570 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(97)00004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
During progression from benign nevus to vertical growth phase melanoma, melanocytes acquire the ability to invade into the dermis. This process requires rupture of the basal lamina and dissolution of dermal type I collagen. Metastases-derived human melanoma MIM cells have an invasive ability in vitro which is dependent on metalloproteinases. In the present study we analysed the role of type I collagenase (MMP-1) in melanoma invasion using MIM cells in which the constitutive expression of MMP-1 was suppressed by stable transfection with a plasmid vector expressing a 777 bp antisense fragment of MMP-1 genomic DNA. Two clones were isolated in which MMP-1 mRNA expression was blocked by 90-96% with a corresponding loss in protein synthesis. In their morphological appearance and growth rate in vitro these cells were indistinguishable from wild type cells or control cells transfected with the same vector expressing the MMP-1 fragment in the sense orientation. Their mRNA and protein levels for type IV collagenase (MMP-2) were unchanged as assessed by Northern and Western blot analyses and by gelatin zymography. However, when the invasive ability of the cells was measured, we found that in addition to type I collagen, invasion through type IV collagen and a reconstituted, type IV collagen-containing basement membrane (Matrigel) were also significantly inhibited as compared to normal or sense-transfected cells. The results indicate that despite the presence of functional MMP-2, degradation of type IV collagen matrices by the melanoma cells was dependent on expression of MMP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Durko
- Department of Surgery, McGill University and Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Navab R, Mort JS, Brodt P. Inhibition of carcinoma cell invasion and liver metastases formation by the cysteine proteinase inhibitor E-64. Clin Exp Metastasis 1997; 15:121-9. [PMID: 9062388 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018496625936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine proteinases, in particular cathepsins B and L, have been implicated in tumor invasion and are thought to be important mediators of metastasis. Using two clonal sublines of the Lewis lung carcinoma with distinct patterns of metastasis, we previously reported that H-59 carcinoma cells, which are highly invasive and preferentially metastatic to the liver, express high levels of cathepsin L and lower levels of cathepsin B whereas M-27 cells which are less invasive and only moderately metastatic to the lung express cathepsin B only. In the present study, the role of these enzymes in invasion and metastasis, in particular the involvement of cysteine proteinases in liver metastasis of H-59 cells was further investigated. Using a reconstituted basement membrane (Matrigel) invasion assay we found that the cysteine proteinase inhibitor, E-64, blocked the invasion of H-59 cells under conditions which did not affect cell viability. A more minor but significant inhibitory effect (up to 32%) was also seen with the propeptide of cathepsin B, implicating this enzyme in the invasion process. Furthermore, treatment of H-59 cells with E-64 inhibited experimental liver metastases formation by up to 90%. On the other hand, invasion of M-27 cells could not be blocked by cysteine proteinase inhibitors even under conditions which resulted in complete abrogation of intracellular enzymatic activity, as assessed using synthetic substrates. Together, these results confirm our previous conclusion that the two carcinoma sublines utilize distinct proteolytic mechanisms for invasion and identify the cysteine proteinases as key mediators of H-59 carcinoma invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Navab
- Department of Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Crippled Children, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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6
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Van Doren SR, Kurochkin AV, Hu W, Ye QZ, Johnson LL, Hupe DJ, Zuiderweg ER. Solution structure of the catalytic domain of human stromelysin complexed with a hydrophobic inhibitor. Protein Sci 1995; 4:2487-98. [PMID: 8580839 PMCID: PMC2143039 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560041205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Stromelysin, a representative matrix metalloproteinase and target of drug development efforts, plays a prominent role in the pathological proteolysis associated with arthritis and secondarily in that of cancer metastasis and invasion. To provide a structural template to aid the development of therapeutic inhibitors, we have determined a medium-resolution structure of a 20-kDa complex of human stromelysin's catalytic domain with a hydrophobic peptidic inhibitor using multinuclear, multidimensional NMR spectroscopy. This domain of this zinc hydrolase contains a mixed beta-sheet comprising one antiparallel strand and four parallel strands, three helices, and a methionine-containing turn near the catalytic center. The ensemble of 20 structures was calculated using, on average, 8 interresidue NOE restraints per residue for the 166-residue protein fragment complexed with a 4-residue substrate analogue. The mean RMS deviation (RMSD) to the average structure for backbone heavy atoms is 0.91 A and for all heavy atoms is 1.42 A. The structure has good stereochemical properties, including its backbone torsion angles. The beta-sheet and alpha-helices of the catalytic domains of human stromelysin (NMR model) and human fibroblast collagenase (X-ray crystallographic model of Lovejoy B et al., 1994b, Biochemistry 33:8207-8217) superimpose well, having a pairwise RMSD for backbone heavy atoms of 2.28 A when three loop segments are disregarded. The hydroxamate-substituted inhibitor binds across the hydrophobic active site of stromelysin in an extended conformation. The first hydrophobic side chain is deeply buried in the principal S'1 subsite, the second hydrophobic side chain is located on the opposite side of the inhibitor backbone in the hydrophobic S'2 surface subsite, and a third hydrophobic side chain (P'3) lies at the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Van Doren
- Biophysics Research Division, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-1055, USA
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7
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Baragi VM, Sweet AM, Thompson MA, Hawkins KL, Toy KA, Rosebury WS. Inhibition of interleukin 1-induced biosynthesis of stromelysin by the calcium antagonist TMB-8 (8-(N, N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate HCl). Connect Tissue Res 1995; 31:153-60. [PMID: 15612331 DOI: 10.3109/03008209509028403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was done to identify agents that can inhibit interleukin 1 (IL1)-induced stromelysin biosynthesis and to gain insight into the mechanism of IL1 action. For this purpose, various agents known to modulate calcium-dependent signal transduction pathway were evaluated in rabbit synovial fibroblast (RSF) cultures. Only the conditioned medium from RSF treated with the intracellular calcium antagonist TMB-8 (8-(N,N-diethylamino)-octyl 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate hydrochloride) had significantly lower proteoglycan-degrading metalloproteinase activity than controls. Biosynthetic labeling, immunoprecipitation and immunohistochemical studies, using a polyclonal antibody against rabbit stromelysin, demonstrated that TMB-8 inhibited synthesis stromelysin, the proteoglycan-degrading matrix metalloproteinase. Further evaluation of the TMB-8 effect revealed that the compound had no effect on secretion and that it was not acting by preventing activation of the proenzyme or by inhibiting the enzyme activity. These results suggest that TMB-8 may be inhibiting stromelysin synthesis by limiting intracellular calcium levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Baragi
- Department of Immunopathology, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research Division, Warner-Lambert Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
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8
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Porter JR, Beeley NR, Boyce BA, Mason B, Millican A, Millar K, Leonard J, Morphy J, O'Connell JP. Potent and selective inhibitors of gelatinase-a 1. hydroxamic acid derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)80587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Platt D, Bayliss MT. An investigation of the proteoglycan metabolism of mature equine articular cartilage and its regulation by interleukin-1. Equine Vet J 1994; 26:297-303. [PMID: 8575397 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The effect of human recombinant interleukin-1 beta (rhIL-1 beta) on proteoglycan metabolism was investigated in cultures of full thickness explants of articular cartilage from horses 3-21 years of age. Proteoglycan synthesis was inhibited at all ages but no alteration in the hydrodynamic size or electrophoretic heterogeneity was observed in proteoglycan isolated from rhIL-1 beta stimulated cartilage. The sulphation pattern of the newly synthesised proteoglycan molecules was, however, significantly affected by the presence of the peptide regulatory factor. Interleukin-1 had no effect on the rate of turnover of newly synthesised or endogenous proteoglycans in mature equine articular cartilage and did not influence the structure of proteoglycan fragments released into the culture medium. These observations suggest that IL-1, released into synovial fluid during inflammation, may modify the proteoglycan composition of normal equine cartilage not by stimulating catabolic enzymes capable of degrading the resident proteoglycans but by promoting the deposition of a reduced number of newly synthesised proteoglycan molecules of abnormal composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Platt
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Hammersmith, London, UK
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10
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Mort JS, Dodge GR, Roughley PJ, Liu J, Finch SJ, DiPasquale G, Poole AR. Direct evidence for active metalloproteinases mediating matrix degradation in interleukin 1-stimulated human articular cartilage. MATRIX (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 1993; 13:95-102. [PMID: 8492744 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8832(11)80068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
When adult human articular cartilage was maintained in organ culture in the presence of interleukin 1 beta, increased destruction of the extracellular matrix was observed, as judged by increased type II collagen degradation in situ determined immunohistochemically and the increased release of proteoglycan into the culture medium. Concomitant with these changes was the increased release of latent metalloproteinases into the culture medium. Culture of cartilage in the presence of a peptidylhydroxamate metalloproteinase inhibitor indicated a key role for the active forms of these enzymes in situ, since it produced a marked reduction in both proteoglycan release and collagen degradation. This compound had no detectable cytotoxic effects in organ culture and did not reduce the secretion of the metalloproteinases. The results of this study provide direct evidence that the latent metalloproteinase precursors, whose release is greatly stimulated by interleukin 1, are indeed activated to some degree and participate in cartilage matrix degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Mort
- Joint Diseases Laboratory, Shriners Hospital for Crippled Children, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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11
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Andrews HJ, Plumpton TA, Harper GP, Cawston TE. A synthetic peptide metalloproteinase inhibitor, but not TIMP, prevents the breakdown of proteoglycan within articular cartilage in vitro. AGENTS AND ACTIONS 1992; 37:147-54. [PMID: 1456176 DOI: 10.1007/bf01987904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
IL1-stimulated pig articular cartilage fragments were cultured in the and absence of various metalloproteinase inhibitors. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) was unable to stop the release of proteoglycan from the cartilage. Incubation of cartilage with a potent synthetic metalloproteinase inhibitor inhibited the release of proteoglycan in a dose-dependent fashion. The results suggest that low-M(r) metalloproteinase inhibitors may have therapeutic potential in limiting connective tissue breakdown in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Andrews
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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12
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Saari H, Tulamo RM, Konttinen YT, Sorsa T. Methylprednisolone acetate induced release of cartilage proteoglycans: determination by high performance liquid chromatography. Ann Rheum Dis 1992; 51:214-9. [PMID: 1550406 PMCID: PMC1005661 DOI: 10.1136/ard.51.2.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedure suitable for the simultaneous determination of the molecular size and concentration of macromolecular hyaluronate and proteoglycans in synovial fluid has been developed. Irrigation of the equine tarsocrural joint with 20 ml physiological saline (PSS) caused a mild inflammation with an increase of proteoglycans in the synovial fluid over the baseline arthrocentesis control sample. Proteoglycan and hyaluronate in the synovial fluid did not interact to form hyaluronate-proteoglycan aggregates, but separated as distinct chromatographic peaks. This suggests that the cartilage derived proteoglycans in synovial fluid in the inflamed joint have been proteolytically cleaved from the non-covalent aggregates containing link protein and hyaluronate. Hyaluronidase digestion completely abolished the hyaluronate peak without affecting the proteoglycans. This seems to indicate that proteoglycan in synovial fluid is unable to interact with hyaluronate in synovial fluid to form cartilage type aggregates. Proteolytic degradation and the time dependent release into the synovial fluid of such digested proteoglycan also resulted from the intra-articular injection of methylprednisolone acetate into normal tarsocrural joints and joints irrigated with PSS. These proteoglycans were insensitive to hyaluronidase but may consist of a protein moiety with attached glycosaminoglycans, as suggested by their sensitivity to proteinase and keratanase/chondroitinase digestion. These observations with cartilage treated with methylprednisolone acetate and mildly stimulated articular cartilage are inconsistent with earlier work on osteoarthritic and rheumatoid articular cartilage and have interesting implications for the pathogenesis and for the therapeutic action of intraarticular corticosteroids. A rapid HPLC procedure applicable to unprocessed small volume samples of synovial fluid gives information simultaneously on hyaluronate and proteoglycan in synovial fluid which is not attainable with immunoradiometric or isotope tracer techniques. It therefore appears to be useful for the analysis of cartilage turnover and destruction in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Saari
- Fourth Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
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13
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Caccese RG, DiJoseph JF, Skotnicki JS, Borella LE, Adams LM. Inhibition of interleukin-1 (IL-1) induced neutral proteases from rabbit articular chondrocytes by WY-46,135 and WY-48,989. AGENTS AND ACTIONS 1991; 34:223-5. [PMID: 1665295 DOI: 10.1007/bf01993286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of potential anti-osteoarthritic compounds both on the direct inhibition of collagenase and neutral protease activities and on IL-1 induced release of neutral proteases from rabbit articular chondrocytes were investigated. WY-46,135 ((+)-N-[[[(5-chloro-2-benzothiazolyl)thio]phenyl]acetyl]-L- cysteine) directly inhibited collagenase activity (IC50 = 15.4 microM). This inhibition was reversible upon dialysis. WY-46,135 also directly inhibited neutral protease activity (IC50 = 16.8 microM) but did not significantly block bacterial collagenase activity at a concentration of 80 microM. In contrast, WY-48,989 (4-[[2-(7-chloro-2-phenyl-2H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]quinolin-4- yl)ethyl]amino]benzonitrile) did not directly inhibit either collagenase (10 microM) or neutral protease (100 microM) activity. Both WY-48,989 and WY-46,135 inhibited IL-1 stimulated release of neutral proteases (IC50 = 3 microM). The activities of these compounds represents two potential approaches for the treatment of osteoarthritis. WY-46,135 combines direct metalloprotease inhibitory activity with the inhibition of IL-1 stimulated neutral protease release from articular chondrocytes while WY-48,989 selectively inhibits the IL-1 induced release of metalloproteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Caccese
- Wyeth-Ayerst Research, Princeton, N.J. 08540
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14
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Treadwell BV, Pavia M, Towle CA, Cooley VJ, Mankin HJ. Cartilage synthesizes the serine protease inhibitor PAI-1: support for the involvement of serine proteases in cartilage remodeling. J Orthop Res 1991; 9:309-16. [PMID: 1901356 DOI: 10.1002/jor.1100090302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The work described here demonstrates the synthesis by human articular cartilage of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), a potent inhibitor of the serine protease tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). We also present data demonstrating an increase in PAI-1 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in chondrocytes exposed to the cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1). Interestingly, this elevation of steady-state mRNA levels does not appear to result in an increase in synthesis of PAI-1 protein. Northern blot analysis reveals that of the two mRNA species (3.4 kb, 2.4 kb) previously reported for PAI-1, only the larger species (3.4 kb) appears to be synthesized by chondrocytes. Our data demonstrate the IL-1-stimulated production by cartilage of tissue plasminogen activator. We also show evidence for the presence of plasminogen in cartilage. A scheme is presented indicating the probable importance of the serine proteases (tPA and plasminogen) and PAI-1 in cartilage degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B V Treadwell
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114
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15
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Williams RJ, Smith RL, Schurman DJ. Purified staphylococcal culture medium stimulates neutral metalloprotease secretion from human articular cartilage. J Orthop Res 1991; 9:258-65. [PMID: 1846914 DOI: 10.1002/jor.1100090214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human articular cartilage released significantly increased levels of metal-dependent enzymes capable of degrading collagen, casein, and gelatin at a neutral pH following exposure to a sterile, purified fraction of Staphylococcus aureus culture medium. Neutral metalloprotease activity was determined by radiolabeled substrate assays and substrate gel analysis. The enzymes were activated with 4-aminophenylmercuric acetate and were inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid. Protein immunoblots demonstrated that type I collagenase and stromelysin (matrix metalloproteinase III) secretion was increased following staphylococcal medium challenge. The profile of enzymatic activity induced by staphylococcal medium was directly comparable to that observed with interleukin-1, which was used as a positive control. The staphylococcal medium had no inherent proteolytic activity. Increased production of the neutral metalloproteases collagenase and stromelysin may significantly contribute to the extensive cartilage destruction noted in staphylococcal septic arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Williams
- Orthopedic Research Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, California
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16
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Gadher SJ, Eyre DR, Wotton SF, Schmid TM, Woolley DE. Degradation of cartilage collagens type II, IX, X and XI by enzymes derived from human articular chondrocytes. MATRIX (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 1990; 10:154-63. [PMID: 2170828 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8832(11)80164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Conditioned culture medium derived from Interleukin-I alpha-activated human articular chondrocytes contained both collagen- and proteoglycan-degrading activities. Preparations of soluble type I collagen and the cartilage collagens type II, IX, X and XI were all degraded when incubated with the conditioned culture medium at 35 degrees C. Fractionation of the enzymic activities using column chromatography with Ultragel AcA 34 and Heparin-Sepharose allowed the separation and identification of neutral proteinase, collagenolytic and proteoglycan-degrading activities. Eluant fractions which contained type I collagenase activity effectively degraded collagen type II, but these fractions did not correspond precisely with those which degraded collagen types IX, X and XI. These observations indicate that chondrocytes have the potential to produce a conventional interstitial type II collagenase together with other enzymes having some specificity for the minor collagens. Thus IL-1-activated chondrocytes produce a range of collagenolytic and proteoglycan-degrading enzymes which can process most of the structural components of the cartilage matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Gadher
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital of South Manchester, UK
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17
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Smith JB, Bocchieri MH, Smith JB, Sherbin-Allen L, Abruzzo JL. Colony stimulating factor occurs in both inflammatory and noninflammatory synovial fluids. Rheumatol Int 1990; 10:131-4. [PMID: 2203135 DOI: 10.1007/bf02274828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Synovial fluids (SF) from patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and various other arthritides were examined for the presence of colony stimulating factors (CSF). CSF was found in 7 of 13 (54%) SF from OA patients and in 8 of 12 (67%) SF from RA patients. It was also found in SF from patients with other arthropathies including 5 of 5 samples from patients with septic arthritis. Inhibition studies employing monospecific antisera indicated that in both RA and OA, CSF was of the macrophage type (M-CSF). While CSF was found in both inflammatory and noninflammatory effusions, significantly greater numbers of colonies were stimulated by RA SF than by OA SF and in general greater numbers of colonies correlated with higher SF leukocyte counts. Our data suggest that CSF as well as other cytokines may be involved in the perpetuation of joint destruction that occurs in various rheumatological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Smith
- Department of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
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18
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Darlak K, Miller RB, Stack MS, Spatola AF, Gray RD. Thiol-based inhibitors of mammalian collagenase. Substituted amide and peptide derivatives of the leucine analogue, 2-[(R,S)-mercaptomethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)34106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Hasty KA, Reife RA, Kang AH, Stuart JM. The role of stromelysin in the cartilage destruction that accompanies inflammatory arthritis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1990; 33:388-97. [PMID: 2156511 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780330312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage from arthritic joints of rats immunized with type II collagen is severely depleted of proteoglycans. Depletion begins within 48 hours after the onset of inflammation, prior to extensive pannus formation, and may represent a critical first step in cartilage destruction. We have immunolocalized stromelysin, an enzyme that is believed to play a major role in the pathologic degradation of proteoglycans, in the joints of rats with collagen-induced arthritis. Immunoperoxidase staining of frozen tissue sections demonstrated the presence of stromelysin in both the synovium and chondrocytes. In contrast, collagenase was localized primarily to the pannus-cartilage junction. Neither enzyme was detectable in joints from normal animals. To test the hypothesis that chondrocytes respond directly to inflammatory mediators by increasing the production of stromelysin, isolated chrondrocytes were incubated with various concentrations of interleukin-1. The culture media were also assayed for the presence of stromelysin by immunoreactivity on Western blots and by analysis of enzymatic activity on casein substrate gels. A 3-fold increase in a doublet of proteins synthesized in response to 10 units/ml of interleukin-1 was observed. These proteins also immunoreacted with the stromelysin antibody and degraded casein. Northern blotting results established that the increased levels of stromelysin were accompanied by increases in stromelysin-specific messenger RNA levels. These results suggest that stromelysin is responsible for proteoglycan degradation in early inflammatory arthritis, and that chondrocytes may play a direct role in the earliest stages of the degradation of their own matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Hasty
- Department of Anatomy. University of Tennessee
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Smith JB, Bocchieri MH, Sherbin-Allen L, Borofsky M, Abruzzo JL. Occurrence of interleukin-1 in human synovial fluid: detection by RIA, bioassay and presence of bioassay-inhibiting factors. Rheumatol Int 1989; 9:53-8. [PMID: 2814208 DOI: 10.1007/bf00270245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Synovial fluid (SF) from patients with osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and various other arthridites was analyzed to assess the prevalence of interleukin-1 (IL-1) using both radioimmunoassay competitive inhibition specific for the beta form of IL-1 and the D10.G4.1 cell line bioassay which measures both alpha and beta forms of IL-1. Using radioimmunoassay competitive inhibition, IL-1 beta was found in 45% and 60% of individual samples from patients with OA and RA respectively. When RA and OA SF were examined in sequentially obtained samples, IL-1 beta occurred in one or more samples from 8 of 10 patients studied, suggesting the probability that it can be produced at some time in SF by all patients with these conditions. No correlation between SF leukocyte counts and the occurrence of IL-1 beta was noted and no effect of antiinflammatory drug treatment on the prevalence of IL-1 beta was found. When tested for the presence of IL-1 by the D10.G4-1 cell line, 66% and 50% of RA and OA patients respectively were found to contain IL-1. These were not in total concordance with results obtained by RIA. Of all SF tested, seven were negative by RIA but positive by D10.G4.1 and these are considered to contain IL-1 alpha. Seven samples which were RIA positive and D10.G4.1 negative were tested for their ability to inhibit IL-1 responses in the bioassay. Five of these contained inhibitor and one markedly enhanced the proliferative response of D10.G4.1 to a known amount of IL-1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Smith
- Department of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
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21
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Smith RJ, Rohloff NA, Sam LM, Justen JM, Deibel MR, Cornette JC. Recombinant human interleukin-1 alpha and recombinant human interleukin-1 beta stimulate cartilage matrix degradation and inhibit glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Inflammation 1989; 13:367-82. [PMID: 2668162 DOI: 10.1007/bf00914921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant human interleukin-1 alpha (rhIL-1 alpha) and recombinant human interleukin 1 beta (rhIL-1 beta) stimulated the time- and concentration-dependent release of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) from bovine nasal cartilage explants. Maximum GAG release occurred during six to eight days of cartilage exposure to either species of rhIL-1; and rhIL-1 alpha was consistently more potent than rhIL-1 beta. In addition to inducing cartilage matrix resorption, rhIL-1 alpha and rhIL-1 beta also inhibited the incorporation of [35SO4]sulfate into cartilage, which is a reflection of the suppression of GAG synthesis. IL-1 had no capacity to stimulate GAG relase from or inhibit GAG synthesis by dead cartilage. Cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, and 1, 10-phenanthroline, a metalloproteinase inhibitor, suppressed rhIL-1-stimulated cartilage matrix resorption. Polyclonal antisera to rhIL-1 alpha and rhIL-1 beta specifically neutralized the respective cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Smith
- Department of Hypersensitivity Diseases Research Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001
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23
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Characterisation of chondrocyte activation in response to cytokines synthesised by a synovial cell line. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(88)80101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Nolan JC, Gathright CE, Wagner LE. The effect of calcium channel blockers and calmodulin inhibitors on the macrophage factor-stimulated synthesis of collagenase by rabbit chondrocytes. AGENTS AND ACTIONS 1988; 25:71-6. [PMID: 2847510 DOI: 10.1007/bf01969097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages and monocytes secrete a factor(s) which can stimulate the synthesis of collagenase in synovial cells and in chondrocytes. Incubation of rabbit chondrocytes with macrophage conditioned medium (MCM) and with the calcium channel blockers, nifedipine, verapamil or diltiazem (up to 200 microM) had no effect on collagenase synthesis. However, TMB-8 (8-[N,N-diethylamino]-octyl 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate hydrochloride), an inhibitor of internal calcium movement, did inhibit the process with an IC50 of approximately 130 microM. The calmodulin antagonists, trifluoperazine, chlorpromazine and calmidazolium (R-24571) were effective inhibitors of the process with IC50's of 40 microM, 18 microM and 3.5 microM, respectively. Collagenase activity itself was not affected by these agents. The data suggests that calmodulin and/or internal calcium movement may play a role in the macrophage factor-stimulated synthesis of collagenase in rabbit chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Nolan
- Department of Pharmacology, A. H. Robins Company, Richmond, VA 23220
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25
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Gadher SJ, Eyre DR, Duance VC, Wotton SF, Heck LW, Schmid TM, Woolley DE. Susceptibility of cartilage collagens type II, IX, X, and XI to human synovial collagenase and neutrophil elastase. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1988; 175:1-7. [PMID: 2841121 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb14158.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The action of purified rheumatoid synovial collagenase and human neutrophil elastase on the cartilage collagen types II, IX, X and XI was examined. At 25 degrees C, collagenase attacked type II and type X (45-kDa pepsin-solubilized) collagens to produce specific products reflecting one and at least two cleavages respectively. At 35 degrees C, collagenase completely degraded the type II collagen molecule to small peptides whereas a large fragment of the type X molecule was resistant to further degradation. In contrast, collagen type IX (native, intact and pepsin-solubilized type M) and collagen type XI were resistant to collagenase attack at both 25 degrees C and 35 degrees C even in the presence of excess enzyme. Mixtures of type II collagen with equimolar amounts of either type IX or XI did not affect the rate at which the former was degraded by collagenase at 25 degrees C. Purified neutrophil elastase, shown to be functionally active against soluble type III collagen, had no effect on collagen type II at 25 degrees C or 35 degrees C. At 25 degrees C collagen types IX (pepsin-solubilized type M) and XI were also resistant to elastase, but at 35 degrees C both were susceptible to degradation with type IX being reduced to very small peptides. Collagen type X (45-kDa pepsin-solubilized) was susceptible to elastase attack at 25 degrees C and 35 degrees C as judged by the production of specific products that corresponded closely with those produced by collagenase. Although synovial collagenase failed to degrade collagen types IX and XI, all the cartilage collagen species examined were degraded at 35 degrees C by conditioned culture medium from IL1-activated human articular chondrocytes. Thus chondrocytes have the potential to catabolise each cartilage collagen species, but the specificity and number of the chondrocyte-derived collagenase(s) has yet to be resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Gadher
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital, South Manchester, England
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26
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Caputo CB, Sygowski LA, Patton SP, Piehl RF, Caccese RG, Dipasquale G. Degradation of rat chondrosarcoma proteoglycans by a neutral metalloprotease from rabbit chondrocytes. Connect Tissue Res 1988; 18:191-203. [PMID: 2975581 DOI: 10.3109/03008208809016807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Rat chondrosarcoma proteoglycan aggregate with radiolabeled core protein was digested with a chondrocyte metalloprotease (CMP) or clostripain (CP) at neutral pH. The rates of product formation and the sizes and antigenicities of the products were studied using column chromatography and monoclonal antibodies. Sixteen percent of [35S]methionine label and 17-18% of [3H]serine label in core protein were freed from glycosaminoglycan bound peptides by 50 U/ml (760 micrograms/ml) of CP or 10 micrograms/ml (estimated) of CMP in 180 min. The CP reaction was almost complete at 5 minutes while the CMP reaction proceeded slowly from 5 to 180 min. The chondroitin-sulfate rich fragments were smaller after CP than CMP treatment. The 180 min CMP digest contained protein that migrated in 2 peaks on Sepharose CL6B. These two peaks corresponded to the peaks where hyaluronic acid binding region produced by CP and link protein migrate. Metalloenzyme inhibitors inhibited CMP with IC50s of 5 x 10(-5)M, 1 x 10(-3)M, and 80 micrograms/ml for phenanthroline, EDTA, and alpha 2-macroglobulin, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Caputo
- Department of Pharmacology, ICI Americas Inc. Wilmington, DE 19897
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Caputo CB, Sygowski LA, Patton SP, Wolanin DJ, Shaw A, Roberts RA, DiPasquale G. Protease inhibitors decrease rabbit cartilage degradation after meniscectomy. J Orthop Res 1988; 6:103-8. [PMID: 3334729 DOI: 10.1002/jor.1100060113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In vitro proteoglycan (PG) synthesis and release were measured on cartilage removed from rabbit knees within 1 week of meniscectomy. Three days following partial lateral meniscectomy, 72% of the femurs and 82% of the tibias had visible ulcers. Cartilage from the weight-bearing areas incorporated 2.0-2.9 times more 35S-sulfate in vitro than cartilage from the opposite, unoperated knees. 3H-thymidine incorporation was 2.5-3.4 times higher for surgical than control groups. 35S-sulfate incorporation by the surgical group was inhibited by 22% in the presence of 10(-4) M U24522, an inhibitor of rabbit chondrocyte metalloprotease (CMP). 3H-thymidine incorporation by the surgical group was inhibited by 28% by 10(-4) M U24522. In vitro PG release from cartilage removed 2 days after surgery was 1.6-3.7 times higher for the surgical than the control group. PG release by the surgical group after 22 h of incubation was reduced to the control level by three CMP inhibitors, U24278, U24279, and U24522. PG release by cartilage from the nonsurgical group was also reduced by these compounds at 22 h. These results suggest that both the anabolic and catabolic processes that are stimulated by surgery can be isolated in vitro and that CMP may be involved in the catabolic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Caputo
- Department of Pharmacology, Stuart Pharmaceuticals, Division of ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware 19897
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Shinmei M, Kikuchi T, Masuda K, Shimomura Y. Effects of interleukin-1 and anti-inflammatory drugs on the degradation of human articular cartilage. Drugs 1988; 35 Suppl 1:33-41. [PMID: 2834169 DOI: 10.2165/00003495-198800351-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that metalloproteases produced by chondrocytes play an important role in cartilage breakdown in joint diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in enzyme activities in human rheumatoid and osteoarthritic articular cartilage. Cartilage fragments were incubated with various drugs for 48 hours. The concentrated culture media were used as enzyme solutions. Collagenase was assayed using FITC-collagen as the substrate. Proteoglycanase (PGase) was measured either by the release of 35S-labelled proteoglycans from cartilage into the medium, or by enzyme assay using proteoglycan monomer bound to fluorescein-conjugated hyaluronic acid as the substrate. Collagenase and proteoglycanase were found only in trace amounts in the concentrated media of healthy cartilage. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) enhanced the enzyme activities significantly. Marked increases of enzyme activities were observed in the concentrated media of rheumatoid (RA) and osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage. The sensitivity to interleukin-1 was also higher in OA and RA cartilage compared with healthy cartilage. Dexamethasone (10(-6) mol/L) markedly depressed enzyme activity. Tiaprofenic acid (4 x 10(-5) mol/L) also decreased enzyme activity, whereas indomethacin (4 x 10(-6) mol/L) and naproxen (3 x 10(-4) mol/L) had no effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shinmei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa
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29
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Chapter 18 Osteoarthritis as a Target for Drug Intervention. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)61166-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Johnson WH, Roberts NA, Borkakoti N. Collagenase inhibitors: their design and potential therapeutic use. JOURNAL OF ENZYME INHIBITION 1987; 2:1-22. [PMID: 2854154 DOI: 10.3109/14756368709030352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W H Johnson
- Roche Products Limited, Welwyn Garden City, Herts, UK
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