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Yun S, Hong MJ, Yang MS, Jeon HJ, Lee WS. Assessment of the spatiotemporal risk of avian influenza between waterfowl and poultry farms during the annual cycle: A spatial prediction study focused on seasonal distribution changes in resident waterfowl in South Korea. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e3128-e3140. [PMID: 35894239 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies and efforts to prevent and manage avian influenza (AI) outbreaks have mainly focused on the wintering season. However, outbreaks of AI have been reported in the summer, including the breeding season of waterfowl. Additionally, the spatial distribution of waterfowl can easily change during the annual cycle due to their life-cycle traits and the presence of both migrants and residents in the population. Thus, we assessed the spatiotemporal variation in AI exposure risk in poultry due to spatial distribution changes in three duck species included in both major residents and wintering migrants in South Korea, the mandarin, mallard and spot-billed duck, during wintering (October-March), breeding (April-June) and whole annual seasons. To estimate seasonal ecological niche variations among the three duck species, we applied pairwise ecological niche analysis using the Pianka index. Subsequently, seasonal distribution models were projected by overlaying the monthly ranges estimated by the maximum entropy model. Finally, we overlaid each seasonal distribution range onto a poultry distribution map of South Korea. We found that the mandarin had less niche overlap with the mallard and spot-billed duck during the wintering season than during the breeding season, whereas the mallard had less niche overlap with the mandarin and spot-billed duck during the breeding season than during the wintering season. Breeding and annual distribution ranges of the mandarin and spot-billed duck, but not the mallard, were similar or even wider than their wintering ranges. Similarly, the mandarin and spot-billed duck showed more extensive overlap proportions between poultry and their distributional ranges during both the breeding and annual seasons than during the wintering season. These results suggest that potential AI exposure in poultry can occur more widely in the summer than in winter, depending on sympatry with the host duck species. Future studies considering the population density and variable pathogenicity of AI are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongho Yun
- Korea Institute of Ornithology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jin Hong
- Korea Institute of Ornithology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Seung Yang
- Korea Institute of Ornithology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jeong Jeon
- Korea Institute of Ornithology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Who-Seung Lee
- Environment Assessment Group, Korea Environment Institute, Sejong, Republic of Korea
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Mine J, Tsunekuni R, Tanikawa T, Uchida Y, Dubovitskiy N, Derko A, Sobolev I, Shestopalov A, Sharshov K, Saito T. Genetics of Japanese H5N8 high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses isolated in winter 2020-2021 and their genetic relationship with avian influenza viruses in Siberia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2195-e2213. [PMID: 35445801 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In winter 2020-2021, Japan experienced multiple serious outbreaks of H5N8 high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI)-52 outbreaks at poultry farms and 58 cases in wild birds or the environment-that occurred simultaneously with outbreaks in Europe. Here, we examined how the H5N8 HPAI viruses (HPAIVs) emerged and spread through Japan and across the Eurasian continent. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses were performed using full genetic sequences of the viruses that caused 52 outbreaks at poultry farms or were isolated from 11 infected wild birds. Genetically, the viruses showed five genotypes (E1, E2, E3, E5, E7) that have already been reported in Korea. The viruses showing the E3 genotype were found to have caused most of the HPAI outbreaks at poultry farms and were detected over the longest period of time. The internal genes of the viruses were genetically related to those of AIVs isolated through avian influenza surveillance activities in regions of Siberia including Buryatia, Yakutia, and Amur regions, suggesting that the Japanese viruses emerged via reassortment events with AIVs genetically related to Siberian AIVs. In addition, H5N2 and H5N8 HPAIVs were isolated from wild birds during surveillance activities conducted in the Novosibirsk region of Siberia in summer 2020. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that these viruses possessed hemagglutinin genes that were related to those of H5N8 HPAIVs that were circulating in Europe in winter 2020-2021. These results suggest that the viruses in wild birds during summer in Siberia most likely spread in both Asia and Europe the following winter. Together, the present results emphasize the importance of continual monitoring of AIVs in Siberia for forecasting outbreaks not only in Asia but also further away in Europe. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junki Mine
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Ryota Tsunekuni
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Taichiro Tanikawa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Yuko Uchida
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Nikita Dubovitskiy
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anastasiya Derko
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ivan Sobolev
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Shestopalov
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Kirill Sharshov
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Takehiko Saito
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan.,United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1, Yanagito, Gifu, 501-1112, Japan
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Safety, Immunogenicity, and Protective Efficacy of an H5N1 Chimeric Cold-Adapted Attenuated Virus Vaccine in a Mouse Model. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122420. [PMID: 34960689 PMCID: PMC8709164 DOI: 10.3390/v13122420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
H5N1 influenza virus is a threat to public health worldwide. The virus can cause severe morbidity and mortality in humans. We constructed an H5N1 influenza candidate virus vaccine from the A/chicken/Guizhou/1153/2016 strain that was recommended by the World Health Organization. In this study, we designed an H5N1 chimeric influenza A/B vaccine based on a cold-adapted (ca) influenza B virus B/Vienna/1/99 backbone. We modified the ectodomain of H5N1 hemagglutinin (HA) protein, while retaining the packaging signals of influenza B virus, and then rescued a chimeric cold-adapted H5N1 candidate influenza vaccine through a reverse genetic system. The chimeric H5N1 vaccine replicated well in eggs and the Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cells. It maintained a temperature-sensitive and cold-adapted phenotype. The H5N1 vaccine was attenuated in mice. Hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibodies, micro-neutralizing (MN) antibodies, and IgG antibodies were induced in immunized mice, and the mucosal IgA antibody responses were detected in their lung lavage fluids. The IFN-γ-secretion and IL-4-secretion by the mouse splenocytes were induced after stimulation with the specific H5N1 HA protein. The chimeric H5N1 candidate vaccine protected mice against lethal challenge with a wild-type highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus. The chimeric H5 candidate vaccine is thus a potentially safe, attenuated, and reassortment-incompetent vaccine with circulating A viruses.
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King J, Harder T, Conraths FJ, Beer M, Pohlmann A. The genetics of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of subtype H5 in Germany, 2006-2020. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1136-1150. [PMID: 32964686 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The H5 A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (gs/GD) lineage emerged in China in 1996. Rooted in the respective gs/GD lineage, the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) has genetically diversified into a plethora of clades and subclades and evolved into an assortment of sub- and genotypes. Some caused substantial losses in the poultry industry and had a major impact on wild bird populations alongside public health implications due to a zoonotic potential of certain clades. After the primary introduction of the HPAI H5N1 gs/GD lineage into Europe in autumn 2005 and winter 2005/2006, Germany has seen recurring incursions of four varying H5Nx subtypes (H5N1, H5N8, H5N5, H5N6) carrying multiple distinct reassortants, all descendants of the gs/GD virus. The first HPAIV H5 epidemic in Germany during 2006/2007 was caused by a clade 2.2 subtype H5N1 virus. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed three distinct clusters belonging to clades 2.2.1, 2.2.2 and 2.2, concurring with geographic and temporal structures. From 2014 onwards, HPAIV clade 2.3.4.4 has dominated the epidemiological situation in Germany. The initial clade 2.3.4.4a HPAIV H5N8, reaching Germany in November 2014, caused a limited epidemic affecting five poultry holdings, one zoo in Northern Germany and few wild birds. After November 2016, HPAIV of clade 2.3.4.4b have dominated the situation to date. The most extensive HPAIV H5 epidemic on record reached Germany in winter 2016/2017, encompassing multiple incursion events with two subtypes (H5N8, H5N5) and entailing five reassortants. A novel H5N6 clade 2.3.4.4b strain affected Germany from December 2017 onwards, instigating low-level infection in smallholdings and wild birds. Recently, in spring 2020, a novel incursion of a genetically distinct HPAI clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 virus caused another epidemic in Europe, which affected a small number of poultry holdings, one zoo and two wild birds throughout Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline King
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Franz J Conraths
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anne Pohlmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany
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European Food Safety Authority, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Adlhoch C, Fusaro A, Kuiken T, Niqueux É, Staubach C, Terregino C, Muñoz Guajardo I, Baldinelli F. Avian influenza overview May - August 2020. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06270. [PMID: 33281980 PMCID: PMC7525800 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Between 16 May and 15 August 2020, seven highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N8) virus outbreaks were reported in Europe in poultry, with one outbreak reported in Bulgaria(n=1) andsix in Hungary (n=6) and one low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) A(H5N3) virus outbreak was reported in poultry in Italy. All six outbreaks detected in Hungary were secondary outbreaks and seem to be the tail end of the HPAI A(H5N8) epidemic that wasobserved in poultry over the winter and spring in central Europe from December 2019 (n=334).Genetic analysis of the HPAI A(H5N8) viruses isolated during this reporting period from Bulgaria and Hungary did not identify any major changes compared tothe viruses collected in the respective countries during the first months of 2020. This suggests a persistence of the virus in the two countries rather than new introductions via infectedwild birds. HPAI A(H5N8) virus has been detected in poultry and wild birds in western Russia within the reporting period, and as of the middle of September also in Kazakhstan. The presence of HPAI virus in western Russiaand in north Kazakhstan,spatially associated with autumnmigration routes of wild waterbirds, is of concern due to the possible spread of the virus via wild birds migrating to the EU.It is highly recommended thatMember States take appropriate measures to promptly detect suspected cases of HPAI, including increasing biosecurity measures. According to past experiences (2005-2006 and 2016-2017 epidemic waves), the northern and eastern European areas might be at higher risk of virus introduction in the coming autumn-winter seasonand should be the key regions where prompt response measures to early detect the virusshould be set up. One human case due to A(H9N2) avian influenza virus infection was reported during the reporting period.
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Mine J, Uchida Y, Sharshov K, Sobolev I, Shestopalov A, Saito T. Phylogeographic evidence for the inter- and intracontinental dissemination of avian influenza viruses via migration flyways. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218506. [PMID: 31242207 PMCID: PMC6594620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetically related highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of H5N6 subtype caused outbreaks simultaneously in East Asia and Europe—geographically distinct regions—during winter 2017–2018. This situation prompted us to consider whether the application of phylogeographic analysis to a particular gene segment of AIVs could provide clues for understanding how AIV had been disseminated across the continent. Here, the N6 NA genes of influenza viruses isolated across the world were subjected to phylogeographic analysis to illustrate the inter- and intracontinental dissemination of AIVs. Those isolated in East Asia during winter and in Mongolia/Siberia during summer were comingled within particular clades of the phylogeographic tree. For AIVs in one clade, their dissemination in eastern Eurasia extended from Yakutia, Russia, in the north to East Asia in the south. AIVs in western Asia, Europe, and Mongolia were also comingled within other clades, indicating that Mongolia/Siberia plays an important role in the dissemination of AIVs across the Eurasian continent. Mongolia/Siberia may therefore have played a role in the simultaneous outbreaks of H5N6 HPAIVs in Europe and East Asia during the winter of 2017–2018. In addition to the long-distance intracontinental disseminations described above, intercontinental disseminations of AIVs between Eurasia and Africa and between Eurasia and North America were also observed. Integrating these results and known migration flyways suggested that the migration of wild birds and the overlap of flyways, such as that observed in Mongolia/Siberia and along the Alaskan Peninsula, contributed to the long-distance intra- and intercontinental dissemination of AIVs. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the movement of migratory birds and the dynamics of AIVs in breeding areas—especially where several migration flyways overlap—in forecasting outbreaks caused by HPAIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junki Mine
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Thailand–Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yuko Uchida
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Thailand–Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kirill Sharshov
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ivan Sobolev
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Shestopalov
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Takehiko Saito
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Thailand–Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Isolation and characterization of H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of clade 2.3.4.4 in Russia. Virology 2018; 525:216-223. [PMID: 30296682 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In 2016-2017, several subtypes of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus were isolated on the territory of Russia. In the autumn of 2016, during the avian influenza virus surveillance in the territory of the Kamchatka region of Russia the HPAI A(H5N5) influenza virus was isolated. Then, during 2016-2017, multiple outbreaks among wild birds and poultry caused by HPAI A(H5N8) avian influenza virus were recorded in European part of Russia. At the end of 2017, an outbreak among poultry caused by HPAI A(H5N2) influenza virus was recorded in the European part of Russia. Phylogenetic analysis of HA of the A(H5N5), A(H5N8), A(H5N2) showed the strains belong to the clade 2.3.4.4 b. All isolated strains were antigenically closely related to candidate vaccine viruses of clade 2.3.4.4 and showed high virulence in mice. Genetic analysis revealed presence of genetic markers potentially related to high virulence in mice in all studied viruses.
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Co-infection of highly pathogenic avian influenza and duck hepatitis viruses in Egyptian backyard and commercial ducks. Int J Vet Sci Med 2018; 6:301-306. [PMID: 30564613 PMCID: PMC6286398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus poses a major challenge to the poultry industry and human health in Egypt. Twenty one households and eight duck farms in Sharkia Province, Egypt were investigated for the presence of avian influenza virus (AIV) and/or duck hepatitis virus 1 (DHV-1). Mortality rates among the investigated farms and yards were, 18.9% (69/365) of native ducks, 60.9% (25/41) of Pekin ducks, 60.2% (6306/10473) of Muscovy ducks and 44.9% (1353/3015) of Mallard ducks. The RT-PCR revealed the circulation of HPAI-H5N1 virus (81/104) among the examined birds with a high percentage in Muscovy (83.7%) and Pekin (83.4%) ducks. Interestingly, co-infection of HPAI and DHV-1 viruses in three ducklings with age of 4–19 days was detected. Severe neurological signs with high mortality were observed in ducklings as early as 4 days of age. Influenza virus antigen was detected in the neurons and glial cells of the brain, hepatocytes, and the intestinal submucosal plexus. Although, genetic characterization of H5N1 isolates revealed HPAIV of clade 2.2.1.2, such increased mortalities and neurological signs regardless of the duck age might imply the natural selection of HPAI in ducks. Crucial monitoring of the disease situation in ducks is essential for the implementation of an effective prevention and control program.
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Abstract
Waterbirds are the main reservoir for low pathogenic avian influenza A viruses (LPAIV), from which occasional spillover to poultry occurs. When circulating among poultry, LPAIV may become highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses (HPAIV). In recent years, the epidemiology of HPAIV viruses has changed drastically. HPAIV H5N1 are currently endemic among poultry in a number of countries. In addition, global spread of HPAIV H5Nx viruses has resulted in major outbreaks among wild birds and poultry worldwide. Using data collected during these outbreaks, the role of migratory birds as a vector became increasingly clear. Here we provide an overview of current data about various aspects of the changing role of wild birds in the epidemiology of avian influenza A viruses.
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10
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Tanikawa T, Kanehira K, Tsunekuni R, Uchida Y, Takemae N, Saito T. Pathogenicity of H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from a wild bird fecal specimen and a chicken in Japan in 2014. Microbiol Immunol 2017; 60:243-52. [PMID: 26916882 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Poultry outbreaks caused by H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) occurred in Japan between December 2014 and January 2015. During the same period; H5N8 HPAIVs were isolated from wild birds and the environment in Japan. The hemagglutinin (HA) genes of these isolates were found to belong to clade 2.3.4.4 and three sub-groups were distinguishable within this clade. All of the Japanese isolates from poultry outbreaks belonged to the same sub-group; whereas wild bird isolates belonged to the other sub-groups. To examine whether the difference in pathogenicity to chickens between isolates of different HA sub-groups of clade 2.3.4.4 could explain why the Japanese poultry outbreaks were only caused by a particular sub-group; pathogenicities of A/chicken/Miyazaki/7/2014 (Miyazaki2014; sub-group C) and A/duck/Chiba/26-372-48/2014 (Chiba2014; sub-group A) to chickens were compared and it was found that the lethality of Miyazaki2014 in chickens was lower than that of Chiba2014; according to the 50% chicken lethal dose. This indicated that differences in pathogenicity may not explain why the Japanese poultry outbreaks only involved group C isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichiro Tanikawa
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856
| | - Katsushi Kanehira
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856
| | - Ryota Tsunekuni
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856
| | - Yuko Uchida
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856
| | - Nobuhiro Takemae
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856
| | - Takehiko Saito
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856.,United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu City 501-1193, Japan
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11
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Shchelkanov MY, Kirillov IM, Shestopalov AM, Litvin KE, Deryabin PG, Lvov DK. Evolution of influ- 245 enza A/H5N1 virus (1996-2016). Vopr Virusol 2016; 61:245-256. [PMID: 36494983 DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2016-61-6-245-256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Twenty years ago in the South Chinese province of Guangdong the epizooty of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus, which has laid the foundation of the largest epizooty in the contemporary history, has flashed. Hemagglutinin of prototype A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (H5N1) changing many times and generating new genetic subgroups participated in various reassortations; it still exists today. The present review is devoted to the retrospective analysis of HPAI/H5N1evolution for the last twenty years in the territory of Eurasia, Africa and America. The basis for the discussion is ecological model according to which new genetic variants are formed in the migration pathways with close contacts between different bird populations and in the overwintering areas where the maximum values of the immune layer occur; amplification of virus variants occurs in nesting areas among juvenile populations. The updated system of designations of genetic groups introduced by WHO/OIE/FAO H5 Evolution Working Group in 2015 is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Shchelkanov
- Far Eastern Federal University.,Institute of Biology and Soil Sciences.,Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in Primorsky Krai
| | - I M Kirillov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution «Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya»
| | | | - K E Litvin
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution
| | - P G Deryabin
- Federal State Budgetary Institution «Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya»
| | - D K Lvov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution «Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya»
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12
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Yao Y, Shao Z, He B, Yang W, Chen J, Zhang T, Chen X, Chen J. Characterization of a reassortant H11N9 subtype avian influenza virus isolated from bean goose along the East Asian-Australian flyway. Virus Genes 2016; 53:126-129. [PMID: 27730427 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1401-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
During the surveillance of avian influenza viruses in the Dongxi Lake wetland of Hubei in 2015-2016, an H11N9 avian influenza virus was isolated from a bean goose (Anser fabalis). Phylogenetic analysis showed that the HA gene of this isolate belongs to the North American lineage; however, the NA and the internal genes of the isolate were generated from the Eurasian lineage. This strain had reduced pathogenicity in mice and was capable of replication in the mouse lung without prior adaptation. This is the first report detecting H11N9 subtype influenza virus from migratory birds in central China. These findings highlight the transmission of avian influenza virus along the East Asian-Australian flyway and the need for continuing surveillance in central China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Yao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430208, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Shao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430208, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin He
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430208, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhai Yang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430208, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Center for Earth System Science Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiabing Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430208, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430208, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Richard M, Fouchier RAM. Influenza A virus transmission via respiratory aerosols or droplets as it relates to pandemic potential. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2016; 40:68-85. [PMID: 26385895 PMCID: PMC5006288 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many respiratory viruses of humans originate from animals. For instance, there are now eight paramyxoviruses, four coronaviruses and four orthomxoviruses that cause recurrent epidemics in humans but were once confined to other hosts. In the last decade, several members of the same virus families have jumped the species barrier from animals to humans. Fortunately, these viruses have not become established in humans, because they lacked the ability of sustained transmission between humans. However, these outbreaks highlighted the lack of understanding of what makes a virus transmissible. In part triggered by the relatively high frequency of occurrence of influenza A virus zoonoses and pandemics, the influenza research community has started to investigate the viral genetic and biological traits that drive virus transmission via aerosols or respiratory droplets between mammals. Here we summarize recent discoveries on the genetic and phenotypic traits required for airborne transmission of zoonotic influenza viruses of subtypes H5, H7 and H9 and pandemic viruses of subtypes H1, H2 and H3. Increased understanding of the determinants and mechanisms of respiratory virus transmission is not only key from a basic scientific perspective, but may also aid in assessing the risks posed by zoonotic viruses to human health, and preparedness for such risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Saito T, Tanikawa T, Uchida Y, Takemae N, Kanehira K, Tsunekuni R. Intracontinental and intercontinental dissemination of Asian H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (clade 2.3.4.4) in the winter of 2014-2015. Rev Med Virol 2015; 25:388-405. [PMID: 26458727 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Saito
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center; National Institute of Animal Health National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO); Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences; Gifu University; Gifu City Japan
| | - Taichiro Tanikawa
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center; National Institute of Animal Health National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO); Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Yuko Uchida
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center; National Institute of Animal Health National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO); Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Takemae
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center; National Institute of Animal Health National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO); Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Katsushi Kanehira
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center; National Institute of Animal Health National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO); Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Ryota Tsunekuni
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center; National Institute of Animal Health National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO); Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
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Alves Galvão MG, Rocha Crispino Santos MA, Alves da Cunha AJL, Cochrane Acute Respiratory Infections Group. Amantadine and rimantadine for influenza A in children and the elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 2014:CD002745. [PMID: 25415374 PMCID: PMC7093890 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd002745.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza is an acute respiratory illness caused by influenza A and B viruses. Complications may occur, especially among children and the elderly. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness and safety of amantadine and rimantadine in preventing, treating and shortening the duration of influenza A in children and the elderly. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL (2014, Issue 9), MEDLINE (1966 to September week 4, 2014) and EMBASE (1980 to October 2014). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs comparing amantadine and/or rimantadine with no intervention, placebo, other antivirals or different doses or schedules of amantadine or rimantadine in children and the elderly with influenza A. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed the search results. We extracted and analysed data using the standard Cochrane methodology. MAIN RESULTS We identified 12 studies (2494 participants: 1586 children and 908 elderly) comparing amantadine and rimantadine with placebo, paracetamol (one trial: 69 children) or zanamivir (two trials: 545 elderly) to treat influenza A.Amantadine was effective in preventing influenza A in children (773 participants, risk ratio (RR) 0.11; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.04 to 0.30). The assumed risk of influenza A in the control group was 10 per 100. The corresponding risk in the rimantadine group was one per 100 (95% CI 0 to 3). Nevertheless, the quality of the evidence was low and the safety of the drug was not well established.For treatment, rimantadine was beneficial in abating fever on day three of treatment in children: one selected study with low risk of bias, moderate evidence quality and 69 participants (RR 0.36; 95% CI 0.14 to 0.91). The assumed risk was 38 per 100. The corresponding risk in the rimantadine group was 14 per 100 (95% CI 5 to 34).Rimantadine did not show any prophylactic effect in the elderly. The quality of evidence was very low: 103 participants (RR 0.45; 95% CI 0.14 to 1.41). The assumed risk was 17 per 100. The corresponding risk in the rimantadine group was 7 per 100 (95% CI 2 to 23).There was no evidence of adverse effects caused by treatment with amantadine or rimantadine.We found no studies assessing amantadine in the elderly. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The quality of the evidence combined with a lack of knowledge about the safety of amantadine and the limited benefits of rimantadine, do not indicate that amantadine and rimantadine compared to control (placebo or paracetamol) could be useful in preventing, treating and shortening the duration of influenza A in children and the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia G Alves Galvão
- Municipal Secretariat of HealthAvenida Ayrton Senna, 250/ 205Barra da Tijuca. Alfa Barra 1Rio de JaneiroRJBrazil22793‐000
| | | | - Antonio JL Alves da Cunha
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de JaneiroDepartment of PediatricsAv. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373Edificio do CCS ‐ Bloco K ‐ 2o. andar, Sala K49Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil21941‐902
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De Marco MA, Delogu M, Sivay M, Sharshov K, Yurlov A, Cotti C, Shestopalov A. Virological evaluation of avian influenza virus persistence in natural and anthropic ecosystems of Western Siberia (Novosibirsk Region, summer 2012). PLoS One 2014; 9:e100859. [PMID: 24972026 PMCID: PMC4074073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wild aquatic birds, reservoir of low-pathogenicity (LP) avian influenza viruses (AIVs), congregate in huge numbers in Western Siberia wetlands, where major intra- and inter-continental bird flyways overlap. In 2005 and 2006, highly pathogenic (HP) AIV H5N1 epizootics affected wild and domestic birds in the Novosibirsk Region. In 2012, we evaluated AIV persistence in Siberian natural and anthropic ecosystems. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In Novosibirsk Region, 166 wild birds ecologically linked to aquatic environments and 152 domestic waterfowl were examined for AIV isolation in embryonating chicken eggs. Biological samples were obtained by integrating the conventional cloacal swab collection with the harvesting of samples from birds' plumage. Haemagglutinating allantoic fluids were further characterized by serological and molecular methods. In August-September 2012, 17 AIVs, including three H3N8, eight H4N6, two H4N?, one H2N?, one H?N2, and two unsubtyped LPAIVs, were isolated from 15 wild ducks. Whereas comparable proportions of wild Anseriformes (n.118) tested virus isolation (VI)-positive from cloaca and feathers (5.9% vs 8.5%) were detected, the overall prevalence of virus isolation, obtained from both sampling methods, was 2.4 times higher than that calculated on results from cloacal swab examination only (14.4% vs 5.9%). Unlike previously described in this area, the H4N6 antigenic subtype was found to be the prevalent one in 2012. Both cloacal and feather samples collected from domestic waterfowl tested VI-negative. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE We found lack of evidence for the H5N1 HPAIV circulation, explainable by the poor environmental fitness of HPAIVs in natural ecosystems. Our LPAIV isolation data emphasise the importance of Siberia wetlands in influenza A virus ecology, providing evidence of changes in circulation dynamics of HN antigenic subtypes harboured in wild bird reservoirs. Further studies of isolates, based on bioinformatic approaches to virus molecular evolution and phylogenesis, will be needed to better elucidate mechanisms involved in AIV perpetuation in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. De Marco
- Laboratorio di Genetica, Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA), Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Mauro Delogu
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Mariya Sivay
- Research Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Kirill Sharshov
- Research Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Yurlov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Claudia Cotti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Alexander Shestopalov
- Research Center of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Research Division, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Avian Influenza Virus with Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase Combination H8N8, Isolated in Russia. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2014; 2:2/3/e00545-14. [PMID: 24903874 PMCID: PMC4047453 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00545-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report the genome sequence of an avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H8N8, isolated in Russia. The genome analysis shows that all genes belong to AIV Eurasian lineages. The PB2 gene was similar to a Mongolian low-pathogenic (LP) AIV H7N1 and a Chinese high-pathogenic (HP) AIV H5N2.
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Li R, Jiang Z, Xu B. Global spatiotemporal and genetic footprint of the H5N1 avian influenza virus. Int J Health Geogr 2014; 13:14. [PMID: 24885233 PMCID: PMC4059878 DOI: 10.1186/1476-072x-13-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Since 2005, the Qinghai-like lineage of the highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus H5N1 has rapidly spread westward to Europe, the Middle East and Africa, reaching a dominant level at a global scale in 2006. Methods Based on a combination of genetic sequence data and H5N1 outbreak information from 2005 to 2011, we use an interdisciplinary approach to improve our understanding of the transmission pattern of this particular clade 2.2, and present cartography of global spatiotemporal transmission footprints with genetic characteristics. Results Four major viral transmission routes were derived with three sources— Russia, Mongolia, and the Middle East (Kuwait and Saudi Arabia)—in the three consecutive years 2005, 2006 and 2007. With spatiotemporal transmission along each route, genetic distances to isolate A/goose/Guangdong/1996 are becoming significantly larger, leading to a more challenging situation in certain regions like Korea, India, France, Germany, Nigeria and Sudan. Europe and India have had at least two incursions along multiple routes, causing a mixed virus situation. In addition, spatiotemporal distribution along the routes showed that 2007/2008 was a temporal separation point for the infection of different host species; specifically, wild birds were the main host in 2005–2007/2008 and poultry was responsible for the genetic mutation in 2009–2011. “Global-to-local” and “high-to-low latitude” transmission footprints have been observed. Conclusions Our results suggest that both wild birds and poultry play important roles in the transmission of the H5N1 virus clade, but with different spatial, temporal, and genetic dominance. These characteristics necessitate that special attention be paid to countries along the transmission routes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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Sonnberg S, Webby RJ, Webster RG. Natural history of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1. Virus Res 2013; 178:63-77. [PMID: 23735535 PMCID: PMC3787969 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The ecology of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has significantly changed from sporadic outbreaks in terrestrial poultry to persistent circulation in terrestrial and aquatic poultry and potentially in wild waterfowl. A novel genotype of HPAI H5N1 arose in 1996 in Southern China and through ongoing mutation, reassortment, and natural selection, has diverged into distinct lineages and expanded into multiple reservoir hosts. The evolution of Goose/Guangdong-lineage highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses is ongoing: while stable interactions exist with some reservoir hosts, these viruses are continuing to evolve and adapt to others, and pose an un-calculable risk to sporadic hosts, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Sonnberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases St. Jude Children's Research Hospital 262 Danny Thomas Drive MS 330, Memphis, TN, 38103 USA
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases St. Jude Children's Research Hospital 262 Danny Thomas Drive MS 330, Memphis, TN, 38103 USA
| | - Robert G. Webster
- corresponding author, Department of Infectious Diseases St. Jude Children's Research Hospital 262 Danny Thomas Drive MS 330, Memphis, TN, 38103 USA Tel +1 901 595 3400 Fax +1 901 595 8559
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Guan Y, Smith GJ. The emergence and diversification of panzootic H5N1 influenza viruses. Virus Res 2013; 178:35-43. [PMID: 23735533 PMCID: PMC4017639 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The Asian highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus was first detected in the goose population of Guangdong, China in 1996. The viruses in this lineage are unique in their ecological success, demonstrating an extremely broad host range and becoming established in poultry over much of Asia and in Africa. H5N1 viruses have also diverged into multiple clades and subclades that generally do not cross neutralize, which has greatly confounded control measures in poultry and pre-pandemic vaccine strain selection. Although H5N1 viruses currently cannot transmit efficiently between mammals they exhibit high mortality in humans and recent experimental studies have shown that it is possible to generate an H5N1 virus that is transmissible in mammals. In addition to causing unprecedented economic losses, the long-term presence of the H5N1 virus in poultry and its frequent introductions to humans continue to pose a significant pandemic threat. Here we provide a summary of the genesis, molecular epidemiology and evolution of this H5N1 lineage, particularly the factors that have contributed to the continued diversification and ecological success of H5N1 viruses, with particular reference to the poultry production systems they have emerged from.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases and Center of Influenza Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- International Institution of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Gavin J.D. Smith
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Box 90519, Durham, North Carolina 27708
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Emerging multiple reassortant H5N5 avian influenza viruses in ducks, China, 2008. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:296-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Complex reassortment of multiple subtypes of avian influenza viruses in domestic ducks at the Dongting Lake Region of China. J Virol 2013; 87:9452-62. [PMID: 23804642 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00776-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To gain insight into the ecology of avian influenza viruses (AIV), we conducted active influenza virus surveillance in domestic ducks on farms located on the flyway of migratory birds in the Dongting Lake region of Hunan Province, China, from winter 2011 until spring 2012. Specimens comprising 3,030 duck swab samples and 1,010 environmental samples were collected from 101 duck farms. We isolated AIV of various HA subtypes, including H3, H4, H5, H6, H9, H10, H11, and H12. We sequenced the entire coding sequences of the genomes of 28 representative isolates constituting 13 specific subtypes. When the phylogenetic relationships among these isolates were examined, we observed that extensive reassortment events had occurred. Among the 28 Dongting Lake viruses, 21 genotypes involving the six internal genes were identified. Furthermore, we identified viruses or viral genes introduced from other countries, viral gene segments of unknown origin, and a novel HA/NA combination. Our findings emphasize the importance of farmed domestic ducks in the Dongting Lake region to the genesis and evolution of AIV and highlight the need for continued surveillance of domestic ducks in this region.
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Sivay MV, Sayfutdinova SG, Sharshov KA, Alekseev AY, Yurlov AK, Runstadler J, Shestopalov AM. Surveillance of influenza A virus in wild birds in the Asian portion of Russia in 2008. Avian Dis 2012; 56:456-63. [PMID: 23050460 DOI: 10.1637/9868-080111-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Wild waterfowl undertake a variety of long-distance flights during their migration. These flights provide birds with the opportunities to both acquire and disseminate avian influenza viruses (AIVs). The Asian portion of Russia is crossed by four major migration routes and represents the major breeding area for many wild bird species in the Palearctic. The Asian territory of Russia plays an important role in distribution, persistence, and evolution of AIVs due to the ecologic relationships of bird populations from Russia and different Asian, European, African, and North American countries. Our study highlights the results of surveillance conducted in 2008 for AIVs in wild birds in the Asian portion of Russia. During this study, our team collected and tested 5678 samples from wild birds. Among them, 41 samples tested positive for AIV with an isolation rate of 0.72%. The highest AIV prevalence, 1.49%, was found in Anseriformes. In Ardeidae and Laridae, the AIV prevalence was 1.23% and 0.64%, respectively. Rallidae showed the lowest AIV prevalence of 0.61%. Phylogenetic analysis of H3 and H4 subtypes represented close relationships of AIVs isolated from the Asian portion of Russia to the AI strains from Asia, Africa, and Europe. These findings were confirmed by the wild bird migration routes that affect bird populations from Eurasian, African, Australian, and North American continents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya V Sivay
- Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
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Alves Galvão MG, Rocha Crispino Santos MA, Alves da Cunha AJ. Amantadine and rimantadine for influenza A in children and the elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 1:CD002745. [PMID: 22258950 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd002745.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effectiveness and safety of amantadine (AMT) and rimantadine (RMT) for preventing and treating influenza A in adults has been systematically reviewed. However, little is known about these treatments in children and the elderly. OBJECTIVES To systematically review the effectiveness and safety of AMT and RMT in preventing and treating influenza A in children and the elderly. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2011, Issue 2) which contains the Cochrane Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) Group's Specialised Register, MEDLINE (1966 to June week 3, 2011) and EMBASE (1980 to June 2011). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs comparing AMT and/or RMT with placebo, control, other antivirals or different doses or schedules of AMT or RMT, or both, or no intervention, in children and the elderly. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected trials for inclusion and assessed methodological quality. We resolved disagreements by consensus. In all comparisons except for one, we separately analysed the trials in children and the elderly using Review Manager software. MAIN RESULTS A total of 12 studies involving 2494 participants (1586 children and adolescents and 908 elderly) compared AMT and RMT with placebo, paracetamol (one trial; 69 children) or zanamivir (two trials; 545 seniors). All studies were RCTs but most were still susceptible to bias. Two trials in the elderly had a high risk of bias because of incomplete outcome data. In one of those trials there was also a lack of outcome assessment blinding. Risk of bias was unclear in 10 studies due to unclear random sequence generation and allocation concealment. Only two trials in children were considered to have a low risk of bias.AMT was effective in preventing influenza A in children. A total of 773 participants were included in this outcome (risk ratio (RR) 0.11; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.04 to 0.30). The assumed risk of influenza in the control group was 10 per 100 and the corresponding risk in the RMT group was one per 100 (95% CI 0 to 3). The quality of the evidence was considered low. For treatment purposes, RMT was beneficial for abating fever on day three of treatment. For this purpose one study was selected with low risk of bias and included 69 children (RR 0.36; 95% CI 0.14 to 0.91). The assumed risk was 38 per 100 and the corresponding risk in the RMT group was 14 per 100, 95% CI 5 to 34. The quality of the evidence was moderate.RMT did not show a prophylactic effect against influenza in the elderly, but the quality of evidence was considered very low. There were 103 participants (RR 0.45; 95% CI 0.14 to 1.41, for an assumed risk of 17 per 100 and a corresponding risk in the RMT group of 7 per 100, 95% CI 2 to 23). We did not identify any AMT trials in the elderly that met our inclusion criteria.There was no evidence of adverse effects of AMT and RMT in children or an adverse effect of RMT in the elderly. We did not identify any AMT trials in the elderly that met our inclusion criteria. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS AMT is effective in preventing influenza A in children but the NNTB is high (NNTB: 12 (95% CI 9 to 17). RMT probably helps the abatement of fever on day three of treatment, but the quality of the evidence is poor. Due to the small number of available studies, we could not reach a definitive conclusion on the safety of AMT or the effectiveness of RMT in preventing influenza in children and the elderly.
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Dundon WG, Heidari A, Fusaro A, Monne I, Beato MS, Cattoli G, Koch G, Starick E, Brown IH, Aldous EW, Briand FX, Le Gall-Reculé G, Jestin V, Jørgensen PH, Berg M, Zohari S, Metreveli G, Munir M, Ståhl K, Albina E, Hammoumi S, Gil P, de Almeida RS, Smietanka K, Domańska-Blicharz K, Minta Z, Van Borm S, van den Berg T, Martin AM, Barbieri I, Capua I. Genetic data from avian influenza and avian paramyxoviruses generated by the European network of excellence (EPIZONE) between 2006 and 2011--review and recommendations for surveillance. Vet Microbiol 2011; 154:209-21. [PMID: 21925809 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Since 2006, the members of the molecular epidemiological working group of the European "EPIZONE" network of excellence have been generating sequence data on avian influenza and avian paramyxoviruses from both European and African sources in an attempt to more fully understand the circulation and impact of these viruses. This review presents a timely update on the epidemiological situation of these viruses based on sequence data generated during the lifetime of this project in addition to data produced by other groups during the same period. Based on this information and putting it all into a European context, recommendations for continued surveillance of these important viruses within Europe are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Dundon
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy.
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Tosh C, Murugkar HV, Nagarajan S, Tripathi S, Katare M, Jain R, Khandia R, Syed Z, Behera P, Patil S, Kulkarni DD, Dubey SC. Emergence of amantadine-resistant avian influenza H5N1 virus in India. Virus Genes 2011; 42:10-5. [PMID: 20953687 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-010-0534-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the genetic characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus (subtype H5N1) isolated from poultry in West Bengal, India. We analyzed all the eight genome segments of two viruses isolated from chickens in January 2010 to understand their genetic relationship with other Indian H5N1 isolates and possible connection between different outbreaks. The hemagglutinin (HA) gene of the viruses showed multiple basic amino acids at the cleavage site, a marker for high virulence in chickens. Of greatest concern was that the viruses displayed amino acid substitution from serine-to-asparagine at position 31 of M2 ion channel protein suggesting emergence of amantadine-resistant mutants not previously reported in HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in India. Amino acid lysine at position 627 of the PB2 protein highlights the risk the viruses possess to mammals. In the phylogenetic trees, the viruses clustered within the lineage of avian isolates from India (2008-2009) and avian and human isolates from Bangladesh (2007-2009) in all the genes. Both these viruses were most closely related to the viruses from 2008 in West Bengal within the subclade 2.2.3 of H5N1 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tosh
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, India.
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Bourouiba L, Wu J, Newman S, Takekawa J, Natdorj T, Batbayar N, Bishop CM, Hawkes LA, Butler PJ, Wikelski M. Spatial dynamics of bar-headed geese migration in the context of H5N1. J R Soc Interface 2010; 7:1627-39. [PMID: 20472636 PMCID: PMC2988256 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2010.0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Virulent outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) since 2005 have raised the question about the roles of migratory and wild birds in the transmission of HPAI. Despite increased monitoring, the role of wild waterfowl as the primary source of the highly pathogenic H5N1 has not been clearly established. The impact of outbreaks of HPAI among species of wild birds which are already endangered can nevertheless have devastating consequences for the local and non-local ecology where migratory species are established. Understanding the entangled dynamics of migration and the disease dynamics will be key to prevention and control measures for humans, migratory birds and poultry. Here, we present a spatial dynamic model of seasonal migration derived from first principles and linking the local dynamics during migratory stopovers to the larger scale migratory routes. We discuss the effect of repeated epizootic at specific migratory stopovers for bar-headed geese (Anser indicus). We find that repeated deadly outbreaks of H5N1 on stopovers during the autumn migration of bar-headed geese could lead to a larger reduction in the size of the equilibrium bird population compared with that obtained after repeated outbreaks during the spring migration. However, the opposite is true during the first few years of transition to such an equilibrium. The age-maturation process of juvenile birds which are more susceptible to H5N1 reinforces this result.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bourouiba
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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28
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Goletić T, Gagić A, Residbegović E, Kustura A, Kavazović A, Savić V, Harder T, Starick E, Prasović S. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 in mute swans (Cygnus olor) in Central Bosnia. Avian Dis 2010; 54:496-501. [PMID: 20521684 DOI: 10.1637/8705-031609-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In order to determine the actual prevalence of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in wild birds in Bosnia and Herzegovina, extensive surveillance was carried out between October 2005 and April 2006. A total of 394 samples representing 41 bird species were examined for the presence of influenza A virus using virus isolation in embryonated chicken eggs, PCR, and nucleotide sequencing. AIV subtype H5N1 was detected in two mute swans (Cygnus olor). The isolates were determined to be highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus and the hemagglutinin sequence was closely similar to A/Cygnus olor/Astrakhan/ Ast05-2-10/2005 (H5N1). This is the first report of HPAI subtype H5N1 in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teufik Goletić
- Sarajevo Veterinary Faculty, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Zmaja od Bosne 90, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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29
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Manin TB, Chvala IA, Kolosov SN, Pchelkina IP, Irza VN, Drygin VV. H5N1 avian influenza outbreak in the Far East of Russia in 2008: new introduction. Avian Dis 2010; 54:509-12. [PMID: 20521686 DOI: 10.1637/8732-032509-case.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In April 2008 an avian influenza outbreak was diagnosed in Primorsky Krai, Russia, during the spring migration of wild birds, and A/Chicken/Primorsky/85/08 H5N1 isolate was recovered. The virus had more than 99% genetic identity with A/Whooper Swan/Hokkaido/1/08 H5N1 and A/Whooper Swan/Hokkaido/2/08 H5N1 viruses that were isolated in April 2008 in Japan. The amino acid sequence of the hemagglutinin cleavage site (PQRERRRKRGLF) and intravenous pathotyping index value (IVPI 2.80) were determined; on this basis the virus was characterized as highly pathogenic. The hemagglutinin gene of the virus was shown to belong to clade 2.3.2 while other genes (PB1, PB2, PA, NP, NA, M, NS) were characteristic of Fujian-like sublineage, recovered in the territory of Russia for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timofey B Manin
- Avian Diseases Department, FGI Federal Centre for Animal Health, Vladimir 600900, Russia
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30
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Sharshov K, Silko N, Sousloparov I, Zaykovskaya A, Shestopalov A, Drozdov I. Avian influenza (H5N1) outbreak among wild birds, Russia, 2009. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 16:349-51. [PMID: 20113582 PMCID: PMC2958015 DOI: 10.3201/eid1602.090974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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31
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Genetic and biological characterization of avian influenza H5N1 viruses isolated from wild birds and poultry in Western Siberia. Arch Virol 2010; 155:1145-50. [PMID: 20432047 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0676-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Three viruses included in the study were isolated from dead birds (A/duck/Omsk/1822/2006, A/chicken/Reshoty/02/2006, and A/duck/Tuva/01/2006), whereas the virus A/common gull/Chany/P/2006 was isolated from an apparently healthy gull during outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Russia in 2006. The intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) of viruses A/duck/Omsk/1822/2006, A/chicken/Reshoty/02/2006, and A/duck/Tuva/01/2006 ranged from 2.7 to 3.0, while the virus A/common gull/Chany/P/2006 had a markedly lower IVPI of 1.7. The virus A/common gull/Chany/P/2006 had a unique pattern of six amino acid substitutions in the regions of viral proteins crucial for virulence of H5N1 viruses. We hypothesize that these substitutions may affect the pathogenicity of A/common gull/Chany/P/2006.
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32
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Cattoli G, Fusaro A, Monne I, Capua I. H5N1 Virus Evolution in Europe-An Updated Overview. Viruses 2009; 1:1351-63. [PMID: 21994596 PMCID: PMC3185504 DOI: 10.3390/v1031351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 11/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its emergence in South East Asia in 2003, Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) A/H5N1 has reportedly caused outbreaks in poultry and/or wild birds in 62 countries, of which 24 were in Europe. Interestingly, out of the many genetic clades circulating in Asia, the westward spread of HPAI A/H5N1 to Central Asia, the Middle East, Europe and Africa was dominated by one single clade, namely clade 2.2. In this paper, we review and update through phylogenetic and gene migrational analysis the information concerning the evolution and the molecular epidemiology of HPAI A/H5N1 on the European continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cattoli
- OIE, FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Alice Fusaro
- OIE, FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Isabella Monne
- OIE, FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Ilaria Capua
- OIE, FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
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33
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Spackman E. The ecology of avian influenza virus in wild birds: what does this mean for poultry? Poult Sci 2009; 88:847-50. [PMID: 19276433 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As natural hosts for avian influenza virus (AIV), wild birds, particularly aquatic birds, are the primary reservoir for transmission of AIV to domestic poultry. Therefore, understanding the dissemination and maintenance of AIV in wild birds is important for understanding the factors that contribute to transmission of AIV from wild birds to poultry. However, relatively little is known about the ecology of the virus in wild birds, and the depth of data are inconsistent worldwide. Also, the biology of the virus itself is very important, because AIV is highly adaptable to different hosts and likely to the environment as well. Some insight may be gained from the Asian H5N1 highly pathogenic AIV lineage, because surveillance for this virus has increased considerably in wild birds worldwide since 2005. Also, numerous species that have not previously been represented in AIV testing have been included in surveillance for the Asian H5N1 highly pathogenic AIV, allowing for a more complete understanding of the distribution of AIV in wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Spackman
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA.
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Qi X, Li X, Rider P, Fan W, Gu H, Xu L, Yang Y, Lu S, Wang H, Liu F. Molecular characterization of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza A viruses isolated from raccoon dogs in China. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4682. [PMID: 19270752 PMCID: PMC2650778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus can infect a variety of animals and continually poses a threat to animal and human health. While many genotypes of H5N1 virus can be found in chicken, few are associated with the infection of mammals. Characterization of the genotypes of viral strains in animal populations is important to understand the distribution of different viral strains in various hosts. This also facilitates the surveillance and detection of possible emergence of highly pathogenic strains of specific genotypes from unknown hosts or hosts that have not been previously reported to carry these genotypes. Methodology/Principal Findings Two H5N1 isolates were obtained from lung samples of two raccoon dogs that had died from respiratory disease in China. Pathogenicity experiments showed that the isolates were highly pathogenic to chicken. To characterize the genotypes of these viruses, their genomic sequences were determined and analyzed. The genetic contents of these isolates are virtually identical and they may come from the same progenitor virus. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the isolates were genetically closely related to genotype V H5N1 virus, which was first isolated in China in 2003, and were distinct from the dominant virus genotypes (e.g. genotype Z) of recent years. The isolates also contain a multibasic amino acid motif at their HA cleavage sites and have an E residue at position 627 of the PB2 protein similar to the previously-identified avian viruses. Conclusions/Significance This is the first report that genotype V H5N1 virus is found to be associated with a mammalian host. Our results strongly suggest that genotype V H5N1 virus has the ability to cross species barriers to infect mammalian animals. These findings further highlight the risk that avian influenza H5N1 virus poses to mammals and humans, which may be infected by specific genotypes that are not known to infect these hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Qi
- Jiangsu CDC-Nanjing University Joint Institute of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Center for Disease Control and Pevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xihan Li
- Jiangsu CDC-Nanjing University Joint Institute of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Paul Rider
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Weixing Fan
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hongwei Gu
- Jiangsu CDC-Nanjing University Joint Institute of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Longtao Xu
- Qilu Animal Health Products Co. Ltd, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yonghua Yang
- Jiangsu CDC-Nanjing University Joint Institute of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sangwei Lu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Hua Wang
- Jiangsu CDC-Nanjing University Joint Institute of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Center for Disease Control and Pevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (HW); (FL)
| | - Fenyong Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HW); (FL)
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35
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Chen Y, Qin K, Wu WL, Li G, Zhang J, Du H, Ng MH, Shih JWK, Peiris JSM, Guan Y, Chen H, Xia N. Broad cross-protection against H5N1 avian influenza virus infection by means of monoclonal antibodies that map to conserved viral epitopes. J Infect Dis 2009; 199:49-58. [PMID: 19032063 DOI: 10.1086/594374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Passive immunization with human H5 antisera or H5-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) has potential as an effective treatment for acute H5N1 influenza virus infection, but its efficacy against antigenically diverse H5N1 viruses is unconfirmed. METHODS Cross-protection against antigenically diverse H5N1 strains with H5-specific MAbs, generated by successive immunization of antigenically distinct strains, was evaluated in mice. RESULTS A panel of 52 broadly cross-reactive H5 specific MAbs were generated and characterized. One of these MAbs, 13D4, has been demonstrated to protect mice against lethal challenge by 4 H5N1 strains representing the current major genetic populations, clades 1, 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3, even at a stage of infection when H5N1 virus has disseminated beyond the pulmonary system. Complete neutralization of virus in lung tissue of infected animals was observed 24 h after treatment with 13D4. Mapping of this MAb with escape mutants showed it to bind to 2 conserved, possibly critical, sites of H5N1 hemagglutinin, 152 and 182. CONCLUSION Generation of broadly cross-protective MAbs against H5N1 influenza virus may be optimized by selecting MAbs that target conserved sites in hemagglutinin. H5 MAbs such as 13D4 may prove to have therapeutic value in controlling infection due to current and future H5N1 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Chen
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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36
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Mishra AC, Cherian SS, Chakrabarti AK, Pawar SD, Jadhav SM, Pal B, Raut S, Koratkar S, Kode SS. A unique influenza A (H5N1) virus causing a focal poultry outbreak in 2007 in Manipur, India. Virol J 2009; 6:26. [PMID: 19236725 PMCID: PMC2654876 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-6-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A focal H5N1 outbreak in poultry was reported from Manipur, a north-eastern state, of India, in 2007. The aim of this study was to genetically characterize the Manipur isolate to understand the relationship with other H5N1 isolates and to trace the possible source of introduction of the virus into the country. RESULTS Characterization of the complete genome revealed that the virus belonged to clade 2.2. It was distinctly different from viruses of the three EMA sublineages of clade 2.2 but related to isolates from wild migratory waterfowl from Russia, China and Mongolia. The HA gene, had the cleavage site GERRRRKR, earlier reported in whooper swan isolates from Mongolia in 2005. A stop codon at position 29 in the PB1-F2 protein could have implications on the replication efficiency. The acquisition of polymorphisms as seen in recent isolates of 2005-07 from distinct geographical regions suggests the possibility of transportation of H5N1 viruses through migratory birds. CONCLUSION Considering that all eight genes of the earlier Indian isolates belonged to the EMA3 sublineage and similar strains have not been reported from neighbouring countries of the subcontinent, it appears that the virus may have been introduced independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh C Mishra
- Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, Pashan, Pune 411021, Maharashtra, India.
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Al-Azemi A, Bahl J, Al-Zenki S, Al-Shayji Y, Al-Amad S, Chen H, Guan Y, Peiris JSM, Smith GJD. Avian influenza A virus (H5N1) outbreaks, Kuwait, 2007. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14:958-61. [PMID: 18507914 PMCID: PMC2600306 DOI: 10.3201/eid1406.080056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis of influenza A viruses (H5N1) isolated from Kuwait in 2007 show that (H5N1) sublineage clade 2.2 viruses continue to spread across Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. Virus isolates were most closely related to isolates from central Asia and were likely vectored by migratory birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Al-Azemi
- Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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Alves Galvão MG, Rocha Crispino Santos MA, Alves da Cunha AJL. Amantadine and rimantadine for influenza A in children and the elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008:CD002745. [PMID: 18254006 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd002745.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although amantadine (AMT) and rimantadine (RMT) are used to relieve or treat influenza A symptoms in healthy adults, little is known about the effectiveness and safety of these antivirals in preventing and treating influenza A in children and the elderly. OBJECTIVES The aim of this review was to systematically consider evidence on the effectiveness and safety of AMT and RMT in preventing and treating influenza A in children and the elderly. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library, 2007, issue 3); MEDLINE (1966 to July 2007) and EMBASE (1980 to July 2007). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised or quasi-randomised trials comparing AMT and/or RMT in children and the elderly with placebo, control, other antivirals or comparing different doses or schedules of AMT and/or RMT or no intervention. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected trials for inclusion and assessed methodological quality. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. In all comparisons except for one, the trials in children and in the elderly were analysed separately. Data were analysed and reported using Cochrane Review Manager 4.2. software. MAIN RESULTS In children, RMT was effective in the abatement of fever on day three of treatment. AMT showed a prophylactic effect against influenza A infection. AMT and RMT were not related to an increase in the occurrence of adverse effects. RMT also was considered to be well tolerated by the elderly, but showed no prophylactic effect. Different doses were comparable in the prophylaxis of influenza in the elderly, as well as in reporting adverse effects. Zanamivir prevented influenza A more effectively than RMT in the elderly. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS AMT was effective in the prophylaxis of influenza A in children. As confounding matters might have affected our findings, caution should be taken when considering which patients should to be given this prophylactic. Our conclusions about effectiveness of both antivirals for the treatment of influenza A in children were limited to a proven benefit of RMT in the abatement of fever on day three of treatment. Due to the small number of available studies we could not reach a definitive conclusion on the safety of AMT or the effectiveness of RMT in preventing influenza in children and the elderly.
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