1
|
Albuquerque NK, Silva SP, Aragão CF, Cunha TCAS, Paiva FAS, Coelho TFSB, Cruz ACR. Virome analysis of Desmodus rotundus tissue samples from the Amazon region. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:34. [PMID: 38177994 PMCID: PMC10768307 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09950-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bats are renowned for harboring a high viral diversity, their characteristics contribute to emerging infectious diseases. However, environmental and anthropic factors also play a significant role in the emergence of zoonotic viruses. Metagenomic is an important tool for investigating the virome of bats and discovering new viruses. RESULTS Twenty-four families of virus were detected in lung samples by sequencing and bioinfomatic analysis, the largest amount of reads was focused on the Retroviridae and contigs assembled to Desmodus rotundus endogenous retrovirus, which was feasible to acquire complete sequences. The reads were also abundant for phages. CONCLUSION This lung virome of D. rotundus contributes valuable information regarding the viral diversity found in bats, which is useful for understanding the drivers of viral cycles and their ecology in this species. The identification and taxonomic categorization of viruses hosted by bats carry epidemiological significance due to the potential for viral adaptation to other animals and humans, which can have severe repercussions for public health. Furthermore, the characterization of endogenized viruses helps to understanding the host genome and the evolution of the species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nádia K Albuquerque
- Institute of Biologic Science, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Corrêa Road, Belém, 66075-750, Pará, Brazil.
| | - Sandro P Silva
- Arbovirology and Hemorragic Fever Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, BR-316 Highway, Ananindeua, 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
| | - Carine F Aragão
- Arbovirology and Hemorragic Fever Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, BR-316 Highway, Ananindeua, 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
| | - Tânia Cristina A S Cunha
- Arbovirology and Hemorragic Fever Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, BR-316 Highway, Ananindeua, 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
| | - Francisco A S Paiva
- Arbovirology and Hemorragic Fever Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, BR-316 Highway, Ananindeua, 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
| | - Taciana F S B Coelho
- Arbovirology and Hemorragic Fever Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, BR-316 Highway, Ananindeua, 67030-000, Pará, Brazil
| | - Ana Cecília R Cruz
- Institute of Biologic Science, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Corrêa Road, Belém, 66075-750, Pará, Brazil.
- Arbovirology and Hemorragic Fever Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, BR-316 Highway, Ananindeua, 67030-000, Pará, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schiffler FB, Pereira AHB, Moreira SB, Arruda IF, Moreira FRR, D’arc M, Claro IM, Pissinatti TDA, Cavalcante LTDF, Miranda TDS, Cosentino MAC, de Oliveira RC, Fernandes J, Assis MRDS, de Oliveira JG, da Silva TAC, Galliez RM, Faffe DS, de Jesus JG, Sobreira Bezerra da Silva M, Bezerra MF, Ferreira Junior ODC, Tanuri A, Castiñeiras TM, Aguiar RS, Faria NR, de Almeida AP, Pissinatti A, Sabino EC, Amendoeira MRR, de Lemos ERS, Ubiali DG, Santos AFA. Lessons from a Multilaboratorial Task Force for Diagnosis of a Fatal Toxoplasmosis Outbreak in Captive Primates in Brazil. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2888. [PMID: 38138032 PMCID: PMC10745312 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is an important zoonotic disease caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii and is especially fatal for neotropical primates. In Brazil, the Ministry of Health is responsible for national epizootic surveillance, but some diseases are still neglected. Here, we present an integrated investigation of an outbreak that occurred during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic among eleven neotropical primates housed at a primatology center in Brazil. After presenting non-specific clinical signs, all animals died within four days. A wide range of pathogens were evaluated, and we successfully identified T. gondii as the causative agent within four days after necropsies. The liver was the most affected organ, presenting hemorrhage and hepatocellular necrosis. Tachyzoites and bradyzoite cysts were observed in histological examinations and immunohistochemistry in different organs; in addition, parasitic DNA was detected through PCR in blood samples from all specimens evaluated. A high prevalence of Escherichia coli was also observed, indicating sepsis. This case highlights some of the obstacles faced by the current Brazilian surveillance system. A diagnosis was obtained through the integrated action of researchers since investigation for toxoplasmosis is currently absent in national guidelines. An interdisciplinary investigation could be a possible model for future epizootic investigations in animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francine Bittencourt Schiffler
- Laboratório de Diversidade e Doenças Virais (LDDV), Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, RJ, Brazil; (F.B.S.); (M.D.); (L.T.d.F.C.); (T.d.S.M.); (M.A.C.C.)
| | - Asheley Henrique Barbosa Pereira
- Setor de Anatomia Patológica (SAP), Departamento de Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica 23890-000, RJ, Brazil; (A.H.B.P.); (D.G.U.)
| | - Silvia Bahadian Moreira
- Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro (CPRJ), Instituto Estadual do Ambiente, Guapimirim 25940-000, RJ, Brazil; (S.B.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Igor Falco Arruda
- Laboratório de Toxoplasmose e outras Protozooses (LabTOXO), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (I.F.A.); (M.R.R.A.)
| | - Filipe Romero Rebello Moreira
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK; (F.R.R.M.); (I.M.C.); (N.R.F.)
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular (LVM), Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, RJ, Brazil; (O.d.C.F.J.); (A.T.)
| | - Mirela D’arc
- Laboratório de Diversidade e Doenças Virais (LDDV), Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, RJ, Brazil; (F.B.S.); (M.D.); (L.T.d.F.C.); (T.d.S.M.); (M.A.C.C.)
| | - Ingra Morales Claro
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK; (F.R.R.M.); (I.M.C.); (N.R.F.)
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical (IMT), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil; (J.G.d.J.); (E.C.S.)
| | - Thalita de Abreu Pissinatti
- Serviço de Criação de Primatas Não Humanos (SCPrim), Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biomodelos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 26382-462, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Liliane Tavares de Faria Cavalcante
- Laboratório de Diversidade e Doenças Virais (LDDV), Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, RJ, Brazil; (F.B.S.); (M.D.); (L.T.d.F.C.); (T.d.S.M.); (M.A.C.C.)
| | - Thamiris dos Santos Miranda
- Laboratório de Diversidade e Doenças Virais (LDDV), Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, RJ, Brazil; (F.B.S.); (M.D.); (L.T.d.F.C.); (T.d.S.M.); (M.A.C.C.)
| | - Matheus Augusto Calvano Cosentino
- Laboratório de Diversidade e Doenças Virais (LDDV), Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, RJ, Brazil; (F.B.S.); (M.D.); (L.T.d.F.C.); (T.d.S.M.); (M.A.C.C.)
| | - Renata Carvalho de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (R.C.d.O.); (J.F.); (M.R.d.S.A.); (J.G.d.O.); (T.A.C.d.S.); (E.R.S.d.L.)
| | - Jorlan Fernandes
- Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (R.C.d.O.); (J.F.); (M.R.d.S.A.); (J.G.d.O.); (T.A.C.d.S.); (E.R.S.d.L.)
| | - Matheus Ribeiro da Silva Assis
- Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (R.C.d.O.); (J.F.); (M.R.d.S.A.); (J.G.d.O.); (T.A.C.d.S.); (E.R.S.d.L.)
| | - Jonathan Gonçalves de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (R.C.d.O.); (J.F.); (M.R.d.S.A.); (J.G.d.O.); (T.A.C.d.S.); (E.R.S.d.L.)
| | - Thayssa Alves Coelho da Silva
- Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (R.C.d.O.); (J.F.); (M.R.d.S.A.); (J.G.d.O.); (T.A.C.d.S.); (E.R.S.d.L.)
| | - Rafael Mello Galliez
- Núcleo de Enfrentamento e Estudos de Doenças Infecciosas Emergentes e Reemergentes (NEEDIER), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, RJ, Brazil; (R.M.G.); (D.S.F.); (T.M.C.)
| | - Debora Souza Faffe
- Núcleo de Enfrentamento e Estudos de Doenças Infecciosas Emergentes e Reemergentes (NEEDIER), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, RJ, Brazil; (R.M.G.); (D.S.F.); (T.M.C.)
| | - Jaqueline Goes de Jesus
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical (IMT), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil; (J.G.d.J.); (E.C.S.)
| | - Marise Sobreira Bezerra da Silva
- Serviço de Referência Nacional em Peste, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife 50740-465, PE, Brazil; (M.S.B.d.S.); (M.F.B.); (A.P.d.A.)
| | - Matheus Filgueira Bezerra
- Serviço de Referência Nacional em Peste, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife 50740-465, PE, Brazil; (M.S.B.d.S.); (M.F.B.); (A.P.d.A.)
| | - Orlando da Costa Ferreira Junior
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular (LVM), Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, RJ, Brazil; (O.d.C.F.J.); (A.T.)
| | - Amilcar Tanuri
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular (LVM), Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, RJ, Brazil; (O.d.C.F.J.); (A.T.)
| | - Terezinha Marta Castiñeiras
- Núcleo de Enfrentamento e Estudos de Doenças Infecciosas Emergentes e Reemergentes (NEEDIER), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, RJ, Brazil; (R.M.G.); (D.S.F.); (T.M.C.)
| | - Renato Santana Aguiar
- Laboratório de Biologia Integrativa, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil;
- Instituto D’OR de Pesquisa e Ensino (ID’or), Rio de Janeiro 22281-100, RJ, Brazil
| | - Nuno Rodrigues Faria
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK; (F.R.R.M.); (I.M.C.); (N.R.F.)
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical (IMT), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil; (J.G.d.J.); (E.C.S.)
| | - Alzira Paiva de Almeida
- Serviço de Referência Nacional em Peste, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife 50740-465, PE, Brazil; (M.S.B.d.S.); (M.F.B.); (A.P.d.A.)
| | - Alcides Pissinatti
- Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro (CPRJ), Instituto Estadual do Ambiente, Guapimirim 25940-000, RJ, Brazil; (S.B.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Ester Cerdeira Sabino
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical (IMT), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil; (J.G.d.J.); (E.C.S.)
| | - Maria Regina Reis Amendoeira
- Laboratório de Toxoplasmose e outras Protozooses (LabTOXO), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (I.F.A.); (M.R.R.A.)
| | - Elba Regina Sampaio de Lemos
- Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (R.C.d.O.); (J.F.); (M.R.d.S.A.); (J.G.d.O.); (T.A.C.d.S.); (E.R.S.d.L.)
| | - Daniel Guimarães Ubiali
- Setor de Anatomia Patológica (SAP), Departamento de Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica 23890-000, RJ, Brazil; (A.H.B.P.); (D.G.U.)
| | - André F. A. Santos
- Laboratório de Diversidade e Doenças Virais (LDDV), Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, RJ, Brazil; (F.B.S.); (M.D.); (L.T.d.F.C.); (T.d.S.M.); (M.A.C.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cook JD, Williams DM, Porter WF, Christensen SA. Improved predictions and forecasts of chronic wasting disease occurrence using multiple mechanism dynamic occupancy modeling. J Wildl Manage 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.22296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Cook
- Michigan State University 480 Wilson Road East Lansing MI 48823 USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gomes BM, Rebelo CB, Alves de Sousa L. Public health, surveillance systems and preventive medicine in an interconnected world. One Health 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822794-7.00006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
5
|
Medkour H, Castaneda S, Amona I, Fenollar F, André C, Belais R, Mungongo P, Muyembé-Tamfum JJ, Levasseur A, Raoult D, Davoust B, Mediannikov O. Potential zoonotic pathogens hosted by endangered bonobos. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6331. [PMID: 33737691 PMCID: PMC7973442 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85849-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Few publications, often limited to one specific pathogen, have studied bonobos (Pan paniscus), our closest living relatives, as possible reservoirs of certain human infectious agents. Here, 91 stool samples from semicaptive bonobos and bonobos reintroduced in the wild, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, were screened for different infectious agents: viruses, bacteria and parasites. We showed the presence of potentially zoonotic viral, bacterial or parasitic agents in stool samples, sometimes coinfecting the same individuals. A high prevalence of Human mastadenoviruses (HAdV-C, HAdV-B, HAdV-E) was observed. Encephalomyocarditis viruses were identified in semicaptive bonobos, although identified genotypes were different from those identified in the previous fatal myocarditis epidemic at the same site in 2009. Non-pallidum Treponema spp. including symbiotic T. succinifaciens, T. berlinense and several potential new species with unknown pathogenicity were identified. We detected DNA of non-tuberculosis Mycobacterium spp., Acinetobacter spp., Salmonella spp. as well as pathogenic Leptospira interrogans. Zoonotic parasites such as Taenia solium and Strongyloides stercoralis were predominantly present in wild bonobos, while Giardia lamblia was found only in bonobos in contact with humans, suggesting a possible exchange. One third of bonobos carried Oesophagostomum spp., particularly zoonotic O. stephanostomum and O. bifurcum-like species, as well as other uncharacterized Nematoda. Trypanosoma theileri has been identified in semicaptive bonobos. Pathogens typically known to be transmitted sexually were not identified. We present here the results of a reasonably-sized screening study detecting DNA/RNA sequence evidence of potentially pathogenic viruses and microorganisms in bonobo based on a noninvasive sampling method (feces) and focused PCR diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hacène Medkour
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Sergei Castaneda
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Inestin Amona
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Fenollar
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Claudine André
- Les Amis des Bonobos du Congo, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Raphaël Belais
- Les Amis des Bonobos du Congo, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Paulin Mungongo
- Les Amis des Bonobos du Congo, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Anthony Levasseur
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Davoust
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kim WK, Cho S, Lee SH, No JS, Lee GY, Park K, Lee D, Jeong ST, Song JW. Genomic Epidemiology and Active Surveillance to Investigate Outbreaks of Hantaviruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:532388. [PMID: 33489927 PMCID: PMC7819890 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.532388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging RNA viruses pose significant public health, economic, and societal burdens. Hantaviruses (genus Orthohantavirus, family Hantaviridae, order Bunyavirales) are enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded, tripartite RNA viruses that are emerging zoonotic pathogens harbored by small mammals such as rodents, bats, moles, and shrews. Orthohantavirus infections cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome in humans (HCPS). Active targeted surveillance has elucidated high-resolution phylogeographic relationships between patient- and rodent-derived orthohantavirus genome sequences and identified the infection source by temporally and spatially tracking viral genomes. Active surveillance of patients with HFRS entails 1) recovering whole-genome sequences of Hantaan virus (HTNV) using amplicon (multiplex PCR-based) next-generation sequencing, 2) tracing the putative infection site of a patient by administering an epidemiological questionnaire, and 3) collecting HTNV-positive rodents using targeted rodent trapping. Moreover, viral genome tracking has been recently performed to rapidly and precisely characterize an outbreak from the emerging virus. Here, we reviewed genomic epidemiological and active surveillance data for determining the emergence of zoonotic RNA viruses based on viral genomic sequences obtained from patients and natural reservoirs. This review highlights the recent studies on tracking viral genomes for identifying and characterizing emerging viral outbreaks worldwide. We believe that active surveillance is an effective method for identifying rodent-borne orthohantavirus infection sites, and this report provides insights into disease mitigation and preparedness for managing emerging viral outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won-Keun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea.,Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Seungchan Cho
- Department of Microbiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Sun No
- Department of Microbiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Geum-Young Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyungmin Park
- Department of Microbiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Daesang Lee
- 4th R&D Institute, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seong Tae Jeong
- 4th R&D Institute, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jin-Won Song
- Department of Microbiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Green J, Jakins C, Asfaw E, Bruschi N, Parker A, de Waal L, D’Cruze N. African Lions and Zoonotic Diseases: Implications for Commercial Lion Farms in South Africa. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091692. [PMID: 32962130 PMCID: PMC7552683 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In South Africa, thousands of African lions are bred on farms for commercial purposes, such as tourism, trophy hunting, and traditional medicine. Lions on farms often have direct contact with people, such as farm workers and tourists. Such close contact between wild animals and humans creates opportunities for the spread of zoonotic diseases (diseases that can be passed between animals and people). To help understand the health risks associated with lion farms, our study compiled a list of pathogens (bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi) known to affect African lions. We reviewed 148 scientific papers and identified a total of 63 pathogens recorded in both wild and captive lions, most of which were parasites (35, 56%), followed by viruses (17, 27%) and bacteria (11, 17%). This included pathogens that can be passed from lions to other animals and to humans. We also found a total of 83 diseases and clinical symptoms associated with these pathogens. Given that pathogens and their associated infectious diseases can cause harm to both animals and public health, we recommend that the lion farming industry in South Africa takes action to prevent and manage potential disease outbreaks. Abstract African lions (Panthera leo) are bred in captivity on commercial farms across South Africa and often have close contact with farm staff, tourists, and other industry workers. As transmission of zoonotic diseases occurs through close proximity between wildlife and humans, these commercial captive breeding operations pose a potential risk to thousands of captive lions and to public health. An understanding of pathogens known to affect lions is needed to effectively assess the risk of disease emergence and transmission within the industry. Here, we conduct a systematic search of the academic literature, identifying 148 peer-reviewed studies, to summarize the range of pathogens and parasites known to affect African lions. A total of 63 pathogenic organisms were recorded, belonging to 35 genera across 30 taxonomic families. Over half were parasites (35, 56%), followed by viruses (17, 27%) and bacteria (11, 17%). A number of novel pathogens representing unidentified and undescribed species were also reported. Among the pathogenic inventory are species that can be transmitted from lions to other species, including humans. In addition, 83 clinical symptoms and diseases associated with these pathogens were identified. Given the risks posed by infectious diseases, this research highlights the potential public health risks associated with the captive breeding industry. We recommend that relevant authorities take imminent action to help prevent and manage the risks posed by zoonotic pathogens on lion farms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennah Green
- World Animal Protection 222 Gray’s Inn Rd., London WC1X 8HB, UK; (J.G.); (E.A.); (N.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Catherine Jakins
- Blood Lion NPC, P.O. Box 1548, Kloof 3640, South Africa; (C.J.); (L.d.W.)
| | - Eyob Asfaw
- World Animal Protection 222 Gray’s Inn Rd., London WC1X 8HB, UK; (J.G.); (E.A.); (N.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Nicholas Bruschi
- World Animal Protection 222 Gray’s Inn Rd., London WC1X 8HB, UK; (J.G.); (E.A.); (N.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Abbie Parker
- World Animal Protection 222 Gray’s Inn Rd., London WC1X 8HB, UK; (J.G.); (E.A.); (N.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Louise de Waal
- Blood Lion NPC, P.O. Box 1548, Kloof 3640, South Africa; (C.J.); (L.d.W.)
| | - Neil D’Cruze
- World Animal Protection 222 Gray’s Inn Rd., London WC1X 8HB, UK; (J.G.); (E.A.); (N.B.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shaw LP, Wang AD, Dylus D, Meier M, Pogacnik G, Dessimoz C, Balloux F. The phylogenetic range of bacterial and viral pathogens of vertebrates. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:3361-3379. [PMID: 32390272 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many major human pathogens are multihost pathogens, able to infect other vertebrate species. Describing the general patterns of host-pathogen associations across pathogen taxa is therefore important to understand risk factors for human disease emergence. However, there is a lack of comprehensive curated databases for this purpose, with most previous efforts focusing on viruses. Here, we report the largest manually compiled host-pathogen association database, covering 2,595 bacteria and viruses infecting 2,656 vertebrate hosts. We also build a tree for host species using nine mitochondrial genes, giving a quantitative measure of the phylogenetic similarity of hosts. We find that the majority of bacteria and viruses are specialists infecting only a single host species, with bacteria having a significantly higher proportion of specialists compared to viruses. Conversely, multihost viruses have a more restricted host range than multihost bacteria. We perform multiple analyses of factors associated with pathogen richness per host species and the pathogen traits associated with greater host range and zoonotic potential. We show that factors previously identified as important for zoonotic potential in viruses-such as phylogenetic range, research effort, and being vector-borne-are also predictive in bacteria. We find that the fraction of pathogens shared between two hosts decreases with the phylogenetic distance between them. Our results suggest that host phylogenetic similarity is the primary factor for host-switching in pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liam P Shaw
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alethea D Wang
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK.,Canadian University Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - David Dylus
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Magda Meier
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK.,Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Grega Pogacnik
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christophe Dessimoz
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Genetics Evolution and Environment, Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Brierley L, Pedersen AB, Woolhouse MEJ. Tissue tropism and transmission ecology predict virulence of human RNA viruses. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000206. [PMID: 31770368 PMCID: PMC6879112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel infectious diseases continue to emerge within human populations. Predictive studies have begun to identify pathogen traits associated with emergence. However, emerging pathogens vary widely in virulence, a key determinant of their ultimate risk to public health. Here, we use structured literature searches to review the virulence of each of the 214 known human-infective RNA virus species. We then use a machine learning framework to determine whether viral virulence can be predicted by ecological traits, including human-to-human transmissibility, transmission routes, tissue tropisms, and host range. Using severity of clinical disease as a measurement of virulence, we identified potential risk factors using predictive classification tree and random forest ensemble models. The random forest approach predicted literature-assigned disease severity of test data with mean accuracy of 89.4% compared to a null accuracy of 74.2%. In addition to viral taxonomy, the ability to cause systemic infection was the strongest predictor of severe disease. Further notable predictors of severe disease included having neural and/or renal tropism, direct contact or respiratory transmission, and limited (0 < R0 ≤ 1) human-to-human transmissibility. We present a novel, to our knowledge, comparative perspective on the virulence of all currently known human RNA virus species. The risk factors identified may provide novel perspectives in understanding the evolution of virulence and elucidating molecular virulence mechanisms. These risk factors could also improve planning and preparedness in public health strategies as part of a predictive framework for novel human infections. Comparative analysis using machine learning shows that specificity of tissue tropism and transmission biology can act as predictive risk factors for the virulence of human RNA viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liam Brierley
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Amy B. Pedersen
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark E. J. Woolhouse
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Carlson CJ, Zipfel CM, Garnier R, Bansal S. Global estimates of mammalian viral diversity accounting for host sharing. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:1070-1075. [PMID: 31182813 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-0910-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Present estimates suggest there are over 1 million virus species found in mammals alone, with about half a million posing a possible threat to human health. Although previous estimates assume linear scaling between host and virus diversity, we show that ecological network theory predicts a non-linear relationship, produced by patterns of host sharing among virus species. To account for host sharing, we fit a power law scaling relationship for host-virus species interaction networks. We estimate that there are about 40,000 virus species in mammals (including ~10,000 viruses with zoonotic potential), a reduction of two orders of magnitude from present projections of viral diversity. We expect that the increasing availability of host-virus association data will improve the precision of these estimates and their use in the sampling and surveillance of pathogens with pandemic potential. We suggest host sharing should be more widely included in macroecological approaches to estimating biodiversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Carlson
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Casey M Zipfel
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Romain Garnier
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Shweta Bansal
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Johnson EE, Escobar LE, Zambrana-Torrelio C. An Ecological Framework for Modeling the Geography of Disease Transmission. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:655-668. [PMID: 31078330 PMCID: PMC7114676 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ecological niche modeling (ENM) is widely employed in ecology to predict species’ potential geographic distributions in relation to their environmental constraints and is rapidly becoming the gold-standard method for disease risk mapping. However, given the biological complexity of disease systems, the traditional ENM framework requires reevaluation. We provide an overview of the application of ENM to disease systems and propose a theoretical framework based on the biological properties of both hosts and parasites to produce reliable outputs resembling disease system distributions. Additionally, we discuss the differences between biological considerations when implementing ENM for distributional ecology and epidemiology. This new framework will help the field of disease ecology and applications of biogeography in the epidemiology of infectious diseases. Infectious diseases greatly impact human health, biodiversity, and global economies, highlighting the need to understand and predict their distributions. Ecological niche modeling (ENM) was not originally designed to explicitly reconstruct complex biological phenomena such as diseases or parasitism, requiring a reevaluation of the traditional framework. We provide an integrative ENM framework for disease systems that considers suitable host availability, parasite ecologies, and different scales of modeling. Disease transmission is driven by factors related to parasite availability and host exposure and susceptibility, which can be incorporated in ENM frameworks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica E Johnson
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 W. 34th Street, New York, NY, USA; Current Address: Department of Biology, City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA; Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Luis E Escobar
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Titcomb GC, Jerde CL, Young HS. High-Throughput Sequencing for Understanding the Ecology of Emerging Infectious Diseases at the Wildlife-Human Interface. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
|
13
|
Weiss S, Dabrowski PW, Kurth A, Leendertz SAJ, Leendertz FH. A novel Coltivirus-related virus isolated from free-tailed bats from Côte d'Ivoire is able to infect human cells in vitro. Virol J 2017; 14:181. [PMID: 28923111 PMCID: PMC5604424 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0843-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zoonotic transmission events play a major role in the emergence of novel diseases. While such events are virtually impossible to predict, wildlife screening for potential emerging pathogens can be a first step. Driven by recent disease epidemics like severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and Ebola, bats have gained special interest as reservoirs of emerging viruses. METHODS As part of a bigger study investigating pathogens in African bats we screened animals for the presence of known and unknown viruses. RESULTS We isolated and characterised a novel reovirus from blood of free-tailed bats (Chaereophon aloysiisabaudiae) captured in 2006 in Côte d'Ivoire. The virus showed closest relationship with two human pathogenic viruses, Colorado tick fever virus and Eyach virus, and was able to infect various human cell lines in vitro. CONCLUSION The study shows the presence of a coltivirus-related virus in bats from Sub-Sahara Africa. Serological studies could help to assess its impact on humans or wildlife health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Weiss
- Robert Koch-Institut, Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms (P3), Seestrasse 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany. .,Current Address: Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Piotr Wojtek Dabrowski
- Robert Koch-Institut, Methodology and Research Infrastructure 1 - Bioinformatics, Seestraße 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Robert Koch-Institut, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens 1 (ZBS1), Seestraße 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Kurth
- Robert Koch-Institut, Biosafety Level 4-Laboratory (ZBS5), Seestrasse 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Siv Aina J Leendertz
- Robert Koch-Institut, Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms (P3), Seestrasse 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian H Leendertz
- Robert Koch-Institut, Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms (P3), Seestrasse 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Viruses rapidly evolve and can emerge in unpredictable ways. Transmission pathways by which foodborne viruses may enter human populations and evolutionary mechanisms by which viruses can become virulent are discussed in this chapter. A majority of viruses emerge from zoonotic animal reservoirs, often by adapting and infecting intermediate hosts, such as domestic animals and livestock. Viruses that are known foodborne threats include hepatitis E virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, enteroviruses, adenovirus, and astroviruses, among others. Viruses may potentially evolve and emerge as a result of modern agricultural practices which can concentrate livestock and bring them into contact with wild animals. Examples of viruses that have emerged in this manner are influenza, coronaviruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome, and the Nipah virus. The role of bats, bush meat, rodents, pigs, cattle, and poultry as reservoirs from which infectious pathogenic viruses emerge are discussed.
Collapse
|
15
|
Olival KJ, Hosseini PR, Zambrana-Torrelio C, Ross N, Bogich TL, Daszak P. Host and viral traits predict zoonotic spillover from mammals. Nature 2017. [PMID: 28636590 DOI: 10.103/nature22975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
The majority of human emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, with viruses that originate in wild mammals of particular concern (for example, HIV, Ebola and SARS). Understanding patterns of viral diversity in wildlife and determinants of successful cross-species transmission, or spillover, are therefore key goals for pandemic surveillance programs. However, few analytical tools exist to identify which host species are likely to harbour the next human virus, or which viruses can cross species boundaries. Here we conduct a comprehensive analysis of mammalian host-virus relationships and show that both the total number of viruses that infect a given species and the proportion likely to be zoonotic are predictable. After controlling for research effort, the proportion of zoonotic viruses per species is predicted by phylogenetic relatedness to humans, host taxonomy and human population within a species range-which may reflect human-wildlife contact. We demonstrate that bats harbour a significantly higher proportion of zoonotic viruses than all other mammalian orders. We also identify the taxa and geographic regions with the largest estimated number of 'missing viruses' and 'missing zoonoses' and therefore of highest value for future surveillance. We then show that phylogenetic host breadth and other viral traits are significant predictors of zoonotic potential, providing a novel framework to assess if a newly discovered mammalian virus could infect people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Olival
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, New York, New York 10001, USA
| | | | | | - Noam Ross
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, New York, New York 10001, USA
| | - Tiffany L Bogich
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, New York, New York 10001, USA
| | - Peter Daszak
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, New York, New York 10001, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Olival KJ, Hosseini PR, Zambrana-Torrelio C, Ross N, Bogich TL, Daszak P. Host and viral traits predict zoonotic spillover from mammals. Nature 2017. [PMID: 28636590 PMCID: PMC5570460 DOI: 10.1038/nature22975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 581] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of a comprehensive database of mammalian host–virus relationships reveals that both the total number of viruses that infect a given species and the proportion likely to be zoonotic are predictable and that this enables identification of mammalian species and geographic locations where novel zoonoses are likely to be found. Zoonotic viruses, many originating in wild mammals, pose a serious threat to global public health. Peter Daszak and colleagues create a comprehensive database of mammalian host–virus relationships, which they analyse to determine patterns of virus and zoonotic virus distribution in mammals. They identify various factors that influence the number and diversity of viruses that infect a given species as well as factors that predict the proportion of zoonotic viruses per species. In doing so, they identify mammalian species and geographic locations where novel zoonoses are likely to be found. The majority of human emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, with viruses that originate in wild mammals of particular concern (for example, HIV, Ebola and SARS)1,2,3. Understanding patterns of viral diversity in wildlife and determinants of successful cross-species transmission, or spillover, are therefore key goals for pandemic surveillance programs4. However, few analytical tools exist to identify which host species are likely to harbour the next human virus, or which viruses can cross species boundaries5,6,7. Here we conduct a comprehensive analysis of mammalian host–virus relationships and show that both the total number of viruses that infect a given species and the proportion likely to be zoonotic are predictable. After controlling for research effort, the proportion of zoonotic viruses per species is predicted by phylogenetic relatedness to humans, host taxonomy and human population within a species range—which may reflect human–wildlife contact. We demonstrate that bats harbour a significantly higher proportion of zoonotic viruses than all other mammalian orders. We also identify the taxa and geographic regions with the largest estimated number of ‘missing viruses’ and ‘missing zoonoses’ and therefore of highest value for future surveillance. We then show that phylogenetic host breadth and other viral traits are significant predictors of zoonotic potential, providing a novel framework to assess if a newly discovered mammalian virus could infect people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Olival
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, New York, New York 10001, USA
| | | | | | - Noam Ross
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, New York, New York 10001, USA
| | - Tiffany L Bogich
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, New York, New York 10001, USA
| | - Peter Daszak
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, New York, New York 10001, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Weber DS, Alroy KA, Scheiner SM. Phylogenetic Insight into Zika and Emerging Viruses for a Perspective on Potential Hosts. ECOHEALTH 2017; 14:214-218. [PMID: 28421292 PMCID: PMC5596032 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-017-1237-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Global viral diversity is substantial, but viruses that contribute little to the public health burden or to agricultural damage receive minimal attention until a seemingly unimportant virus becomes a threat. The Zika virus (ZIKV) illustrated this, as there was limited information and awareness of the virus when it was identified as a public health emergency in February 2016. Predicting which virus may pose a future threat is difficult. This is in part because significant knowledge gaps in the basic biology and ecology of an emerging virus can impede policy development, delay decision making, and hinder public health action. We suggest using a phylogenetic framework of pathogens and their infected host species for insight into which animals may serve as reservoirs. For example, examining flaviviruses closely related to ZIKV, the phylogenetic framework indicates New World monkeys are the most likely candidates to be potential reservoirs for ZIKV. Secondarily, mammals that are in close proximity to humans should be considered because of the increased opportunity for pathogen exchange. The increase in human-mediated environmental change is accelerating the probability of another previously overlooked virus becoming a significant concern. By investing in basic science research and organizing our knowledge into an evolutionary framework, we will be better prepared to respond to the next emerging infectious disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana S Weber
- S&T Policy Fellowship, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20005, USA.
| | - Karen A Alroy
- Division of Environmental Biology, National Science Foundation, 4201 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA, 22230, USA
| | - Samuel M Scheiner
- Division of Environmental Biology, National Science Foundation, 4201 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA, 22230, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Smith KM, Machalaba CM, Jones H, Cáceres P, Popovic M, Olival KJ, Ben Jebara K, Karesh WB. Wildlife hosts for OIE-Listed diseases: considerations regarding global wildlife trade and host-pathogen relationships. Vet Med Sci 2017; 3:71-81. [PMID: 28713575 PMCID: PMC5488181 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The expanding international wildlife trade, combined with a lack of surveillance for key animal diseases in most countries, represents a potential pathway for transboundary disease movement. While the international wildlife trade represents over US $300 billion per year industry involving exchange of billions of individual animals, animal products, and plants as traditional medicines, meat from wild animals, trophies, live exotic pets, commercial products and food, surveillance and reporting of OIE‐Listed diseases in wildlife are often opportunistic. We reviewed peer‐reviewed literature for reports of 73 OIE‐Listed terrestrial animal diseases in wild animals and found 528 possible wild animal hosts using our methodology. Not all host–pathogen relationships indicate that a particular species serves an epidemiologically significant role in the transmission of disease, but improved reporting of infections in wild animals along with clinical and pathological findings would contribute to improved One Health risk assessments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hilary Jones
- EcoHealth AllianceNew YorkUSA.,Crown Heights Animal HospitalNew YorkUSA
| | - Paula Cáceres
- World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)ParisFrance
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
One Health proof of concept: Bringing a transdisciplinary approach to surveillance for zoonotic viruses at the human-wild animal interface. Prev Vet Med 2016; 137:112-118. [PMID: 28034593 PMCID: PMC7132382 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
As the world continues to react and respond inefficiently to emerging infectious diseases, such as Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome and the Ebola and Zika viruses, a growing transdisciplinary community has called for a more proactive and holistic approach to prevention and preparedness - One Health. Such an approach presents important opportunities to reduce the impact of disease emergence events and also to mitigate future emergence through improved cross-sectoral coordination. In an attempt to provide proof of concept of the utility of the One Health approach, the US Agency for International Development's PREDICT project consortium designed and implemented a targeted, risk-based surveillance strategy based not on humans as sentinels of disease but on detecting viruses early, at their source, where intervention strategies can be implemented before there is opportunity for spillover and spread in people or food animals. Here, we share One Health approaches used by consortium members to illustrate the potential for successful One Health outcomes that can be achieved through collaborative, transdisciplinary partnerships. PREDICT's collaboration with partners around the world on strengthening local capacity to detect hundreds of viruses in wild animals, coupled with a series of cutting-edge virological and analytical activities, have significantly improved our baseline knowledge on the zoonotic pool of viruses and the risk of exposure to people. Further testament to the success of the project's One Health approach and the work of its team of dedicated One Health professionals are the resulting 90 peer-reviewed, scientific publications in under 5 years that improve our understanding of zoonoses and the factors influencing their emergence. The findings are assisting in global health improvements, including surveillance science, diagnostic technologies, understanding of viral evolution, and ecological driver identification. Through its One Health leadership and multi-disciplinary partnerships, PREDICT has forged new networks of professionals from the human, animal, and environmental health sectors to promote global health, improving our understanding of viral disease spillover from wildlife and implementing strategies for preventing and controlling emerging disease threats.
Collapse
|
20
|
O’Dea MA, Jackson B, Jackson C, Xavier P, Warren K. Discovery and Partial Genomic Characterisation of a Novel Nidovirus Associated with Respiratory Disease in Wild Shingleback Lizards (Tiliqua rugosa). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165209. [PMID: 27828982 PMCID: PMC5102451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A respiratory disease syndrome has been observed in large numbers of wild shingleback lizards (Tiliqua rugosa) admitted to wildlife care facilities in the Perth metropolitan region of Western Australia. Mortality rates are reportedly high without supportive treatment and care. Here we used next generation sequencing techniques to screen affected and unaffected individuals admitted to Kanyana Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre in Perth between April and December 2015, with the resultant discovery of a novel nidovirus significantly associated with cases of respiratory disease according to a case definition based on clinical signs. Interestingly this virus was also found in 12% of apparently healthy individuals, which may reflect testing during the incubation period or a carrier status, or it may be that this agent is not causative in the disease process. This is the first report of a nidovirus in lizards globally. In addition to detection of this virus, characterisation of a 23,832 nt segment of the viral genome revealed the presence of characteristic nidoviral genomic elements providing phylogenetic support for the inclusion of this virus in a novel genus alongside Ball Python nidovirus, within the Torovirinae sub-family of the Coronaviridae. This study highlights the importance of next generation sequencing technologies to detect and describe emerging infectious diseases in wildlife species, as well as the importance of rehabilitation centres to enhance early detection mechanisms through passive and targeted health surveillance. Further development of diagnostic tools from these findings will aid in detection and control of this agent across Australia, and potentially in wild lizard populations globally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. O’Dea
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Bethany Jackson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Carol Jackson
- Kanyana Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre, 120 Gilchrist Rd, Lesmurdie, WA, Australia
| | - Pally Xavier
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Kristin Warren
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Greatorex ZF, Olson SH, Singhalath S, Silithammavong S, Khammavong K, Fine AE, Weisman W, Douangngeun B, Theppangna W, Keatts L, Gilbert M, Karesh WB, Hansel T, Zimicki S, O’Rourke K, Joly DO, Mazet JAK. Wildlife Trade and Human Health in Lao PDR: An Assessment of the Zoonotic Disease Risk in Markets. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150666. [PMID: 27008628 PMCID: PMC4805265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the majority of emerging infectious diseases can be linked to wildlife sources, most pathogen spillover events to people could likely be avoided if transmission was better understood and practices adjusted to mitigate risk. Wildlife trade can facilitate zoonotic disease transmission and represents a threat to human health and economies in Asia, highlighted by the 2003 SARS coronavirus outbreak, where a Chinese wildlife market facilitated pathogen transmission. Additionally, wildlife trade poses a serious threat to biodiversity. Therefore, the combined impacts of Asian wildlife trade, sometimes termed bush meat trade, on public health and biodiversity need assessing. From 2010 to 2013, observational data were collected in Lao PDR from markets selling wildlife, including information on volume, form, species and price of wildlife; market biosafety and visitor origin. The potential for traded wildlife to host zoonotic diseases that pose a serious threat to human health was then evaluated at seven markets identified as having high volumes of trade. At the seven markets, during 21 observational surveys, 1,937 alive or fresh dead mammals (approximately 1,009 kg) were observed for sale, including mammals from 12 taxonomic families previously documented to be capable of hosting 36 zoonotic pathogens. In these seven markets, the combination of high wildlife volumes, high risk taxa for zoonoses and poor biosafety increases the potential for pathogen presence and transmission. To examine the potential conservation impact of trade in markets, we assessed the status of 33,752 animals observed during 375 visits to 93 markets, under the Lao PDR Wildlife and Aquatic Law. We observed 6,452 animals listed by Lao PDR as near extinct or threatened with extinction. The combined risks of wildlife trade in Lao PDR to human health and biodiversity highlight the need for a multi-sector approach to effectively protect public health, economic interests and biodiversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe F. Greatorex
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health & Health Policy Program, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ZFG); (SHO)
| | - Sarah H. Olson
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health & Health Policy Program, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- University of Wisconsin Madison, Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ZFG); (SHO)
| | - Sinpakone Singhalath
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health & Health Policy Program, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Soubanh Silithammavong
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health & Health Policy Program, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Kongsy Khammavong
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health & Health Policy Program, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Amanda E. Fine
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health & Health Policy Program, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Wendy Weisman
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health & Health Policy Program, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Bounlom Douangngeun
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Watthana Theppangna
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Lucy Keatts
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health & Health Policy Program, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Martin Gilbert
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health & Health Policy Program, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - William B. Karesh
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health & Health Policy Program, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Troy Hansel
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health & Health Policy Program, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Susan Zimicki
- FHI360, Washington, District of Colombia, United States of America
| | | | - Damien O. Joly
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health & Health Policy Program, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Jonna A. K. Mazet
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kilianski A, Carcel P, Yao S, Roth P, Schulte J, Donarum GB, Fochler ET, Hill JM, Liem AT, Wiley MR, Ladner JT, Pfeffer BP, Elliot O, Petrosov A, Jima DD, Vallard TG, Melendrez MC, Skowronski E, Quan PL, Lipkin WI, Gibbons HS, Hirschberg DL, Palacios GF, Rosenzweig CN. Pathosphere.org: pathogen detection and characterization through a web-based, open source informatics platform. BMC Bioinformatics 2015; 16:416. [PMID: 26714571 PMCID: PMC4696252 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-015-0840-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The detection of pathogens in complex sample backgrounds has been revolutionized by wide access to next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms. However, analytical methods to support NGS platforms are not as uniformly available. Pathosphere (found at Pathosphere.org) is a cloud - based open - sourced community tool that allows for communication, collaboration and sharing of NGS analytical tools and data amongst scientists working in academia, industry and government. The architecture allows for users to upload data and run available bioinformatics pipelines without the need for onsite processing hardware or technical support. RESULTS The pathogen detection capabilities hosted on Pathosphere were tested by analyzing pathogen-containing samples sequenced by NGS with both spiked human samples as well as human and zoonotic host backgrounds. Pathosphere analytical pipelines developed by Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (ECBC) identified spiked pathogens within a common sample analyzed by 454, Ion Torrent, and Illumina sequencing platforms. ECBC pipelines also correctly identified pathogens in human samples containing arenavirus in addition to animal samples containing flavivirus and coronavirus. These analytical methods were limited in the detection of sequences with limited homology to previous annotations within NCBI databases, such as parvovirus. Utilizing the pipeline-hosting adaptability of Pathosphere, the analytical suite was supplemented by analytical pipelines designed by the United States Army Medical Research Insititute of Infectious Diseases and Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (USAMRIID-WRAIR). These pipelines were implemented and detected parvovirus sequence in the sample that the ECBC iterative analysis previously failed to identify. CONCLUSIONS By accurately detecting pathogens in a variety of samples, this work demonstrates the utility of Pathosphere and provides a platform for utilizing, modifying and creating pipelines for a variety of NGS technologies developed to detect pathogens in complex sample backgrounds. These results serve as an exhibition for the existing pipelines and web-based interface of Pathosphere as well as the plug-in adaptability that allows for integration of newer NGS analytical software as it becomes available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andy Kilianski
- Biosciences Division, Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center, 5183 Blackhawk Rd, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Edgewood, MD, 21010, USA.
| | | | - Shijie Yao
- OptiMetrics, Inc, Abingdon, MD, USA. .,Joint Genome Institute, Department of Energy, LBNL, Berkley, CA, USA.
| | - Pierce Roth
- Biosciences Division, Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center, 5183 Blackhawk Rd, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Edgewood, MD, 21010, USA. .,OptiMetrics, Inc, Abingdon, MD, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Jessica M Hill
- Biosciences Division, Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center, 5183 Blackhawk Rd, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Edgewood, MD, 21010, USA. .,OptiMetrics, Inc, Abingdon, MD, USA.
| | - Alvin T Liem
- Biosciences Division, Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center, 5183 Blackhawk Rd, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Edgewood, MD, 21010, USA. .,OptiMetrics, Inc, Abingdon, MD, USA.
| | - Michael R Wiley
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA.
| | - Jason T Ladner
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA.
| | - Bradley P Pfeffer
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA.
| | - Oliver Elliot
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Alexandra Petrosov
- The Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Dereje D Jima
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Viral Diseases Branch, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | - Tyghe G Vallard
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Viral Diseases Branch, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | - Melanie C Melendrez
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Viral Diseases Branch, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | | | - Phenix-Lan Quan
- The Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - W Ian Lipkin
- The Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Henry S Gibbons
- Biosciences Division, Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center, 5183 Blackhawk Rd, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Edgewood, MD, 21010, USA.
| | - David L Hirschberg
- The Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, USA.
| | - Gustavo F Palacios
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA.
| | - C Nicole Rosenzweig
- Biosciences Division, Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center, 5183 Blackhawk Rd, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Edgewood, MD, 21010, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Babo Martins S, Rushton J, Stärk KDC. Economic Assessment of Zoonoses Surveillance in a 'One Health' Context: A Conceptual Framework. Zoonoses Public Health 2015; 63:386-95. [PMID: 26607752 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Collaboration between animal and public health sectors has been highlighted as a means to improve the management of zoonotic threats. This includes surveillance systems for zoonoses, where enhanced cross-sectoral integration and sharing of information are seen as key to improved public health outcomes. Yet, there is a lack of evidence on the economic returns of such collaboration, particularly in the development and implementation of surveillance programmes. The economic assessment of surveillance in this context needs to be underpinned by the understanding of the links between zoonotic disease surveillance in animal populations and the wider public health disease mitigation process and how these relations impact on the costs and benefits of the surveillance activities. This study presents a conceptual framework of these links as a basis for the economic assessment of cross-sectoral zoonoses surveillance with the aim of supporting the prioritization of resource allocation to surveillance. In the proposed framework, monetary, non-monetary and intermediate or intangible cost components and benefit streams of three conceptually distinct stages of zoonotic disease mitigation are identified. In each stage, as the final disease mitigation objective varies so does the use of surveillance information generated in the animal populations for public health decision-making. Consequently, the associated cost components and benefit streams also change. Building on the proposed framework and taking into account these links, practical steps for its application are presented and future challenges are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Babo Martins
- Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK.,SAFOSO AG, Bern-Liebefeld, Switzerland
| | - J Rushton
- Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - K D C Stärk
- Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK.,SAFOSO AG, Bern-Liebefeld, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Smiley Evans T, Barry PA, Gilardi KV, Goldstein T, Deere JD, Fike J, Yee J, Ssebide BJ, Karmacharya D, Cranfield MR, Wolking D, Smith B, Mazet JAK, Johnson CK. Optimization of a Novel Non-invasive Oral Sampling Technique for Zoonotic Pathogen Surveillance in Nonhuman Primates. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003813. [PMID: 26046911 PMCID: PMC4457869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Free-ranging nonhuman primates are frequent sources of zoonotic pathogens due to their physiologic similarity and in many tropical regions, close contact with humans. Many high-risk disease transmission interfaces have not been monitored for zoonotic pathogens due to difficulties inherent to invasive sampling of free-ranging wildlife. Non-invasive surveillance of nonhuman primates for pathogens with high potential for spillover into humans is therefore critical for understanding disease ecology of existing zoonotic pathogen burdens and identifying communities where zoonotic diseases are likely to emerge in the future. We developed a non-invasive oral sampling technique using ropes distributed to nonhuman primates to target viruses shed in the oral cavity, which through bite wounds and discarded food, could be transmitted to people. Optimization was performed by testing paired rope and oral swabs from laboratory colony rhesus macaques for rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) and simian foamy virus (SFV) and implementing the technique with free-ranging terrestrial and arboreal nonhuman primate species in Uganda and Nepal. Both ubiquitous DNA and RNA viruses, RhCMV and SFV, were detected in oral samples collected from ropes distributed to laboratory colony macaques and SFV was detected in free-ranging macaques and olive baboons. Our study describes a technique that can be used for disease surveillance in free-ranging nonhuman primates and, potentially, other wildlife species when invasive sampling techniques may not be feasible. Wild nonhuman primates are frequent sources of pathogens that could be transmitted to humans because they are closely genetically related and have intimate contact with humans in many parts of the world. Sampling primates to screen for zoonotic pathogens is logistically challenging because standard invasive sampling techniques, such as the collection of a blood sample or an oral swab, requires field anesthesia. This research describes a non-invasive oral sampling technique that involves distributing a rope for primates to chew on that can be retrieved and screened for pathogens. Oral samples were successfully collected from multiple wild primate species in remote field settings and viruses were detected in those samples. This non-invasive sampling method has the potential for future applications in disease studies examining primates as sources of diseases that could affect humans in remote tropical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tierra Smiley Evans
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Barry
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kirsten V. Gilardi
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Tracey Goldstein
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jesse D. Deere
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph Fike
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - JoAnn Yee
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | | | | | - Michael R. Cranfield
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - David Wolking
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Brett Smith
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jonna A. K. Mazet
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Christine K. Johnson
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bisson IA, Ssebide BJ, Marra PP. Early detection of emerging zoonotic diseases with animal morbidity and mortality monitoring. ECOHEALTH 2015; 12:98-103. [PMID: 25361853 PMCID: PMC7088161 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-014-0988-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Diseases transmitted between animals and people have made up more than 50% of emerging infectious diseases in humans over the last 60 years and have continued to arise in recent months. Yet, public health and animal disease surveillance programs continue to operate independently. Here, we assessed whether recent emerging zoonotic pathogens (n = 143) are known to cause morbidity or mortality in their animal host and if so, whether they were first detected with an animal morbidity/mortality event. We show that although sick or dead animals are often associated with these pathogens (52%), only 9% were first detected from an animal morbidity or mortality event prior to or concurrent with signs of illness in humans. We propose that an animal morbidity and mortality reporting program will improve detection and should be an essential component of early warning systems for zoonotic diseases. With the use of widespread low-cost technology, such a program could engage both the public and professionals and be easily tested and further incorporated as part of surveillance efforts by public health officials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle-Anne Bisson
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, PO Box 37012, MRC 5503, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gautret P, Blanton J, Dacheux L, Ribadeau-Dumas F, Brouqui P, Parola P, Esposito DH, Bourhy H. Rabies in nonhuman primates and potential for transmission to humans: a literature review and examination of selected French national data. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2863. [PMID: 24831694 PMCID: PMC4022521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nonhuman primate (NHP)-related injuries in rabies-enzootic countries is a public health problem of increasing importance. The aims of this work are to collect data concerning rabies transmission from NHPs to humans; to collate medical practices regarding rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) in different countries, and to provide an evidence base to support the decision to apply rabies PEP in this context. METHODOLOGY To retrieve information, we conducted a literature search from 1960 to January 2013. All reports of rabies in NHPs and rabies transmission to humans by infected NHPs were included. Also included were studies of travelers seeking care for rabies PEP in various settings. Data collected by the French National Reference Centre for Rabies concerning NHPs submitted for rabies diagnosis in France and human rabies exposure to NHPs in travelers returning to France were analyzed for the periods 1999-2012 and 1994-2011, respectively. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A total of 159 reports of rabies in NHPs have been retrieved from various sources in South America, Africa, and Asia, including 13 cases in animals imported to Europe and the US. 134 were laboratory confirmed cases. 25 cases of human rabies following NHP-related injuries were reported, including 20 from Brazil. Among more than 2000 international travelers from various settings, the proportion of injuries related to NHP exposures was about 31%. NHPs rank second, following dogs in most studies and first in studies conducted in travelers returning from Southeast Asia. In France, 15.6% of 1606 travelers seeking PEP for exposure to any animal were injured by monkeys. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Although less frequently reported in published literature than human rabies, confirmed rabies cases in NHPs occur. The occurrence of documented transmission of rabies from NHPs to human suggests that rabies PEP is indicated in patients injured by NHPs in rabies-enzootic countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Gautret
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, CHU Nord, Pôle Infectieux, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
| | - Jesse Blanton
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Laurent Dacheux
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Dynamique des lyssavirus et adaptation à l'hôte, National Reference Centre for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris, France
| | - Florence Ribadeau-Dumas
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Dynamique des lyssavirus et adaptation à l'hôte, National Reference Centre for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Brouqui
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, CHU Nord, Pôle Infectieux, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Parola
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, CHU Nord, Pôle Infectieux, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
| | - Douglas H. Esposito
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Dynamique des lyssavirus et adaptation à l'hôte, National Reference Centre for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Olival KJ, Hayman DTS. Filoviruses in bats: current knowledge and future directions. Viruses 2014; 6:1759-88. [PMID: 24747773 PMCID: PMC4014719 DOI: 10.3390/v6041759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Filoviruses, including Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus, pose significant threats to public health and species conservation by causing hemorrhagic fever outbreaks with high mortality rates. Since the first outbreak in 1967, their origins, natural history, and ecology remained elusive until recent studies linked them through molecular, serological, and virological studies to bats. We review the ecology, epidemiology, and natural history of these systems, drawing on examples from other bat-borne zoonoses, and highlight key areas for future research. We compare and contrast results from ecological and virological studies of bats and filoviruses with those of other systems. We also highlight how advanced methods, such as more recent serological assays, can be interlinked with flexible statistical methods and experimental studies to inform the field studies necessary to understand filovirus persistence in wildlife populations and cross-species transmission leading to outbreaks. We highlight the need for a more unified, global surveillance strategy for filoviruses in wildlife, and advocate for more integrated, multi-disciplinary approaches to understand dynamics in bat populations to ultimately mitigate or prevent potentially devastating disease outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Olival
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 W. 34th Street, New York, NY 10001, USA.
| | - David T S Hayman
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bogich TL, Anthony SJ, Nichols JD. Surveillance theory applied to virus detection: a case for targeted discovery. Future Virol 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.13.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Virus detection and mathematical modeling have gone through rapid developments in the past decade. Both offer new insights into the epidemiology of infectious disease and characterization of future risk; however, modeling has not yet been applied to designing the best surveillance strategies for viral and pathogen discovery. We review recent developments and propose methods to integrate viral and pathogen discovery and mathematical modeling through optimal surveillance theory, arguing for a more targeted approach to novel virus detection guided by the principles of adaptive management and structured decision-making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany L Bogich
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Princeton University, Dept of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Simon J Anthony
- Center for Infection & Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY, USA
- EcoHealth Alliance, 17th Floor, 460 West 34th Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - James D Nichols
- US Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|