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Musa AO, Faber SR, Forrest K, Smith KP, Sengupta S, López CB. Identification of distinct genotypes in circulating RSV A strains based on variants on the virus replication-associated genes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.22.590570. [PMID: 38712045 PMCID: PMC11071361 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.22.590570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus is a common cause of respiratory infection that often leads to hospitalization of infected younger children and older adults. RSV is classified into two strains, A and B, each with several subgroups or genotypes. One issue with the definition of these subgroups is the lack of a unified method of identification or genotyping. We propose that genotyping strategies based on the genes coding for replication-associated proteins could provide critical information on the replication capacity of the distinct subgroup, while clearly distinguishing genotypes. Here, we analyzed the virus replication-associated genes N, P, M2, and L from de novo assembled RSV A sequences obtained from 31 newly sequenced samples from hospitalized patients in Philadelphia and 78 additional publicly available sequences from different geographic locations within the US. In-depth analysis and annotation of the protein variants in L and the other replication-associated proteins N, P, M2-1, and M2-2 identified the polymerase protein L as a robust target for genotyping RSV subgroups. Importantly, our analysis revealed non-synonymous variations in L that were consistently accompanied by conserved changes in its co-factor P or the M2-2 protein, suggesting associations and interactions between specific domains of these proteins. These results highlight L as an alternative to other RSV genotyping targets and demonstrate the value of in-depth analyses and annotations of RSV sequences as it can serve as a foundation for subsequent in vitro and clinical studies on the efficiency of the polymerase and fitness of different virus isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulafiz O. Musa
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
- Center for Womeńs Infectious Diseases Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sydney R. Faber
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
- Center for Womeńs Infectious Diseases Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Forrest
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kenneth P. Smith
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Infectious Disease Diagnostics Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shaon Sengupta
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carolina B. López
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
- Center for Womeńs Infectious Diseases Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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Umar S, Yang R, Wang X, Liu Y, Ke P, Qin S. Molecular epidemiology and characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus among hospitalized children in Guangzhou, China. Virol J 2023; 20:272. [PMID: 37993935 PMCID: PMC10666375 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02227-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection and hospitalization, especially in children. Highly mutagenic nature and antigenic diversity enable the RSV to successfully survive in human population. We conducted a molecular epidemiological study during 2017-2021 to investigate the prevalence and genetic characteristics of RSV. METHODS A total of 6499 nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs were collected from hospitalized children at Department of Pediatrics, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. All NP swab specimens were preliminary screened for common respiratory viruses and then tested for RSV using specific PCR assays. Partial G genes of RSV were amplified for phylogenetic analysis and genetic characterization. RESULTS The overall detection rate for common respiratory viruses was 16.12% (1048/6499). Among those, 405 specimens (6.20%, 405/6499) were found positive for RSV. The monthly distribution of RSV and other respiratory viruses was variable, and the highest incidence was recorded in Autumn and Winter. Based on the sequencing of hypervariable region of G gene, 93 RSV sequences were sub-grouped into RSV-A (56, 60.2%) and RSV-B (37, 39.8%). There was no coinfection of RSV-A and RSV-B in the tested samples. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that RSV-A and RSV-B strains belonged to ON1 and BA9 genotypes respectively, indicating predominance of these genotypes in Guangzhou. Several substitutions were observed which may likely change the antigenicity and pathogenicity of RSV. Multiple glycosylation sites were noticed, demonstrating high selection pressure on these genotypes. CONCLUSION This study illustrated useful information about epidemiology, genetic characteristics, and circulating genotypes of RSV in Guangzhou China. Regular monitoring of the circulating strains of RSV in different parts of China could assist in the development of more effective vaccines and preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Umar
- Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences (DNAS), Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
| | - Rongyuan Yang
- Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinye Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yuntao Liu
- Emergency Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peifeng Ke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 111 Dade Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Sheng Qin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 111 Dade Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, China.
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Bimouhen A, Regragui Z, El Falaki F, Ihazmade H, Benkerroum S, Barakat A, Rguig A, Benamar T, Triki S, Bakri Y, Oumzil H. Circulation patterns and molecular epidemiology of human respiratory syncytial virus over five consecutive seasons in Morocco. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2023; 17:e13203. [PMID: 37859975 PMCID: PMC10582604 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the leading cause of respiratory tract infections in infants and young children. we investigated the prevalence and characteristics of HRSV in Morocco and explored trends in circulating genotypes through partial G gene analysis of HRSV strains prevalent from 2012 to 2017. Methods Respiratory samples were gathered from both outpatients and inpatients meeting ILI or SARI case definitions. The patients' ages varied from 1 month to 99 years old. Nucleic acids were extracted and HRSV type/subtype was detected by RT-qPCR. A subset of positive samples was randomly selected in each epidemic year, the complete viral genome was sequenced, phylogenetic analysis was performed using the MEGA7 program and the genotypes were confirmed. Results The 3679 specimens were collected from 2012 to 2017, of which 726 (19.7%) were positive for HRSV. The 35% (257/726) of HRSV-positives were of the HRSV-A subtype, while the HRSV-B subtype accounted for 61% (442/726). The co-infection rate was 3.7% (27/726). The virus circulates in a periodic pattern, where epidemics occur during the fall months through early spring. HRSV genotype was confirmed in 127 specimens (56 HRSV-A and 71 HRSV-B). Based on phylogenetic analysis, all HRSV-A were ON1 genotype, and HRSV-B were mostly BA9 genotype. HRSV-B belonging to the BA10 genotype was detected in 2012 exclusively. Conclusions BA9, BA10, and ON1 were the only HRSV genotypes detected between 2012 and 2017. Variations in the G gene amino acid chain were identified in local strains, which suggests an increased need for continuous genomic surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahman Bimouhen
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Faculty of SciencesMohammed V University in RabatRabatMorocco
- National Influenza Center, Virology DepartmentNational Institute of Hygiene, Ministry of HealthRabatMorocco
| | - Zakia Regragui
- National Influenza Center, Virology DepartmentNational Institute of Hygiene, Ministry of HealthRabatMorocco
| | - Fatima El Falaki
- National Influenza Center, Virology DepartmentNational Institute of Hygiene, Ministry of HealthRabatMorocco
| | - Hassan Ihazmade
- National Influenza Center, Virology DepartmentNational Institute of Hygiene, Ministry of HealthRabatMorocco
| | - Samira Benkerroum
- National Influenza Center, Virology DepartmentNational Institute of Hygiene, Ministry of HealthRabatMorocco
| | - Amal Barakat
- World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern MediterraneanCairoEgypt
| | - Ahmed Rguig
- Directorate of Epidemiology and Disease ControlMinistry of HealthRabatMorocco
| | - Touria Benamar
- Directorate of Epidemiology and Disease ControlMinistry of HealthRabatMorocco
| | - Soumia Triki
- World Health Organization Country Office of MoroccoRabatMorocco
| | - Youssef Bakri
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Faculty of SciencesMohammed V University in RabatRabatMorocco
- Center of human pathologies genomic, faculty of Medicine and PharmacyMohammed V university in RabatRabatMorocco
| | - Hicham Oumzil
- National Influenza Center, Virology DepartmentNational Institute of Hygiene, Ministry of HealthRabatMorocco
- Pedagogy and Research Unit of Microbiology, School of Medicine and PharmacyMohammed V University in RabatRabatMorocco
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Pangesti KNA, Ansari HR, Bayoumi A, Kesson AM, Hill-Cawthorne GA, Abd El Ghany M. Genomic characterization of respiratory syncytial virus genotypes circulating in the paediatric population of Sydney, NSW, Australia. Microb Genom 2023; 9:001095. [PMID: 37656160 PMCID: PMC10569731 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), or human orthopneumovirus, is a major cause of acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI), particularly in young children, causing significant morbidity and mortality. We used pathogen genomics to characterize the population structure and genetic signatures of RSV isolates circulating in children in New South Wales between 2016 and 2018 and to understand the evolutionary dynamics of these strains in the context of publicly available RSV genomes from the region and globally. Whole-genome phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the co-circulation of a few major RSV clades in the paediatric population from Sydney. The whole-genome-based genotypes A23 (RSV-A ON1-like genotype) and B6 (RSV-B BA9-like genotype) were the predominant RSV-A and RSV-B genotypes circulating during the study period, respectively. These genotypes were characterized with high levels of diversity of predicted N- and O-linked glycosylation patterns in both the G and F glycoproteins. Interestingly, a novel 72-nucleotide triplication in the sequence that corresponds to the C-terminal region of the G gene was identified in four of the A23 genotype sequenced in this study. Consistently, the population dynamics analysis demonstrated a continuous increase in the effective population size of A23 and B6 genotypes globally. Further investigations including functional mapping of mutations and identifying the impact of sequence changes on virus fitness are highly required. This study highlights the potential impact of an integrated approach that uses WG-based phylogeny and studying selective pressure events in understanding the emergence and dissemination of RSV genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisna N. A. Pangesti
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hifzur R. Ansari
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Bayoumi
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alison M. Kesson
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Grant A. Hill-Cawthorne
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Moataz Abd El Ghany
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- The Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Lee CY, Wu TH, Fang YP, Chang JC, Wang HC, Lin SJ, Mai CH, Chang YC. Impact of public health measures and new introducing variants on Respiratory syncytial virus recrudescence in Taiwan during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Clin Virol 2023; 166:105531. [PMID: 37473610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2023.105531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes clinically significant distress in children and adults. Non-pharmaceutical interventions against SARS-CoV-2 have affected the seasonal activity of common respiratory pathogens. This seems exceptionally true regarding RSV's seasonal circulation, hence we have investigated the changes in the epidemiology of RSV in Taiwan during the pandemic. MATERIALS A prospective surveillance of RSV among hospitalized children was carried out between 2020 and 2022 in central Taiwan. Of all PCR-detected RSV, genotype and evolutionary analysis were further investigated. Demographics and clinical features were compared between each outbreak. RESULTS Throughout the consecutive three years of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, RSV outbreaks took place in Taiwan first in 2020 and a second time in 2022. We enrolled 80 and 105 hospitalized child cases, in each surge respectively. The RSV G protein genomic analysis revealed that RSV ON1 and RSV BA9 were separately contributing to these two outbreaks, and evolutionary evidence indicated these RSV variants are new to Taiwan, with their own featured sets of mutations. Clinically, a shift in age of RSV infected children was found, but the clinical severity was not worse and remained independent of RSV genotype. CONCLUSIONS There were two delayed RSV surges after the relaxation of public measures during the pandemic in Taiwan, and both outbreaks were driven by new RSV genetic variants rather than cryptic circulation of the previous genetic clusters in Taiwan. These findings highlight the importance of continued surveillance on the trend and evolution of RSV after the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yi Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, No.6, Lugong Rd., Lukang Township, Changhua, Taiwan.
| | - Tsung Hua Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Yu Ping Fang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, No.6, Lugong Rd., Lukang Township, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Jih Chin Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, No.6, Lugong Rd., Lukang Township, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Hung Chun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, No.6, Lugong Rd., Lukang Township, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Shou Ju Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, No.6, Lugong Rd., Lukang Township, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chen Hao Mai
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, No.6, Lugong Rd., Lukang Township, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Yu Chuan Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, No.6, Lugong Rd., Lukang Township, Changhua, Taiwan
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Tramuto F, Maida CM, Mazzucco W, Costantino C, Amodio E, Sferlazza G, Previti A, Immordino P, Vitale F. Molecular Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Sicily during Pre- and Post-COVID-19 Surveillance Seasons. Pathogens 2023; 12:1099. [PMID: 37764907 PMCID: PMC10534943 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is an important pathogen of acute respiratory tract infection of global significance. In this study, we investigated the molecular epidemiology and the genetic variability of hRSV over seven surveillance seasons between 2015 and 2023 in Sicily, Italy. hRSV subgroups co-circulated through every season, although hRSV-B mostly prevailed. After the considerable reduction in the circulation of hRSV due to the widespread implementation of non-pharmaceutical preventive measures during the COVID-19 pandemic, hRSV rapidly re-emerged at a high intensity in 2022-2023. The G gene was sequenced for genotyping and analysis of deduced amino acids. A total of 128 hRSV-A and 179 hRSV-B G gene sequences were obtained. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the GA2.3.5a (ON1) and GB5.0.5a (BA9) genotypes were responsible for the hRSV epidemics in Sicily.; only one strain belonged to the genotype GB5.0.4a. No differences were observed in the circulating genotypes during pre- and post-pandemic years. Amino acid sequence alignment revealed the continuous evolution of the G gene, with a combination of amino acid changes specifically appearing in 2022-2023. The predicted N-glycosylation sites were relatively conserved in ON1 and BA9 genotype strains. Our findings augment the understanding and prediction of the seasonal evolution of hRSV at the local level and its implication in the monitoring of novel variants worth considering in better design of candidate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Tramuto
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties “G. D’Alessandro”—Hygiene Section, University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (C.M.M.); (W.M.); (C.C.); (E.A.); (P.I.); (F.V.)
- Regional Reference Laboratory for Molecular Surveillance of Influenza, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital “Paolo Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Carmelo Massimo Maida
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties “G. D’Alessandro”—Hygiene Section, University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (C.M.M.); (W.M.); (C.C.); (E.A.); (P.I.); (F.V.)
- Regional Reference Laboratory for Molecular Surveillance of Influenza, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital “Paolo Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Walter Mazzucco
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties “G. D’Alessandro”—Hygiene Section, University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (C.M.M.); (W.M.); (C.C.); (E.A.); (P.I.); (F.V.)
- Regional Reference Laboratory for Molecular Surveillance of Influenza, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital “Paolo Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Claudio Costantino
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties “G. D’Alessandro”—Hygiene Section, University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (C.M.M.); (W.M.); (C.C.); (E.A.); (P.I.); (F.V.)
- Regional Reference Laboratory for Molecular Surveillance of Influenza, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital “Paolo Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Emanuele Amodio
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties “G. D’Alessandro”—Hygiene Section, University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (C.M.M.); (W.M.); (C.C.); (E.A.); (P.I.); (F.V.)
| | - Giuseppe Sferlazza
- Regional Reference Laboratory for Molecular Surveillance of Influenza, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital “Paolo Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Adriana Previti
- Regional Reference Laboratory for Molecular Surveillance of Influenza, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital “Paolo Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Palmira Immordino
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties “G. D’Alessandro”—Hygiene Section, University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (C.M.M.); (W.M.); (C.C.); (E.A.); (P.I.); (F.V.)
| | - Francesco Vitale
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties “G. D’Alessandro”—Hygiene Section, University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy; (C.M.M.); (W.M.); (C.C.); (E.A.); (P.I.); (F.V.)
- Regional Reference Laboratory for Molecular Surveillance of Influenza, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital “Paolo Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (A.P.)
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Influence of Sex on Respiratory Syncytial Virus Genotype Infection Frequency and Nasopharyngeal Microbiome. J Virol 2023; 97:e0147222. [PMID: 36815771 PMCID: PMC10062153 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01472-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has a significant health burden in children, older adults, and the immunocompromised. However, limited effort has been made to identify emergence of new RSV genotypes' frequency of infection and how the combination of nasopharyngeal microbiome and viral genotypes impact RSV disease outcomes. In an observational cohort designed to capture the first infant RSV infection, we employed multi-omics approaches to sequence 349 RSV complete genomes and matched nasopharyngeal microbiomes, during which the 2012/2013 season was dominated by RSV-A, whereas 2013 and 2014 was dominated by RSV-B. We found non-G-72nt-duplicated RSV-A strains were more frequent in male infants (P = 0.02), whereas G-72nt-duplicated genotypes (which is ON1 lineage) were seen equally in both males and females. DESeq2 testing of the nasal microbiome showed Haemophilus was significantly more abundant in infants with RSV-A infection compared to infants with RSV-B infection (adjusted P = 0.002). In addition, the broad microbial clustering of the abundant genera was significantly associated with infant sex (P = 0.03). Overall, we show sex differences in infection by RSV genotype and host nasopharyngeal microbiome, suggesting an interaction between host genetics, virus genotype, and associated nasopharyngeal microbiome. IMPORTANCE Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of lower respiratory tract infections in young children and is responsible for high hospitalization rates and morbidity in infants and the elderly. To understand how the emergence of RSV viral genotypes and viral-respiratory microbiome interactions contribute to infection frequency and severity, we utilized an observational cohort designed to capture the first infant RSV infection we employed multi-omics approaches to sequence 349 RSV complete genomes and matched nasopharyngeal microbiomes. We found non-G-72nt-duplicated RSV-A genotypes were more frequent in male infants, whereas G-72nt-duplicated RSV-A strains (ON1 lineage) were seen equally in both males and females. Microbiome analysis show Haemophilus was significantly more abundant in infants with RSV-A compared to infants with RSV-B infection and the microbial clustering of the abundant genera was associated with infant sex. Overall, we show sex differences in RSV genotype-nasopharyngeal microbiome, suggesting an interaction host genetics-virus-microbiome interaction.
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Regassa BT, Gebrewold LA, Mekuria WT, Kassa NA. Molecular epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus in children with acute respiratory illnesses in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glob Health 2023; 13:04001. [PMID: 36637855 PMCID: PMC9840062 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.13.04001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common etiologic agent of acute respiratory illnesses in children. However, its burden has not been well addressed in developing countries. We aimed to estimate the molecular epidemiology of RSV in children less than 18 years of age with acute respiratory infections in Africa by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, and Global Index Medicus databases to identify studies published from January 1, 2002, to April 27, 2022, following the PRISMA 2020 guideline. We assessed the study quality using the Joanna Brigg's Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklists. We conducted a qualitative synthesis by describing the characteristics of included studies and performed the quantitative synthesis with random effects model using STATA-14. We checked for heterogeneity with Q statistics, quantified by I2, and determined the prediction interval. We performed subgroup analyses to explain the sources of heterogeneity and assessed publication biases by funnel plots augmented with Egger's test. Results Eighty-eight studies with 105 139 participants were included in the review. The overall pooled prevalence of RSV in children <18 years of age was 23% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 20, 25%). Considerable heterogeneity was present across the included studies. The adjusted prediction interval was found to be 19%-27%. Heterogeneities were explained by subgroups analyses. The highest prevalence of RSV was found among inpatients, 28% (95% CI = 25, 31%) compared with inpatients/outpatients and outpatients, with statistically significant differences (P < 0.01). The RSV estimate was also highest among those with acute lower respiratory tract illnesses (ALRTIs), 28% (95% CI = 25, 31%) compared with acute upper respiratory tract illnesses (AURTIs) and both acute upper/lower respiratory manifestations, with statistically different prevalence (P < 0.01). RSV infection estimates in each sub-region of Africa were statistically different (P < 0.01). There were no statistically significant differences in RSV infections by designs, specimen types, and specimen conditions, despite them contributing to heterogeneity. Conclusions We found a high prevalence of RSV in pediatric populations with acute respiratory tract illnesses in Africa, highlighting that the prevention and control of RSV infections in children deserve more attention. Registration PROSPERO CRD42022327054.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belay Tafa Regassa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ethiopia
| | - Lami Abebe Gebrewold
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ethiopia
| | - Wagi Tosisa Mekuria
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ethiopia
| | - Nega Assefa Kassa
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Ethiopia
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Cantú-Flores K, Rivera-Alfaro G, Muñoz-Escalante JC, Noyola DE. Global distribution of respiratory syncytial virus A and B infections: a systematic review. Pathog Glob Health 2022; 116:398-409. [PMID: 35156555 PMCID: PMC9518599 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2022.2038053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the main cause of severe respiratory infections in young children. The need for global epidemiologic data regarding RSV has been increasingly recognized. RSV A infections are reported more frequently than RSV B. Nonetheless, the temporal distribution of infections caused by both RSV groups has not been investigated globally. A systematic review was carried out regarding published studies on RSV A and B epidemiology, as well as RSV G gene ectodomain sequence data available at GenBank. A total of 76,668 [45,990 (60%) RSV A and 30,678 (40%) RSV B] positive samples from 83 countries were identified and included in the analysis. Genotype assignment was obtained in 5,340 RSV A and 2,518 RSV B sequences. Two patterns of RSV circulation were observed: continuous seasons with RSV A predominance and alternate predominance of RSV A and B. These patterns were observed in all regions, but the predominant RSV group seldom coincided in all continents during a given year or season. The most frequently identified RSV A genotype was NA1 (including ON1 viruses) (76.30%), and the most frequently identified RSV B genotype was BA (70.65%). Multiple genotypes circulated simultaneously throughout the evolutionary history of RSV, but genotype diversity decreased after the year 2000. The classification of RSV group and genotype is important for the development of vaccines, as well as to understand viral dynamics. This study displays the global and continental RSV circulation patterns from the first report of human RSV infection until the end of 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Cantú-Flores
- Microbiology Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Rivera-Alfaro
- Microbiology Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Muñoz-Escalante
- Microbiology Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Daniel E. Noyola
- Microbiology Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico,CONTACT Daniel E. Noyola Microbiology Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenida Venustiano Carranza 2405, San Luis Potosí78210, México
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10
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Valley‐Omar Z, Tempia S, Hellferscee O, Walaza S, Variava E, Dawood H, Kahn K, McMorrow M, Pretorius M, Mtshali S, Mamorobela E, Wolter N, Venter M, von Gottberg A, Cohen C, Treurnicht FK. Human respiratory syncytial virus diversity and epidemiology among patients hospitalized with severe respiratory illness in South Africa, 2012-2015. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2022; 16:222-235. [PMID: 34528769 PMCID: PMC8818822 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to describe the prevalence of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) and evaluate associations between HRSV subgroups and/or genotypes and epidemiologic characteristics and clinical outcomes in patients hospitalized with severe respiratory illness (SRI). METHODS Between January 2012 and December 2015, we enrolled patients of all ages admitted to two South African hospitals with SRI in prospective hospital-based syndromic surveillance. We collected respiratory specimens and clinical and epidemiological data. Unconditional random effect multivariable logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with HRSV infection. RESULTS HRSV was detected in 11.2% (772/6908) of enrolled patients of which 47.0% (363/772) were under the age of 6 months. There were no differences in clinical outcomes of HRSV subgroup A-infected patients compared with HRSV subgroup B-infected patients but among patients aged <5 years, children with HRSV subgroup A were more likely be coinfected with Streptococcus pneumoniae (23/208, 11.0% vs. 2/90, 2.0%; adjusted odds ratio 5.7). No significant associations of HRSV A genotypes NA1 and ON1 with specific clinical outcomes were observed. CONCLUSIONS While HRSV subgroup and genotype dominance shifted between seasons, we showed similar genotype diversity as noted worldwide. We found no association between clinical outcomes and HRSV subgroups or genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyaad Valley‐Omar
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory ServiceJohannesburgSouth Africa
- University of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Stefano Tempia
- Centers for Disease Control and PreventionPretoriaSouth Africa
- Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- MassGenicsDuluthGeorgiaUSA
- University of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Orienka Hellferscee
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory ServiceJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Sibongile Walaza
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory ServiceJohannesburgSouth Africa
- University of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | | | - Halima Dawood
- University of KwaZulu‐NatalKwaZulu‐NatalSouth Africa
- Greys hospitalPietermaritzburgSouth Africa
| | - Kathleen Kahn
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory ServiceJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Meredith McMorrow
- Centers for Disease Control and PreventionPretoriaSouth Africa
- Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Marthi Pretorius
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory ServiceJohannesburgSouth Africa
- Novartis Pharma AGBaselSwitzerland
| | - Senzo Mtshali
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory ServiceJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Ernest Mamorobela
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory ServiceJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Nicole Wolter
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory ServiceJohannesburgSouth Africa
- University of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Marietjie Venter
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory ServiceJohannesburgSouth Africa
- University of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Anne von Gottberg
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory ServiceJohannesburgSouth Africa
- University of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Cheryl Cohen
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory ServiceJohannesburgSouth Africa
- University of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Florette K. Treurnicht
- University of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic HospitalJohannesburgSouth Africa
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11
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Shen Z, Zhang Y, Li H, Du L. Rapid typing diagnosis and clinical analysis of subtypes A and B of human respiratory syncytial virus in children. Virol J 2022; 19:15. [PMID: 35062975 PMCID: PMC8781464 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01744-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the leading pathogens causing acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children under five years old. We aimed to investigate the distribution of HRSV subtypes and explore the relationship between viral subtypes and clinical symptoms and disease severity. Methods From November 2016 to April 2017, 541 children hospitalized because of ARI were included in the study. Throat swabs were collected for analysis and all samples were tested by multiplex one-step qRT-PCR for quantitative analysis and typing of HRSV. Patients’ demographics, clinical symptoms as well as laboratory and imaging results were retrieved from medical records. Results HRSV was detected in 19.6% of children hospitalized due to ARI. HRSV-positive children were younger (P < 0.001), had a higher frequency of wheezing and pulmonary rales (P < 0.001; P = 0.003), and were more likely to develop bronchopneumonia (P < 0.001). Interleukin (IL) 10、CD4/CD8 (below normal range) and C-reactive protein levels between subtypes A and B groups were significantly different (P = 0.037; P = 0.029; P = 0.007), and gender differences were evident. By age-stratified analysis between subtypes A and B, we found significant differences in fever frequency and lymphocyte ratio (P = 0.008; P = 0.03) in the 6–12 months age group, while the 12. 1–36 months age group showed significant differences in fever days and count of leukocytes, platelets, levels aspartate aminotransferase, IL-6, lactate dehydrogenase and proportion CD4 positive T cells(P = 0.013; P = 0.018; P = 0.016; P = 0.037; P = 0.049; P = 0.025; P = 0.04). We also found a positive correlation between viral load and wheezing days in subtype A (P < 0.05), and a negative correlation between age, monocyte percentage and LDH concentration in subtype B (P < 0.05). Conclusions HRSV is the main causative virus of bronchopneumonia in infants and children. The multiplex one-step qRT-PCR not only provides a rapid and effective diagnosis of HRSV infection, but also allows its typing. There were no significant differences in the severity of HRSV infection between subtypes A and B, except significant gender-specific and age-specific differences in some clinical characteristics and laboratory results. Knowing the viral load of HRSV infection can help understanding the clinical features of different subtypes of HRSV infection.
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12
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Wangui J, Nokes DJ, Mobegi VA, Otieno JR, Agoti CN, Ngeranwa JJN, Bulimo WD. Spatial-temporal distribution and sequence diversity of group a human respiratory syncytial viruses in Kenya preceding the emergence of ON1 genotype. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2021; 16:501-510. [PMID: 34962085 PMCID: PMC8983921 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a major cause of severe viral acute respiratory illness and contributes significantly to severe pneumonia cases in Africa. Little is known about its spatial–temporal distribution as defined by its genetic diversity. Methods A retrospective study conducted utilizing archived nasopharyngeal specimens from patients attending outpatient clinics in hospitals located in five demographically and climatically distinct regions of Kenya; Coast, Western, Highlands, Eastern and Nairobi. The viral total RNA was extracted and tested using multiplex real time RT‐PCR (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction). A segment of the G‐gene was amplified using one‐step RT‐PCR and sequenced by Sanger di‐deoxy method. Bayesian analysis of phylogeny was utilized and subsequently median joining methods for haplotype network reconstruction. Results Three genotypes of HRSVA were detected; GA5 (14.0%), GA2 (33.1%), and NA1 (52.9%). HRSVA prevalence varied by location from 33% to 13.2% in the Highlands and the Eastern regions respectively. The mean nucleotide diversity (Pi[π]) varied by genotype: highest of 0.018 for GA5 and lowest of 0.005 for NA1. A total of 58 haplotypes were identified (GA5 10; GA2 20; NA1 28). These haplotypes were introduced into the population locally by single haplotypes and additional subsidiary seeds amongst the GA2 and the NA1 haplotypes. Conclusions HRSVA was found across all the regions throughout the study period and comprised three genotypes; GA5, GA2, and NA1 genotypes. The genotypes were disproportionately distributed across the regions with GA5 gradually increasing toward the Western zones and decreasing toward the Eastern zones of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Wangui
- Department of Biochemistry, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.,Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - D James Nokes
- Department of Epidemiology and Demography, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.,School of Life Sciences and Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Victor A Mobegi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James R Otieno
- Department of Epidemiology and Demography, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Charles N Agoti
- Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Epidemiology and Demography, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Wallace D Bulimo
- Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
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13
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Huynh H, Levitz R, Huang R, Kahn JS. mTOR kinase is a therapeutic target for respiratory syncytial virus and coronaviruses. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24442. [PMID: 34952911 PMCID: PMC8709853 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03814-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic interventions targeting viral infections remain a significant challenge for both the medical and scientific communities. While specific antiviral agents have shown success as therapeutics, viral resistance inevitably develops, making many of these approaches ineffective. This inescapable obstacle warrants alternative approaches, such as the targeting of host cellular factors. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the major respiratory pathogen of infants and children worldwide, causes respiratory tract infection ranging from mild upper respiratory tract symptoms to severe life-threatening lower respiratory tract disease. Despite the fact that the molecular biology of the virus, which was originally discovered in 1956, is well described, there is no vaccine or effective antiviral treatment against RSV infection. Here, we demonstrate that targeting host factors, specifically, mTOR signaling, reduces RSV protein production and generation of infectious progeny virus. Further, we show that this approach can be generalizable as inhibition of mTOR kinases reduces coronavirus gene expression, mRNA transcription and protein production. Overall, defining virus replication-dependent host functions may be an effective means to combat viral infections, particularly in the absence of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- HoangDinh Huynh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Ruth Levitz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Research Administration Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Kahn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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14
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Robertson M, Eden JS, Levy A, Carter I, Tulloch RL, Cutmore EJ, Horsburgh BA, Sikazwe CT, Dwyer DE, Smith DW, Kok J. The spatial-temporal dynamics of respiratory syncytial virus infections across the east-west coasts of Australia during 2016-17. Virus Evol 2021; 7:veab068. [PMID: 34532066 PMCID: PMC8438877 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veab068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important human respiratory pathogen. In temperate regions, a distinct seasonality is observed, where peaks of infections typically occur in early winter, often preceding the annual influenza season. Infections are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality and in some populations exceed that of influenza. Two subtypes, RSV-A and RSV-B, have been described, and molecular epidemiological studies have shown that both viruses mostly co-circulate. This trend also appears to be the case for Australia; however, previous genomic studies have been limited to cases from one Eastern state—New South Wales. As such, the broader spatial patterns and viral traffic networks across the continent are not known. Here, we conducted a whole-genome study of RSV comparing strains across eastern and Western Australia during the period January 2016 to June 2017. In total, 96 new RSV genomes were sequenced, compiled with previously generated data, and examined using a phylodynamic approach. This analysis revealed that both RSV-A and RSV-B strains were circulating, and each subtype was dominated by a single genotype, RSV-A ON1-like and RSV-B BA10-like viruses. Some geographical clustering was evident in strains from both states with multiple distinct sub-lineages observed and relatively low mixing across jurisdictions, suggesting that endemic transmission was likely seeded from imported, unsampled locations. Overall, the RSV phylogenies reflected a complex pattern of interactions across multiple epidemiological scales from fluid virus traffic across global and regional networks to fine-scale local transmission events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Robertson
- NSW Health Pathology-Institute for Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Redbank Road, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - John-Sebastian Eden
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Avram Levy
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Hospital Ave, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ian Carter
- NSW Health Pathology-Institute for Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Redbank Road, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Rachel L Tulloch
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Elena J Cutmore
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Bethany A Horsburgh
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Chisha T Sikazwe
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Hospital Ave, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Dominic E Dwyer
- NSW Health Pathology-Institute for Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Redbank Road, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - David W Smith
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Hospital Ave, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jen Kok
- NSW Health Pathology-Institute for Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Redbank Road, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
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15
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Yu JM, Fu YH, Peng XL, Zheng YP, He JS. Genetic diversity and molecular evolution of human respiratory syncytial virus A and B. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12941. [PMID: 34155268 PMCID: PMC8217232 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92435-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial viruses (RSVs) are classified into two major groups (A and B) based on antigenic differences in the G glycoprotein. To investigate circulating characteristics and phylodynamic history of RSV, we analyzed the genetic variability and evolutionary pattern of RSVs from 1977 to 2019 in this study. The results revealed that there was no recombination event of intergroup. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were observed through the genome with the highest occurrence rate in the G gene. Five and six sites in G protein of RSV-A and RSV-B, respectively, were further identified with a strong positive selection. The mean evolutionary rates for RSV-A and -B were estimated to be 1.48 × 10–3 and 1.92 × 10–3 nucleotide substitutions/site/year, respectively. The Bayesian skyline plot showed a constant population size of RSV-A and a sharp expansion of population size of RSV-B since 2005, and an obvious decrease 5 years later, then became stable again. The total population size of RSVs showed a similar tendency to that of RSV-B. Time-scaled phylogeny suggested a temporal specificity of the RSV-genotypes. Monitoring nucleotide changes and analyzing evolution pattern for RSVs could give valuable insights for vaccine and therapy strategies against RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Mei Yu
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yuan-Hui Fu
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiang-Lei Peng
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yan-Peng Zheng
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Jin-Sheng He
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China.
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16
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Mann M, Brasier AR. Evolution of proteomics technologies for understanding respiratory syncytial virus pathogenesis. Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 18:379-394. [PMID: 34018899 PMCID: PMC8277732 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2021.1931130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major human pathogen associated with long term morbidity. RSV replication occurs primarily in the epithelium, producing a complex cellular response associated with acute inflammation and long-lived changes in pulmonary function and allergic disease. Proteomics approaches provide important insights into post-transcriptional regulatory processes including alterations in cellular complexes regulating the coordinated innate response and epigenome.Areas covered: Peer-reviewed proteomics studies of host responses to RSV infections and proteomics techniques were analyzed. Methodologies identified include 1)." bottom-up" discovery proteomics, 2). Organellar proteomics by LC-gel fractionation; 3). Dynamic changes in protein interaction networks by LC-MS; and 4). selective reaction monitoring MS. We introduce recent developments in single-cell proteomics, top-down mass spectrometry, and photo-cleavable surfactant chemistries that will have impact on understanding how RSV induces extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and airway remodeling.Expert opinion: RSV replication induces global changes in the cellular proteome, dynamic shifts in nuclear proteins, and remodeling of epigenetic regulatory complexes linked to the innate response. Pathways discovered by proteomics technologies have led to deeper mechanistic understanding of the roles of heat shock proteins, redox response, transcriptional elongation complex remodeling and ECM secretion remodeling in host responses to RSV infections and pathological sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Mann
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, USA
| | - Allan R Brasier
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (ICTR), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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17
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Hamza A, Shafat Z, Parray ZA, Hisamuddin M, Khan WH, Ahmed A, Almajhdi FN, Farrag MA, Mohammed AA, Islam A, Parveen S. Structural Characterization and Binding Studies of the Ectodomain G Protein of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Reveal the Crucial Role of pH with Possible Implications in Host-Pathogen Interactions. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:10403-10414. [PMID: 34056193 PMCID: PMC8153753 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading viral pathogen causing acute lower respiratory tract infection in children. The G protein of RSV is involved in attachment with the host cell. It is a neutralizing antigen and thus a vaccine candidate. Heparan sulfate is a type of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) present on the host cell membrane that is involved in attachment with the G protein of RSV. We describe a novel approach for efficient expression and purification of the ectodomain G protein in the prokaryotic system and its biophysical characterization. The native ectodomain G protein was purified using a two-step process by Ni-NTA and DEAE weak anion-exchange chromatography through the supernatant obtained after cell lysis. In addition, the denatured form of the protein was also purified from the solubilized inclusion bodies (IBs) by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography with a higher yield. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) was performed to confirm the homogeneity of the purified protein. The effect of pH on the stability and structure of the purified protein was studied by circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence, and absorbance spectroscopy techniques. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and microscale thermophoresis (MST) were exploited to demonstrate the interaction of heparan sulfate with the ectodomain G protein. The dynamic light scattering results showed that the purified protein was homogenic and had a well-folded native conformation. Biophysical characterization of the protein revealed that it was stable and had intact secondary and tertiary structures at pH 7.5. CD analysis revealed that the protein showed a loss in the secondary structure at pH values 5.5 and 3.5, while absorbance spectroscopy suggested a stable tertiary structure at pH values 7.5 and 5.5 with a probable aggregation pattern at pH 3.5. This loss in the structure of the ectodomain G protein at low pH can be correlated with its physiological activity. A slight change in pH might play a crucial role in host-pathogen interactions. The fluorescence intensity of the protein decreased on moving toward a lower pH with no spectral shift in emission maxima. In addition, isothermal titration calorimetry and microscale thermophoresis results showed strong binding affinity of the ectodomain G protein with heparan sulfate. The binding of heparan sulfate with protein was probably due to the electrostatic interaction of positively charged amino acid residues of the heparin-binding domain of the protein and the negatively charged group of GAGs. Future studies may involve the development of possible therapeutic agents interacting with the G protein and affecting the overall charge and pH that might hinder the host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Hamza
- Centre
for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Zoya Shafat
- Centre
for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Zahoor Ahmad Parray
- Centre
for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Malik Hisamuddin
- Interdisciplinary
Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Wajihul Hasan Khan
- Kusuma
School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute
of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Anwar Ahmed
- Centre
of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad N. Almajhdi
- Department
of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Centre
of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Farrag
- Department
of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arif Ahmed Mohammed
- Centre
of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre
for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Shama Parveen
- Centre
for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
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18
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Fall A, Elawar F, Hodcroft EB, Jallow MM, Toure CT, Barry MA, Kiori DE, Sy S, Diaw Y, Goudiaby D, Niang MN, Dia N. Genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics of respiratory syncytial virus over eleven consecutive years of surveillance in Senegal. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 91:104864. [PMID: 33866019 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amary Fall
- Virology Department, Institute Pasteur of Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Farah Elawar
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Emma B Hodcroft
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Mamadou Malado Jallow
- Virology Department, Institute Pasteur of Dakar, Senegal; University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Cheikh Talibouya Toure
- Virology Department, Institute Pasteur of Dakar, Senegal; University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Mamadou A Barry
- Unit Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Institute Pasteur of Dakar, Senegal.
| | | | - Sara Sy
- Virology Department, Institute Pasteur of Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Yague Diaw
- Virology Department, Institute Pasteur of Dakar, Senegal.
| | | | | | - Ndongo Dia
- Virology Department, Institute Pasteur of Dakar, Senegal.
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19
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Ihling CM, Schnitzler P, Heinrich N, Mangu C, Sudi L, Souares A, Gies S, Sié A, Coulibaly B, Ouédraogo AT, Mordmüller B, Held J, Adegnika AA, Fernandes JF, Eckerle I, May J, Hogan B, Eibach D, Tabatabai J. Molecular epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus in children in sub-Saharan Africa. Trop Med Int Health 2021; 26:810-822. [PMID: 33683751 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated the molecular epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) among febrile children with acute respiratory tract infection in Ghana, Gabon, Tanzania and Burkina Faso between 2014 and 2017 as well as the evolution and diversification of RSV strains from other sub-Saharan countries. METHODS Pharyngeal swabs were collected at four study sites (Agogo, Ghana: n = 490; Lambaréné, Gabon: n = 182; Mbeya, Tanzania: n = 293; Nouna, Burkina Faso: n = 115) and analysed for RSV and other respiratory viruses using rtPCR. For RSV-positive samples, sequence analysis of the second hypervariable region of the G gene was performed. A dataset of RSV strains from sub-Saharan Africa (2011-2017) currently available in GenBank was compiled. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted to identify the diversity of circulating RSV genotypes. RESULTS In total, 46 samples were tested RSV positive (Ghana n = 31 (6.3%), Gabon n = 4 (2.2%), Tanzania n = 9 (3.1%) and Burkina Faso n = 2 (1.7%)). The most common RSV co-infection was with rhinovirus. All RSV A strains clustered with genotype ON1 strains with a 72-nucleotide duplication and all RSV B strains belonged to genotype BAIX. Phylogenetic analysis of amino acid sequences from sub-Saharan Africa revealed the diversification into 11 different ON1 and 22 different BAIX lineages and differentiation of ON1 and BAIX strains into potential new sub-genotypes, provisionally named ON1-NGR, BAIX-KEN1, BAIX-KEN2 and BAIX-KEN3. CONCLUSION The study contributes to an improved understanding of the molecular epidemiology of RSV infection in sub-Saharan Africa. It provides the first phylogenetic data for RSV from Tanzania, Gabon and Burkina Faso and combines it with RSV strains from all other sub-Saharan countries currently available in GenBank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Marlene Ihling
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany.,Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital, University Hospital of the LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Paul Schnitzler
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Heinrich
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division for Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of the LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Chacha Mangu
- NIMR-Mbeya Medical Research Center, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Lwitiho Sudi
- NIMR-Mbeya Medical Research Center, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Aurélia Souares
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Gies
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ali Sié
- Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | - Benjamin Mordmüller
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany.,Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jana Held
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany.,Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ayola Akim Adegnika
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany.,Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - José F Fernandes
- Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Isabella Eckerle
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Geneva Center for Emerging Viral Diseases, University Hospitals of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Juergen May
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany.,Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Hogan
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany.,Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Eibach
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany.,Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Tabatabai
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany.,Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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20
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Krivitskaya V, Komissarova K, Pisareva M, Sverlova M, Fadeev A, Petrova E, Timonina V, Sominina A, Danilenko D. Respiratory Syncytial Virus G Protein Sequence Variability among Isolates from St. Petersburg, Russia, during the 2013-2014 Epidemic Season. Viruses 2021; 13:119. [PMID: 33477301 PMCID: PMC7830914 DOI: 10.3390/v13010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children. It is actively evolving under environmental and herd immunity influences. This work presents, for the first time, sequence variability analysis of RSV G gene and G protein using St. Petersburg (Russia) isolates. Viruses were isolated in a cell culture from the clinical samples of 61 children hospitalized (January-April 2014) with laboratory-confirmed RSV infection. Real-time RT-PCR data showed that 56 isolates (91.8%) belonged to RSV-A and 5 isolates (8.2%) belonged to RSV-B. The G genes were sequenced for 27 RSV-A isolates and all of them belonged to genotype ON1/GA2. Of these RSV-A, 77.8% belonged to the ON1(1.1) genetic sub-cluster, and 14.8% belonged to the ON1(1.2) sub-cluster. The ON1(1.3) sub-cluster constituted a minor group (3.7%). Many single-amino acid substitutions were identified in the G proteins of St. Petersburg isolates, compared with the Canadian ON1/GA2 reference virus (ON67-1210A). Most of the amino acid replacements were found in immunodominant B- and T-cell antigenic determinants of G protein. These may affect the antigenic characteristics of RSV and influence the host antiviral immune response to currently circulating viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Krivitskaya
- Department of Etiology and Epidemiology, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (V.K.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (A.F.); (E.P.); (A.S.); (D.D.)
| | - Kseniya Komissarova
- Department of Etiology and Epidemiology, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (V.K.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (A.F.); (E.P.); (A.S.); (D.D.)
| | - Maria Pisareva
- Department of Etiology and Epidemiology, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (V.K.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (A.F.); (E.P.); (A.S.); (D.D.)
| | - Maria Sverlova
- Department of Etiology and Epidemiology, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (V.K.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (A.F.); (E.P.); (A.S.); (D.D.)
| | - Artem Fadeev
- Department of Etiology and Epidemiology, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (V.K.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (A.F.); (E.P.); (A.S.); (D.D.)
| | - Ekaterina Petrova
- Department of Etiology and Epidemiology, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (V.K.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (A.F.); (E.P.); (A.S.); (D.D.)
| | - Veronika Timonina
- Children’s City Hospital of St. Olga, 194017 Saint-Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Anna Sominina
- Department of Etiology and Epidemiology, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (V.K.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (A.F.); (E.P.); (A.S.); (D.D.)
| | - Daria Danilenko
- Department of Etiology and Epidemiology, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (V.K.); (M.P.); (M.S.); (A.F.); (E.P.); (A.S.); (D.D.)
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21
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Malekshahi SS, Samieipour Y, Rahbarimanesh AA, Izadi A, Ghavami N, Razaghipour S, Naseri M, Mokhtari-Azad T, Salimi V. Genetic characterization of G protein in respiratory syncytial virus ON-1 genotype in Tehran. Future Virol 2020. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aim: We investigated the genetic characterization of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) ON-1 genotypes and their different lineages based on the G gene among children <2 years of age presenting with acute respiratory tract infections in Tehran, Iran. Materials & methods: A phylogenetic tree from the Iranian samples and ON-1 strains of various parts of the world were constructed. The amino acid composition of the RSV G protein of the ON-1 genotype was mapped. Results: Human RSV ON-1 genotypes from the Iranian samples clustered in three lineages. The most common amino acid substitutions were as follows: X218Q, I240S, L289P, Y304H and L310P. Conclusion: Continuing molecular epidemiological surveys in other regions of Iran will provide deeper insight into the nature of this replacement of the dominant RSV genotype from GA2 to ON-1 in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yazdan Samieipour
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Anahita Izadi
- Bahrami Children Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Ghavami
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Razaghipour
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Naseri
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Talat Mokhtari-Azad
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Jerbi A, Fodha I, Ben Hamida-Rebai M, Ben Hadj Fredj M, Ataoui I, Bennour H, Abroug S, Khlifa M, Mathlouthi J, Mahdhaoui N, Boussetta K, Trabelsi A. Molecular characterization of respiratory syncytial virus circulating in Tunisia between 2015 and 2018. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:1203-1212. [PMID: 32755531 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most frequently identified viral agent in children with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). No data are available to date regarding RSV genotypes circulating in Tunisia.Aim. The aim of the present study was to investigate the genetic variability of the glycoprotein G gene in Tunisian RSV strains.Methodology. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from infants hospitalized for LRTI in five Tunisian hospitals. All specimens were screened for RSV by a direct immunofluorescence assay (DIFA). To molecularly characterize Tunisian RSV strains, a phylogenetic analysis was conducted. Randomly selected positive samples were subjected to reverse transcription PCR amplifying the second hyper-variable region (HVR2) of the G gene.Results. Among a total of 1417 samples collected between 2015 and 2018, 394 (27.8 %) were positive for RSV by DIFA. Analysis of 61 randomly selected RSV strains revealed that group A RSV (78.7 %) predominated during the period of study as compared to group B RSV (21.3 %). The phylogenetic analysis showed that two genotypes of RSV-A were co-circulating: the ON1 genotype with a 72-nt duplication in HVR2 of the G gene was predominant (98.0 % of RSV-A strains), while one RSV-A strain clustered with the NA1 genotype (2.0 %). Concerning Tunisian group B RSV strains, all sequences contained a 60-nt insertion in HVR2 and a clustered BA10 genotype.Conclusion. These data suggest that RSV-A genotype ON1 and RSV-B genotype BA10, both with duplications in the G gene, were widely circulating in the Central coastal region of Tunisia between 2015 and 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Jerbi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Research Laboratory for Epidemiology and Immunogenetics of Viral Infections (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Imene Fodha
- Research Laboratory for Epidemiology and Immunogenetics of Viral Infections (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Meriam Ben Hamida-Rebai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Research Laboratory for Epidemiology and Immunogenetics of Viral Infections (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Ben Hadj Fredj
- Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Kairouan, Kairouan, Tunisia.,Research Laboratory for Epidemiology and Immunogenetics of Viral Infections (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Imene Ataoui
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Research Laboratory for Epidemiology and Immunogenetics of Viral Infections (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Haifa Bennour
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Research Laboratory for Epidemiology and Immunogenetics of Viral Infections (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Saoussen Abroug
- Pediatric Unit, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Monia Khlifa
- Pediatric Unit, Regional Hospital of Msaken, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Jihen Mathlouthi
- Neonatology Unit, University Hospital Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Nabiha Mahdhaoui
- Neonatology Unit, University Hospital Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Khedija Boussetta
- Paediatrics B Department, Children's Hospital of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Abdelhalim Trabelsi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Research Laboratory for Epidemiology and Immunogenetics of Viral Infections (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
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23
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Razanajatovo Rahombanjanahary NH, Rybkina K, Randriambolamanantsoa TH, Razafimanjato H, Heraud JM. Genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus circulated in Antananarivo, Madagascar, from 2011 to 2017: Predominance of ON1 and BA9 genotypes. J Clin Virol 2020; 129:104506. [PMID: 32585620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus is the main cause of acute respiratory infections leading to a considerable morbidity and mortality among under-5 years children. A comprehensive scheme of RSV virus evolution is of great value in implementing effective universal RSV vaccine. OBJECTIVE We investigated the clinical spectrum and molecular characteristics of detected RSV over a period of seven years (January 2011 to June 2017) in Antananarivo, the capital city of Madagascar. STUDY DESIGN 671 nasopharyngeal samples taken from children aged less than 5 years suffered from ARI were screened for RSV by real-time PCR. Clinical data were retrieved from case report forms. Genotype identification was performed by reverse-transcription PCR and sequencing of the second hyper variable region (HVR2) of the G glycoprotein. RESULTS Amongst samples tested, 292 (43.5 %) were found positive for RSV. RSV A predominated during the study period which accounted for 62.3 % (182/292) of positive samples while RSV B represented 37.0 % (108/292). Phylogenetic analyses identified NA1 and ON1 genotypes among RSV A. Though NA1 widespread from 2011 to 2013, ON1 became prevalent during the following years. Among RSV B, THB, CB1 and BA9 genotypes were detected. A co-circulation of THB and CB1 strains occurred during the 2011 season that was substituted by the BA9 from 2012. Malagasy ON1 strains carried some characteristic amino acid substitutions that distinguish them from the worldwide ON1 strains. By analyzing clinical spectrum, ON1 and BA genotypes seemed to prevail in mild infections compared to NA1. CONCLUSION Results obtained here will have its implication in predicting temporal evolution of RSV at the local level. Considering the insularity of the country, information obtained should help in comparative analysis with global RSV strains to optimize vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ksenia Rybkina
- National Influenza Center, Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - Helisoa Razafimanjato
- National Influenza Center, Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Jean-Michel Heraud
- National Influenza Center, Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
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24
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Preliminary functional and phylogeographic analyses of the 72 nucleotide duplication region in the emerging human respiratory syncytial virus ON1 strain attachment glycoprotein gene. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 123:109800. [PMID: 31901716 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) ON1 strain, which is characterized by a 72-nt duplication in the attachment glycoprotein (G) gene, has replaced other prevailing global genotypes since its discovery in 2012. In this study, we used the pseudotype lentiviral system to directly address the effect of the duplication on hRSV infection. In addition, representative 199 ON1 sequences selected from 2599 ON1 sequences that were downloaded from GenBank were used to perform Bayesian skyline and phylogeographic analyses. Our results showed that lentiviral pseudoparticles mimicked the key functions of the G-protein on hRSV cell entry. Further, we showed that deletion of the G-protein duplication decreased the efficiency of pLV infection. The mean substitution rate of the second mucin-like highly variable region for the ON1 G-protein gene was 2.14 × 10-3 (95 % HPD: 1.23 × 10-3, 3.08 × 10-3) nucleotide substitutions per site per year. Phylogeographic analyses showed that the ON1 isolates might originate from Europe at the time of MRCA (i.e., the most recent common ancestors), which dated back to 1998.3 (95 % HPD: 1989.2, 2005.2). These preliminary findings revealed the enhanced attachment function of the duplication region in the ON1 G gene and highlighted the importance of ongoing surveillance of ON1 to better understand the molecular epidemiology of hRSV.
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25
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Al-Hassinah S, Parveen S, Somily AM, AlSaadi MM, Alamery SF, Haq SH, Alsenaidy HA, Ahmed A. Evolutionary analysis of the ON1 genotype of subtype a respiratory syncytial virus in Riyadh during 2008-16. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 79:104153. [PMID: 31881360 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus is a leading cause of acute respiratory tract infection (ARI) in children worldwide. Limited information is available on molecular epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) from Saudi Arabia. An attempt was made to identify and characterize RSV strains in nasopharyngeal aspirates collected from hospitalized symptomatic ARI pediatric patients with <5 years of age from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia during 2016. All the samples (n = 100) were tested for RSV by real time PCR. The RSV strains were characterized by sequencing of the second hypervariable region of G protein gene. The study sequences along with the previously reported strains from Saudi Arabia were assessed for mutational, glycosylation, phylogenetic, selection pressure and entropy analyses. Fifty percent of the nasopharyngeal aspirates were positive for RSV. The RSVA (72%) predominated as compared to RSVB (24%) during the study. The study RSVA strains (n = 29) clustered into NA1 and ON1 genotypes whereas all the RSVB sequences (n = 5) were in BA genotype by phylogenetic analysis. Interestingly, 97% of RSVA sequences (n =28) clustered into ON1 genotype with 72 bp duplication in the G protein gene. Numerous mutations, variable N-/O-glycosylation sites and purifying selections were observed in the ON1 genotype. Positive selection with high entropy value was observed for three codons in ON1 (247, 262 and 274 amino acids) indicating higher probability of variations at these positions. Our study shows the progressive emergence and predominance of the ON1 genotype in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia during 2008-16. ON1 genotype almost replaced the previously circulating RSVA strains in this region during this period. Contribution of host genetic and immune factors towards disease severity of the ON1 genotype needs to be investigated in future studies. RSV surveillance in future elaborate investigations are needed in this region to understand its disease burden, evolutionary trajectory and circulation dynamics warranting steps towards vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Al-Hassinah
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shama Parveen
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Ali M Somily
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muslim Mohammed AlSaadi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salman Fareeh Alamery
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Centre of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samina Haider Haq
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Anwar Ahmed
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Centre of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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26
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Muñoz-Escalante JC, Comas-García A, Bernal-Silva S, Robles-Espinoza CD, Gómez-Leal G, Noyola DE. Respiratory syncytial virus A genotype classification based on systematic intergenotypic and intragenotypic sequence analysis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20097. [PMID: 31882808 PMCID: PMC6934736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56552-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections, is classified in two major groups (A and B) with multiple genotypes within them. Continuous changes in spatiotemporal distribution of RSV genotypes have been recorded since the identification of this virus. However, there are no established criteria for genotype definition, which affects the understanding of viral evolution, immunity, and development of vaccines. We conducted a phylogenetic analysis of 4,353 RSV-A G gene ectodomain sequences, and used 1,103 complete genome sequences to analyze the totallity of RSV-A genes. Intra- and intergenotype p-distance analysis and identification of molecular markers associated to specific genotypes were performed. Our results indicate that previously reported genotypes can be classified into nine distinct genotypes: GA1-GA7, SAA1, and NA1. We propose the analysis of the G gene ectodomain with a wide set of reference sequences of all genotypes for an accurate genotype identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Muñoz-Escalante
- Microbiology Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Andreu Comas-García
- Microbiology Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
- Center for Research in Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Sofía Bernal-Silva
- Microbiology Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
- Center for Research in Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | | | - Guillermo Gómez-Leal
- Microbiology Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Daniel E Noyola
- Microbiology Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
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27
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Farrag MA, Amer HM, Aziz IM, Alsaleh AN, Almajhdi FN. The emergence of subgenotype ON-1 of Human orthopneumovirus type A in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A new episode of the virus epidemiological dynamic. J Med Virol 2019; 92:1133-1140. [PMID: 31777964 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Lower respiratory tract infections caused by Human orthopneumovirus are still a threat to the pediatric population worldwide. To date, the molecular epidemiology of the virus in Saudi Arabia has not been adequately charted. In this study, a total of 205 nasopharyngeal aspirate samples were collected from hospitalized children with lower respiratory tract symptoms during the winter seasons of 2014/15 and 2015/16. Human orthopneumovirus was detected in 89 (43.4%) samples, of which 56 (27.3%) were positive for type A and 33 (16.1%) were positive for type B viruses. The fragment that spans the two hypervariable regions (HVR1 and HVR2) of the G gene of Human orthopneumovirus A was amplified and sequenced. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses have revealed a genotype shift from NA1 to ON-1, which was prevalent during the winter seasons of 2007/08 and 2008/09. Based on the intergenotypic p-distance values, ON-1 was reclassified as a subgenotype of the most predominant genotype GA2. Three conserved N-glycosylation sites were observed in the HVR2 of Saudi ON-1 strains. The presence of a 23 amino acid duplicated region in ON-1 strains resulted in a higher number of O-glycosylation sites as compared to other genotypes. The data presented in this report outlined the replacement of NA1 and NA2 subgenotypes in Saudi Arabia with ON-1 within 7 to 8 years. The continuous evolution of Human orthopneumovirus through point mutations and nucleotide duplication may explain its ability to cause recurrent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Farrag
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haitham M Amer
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M Aziz
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma N Alsaleh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad N Almajhdi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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28
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Streng A, Goettler D, Haerlein M, Lehmann L, Ulrich K, Prifert C, Krempl C, Weißbrich B, Liese JG. Spread and clinical severity of respiratory syncytial virus A genotype ON1 in Germany, 2011-2017. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:613. [PMID: 31299924 PMCID: PMC6624929 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4266-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) A genotype ON1, which was first detected in Ontario (Canada) in 2010/11, appeared in Germany in 2011/12. Preliminary observations suggested a higher clinical severity in children infected with this new genotype. We investigated spread and disease severity of RSV-A ON1 in pediatric in- and outpatient settings. Methods During 2010/11 to 2016/17, clinical characteristics and respiratory samples from children with acute respiratory tract infections (RTI) were obtained from ongoing surveillance studies in 33 pediatric practices (PP), one pediatric hospital ward (PW) and 23 pediatric intensive care units (PICU) in Germany. RSV was detected in the respiratory samples by PCR; genotypes were identified by sequencing. Within each setting, clinical severity markers were compared between RSV-A ON1 and RSV-A non-ON1 genotypes. Results A total of 603 children with RSV-RTI were included (132 children in PP, 288 in PW, and 183 in PICU). Of these children, 341 (56.6%) were infected with RSV-A, 235 (39.0%) with RSV-B, and one child (0.2%) with both RSV-A and RSV-B; in 26 (4.3%) children, the subtype could not be identified. In the 341 RSV-A positive samples, genotype ON1 was detected in 247 (72.4%), NA1 in 92 (26.9%), and GA5 in 2 children (0.6%). RSV-A ON1, rarely observed in 2011/12, was the predominant RSV-A genotype in all settings by 2012/13 and remained predominant until 2016/17. Children in PP or PW infected with RSV-A ON1 did not show a more severe clinical course of disease compared with RSV-A non-ON1 infections. In the PICU group, hospital stay was one day longer (median 8 days, inter-quartile range (IQR) 7–12 vs. 7 days, IQR 5–9; p = 0.02) and duration of oxygen treatment two days longer (median 6 days, IQR 4–9 vs. 4 days, IQR 2–6; p = 0.03) for children infected with RSV-A ON1. Conclusions In children, RSV-A ON1 largely replaced RSV-A non-ON1 genotypes within two seasons and remained the predominant RSV-A genotype in Germany during subsequent seasons. A higher clinical severity of RSV-A ON1 was observed within the group of children receiving PICU treatment, whereas in other settings clinical severity of RSV-A ON1 and non-ON1 genotypes was largely similar. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-019-4266-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Streng
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - David Goettler
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Haerlein
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Lehmann
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Ulrich
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Prifert
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christine Krempl
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Weißbrich
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johannes G Liese
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany
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A Contemporary View of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Biology and Strain-Specific Differences. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8020067. [PMID: 31117229 PMCID: PMC6631838 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8020067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a human respiratory pathogen which remains a leading viral cause of hospitalizations and mortality among infants in their first year of life. Here, we review the biology of RSV, the primary laboratory isolates or strains which have been used to best characterize the virus since its discovery in 1956, and discuss the implications for genetic and functional variations between the established laboratory strains and the recently identified clinical isolates.
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30
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Malekshahi SS, Razaghipour S, Samieipoor Y, Hashemi FB, Manesh AAR, Izadi A, Faghihloo E, Ghavami N, Mokhtari-Azad T, Salimi V. Molecular characterization of the glycoprotein and fusion protein in human respiratory syncytial virus subgroup A: Emergence of ON-1 genotype in Iran. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 71:166-178. [PMID: 30946992 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
HRSV is a principle cause of infant hospitalization, childhood wheezing and a common pathogen in the elderly. Limited information exists regarding HRSV genotypes in Iran. In order to better understand HRSV strain diversity, we performed an in-depth evaluation of the genetic variability of the HRSV F protein detected in children under two years of age that, presented with acute respiratory symptoms during 2015-2016 in Tehran. A total of 180 nasopharyngeal swabs were evaluated. The HRSV positive samples were genotyped for G and F gene sequences using RT-PCR and sequencing methods. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using the neighbor-joining and maximum likelihood methods. Genetic and antigenic characteristics of the F gene, nucleotide and amino acids in significant positions and immune system binding regions, as well as the p-distance, positive/negative selection site, linear epitopes and glycosylation sites were investigated in all selected sequences. Among the 83 HRSV positive samples, the Fifty-five cases were successfully sequenced. All of them were classified as subgroup A and belonged to the ON-1 genotype, which possessed 72-nt duplication in the G gene. This study is the first report on the emergence of ON-1 in Iran. ON-1 Iranian sequences clustered in three lineages according to virus fusion (F) gene variations. F gene sequence analysis showed that all genetic changes in the isolates from Iran were base substitutions and no deletion/insertions were identified. The low dN/dS ratio and lack of positively selected sites showed that the fusion genes found in the strains from Iran are not under host selective pressure. Continuing and long-term molecular epidemiological surveys for early detection of circulating and newly emerging genotypes are necessary to gain a better understanding of their epidemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaghayegh Razaghipour
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yazdan Samieipoor
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad B Hashemi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Anahita Izadi
- Bahrami Children Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Faghihloo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Ghavami
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Talat Mokhtari-Azad
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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31
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Persistence and continuous evolution of the human respiratory syncytial virus in northern Taiwan for two decades. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4704. [PMID: 30886248 PMCID: PMC6423049 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41332-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to characterize the molecular epidemiology, phylogenetic relationship, and population dynamics of the G protein gene in clinical respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) strains isolated from northern Taiwan. We analyzed a total of 160 and 116 G protein gene sequences of RSV-A and RSV-B representative strains, respectively, from 804 clinical viral stocks collected between July 2000 and June 2016. Population dynamic patterns of the RSV G protein gene were analyzed using Bayesian inference through the Markov chain Monte Carlo framework. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that RSV-A from Taiwan could be categorized into GA2, GA5, and GA7 lineages. GA2 of RSV-A could be further divided into NA1, NA2, NA4, and ON1 clades. These RSV-A lineages has been replaced over time, whereas RSV-B strains from Taiwan continually evolved from a single lineage with significant time-dependent waves. Four putative positive selection sites were observed in both RSV-A and RSV-B. The Bayesian skyline plot revealed that the local population dynamics of RSV were associated with lineage displacement events. Both circulating subtypes and population dynamics represented a unique local pattern. Our results affirm the necessity of continuing molecular surveillance of RSV to attain a more comprehensive understanding of epidemics.
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32
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Xing Y, Proesmans M. New therapies for acute RSV infections: where are we? Eur J Pediatr 2019; 178:131-138. [PMID: 30610420 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-018-03310-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is one of the main causes of infant hospitalization and mortality. The single-stranded RNA virus codes for 11 proteins of which the F protein, a surface epitope responsible for RSV fusion, is the most targeted for developing antiviral medicines and vaccines. The peak of symptoms occurs around day 4 to 6 of illness and the airway obstruction is merely caused by the host immune inflammatory response. Risk factors for severe bronchiolitis are prematurity, comorbidity, and/or being immunocompromised. At present, there are no curative therapies available for RSV infections and treatment is supportive only. Development of new antiviral medicines is however promising. The aim of this review is to give a summary of the most important new antiviral therapies in clinical development for RSV infection and to explain their mode of action. We therefore performed a literature search on this topic.Conclusion: There are currently at least eight antivirals being investigated in clinical trials. They all use different approaches to either focus on preventing viral fusion with host cells or inhibiting virus replication. Some target RSV surface epitopes like the F protein to halt fusion, others aim for RNA chain termination, while small interfering RNAs downregulate viral protein production. What is known: • RSV bronchiolitis is a very important pediatric disease as it is one of the main causes of infant hospitalization and mortality. By the age of 2 years, 95% of all the infants worldwide will have been infected. • The only recommended therapy is supportive since there are no existing curative therapies yet. What this study adds: • This review gives an overview of the current progress in the research field of RSV antivirals with background information on their mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xing
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Organ Systems, Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marijke Proesmans
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, University Hospital Leuven, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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33
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Kenmoe S, Bigna JJ, Well EA, Simo FBN, Penlap VB, Vabret A, Njouom R. Prevalence of human respiratory syncytial virus infection in people with acute respiratory tract infections in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2018; 12:793-803. [PMID: 29908103 PMCID: PMC6185896 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The epidemiology of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) infection has not yet been systematically investigated in Africa. This systematic review and meta-analysis are to estimate the prevalence of HRSV infections in people with acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) in Africa. METHOD We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Africa Journal Online, and Global Index Medicus to identify observational studies published from January 1, 2000, to August 1, 2017. We used a random-effects model to estimate the prevalence across studies. Heterogeneity (I2 ) was assessed via the chi-square test on Cochran's Q statistic. Review registration: PROSPERO CRD42017076352. RESULTS A total of 67 studies (154 000 participants) were included. Sixty (90%), seven (10%), and no studies had low, moderate, and high risk of bias, respectively. The prevalence of HRSV infection varied widely (range 0.4%-60.4%). The pooled prevalence was 14.6% (95% CI 13.0-16.4, I2 = 98.8%). The prevalence was higher in children (18.5%; 95% CI 15.8-21.5) compared to adults (4.0%; 95% CI 2.2-6.1) and in people with severe respiratory tract infections (17.9%; 95% CI 15.8-20.1) compared to those with benign forms (9.4%; 95% CI 7.4-11.5); P-values <0.0001. The HRSV prevalence was not associated with sex, subregion in Africa, setting, altitude, latitude, longitude, and seasonality. CONCLUSION This study suggests a high prevalence of HRSV in people with ARTI in Africa, particularly among children and people with severe clinical form. All innovative strategies to curb the burden should first focus on children which present the highest HRSV-related burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Kenmoe
- Department of VirologyNational Influenza CenterCentre Pasteur of CameroonYaoundéCameroon
| | - Jean Joel Bigna
- Department of Epidemiology and Public HealthNational Influenza CenterCentre Pasteur of CameroonYaoundéCameroon
- School of Public HealthFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Paris SudLe Kremlin‐BicêtreFrance
| | | | - Fredy Brice N. Simo
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of SciencesUniversity of Yaoundé 1YaoundéCameroon
| | - Véronique B. Penlap
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of SciencesUniversity of Yaoundé 1YaoundéCameroon
| | - Astrid Vabret
- Normandie UniversitéCaenFrance
- Groupe de Recherche sur l'Adaptation Microbienne (GRAM)Université de CaenCaenFrance
- Laboratoire de VirologieCentre Hospitalo‐Universitaire de CaenCaenFrance
| | - Richard Njouom
- Department of VirologyNational Influenza CenterCentre Pasteur of CameroonYaoundéCameroon
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34
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Tracing the emerging genotypes of human respiratory syncytial virus in Beijing by evolution analysis of the attachment glycoprotein (G) gene. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 65:18-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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35
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Bigna JJ, Kenmoe S, Well EA, Simo FBN, Penlap VB, Vabret A, Njouom R. Contemporaneous data on the prevalence of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus infection in people with acute respiratory tract infections in Africa (2000-2017). Data Brief 2018; 20:940-947. [PMID: 30225305 PMCID: PMC6138983 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Availability of accurate data on the burden of the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (HRSV) can help to implement better strategies to curb this burden in Africa continent among people with acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI). We summarize here available contemporaneous data published from January 1, 2000 to August 31, 2017 on the prevalence of HSRV infection among people with ARTI in the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Joel Bigna
- National Influenza Center, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, 451 Rue 2005, P.O. Box 1274, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Sebastien Kenmoe
- National Influenza Center, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, 451 Rue 2005, P.O. Box 1274, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Estelle Amandine Well
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 1364, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Fredy Brice N. Simo
- National Influenza Center, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, 451 Rue 2005, P.O. Box 1274, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Véronique B. Penlap
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Astrid Vabret
- Normandie Université, 14032 Caen, France
- Université de Caen, Groupe de Recherche sur l’Adaptation Microbienne (GRAM), F-14000 Caen, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Caen, F-14033 Caen, France
| | - Richard Njouom
- National Influenza Center, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon, 451 Rue 2005, P.O. Box 1274, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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36
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Otieno JR, Kamau EM, Oketch JW, Ngoi JM, Gichuki AM, Binter Š, Otieno GP, Ngama M, Agoti CN, Cane PA, Kellam P, Cotten M, Lemey P, Nokes DJ. Whole genome analysis of local Kenyan and global sequences unravels the epidemiological and molecular evolutionary dynamics of RSV genotype ON1 strains. Virus Evol 2018; 4:vey027. [PMID: 30271623 PMCID: PMC6153471 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vey027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) group A variant with the 72-nucleotide duplication in the G gene, genotype ON1, was first detected in Kilifi in 2012 and has almost completely replaced circulating genotype GA2 strains. This replacement suggests some fitness advantage of ON1 over the GA2 viruses in Kilifi, and might be accompanied by important genomic substitutions in ON1 viruses. Close observation of such a new virus genotype introduction over time provides an opportunity to better understand the transmission and evolutionary dynamics of the pathogen. We have generated and analysed 184 RSV-A whole-genome sequences (WGSs) from Kilifi (Kenya) collected between 2011 and 2016, the first ON1 genomes from Africa and the largest collection globally from a single location. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that RSV-A circulation in this coastal Kenya location is characterized by multiple introductions of viral lineages from diverse origins but with varied success in local transmission. We identified signature amino acid substitutions between ON1 and GA2 viruses’ surface proteins (G and F), polymerase (L), and matrix M2-1 proteins, some of which were positively selected, and thereby provide an enhanced picture of RSV-A diversity. Furthermore, five of the eleven RSV open reading frames (ORFs) (G, F, L, N, and P) formed distinct phylogenetic clusters for the two genotypes. This might suggest that coding regions outside of the most frequently studied G ORF also play a role in the adaptation of RSV to host populations, with the alternative possibility that some of the substitutions are neutral and provide no selective advantage. Our analysis provides insight into the epidemiological processes that define RSV spread, highlights the genetic substitutions that characterize emerging strains, and demonstrates the utility of large-scale WGS in molecular epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Otieno
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya
| | - E M Kamau
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya
| | - J W Oketch
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya
| | - J M Ngoi
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya
| | - A M Gichuki
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Š Binter
- Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge,UK.,Kymab Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - G P Otieno
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya
| | - M Ngama
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya
| | - C N Agoti
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - P A Cane
- High Containment Microbiology, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - P Kellam
- Kymab Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M Cotten
- Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge,UK.,Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P Lemey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - D J Nokes
- Epidemiology and Demography Department, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya.,School of Life Sciences and Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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37
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Otieno JR, Kamau EM, Agoti CN, Lewa C, Otieno G, Bett A, Ngama M, Cane PA, Nokes DJ. Spread and Evolution of Respiratory Syncytial Virus A Genotype ON1, Coastal Kenya, 2010-2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:264-271. [PMID: 28098528 PMCID: PMC5324789 DOI: 10.3201/eid2302.161149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In February 2012, the novel respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) group A, genotype ON1, was detected in Kilifi County, coastal Kenya. ON1 is characterized by a 72-nt duplication within the highly variable G gene (encoding the immunogenic attachment surface protein). Cases were diagnosed through surveillance of pneumonia in children at the county hospital. Analysis of epidemiologic, clinical, and sequence data of RSV-A viruses detected over 5 RSV seasons (2010/2011 to 2014/2015) indicated the following: 1) replacement of previously circulating genotype GA2 ON1, 2) an abrupt expansion in the number of ON1 variants detected in the 2014/2015 epidemic, 3) recently accumulation of amino acid substitutions within the ON1 duplicated sequence, and 4) no clear evidence of altered pathogenicity relative to GA2. The study demonstrates the public health importance of molecular surveillance in defining the spread, clinical effects, and evolution of novel respiratory virus variants.
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38
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Pangesti KNA, Abd El Ghany M, Walsh MG, Kesson AM, Hill-Cawthorne GA. Molecular epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus. Rev Med Virol 2018; 28. [PMID: 29377415 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of viral acute respiratory tract infections in young children. The virus is characterised by distinct seasonality that is dependent upon the latitude and its ability to cause reinfection. Respiratory syncytial virus demonstrates a complex molecular epidemiology pattern as multiple strains and/or genotypes cocirculate during a single epidemic. Previous studies have investigated the relationship between RSV genetic diversity, reinfection, and clinical features. Here, we review the evidence behind this relationship together with the impact that the advancement of whole genome sequencing will have upon our understanding and the need for reconsidering the classification of RSV genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moataz Abd El Ghany
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael G Walsh
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alison M Kesson
- Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Grant A Hill-Cawthorne
- School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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39
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Hibino A, Saito R, Taniguchi K, Zaraket H, Shobugawa Y, Matsui T, Suzuki H. Molecular epidemiology of human respiratory syncytial virus among children in Japan during three seasons and hospitalization risk of genotype ON1. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192085. [PMID: 29377949 PMCID: PMC5788364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the genetic diversity, the circulation patterns, and risk for hospital admission of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) strains in Japan between 2012 through 2015. During the study period, 744 HRSV-positive cases were identified by rapid diagnostic test. Of these, 572 samples were positive by real-time PCR; 400 (69.9%) were HRSV-A, and 172 (30.1%) were HRSV-B. HRSV-A and -B alternated as the dominant strain in the subsequent seasons. Phylogenetic tree analysis of the second hyper-variable region of the G protein classified the HRSV-A specimens into NA1 (n = 242) and ON1 (n = 114) genotypes and the HRSV-B specimens into BA9 (n = 60), and BA10 (n = 27). The ON1 genotype, containing a 72-nucleotide duplication in the G protein’s second hyper-variable region, was first detected in the 2012–2013 season but it predominated and replaced the older NA1 HRSV-A in the 2014–2015 season, which also coincided with a record number of HRSV cases reported to the National Infectious Disease Surveillance in Japan. The risk of hospitalization was 6.9 times higher for the ON1 genotype compared to NA1. In conclusion, our data showed that the emergence and predominance of the relatively new ON1 genotype in Japan was associated with a record high number of cases and increased risk for hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinobu Hibino
- Division of International Health (Public Health), Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Reiko Saito
- Division of International Health (Public Health), Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Hassan Zaraket
- Division of International Health (Public Health), Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Yugo Shobugawa
- Division of International Health (Public Health), Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tamano Matsui
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- School of Nursing, Niigata Seiryo University, Niigata, Japan
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40
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Comas-García A, Noyola DE, Cadena-Mota S, Rico-Hernández M, Bernal-Silva S. Respiratory Syncytial Virus-A ON1 Genotype Emergence in Central Mexico in 2009 and Evidence of Multiple Duplication Events. J Infect Dis 2018; 217:1089-1098. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel E Noyola
- Microbiology Department, Facultad de Medicina, San Luis Potosí, México
| | | | | | - Sofía Bernal-Silva
- Microbiology Department, Facultad de Medicina, San Luis Potosí, México
- Research Center for Health Sciences and Biomedicine, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
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41
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Genetic diversity of human respiratory syncytial virus circulating among children in Ibadan, Nigeria. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191494. [PMID: 29360861 PMCID: PMC5779668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the most common viral cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in infants and young children however, without an effective vaccine licensed for human use till date. Information on the circulating genotypes of HRSV from regions with high-burden of infection is vital in the global efforts towards the development of protective vaccine. We report here the genotypes of HRSV circulating among children in Ibadan, the first of such from Nigeria.Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs collected from 231 children presenting with respiratory infections in some health facilities for care as well as those attending immunization centers for routine vaccination in Ibadan, Nigeria were used for the study. The 2nd hypervariable (HVR2) region of the glycoprotein (G) gene of HRSV was amplified and sequenced using HRSV group specific primers. HRSV was detected in 41 out of the 231 samples. Thirty-three of the isolates were successfully subtyped(22 subtype A and 11 subtype B). Fourteen of the subtype A and all the subtype B were successfully sequenced and genotyped. Phylogenetic analysis showed that genotype ON1 with 72 nucleotide (nt) duplication was the major subgroup A virus (11 of 14) detected together with genotype NA2. All the HRSV subtype B detected belong to the BA genotype with characteristic 60nt duplication. The ON1 genotypes vary considerably from the prototype strain due to amino acid substitutions including T292I which has not been reported elsewhere. The NA2 genotypes have mutations on four antigenic sites within the HVR2relative to the prototype A2. In conclusion, three genotypes of HRSV were found circulating in Ibadan, Nigeria. Additional study that will include isolates from other parts of the country will be done to determine the extent of genotype diversity of HRSV circulating in Nigeria.
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Hashimoto K, Hosoya M. Neutralizing epitopes of RSV and palivizumab resistance in Japan. Fukushima J Med Sci 2017; 63:127-134. [PMID: 28867684 PMCID: PMC5792496 DOI: 10.5387/fms.2017-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is one of the most important viral pathogen related to acute lower respiratory infection in young children. The virus surface envelope contains the G, F, and SH proteins as spike proteins. The F protein is considered to be a major antigenic target for the neutralizing (NT) epitope as only the F protein is essential for cell infection among the three viral envelope proteins, and it is more highly conserved than the G protein. Recently, four antigenic targets related to NT activity have been reported;site I, site II, site IV, and site zero (0). Site II is the target for palivizumab used throughout the world to suppress severe RSV infection as passive immunity in high-risk children since 1998. Under the recent conditions in which indications for palivizumab administered subjects are being expanded, palivizumab-resistant mutations have been confirmed overseas in children with RSV infection, although they remain infrequent. Therefore, continuous genetic analysis of the palivizumab-binding region of the F protein is necessary. In addition, as vaccine development progresses, RSV infection control is expected to improve greatly over the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Hashimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University
| | - Mitsuaki Hosoya
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University
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Trento A, Rodríguez-Fernández R, González-Sánchez MI, González-Martínez F, Mas V, Vázquez M, Palomo C, Melero JA. The Complexity of Antibody Responses Elicited against the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Glycoproteins in Hospitalized Children Younger than 2 Years. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2301. [PMID: 29213258 PMCID: PMC5702767 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of age and maternal antibodies on the antibody responses to human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) glycoproteins in very young children has been a matter of controversy. Both, immaturity of the immune system at very early age and suppression of the host immune response by high level of maternal antibodies have been claimed to limit the host antibody response to virus infection and to jeopardize the use of hRSV vaccines under development in that age group. Hence, the antibody responses to the two major hRSV glycoproteins (F and G) were evaluated in children younger than 2 years, hospitalized with laboratory confirmed hRSV bronchiolitis. A strong negative correlation was found between the titre of circulating ELISA antibodies directed against either prefusion or postfusion F in the acute phase, but not age, and their fold change at convalescence. These changes correlated also with the level of circulating neutralizing antibodies in sera. As reported in adults, most neutralizing antibodies in a subset of tested sera could not be depleted with postfusion F, suggesting that they were mostly directed against prefusion-specific epitopes. In contrast, a weak negative association was found for group-specific anti-G antibodies in the acute phase and their fold change at convalescence only after correcting for the antigenic group of the infecting virus. In addition, large discrepancies were observed in some individuals between the antibody responses specific for F and G glycoproteins. These results illustrate the complexity of the anti-hRSV antibody responses in children experiencing a primary severe infection and the influence of preexisting maternal antibodies on the host response, factors that should influence hRSV serological studies as well as vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonsina Trento
- Unidad de Biología Viral, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Rodríguez-Fernández
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón - CIBEREHD, Madrid, Spain
| | - María I González-Sánchez
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón - CIBEREHD, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe González-Martínez
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón - CIBEREHD, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Mas
- Unidad de Biología Viral, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Vázquez
- Unidad de Biología Viral, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Palomo
- Unidad de Biología Viral, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Melero
- Unidad de Biología Viral, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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44
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Korsun N, Angelova S, Tzotcheva I, Georgieva I, Lazova S, Parina S, Alexiev I, Perenovska P. Prevalence and genetic characterisation of respiratory syncytial viruses circulating in Bulgaria during the 2014/15 and 2015/16 winter seasons. Pathog Glob Health 2017; 111:351-361. [PMID: 28948867 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2017.1375708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory illnesses (ARI) in infants and young children. The objectives of this study were to investigate the RSV circulation among children aged <5 years in Bulgaria, to identify the RSV-A and RSV-B genotypes and to perform an amino acid sequence analysis of second hypervariable region (HVR2) of the G gene. During the 2014/15 and 2015/16 winter seasons, nasopharyngeal specimens of 610 children aged <5 years with ARI were tested using Real Time RT-PCR for influenza viruses, RSV, metapneumovirus, parainfluenza viruses, rhinoviruses and adenoviruses. Viral respiratory pathogens were detected in 429 (70%) out of 610 patients examined and RSV was the most frequently identified virus (26%) followed by influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus (14%) (p < .05). RSV was the most prevalent pathogen in patients with bronchiolitis (48%) and pneumonia (38%). In the 2014/15 season, RSV-A dominated slightly (53%), while in the next season RSV-B viruses prevailed more strongly (66%). The phylogenetic analysis based on the G gene indicated that all 21 studied RSV-A strains belonged to the ON1 genotype; the vast majority (96%) of the RSV-B strains were classified into BA9 genotype and only one - into BA10 genotype. All Bulgarian RSV-A and RSV-B sequences contained a 72-nt and a 60-nt duplication in the HVR2, respectively. The study showed the leading role of this pathogen as a causative agent of serious respiratory illnesses in early childhood, year-on-year fluctuations in RSV incidence, a shift from RSV-A to RSV-B subgroup dominance and relatively low genetic divergence in the circulating strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neli Korsun
- a Department of Virology , National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Svetla Angelova
- a Department of Virology , National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Iren Tzotcheva
- b Paediatric clinic , University Hospital Alexandrovska, Medical University , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Irina Georgieva
- a Department of Virology , National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Snezhina Lazova
- b Paediatric clinic , University Hospital Alexandrovska, Medical University , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Snezhana Parina
- b Paediatric clinic , University Hospital Alexandrovska, Medical University , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Ivaylo Alexiev
- a Department of Virology , National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Penka Perenovska
- b Paediatric clinic , University Hospital Alexandrovska, Medical University , Sofia , Bulgaria
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45
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A Virological and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Emergence of New Clades of Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12232. [PMID: 28947776 PMCID: PMC5612963 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The significant burden of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) in pediatric and elderly populations is well recognized. However, questions remain about transmission and evolution of RSV in the community, between seasons, and the role played by viral genetics in viral replication. Therefore, we integrated next generation sequencing, patient viral load, and viral replication analysis with surveillance of RSV to initiate a better understanding of viral adaptation in communities. RSV type-A and B infections were most closely related to RSV sequences from the USA and Asia, respectfully. The sample titres between RSV types-A and B were not significantly different. However, when the patient sample titre was compared to the phylogenetics of RSV, emergent clades were identified that we termed High Titre (HiT) clades of RSV. In conclusion, the correlation between patient viral load and replication kinetics of RSV patient isolates in culture indicated that viral genetics may determine virus replicative ability within patients. There was evolution or introduction of high-titre RSV type-A and B infections that seeded HiT clades in the subsequent year. Therefore, virological analysis of RSV isolates in conjunction with RSV phylogenetics may be a tool for predicting new clades of RSV in impending seasons.
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Infection, Detection, and New Options for Prevention and Treatment. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 30:277-319. [PMID: 27903593 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00010-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a significant cause of hospitalization of children in North America and one of the leading causes of death of infants less than 1 year of age worldwide, second only to malaria. Despite its global impact on human health, there are relatively few therapeutic options available to prevent or treat RSV infection. Paradoxically, there is a very large volume of information that is constantly being refined on RSV replication, the mechanisms of RSV-induced pathology, and community transmission. Compounding the burden of acute RSV infections is the exacerbation of preexisting chronic airway diseases and the chronic sequelae of RSV infection. A mechanistic link is even starting to emerge between asthma and those who suffer severe RSV infection early in childhood. In this article, we discuss developments in the understanding of RSV replication, pathogenesis, diagnostics, and therapeutics. We attempt to reconcile the large body of information on RSV and why after many clinical trials there is still no efficacious RSV vaccine and few therapeutics.
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Vandini S, Biagi C, Lanari M. Respiratory Syncytial Virus: The Influence of Serotype and Genotype Variability on Clinical Course of Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081717. [PMID: 28783078 PMCID: PMC5578107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) belongs to the recently defined Pneumoviridae family, Orthopneumovirus genus. It is the leading cause of acute bronchiolitis and one of the most common causes of infant viral death worldwide, with infection typically occurring as recurrent seasonal epidemics. There are two major RSV subtypes, A and B, and multiple genotypes, which can coexist during RSV epidemic season every year and result in different disease severity. Recently, new RSV genomic sequences and analysis of RSV genotypes have provided important data for understanding RSV pathogenesis. Novel RSV strains do spread rapidly and widely, and a knowledge of viral strain-specific phenotypes may be important in order to include the more virulent strains in future therapeutical options and vaccine development. Here we summarize recent literature exploring genetic and molecular aspects related to RSV infection, their impact on the clinical course of the disease and their potential utility in the development of safe and effective preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Vandini
- Pediatrics and Neonatology Unit, Imola Hospital, 40026 Imola, Italy.
| | - Carlotta Biagi
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Marcello Lanari
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
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48
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Co-Circulation of 72bp Duplication Group A and 60bp Duplication Group B Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Strains in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia during 2014. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166145. [PMID: 27835664 PMCID: PMC5106011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important viral pathogen of acute respiratory tract infection (ARI). Limited data are available on molecular epidemiology of RSV from Saudi Arabia. A total of 130 nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from children less than 5 years of age with ARI symptoms attending the Emergency Department at King Khalid University Hospital and King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia between October and December, 2014. RSV was identified in the 26% of the hospitalized children by reverse transcriptase PCR. Group A RSV (77%) predominated during the study as compared to group B RSV (23%). The phylogenetic analysis of 28 study strains clustered group A RSV in NA1 and ON1 genotypes and group B viruses in BA (BA9) genotype. Interestingly, 26% of the positive samples clustered in genotypes with duplication in the G protein gene (ON1 for group A and BA for group B). Both the genotypes showed enhanced O-linked glycosylation in the duplicated region, with 10 and 2 additional sites in ON1 and BA respectively. Selection pressure analysis revealed purifying selection in both the ON1 and BA genotypes. One codon each in the ON1 (position 274) and BA genotypes (position 219) were positively selected and had high entropy values indicating variations at these amino acid positions. This is the first report describing the presence of ON1 genotype and the first report on co-circulation of two different genotypes of RSV with duplication in the G protein gene from Saudi Arabia. The clinical implications of the simultaneous occurrence of genotypes with duplication in G protein gene in a given population especially in the concurrent infections should be investigated in future. Further, the ongoing surveillance of RSV in this region will reveal the evolutionary trajectory of these two genotypes with duplication in G protein gene from largest country in the Middle East.
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Yoshihara K, Le MN, Nagasawa K, Tsukagoshi H, Nguyen HA, Toizumi M, Moriuchi H, Hashizume M, Ariyoshi K, Dang DA, Kimura H, Yoshida LM. Molecular evolution of respiratory syncytial virus subgroup A genotype NA1 and ON1 attachment glycoprotein (G) gene in central Vietnam. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016; 45:437-446. [PMID: 27746294 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We performed molecular evolutionary analyses of the G gene C-terminal 3rd hypervariable region of RSV-A genotypes NA1 and ON1 strains from the paediatric acute respiratory infection patients in central Vietnam during the 2010-2012 study period. Time-scaled phylogenetic analyses were performed using Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method, and pairwise distances (p-distances) were calculated. Bayesian Skyline Plot (BSP) was constructed to analyze the time-trend relative genetic diversity of central Vietnam RSV-A strains. We also estimated the N-glycosylation sites within G gene hypervariable region. Amino acid substitutions under positive and negative selection pressure were examined using Conservative Single Likelihood Ancestor Counting (SLAC), Fixed Effects Likelihood (FEL), Internal Fixed Effects Likelihood (IFEL) and Mixed Effects Model for Episodic Diversifying Selection (MEME) models. The majority of central Vietnam ON1 strains detected in 2012 were classified into lineage 1 with few positively selected substitutions. As for the Vietnamese NA1 strains, four lineages were circulating during the study period with a few positive selection sites. Shifting patterns of the predominantly circulating NA1 lineage were observed in each year during the investigation period. Median p-distance of central Vietnam NA1 strains was wider (p-distance=0.028) than that of ON1 (p-distance=0.012). The molecular evolutionary rate of central Vietnam ON1 strains was estimated to be 2.55×10-2 (substitutions/site/year) and was faster than NA1 (7.12×10-3 (substitutions/site/year)). Interestingly, the evolutionary rates of both genotypes ON1 and NA1 strains from central Vietnam were faster than the global strains respectively. Furthermore, the shifts of N-glycosylation pattern within the G gene 3rd hypervariable region of Vietnamese NA1 strains were observed in each year. BSP analysis indicated the rapid growth of RSV-A effective population size in early 2012. These results suggested that the molecular evolution of RSV-A G gene detected in central Vietnam was fast with unique evolutionary dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yoshihara
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Minh Nhat Le
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Koo Nagasawa
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsukagoshi
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0052, Japan
| | - Hien Anh Nguyen
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Michiko Toizumi
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Moriuchi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Department of Paediatrics, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki 852-8102, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hashizume
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Koya Ariyoshi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Duc Anh Dang
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Lay-Myint Yoshida
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
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Calderón A, Pozo F, Calvo C, García-García M, González-Esguevillas M, Molinero M, Casas I. Genetic variability of respiratory syncytial virus A in hospitalized children in the last five consecutive winter seasons in Central Spain. J Med Virol 2016; 89:767-774. [PMID: 27696460 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus group A (RSV-A) was detected in symptomatic hospital attended children in Central Spain for a continuous time period, September 2010 to April 2015. In order to accurately describe the epidemiology of this virus, the genetic diversity of the complete G gene and the clinical manifestations observed were jointly analyzed. Out of 3,011 respiratory specimens taken from 2,308 children, 640 were positive to RSV (21.3%) and 405 were RSV-A (63.2%). Complete G gene sequences of 166 randomly selected RSV-A virus identified NA1 and ON1 genotypes. In 2011-2012, ON1 emerged sporadically and become dominant in 2012-2013 with 38 cases (70%). In 2014-2015, all the 44 sequences contained the 72-nt duplication (100%). Clinical diagnosis of children with ON1 genotype were bronchiolitis in 55 (62.5%), recurrent wheezing or asthma exacerbations in 22 (25%), laryngotracheobronchitis in 3 (3.4%), and upper respiratory tract infections in eight. Results showed replacement and substitution of circulating NA1 genotype with the new ON1 genotype. Nevertheless, at this stage, none of the RSV-A genotypes identified have resulted in significant clinical differences. The amino acid composition of the complete G gene ON1 sequences demonstrated an accumulation of single changes not related with different clinical presentation. J. Med. Virol. 89:767-774, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Calderón
- Respiratory Virus and Influenza Unit, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Pozo
- Respiratory Virus and Influenza Unit, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Mónica González-Esguevillas
- Respiratory Virus and Influenza Unit, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Molinero
- Respiratory Virus and Influenza Unit, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Casas
- Respiratory Virus and Influenza Unit, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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