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Bariselli S, Mateo Y, Reuveni N, Lovinger DM. Gestational ethanol exposure impairs motor skills in female mice through dysregulated striatal dopamine and acetylcholine function. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:1808-1820. [PMID: 37188849 PMCID: PMC10579353 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01594-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Fetal alcohol exposure has deleterious consequences on the motor skills of patients affected by Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) and in pre-clinical models of gestational ethanol exposure (GEE). Deficits in striatal cholinergic interneurons (CINs) and dopamine function impair action learning and execution, yet the effects of GEE on acetylcholine (ACh) and striatal dopamine release remain unexplored. Here, we report that alcohol exposure during the first ten postnatal days (GEEP0-P10), which mimics ethanol consumption during the last gestational trimester in humans, induces sex-specific anatomical and motor skill deficits in female mice during adulthood. Consistent with these behavioral impairments, we observed increased stimulus evoked-dopamine levels in the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) of GEEP0-P10 female, but not male, mice. Further experiments revealed sex-specific deficits in β2-containing nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR)-modulation of electrically evoked dopamine release. Moreover, we found a reduced decay of ACh transients and a decreased excitability of striatal CINs in DLS of GEEP0-P10 females, indicating striatal CIN dysfunctions. Finally, the administration of varenicline, a β2-containing nAChR partial agonist, and chemogenetic-mediated increase in CIN activity improved motor performance in adult GEEP0-P10 females. Altogether, these data shed new light on GEE-induced striatal deficits and establish potential pharmacological and circuit-specific interventions to ameliorate motor symptoms of FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Bariselli
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience (LIN), NIH-NIAAA, 5625 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Yolanda Mateo
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience (LIN), NIH-NIAAA, 5625 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Noa Reuveni
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience (LIN), NIH-NIAAA, 5625 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - David M Lovinger
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience (LIN), NIH-NIAAA, 5625 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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2
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Nadwa EH, Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Elekhnawy E, Albogami SM, Alorabi M, Batiha GES, De Waard M. Cholinergic dysfunction in COVID-19: frantic search and hoping for the best. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:453-468. [PMID: 36460816 PMCID: PMC9735034 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02346-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
A novel coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a potential cause of acute respiratory infection called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The binding of SARS-CoV-2 with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) induces a series of inflammatory cellular events with cytopathic effects leading to cell injury and hyperinflammation. Severe SARS-CoV-2 infection may lead to dysautonomia and sympathetic storm due to dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Therefore, this review aimed to elucidate the critical role of the cholinergic system (CS) in SARS-CoV-2 infection. The CS forms a multi-faceted network performing diverse functions in the body due to its distribution in the neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Acetylcholine (ACh) acts on two main types of receptors which are nicotinic receptors (NRs) and muscarinic receptors (MRs). NRs induce T cell anergy with impairment of antigen-mediated signal transduction. Nicotine through activation of T cell NRs inhibits the expression and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines. NRs play important anti-inflammatory effects while MRs promote inflammation by inducing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. SARS-CoV-2 infection can affect the morphological and functional stability of CS through the disruption of cholinergic receptors. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is similar to neurotoxins, which can bind to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) in the ANS and brain. Therefore, cholinergic receptors mainly nAChR and related cholinergic agonists may affect the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cholinergic dysfunction in COVID-19 is due to dysregulation of nAChR by SARS-CoV-2 promoting the central sympathetic drive with the development of the sympathetic storm. As well, nAChR activators through interaction with diverse signaling pathways can reduce the risk of inflammatory disorders in COVID-19. In addition, nAChR activators may mitigate endothelial dysfunction (ED), oxidative stress (OS), and associated coagulopathy in COVID-19. Similarly, nAChR activators may improve OS, inflammatory changes, and cytokine storm in COVID-19. Therefore, nAChR activators like varenicline in virtue of its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects with direct anti-SARS-CoV-2 effect could be effective in the management of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Hassan Nadwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakakah, 72345 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12613 Egypt
| | - Hayder M. Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, 14132 Iraq
| | - Ali I. Al-Gareeb
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, 14132 Iraq
| | - Engy Elekhnawy
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527 Egypt
| | - Sarah M. Albogami
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alorabi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944 Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511 Al Beheira Egypt
| | - Michel De Waard
- Smartox Biotechnology, 6 Rue Des Platanes, 38120 Saint-Egrève, France
- L’Institut du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV NANTES, 44007 Nantes, France
- LabEx “Ion Channels, Science & Therapeutics”, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France
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3
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Wu WL, Wen ZY, Qian JJ, Zou JP, Liu SM, Yang S, Qin T, Yang Q, Liu YH, Liu WW, Wang J, Shi LY, Shi DH. Design, synthesis, characterization and evaluation of 1,3,5-triazine-benzimidazole hybrids as multifunctional acetylcholinesterases inhibitors. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Saleh MAA, Bloemberg JS, Elassaiss-Schaap J, de Lange ECM. Drug Distribution in Brain and Cerebrospinal Fluids in Relation to IC 50 Values in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease, Using the Physiologically Based LeiCNS-PK3.0 Model. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1303-1319. [PMID: 35606598 PMCID: PMC9246802 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03281-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Very little knowledge exists on the impact of Alzheimer’s disease on the CNS target site pharmacokinetics (PK). Aim To predict the CNS PK of cognitively healthy young and elderly and of Alzheimer’s patients using the physiologically based LeiCNS-PK3.0 model. Methods LeiCNS-PK3.0 was used to predict the PK profiles in brain extracellular (brainECF) and intracellular (brainICF) fluids and cerebrospinal fluid of the subarachnoid space (CSFSAS) of donepezil, galantamine, memantine, rivastigmine, and semagacestat in young, elderly, and Alzheimer’s patients. The physiological parameters of LeiCNS-PK3.0 were adapted for aging and Alzheimer’s based on an extensive literature search. The CNS PK profiles at plateau for clinical dose regimens were related to in vitro IC50 values of acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, N-methyl-D-aspartate, or gamma-secretase. Results The PK profiles of all drugs differed between the CNS compartments regarding plateau levels and fluctuation. BrainECF, brainICF and CSFSAS PK profile relationships were different between the drugs. Aging and Alzheimer’s had little to no impact on CNS PK. Rivastigmine acetylcholinesterase IC50 values were not reached. Semagacestat brain PK plateau levels were below the IC50 of gamma-secretase for half of the interdose interval, unlike CSFSAS PK profiles that were consistently above IC50. Conclusion This study provides insights into the relations between CNS compartments PK profiles, including target sites. CSFSAS PK appears to be an unreliable predictor of brain PK. Also, despite extensive changes in blood-brain barrier and brain properties in Alzheimer’s, this study shows that the impact of aging and Alzheimer’s pathology on CNS distribution of the five drugs is insignificant. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11095-022-03281-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A A Saleh
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Julia S Bloemberg
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Elassaiss-Schaap
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- PD-value B.V., Houten, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth C M de Lange
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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da Costa DC, Teixeira HRC, Silva RC, Francischini IAG, de Paula da Silva CHT, da Silva Hage-Melim LI. In silico Study of Acetylcholinesterase and Beta-secretase Inhibitors: Potential Multitarget Anti-Alzheimer's Agents. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2022; 22:139-150. [PMID: 36104859 DOI: 10.2174/1871524922666220517110606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative process with multifactorial characteristics. This disease follows the natural aging process, affecting mainly people over 65 years. Pharmacotherapeutic treatment currently combats symptoms related to cognitive function. Several targets have begun to attract the interest of the scientific community to develop new drug candidates which have better pharmacokinetic and lower toxicity parameters. OBJECTIVE The present study aims to design new candidates for acetylcholinesterase/β-secretase (AChE/BACE1) multitarget inhibitor drugs. METHODS 17 natural products were selected from the literature with anticholinesterase activity and 1 synthetic molecule with inhibitory activity for BACE1. Subsequently, the molecular docking study was performed, followed by the derivation of the pharmacophoric pattern and prediction of pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties. Finally, the hybrid prototype was designed. RESULTS All selected molecules showed interactions with their respective target enzymes. Derivation of the pharmacophoric pattern from molecules that interacted with the AChE enzyme resulted in 3 pharmacophoric regions: an aromatic ring, an electron-acceptor region and a hydrophobic region. The molecules showed good pharmacokinetic and toxicological results, showing no warnings of mutagenicity and/or carcinogenicity. After the hybridization process, three hybrid molecules were obtained, which showed inhibitory activity for both targets. CONCLUSION It is concluded that research in the field of medicinal chemistry is advancing towards the discovery of new drug candidates that bring a better quality of life to patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Castro da Costa
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (PharMedChem), Federal University of Amapá, Rod. Macapá, Brazil
| | - Hueldem Ronam Cristo Teixeira
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (PharMedChem), Federal University of Amapá, Rod. Macapá, Brazil
| | - Raí Campos Silva
- Computational Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto - SP, Brazil
| | - Isaque Antonio Galindo Francischini
- Computational Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Tomich de Paula da Silva
- Computational Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto - SP, Brazil
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João KG, Videira RA, Paiva-Martins F, Valentão P, Pereira DM, Andrade PB. Homarine Alkyl Ester Derivatives as Promising Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:3315-3325. [PMID: 34342141 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Reversible acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors are key therapeutic tools to modulate the cholinergic connectivity compromised in several degenerative pathologies. In this work, four alkyl esters of homarine were synthesized and screened by using Electrophorus electricus AChE and rat brain AChE-rich fraction. Results showed that all homarine alkyl esters are able to inhibit AChE by a competitive inhibition mode. The effectiveness of AChE inhibition increases with the alkyl side chain length of the homarine esters, being HO-C16 (IC50 =7.57±3.32 μM and Ki =18.96±2.28 μM) the most potent inhibitor. The fluorescence quenching studies confirmed that HO-C16 is the compound with higher selectivity and affinity for the tryptophan residues in the catalytic active site of AChE. Preliminary cell viability studies showed that homarine esters display no toxicity for human neuronal SH-SY5Y cells. Thus, the long-chain homarine esters emerge as new anti-cholinesterase agents, with potential to be considered for therapeutic applications development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen G João
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, N° 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Romeu A Videira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, N° 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Paiva-Martins
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 1021/1055, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Valentão
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, N° 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - David M Pereira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, N° 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula B Andrade
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, N° 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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Naughton SX, Beck WD, Wei Z, Wu G, Baas PW, Terry AV. The Carbamate, Physostigmine does not Impair Axonal Transport in Rat Cortical Neurons. Neurosci Insights 2021; 16:26331055211020289. [PMID: 34104889 PMCID: PMC8155748 DOI: 10.1177/26331055211020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the various chemicals that are commonly used as pesticides,
organophosphates (OPs), and to a lesser extent, carbamates, are most frequently
associated with adverse long-term neurological consequences. OPs and the
carbamate, pyridostigmine, used as a prophylactic drug against potential nerve
agent attacks, have also been implicated in Gulf War Illness (GWI), which is
often characterized by chronic neurological symptoms. While most OP- and
carbamate-based pesticides, and pyridostigmine are relatively potent
acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), this toxicological mechanism is
inadequate to explain their long-term health effects, especially when no signs
of acute cholinergic toxicity are exhibited. Our previous work suggests that a
potential mechanism of the long-term neurological deficits associated with OPs
is impairment of axonal transport (AXT); however, we had not previously
evaluated carbamates for this effect. Here we thus evaluated the carbamate,
physostigmine (PHY), a highly potent AChEI, on AXT using an in
vitro neuronal live imaging assay that we have previously found to
be very sensitive to OP-related deficits in AXT. We first evaluated the OP,
diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) (concentration range 0.001-10.0 µM) as a
reference compound that we found previously to impair AXT and subsequently
evaluated PHY (concentration range 0.01-100 nM). As expected, DFP impaired AXT
in a concentration-dependent manner, replicating our previously published
results. In contrast, none of the concentrations of PHY (including
concentrations well above the threshold for impairing AChE) impaired AXT. These
data suggest that the long-term neurological deficits associated with some
carbamates are not likely due to acute impairments of AXT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean X Naughton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Wayne D Beck
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Zhe Wei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Guangyu Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Peter W Baas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University, College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alvin V Terry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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Uddin MS, Kabir MT, Al Mamun A, Behl T, Mansouri RA, Aloqbi AA, Perveen A, Hafeez A, Ashraf GM. Exploring Potential of Alkaloidal Phytochemicals Targeting Neuroinflammatory Signaling of Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:357-366. [PMID: 32473620 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200531151004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that is marked by cognitive dysfunctions and the existence of neuropathological hallmarks such as amyloid plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles. It has been observed that a persistent immune response in the brain has appeared as another neuropathological hallmark in AD. The sustained activation of the microglia, the brain's resident macrophages, and other immune cells has been shown to aggravate both tau and amyloid pathology and may consider as a connection in the AD pathogenesis. However, the basic mechanisms that link immune responses in the pathogenesis of AD are unclear until now since the process of neuroinflammation can have either a harmful or favorable effect on AD, according to the phase of the disease. Numerous researches recommend that nutritional fruits, as well as vegetables, possess neurodefensive properties against the detrimental effects of neuroinflammation and aging. Moreover, these effects are controlled by diverse phytochemical compounds that are found in plants and demonstrate anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, as well as other beneficial actions. In this review, we focus on the link of neuroinflammation in AD as well as highlight the probable mechanisms of alkaloidal phytochemicals to combat the neuroinflammatory aspect of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Rasha A Mansouri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Asma Perveen
- Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - Abdul Hafeez
- Glocal School of Pharmacy, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Kluxen FM, Felkers E, Baumann J, Morgan N, Wiemann C, Stauber F, Strupp C, Adham S, Kuster CJ. Compounded conservatism in European re-entry worker risk assessment of pesticides. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 121:104864. [PMID: 33450327 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We review the risk parameters and drivers in the current European Union (EU) worker risk assessment for pesticides, for example considering crop maintenance, crop inspection or harvesting activities, and show that the current approach is very conservative due to multiple worst-case default assumptions. As a case study, we compare generic exposure model estimates with measured worker re-entry exposure values which shows that external cumulative exposure is overpredicted by about 50-fold on average. For this exercise, data from 16 good laboratory practice (GLP)-compliant worker exposure studies in 6 crops were evaluated with a total number of 184 workers. As generic overprediction does not allow efficient risk management or realistic risk communication, we investigate how external exposure can be better predicted within the generic model, and outline options for possible improvements in the current methodology. We show that simply using averages achieves more meaningful exposure estimates, while still being conservative, with an average exposure overprediction of about 9-fold. Overall, EU risk assessment includes several numerically unaccounted "hidden safety factors", which means that workers are well protected; but simultaneously risk assessments are biased towards failing due to compounded conservatism. This should be considered for further global or regional guidance developments and performing more exposure-relevant risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Franz Stauber
- BASF SE, Agricultural Solutions, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Sarah Adham
- Corteva Agriscience, Abingdon, United Kingdom
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Kasteel EEJ, Nijmeijer SM, Darney K, Lautz LS, Dorne JLCM, Kramer NI, Westerink RHS. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition in electric eel and human donor blood: an in vitro approach to investigate interspecies differences and human variability in toxicodynamics. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:4055-4065. [PMID: 33037899 PMCID: PMC7655571 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02927-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In chemical risk assessment, default uncertainty factors are used to account for interspecies and interindividual differences, and differences in toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics herein. However, these default factors come with little scientific support. Therefore, our aim was to develop an in vitro method, using acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition as a proof of principle, to assess both interspecies and interindividual differences in toxicodynamics. Electric eel enzyme and human blood of 20 different donors (12 men/8 women) were exposed to eight different compounds (chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-oxon, phosmet, phosmet-oxon, diazinon, diazinon-oxon, pirimicarb, rivastigmine) and inhibition of AChE was measured using the Ellman method. The organophosphate parent compounds, chlorpyrifos, phosmet and diazinon, did not show inhibition of AChE. All other compounds showed concentration-dependent inhibition of AChE, with IC50s in human blood ranging from 0.2-29 µM and IC20s ranging from 0.1-18 µM, indicating that AChE is inhibited at concentrations relevant to the in vivo human situation. The oxon analogues were more potent inhibitors of electric eel AChE compared to human AChE. The opposite was true for carbamates, pointing towards interspecies differences for AChE inhibition. Human interindividual variability was low and ranged from 5-25%, depending on the concentration. This study provides a reliable in vitro method for assessing human variability in AChE toxicodynamics. The data suggest that the default uncertainty factor of ~ 3.16 may overestimate human variability for this toxicity endpoint, implying that specific toxicodynamic-related adjustment factors can support quantitative in vitro to in vivo extrapolations that link kinetic and dynamic data to improve chemical risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E J Kasteel
- Toxicology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.177, 3508TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra M Nijmeijer
- Toxicology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.177, 3508TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Keyvin Darney
- Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Leonie S Lautz
- Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jean Lou C M Dorne
- European Food Safety Authority, Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Nynke I Kramer
- Toxicology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.177, 3508TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Remco H S Westerink
- Toxicology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.177, 3508TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Nourbakhsh F, Read MI, Barreto GE, Sahebkar A. Boosting the autophagy-lysosomal pathway by phytochemicals: A potential therapeutic strategy against Alzheimer's disease. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:2360-2281. [PMID: 32894821 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The lysosome is a membrane-enclosed organelle in eukaryotic cells, which has basic pattern recognition for nutrient-dependent signal transduction. In Alzheimer's disease, the already declining autophagy-lysosomal function is exacerbated by an increased need for clearance of damaged proteins and organelles in aged cells. Recent evidence suggests that numerous diseases are linked to impaired autophagy upstream of lysosomes. In this way, a comprehensive survey on the pathophysiology of the disease seems necessary. Hence, in the first section of this review, we will discuss the ultimate findings in lysosomal signaling functions and how they affect cellular metabolism and trafficking under neurodegenerative conditions, specifically Alzheimer's disease. In the second section, we focus on how natural products and their derivatives are involved in the regulation of inflammation and lysosomal dysfunction pathways, including how these should be considered a crucial target for Alzheimer's disease therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Nourbakhsh
- Medical Toxicology Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Morgayn I Read
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Otago School of Medical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
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12
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Sakata RP, Antoniolli G, Lancellotti M, Kawano DF, Guimarães Barbosa E, Almeida WP. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2'-Aminochalcone: A multi-target approach to find drug candidates to treat Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Chem 2020; 103:104201. [PMID: 32890999 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative process that compromises cognitive functions. The physiopathology of AD is multifactorial and is mainly supported by the cholinergic and amyloid hypotheses, which allows the identification the fundamental role of some markers, such as the enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and β-secretase (BACE-1), and the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ). In this work, we prepared a series of chalcones and 2'-aminochalcones, which were tested against AChE and BACE-1 enzymes and on the aggregation of Aβ. All compounds inhibited AChE activity with different potencies. We have found that the majority of chalcones having the amino group are able to inhibit BACE-1, which was not observed for chalcones without this group. The most active compound is the one derived from 2,3-dichlorobenzaldeyde, having an IC50 value of 2.71 μM. A molecular docking study supported this result, showing a good interaction of the amino group with aspartic acid residues of the catalytic diade of BACE-1. Thioflavin-T fluorescence emission is reduced in 30 - 40%, when Aβ42 is incubated in the presence of some chalcones under aggregation conditions. In vitro cytotoxicity and in silico prediction of pharmacokinetic properties were also conducted in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata P Sakata
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Brazil; Porphirio da Paz High School, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Lancellotti
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, 200, Candido Portinari, Campinas, SP ZC 13083-871, Brazil
| | - Daniel Fabio Kawano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, 200, Candido Portinari, Campinas, SP ZC 13083-871, Brazil
| | | | - Wanda P Almeida
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Brazil; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, 200, Candido Portinari, Campinas, SP ZC 13083-871, Brazil.
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13
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Muramatsu I, Uwada J, Yoshiki H, Sada K, Lee K, Yazawa T, Taniguchi T, Nishio M, Ishibashi T, Masuoka T. Novel regulatory systems for acetylcholine release in rat striatum and anti‐Alzheimer's disease drugs. J Neurochem 2019; 149:605-623. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ikunobu Muramatsu
- Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine Kanazawa Medical University Uchinada, Ishikawa Japan
- Division of Genomic Science and Microbiology School of Medicine University of Fukui Eiheiji Fukui Japan
- Kimura Hospital Awara Fukui Japan
| | - Junsuke Uwada
- Division of Cellular Signal Transduction Department of Biochemistry Asahikawa Medical University Asahikawa Hokkaido Japan
| | - Hatsumi Yoshiki
- Division of Genomic Science and Microbiology School of Medicine University of Fukui Eiheiji Fukui Japan
| | - Kiyonao Sada
- Division of Genomic Science and Microbiology School of Medicine University of Fukui Eiheiji Fukui Japan
| | - Kung‐Shing Lee
- Division of Genomic Science and Microbiology School of Medicine University of Fukui Eiheiji Fukui Japan
- Department of Surgery Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Takashi Yazawa
- Division of Cellular Signal Transduction Department of Biochemistry Asahikawa Medical University Asahikawa Hokkaido Japan
| | - Takanobu Taniguchi
- Division of Cellular Signal Transduction Department of Biochemistry Asahikawa Medical University Asahikawa Hokkaido Japan
| | - Matomo Nishio
- Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine Kanazawa Medical University Uchinada, Ishikawa Japan
| | - Takaharu Ishibashi
- Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine Kanazawa Medical University Uchinada, Ishikawa Japan
| | - Takayoshi Masuoka
- Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine Kanazawa Medical University Uchinada, Ishikawa Japan
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14
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Shal B, Ding W, Ali H, Kim YS, Khan S. Anti-neuroinflammatory Potential of Natural Products in Attenuation of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:548. [PMID: 29896105 PMCID: PMC5986949 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with dementia and cognitive impairment most common in elderly population. Various pathophysiological mechanisms have been proposed by numerous researcher, although, exact mechanism is not yet elucidated. Several studies have been indicated that neuroinflammation associated with deposition of amyloid- beta (Aβ) in brain is a major hallmark toward the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases. So, there is a need to unravel the link of inflammatory process in neurodegeneration. Increased microglial activation, expression of cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) participate in inflammatory process of AD. This review mainly concentrates on involvement of neuroinflammation and the molecular mechanisms adapted by various natural compounds, phytochemicals and herbal formulations in various signaling pathways involved in neuroprotection. Currently, pharmacologically active natural products, having anti-neuroinflammatory potential are being focused which makes them potential candidate to cure AD. A number of preclinical and clinical trials have been done on nutritional and botanical agents. Analysis of anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective phytochemicals such as terpenoids, phenolic derivatives, alkaloids, glycosides, and steroidal saponins displays therapeutic potential toward amelioration and prevention of devastating neurodegeneration observed in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Shal
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Wei Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rizhao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Rizhao, China
| | - Hussain Ali
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yeong S Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Salman Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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15
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Gurjar AS, Darekar MN, Yeong KY, Ooi L. In silico studies, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation to explore multi-targeted approach for imidazole analogues as potential cholinesterase inhibitors with neuroprotective role for Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1511-1522. [PMID: 29429576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with multiple factors associated with its pathogenesis. Our strategy against AD involves design of multi-targeted 2-substituted-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole analogues which can interact and inhibit AChE, thereby, increasing the synaptic availability of ACh, inhibit BuChE, relieve induced oxidative stress and confer a neuroprotective role. Molecular docking was employed to study interactions within the AChE active site. In silico ADME study was performed to estimate pharmacokinetic parameters. Based on computational studies, some analogues were synthesized and subjected to pharmacological evaluation involving antioxidant activity, toxicity and memory model studies in animals followed by detailed mechanistic in vitro cholinesterase inhibition study. Amongst the series, analogue 13 and 20 are the most promising multi-targeted candidates which can potentially increase memory, decrease free radical levels and protect neurons against cognitive deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana S Gurjar
- Prin. K. M. Kundnani College of Pharmacy, 23 Jote Joy, R. S. Marg, Cuffe Parade, Mumbai 400005, India.
| | - Mrunali N Darekar
- Prin. K. M. Kundnani College of Pharmacy, 23 Jote Joy, R. S. Marg, Cuffe Parade, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Keng Yoon Yeong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Luyi Ooi
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
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16
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Ferreira Neto DC, Alencar Lima J, Sobreiro Francisco Diz de Almeida J, Costa França TC, Jorge do Nascimento C, Figueroa Villar JD. New semicarbazones as gorge-spanning ligands of acetylcholinesterase and potential new drugs against Alzheimer's disease: Synthesis, molecular modeling, NMR, and biological evaluation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:4099-4113. [PMID: 29198175 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1407676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Two new compounds (E)-2-(5,7-dibromo-3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydroacridin-1(2H)-ylidene)hydrazinecarbothiomide (3) and (E)-2-(5,7-dibromo-3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dhihydroacridin-1(2H)-ylidene)hydrazinecarboxamide (4) were synthesized and evaluated for their anticholinesterase activities. In vitro tests performed by NMR and Ellman's tests, pointed to a mixed kinetic mechanism for the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). This result was corroborated through further docking and molecular dynamics studies, suggesting that the new compounds can work as gorge-spanning ligands by interacting with two different binding sites inside AChE. Also, in silico toxicity evaluation suggested that these new compounds can be less toxic than tacrine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Cristian Ferreira Neto
- a Medicinal Chemistry Group , Military Institute of Engineering , Praia Vermelha, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270 , Brazil.,b Department of Chemistry , Federal University of Roraima , Boa Vista, Roraima 69310-000 , Brazil
| | - Josélia Alencar Lima
- c Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to Chemical and Biological Defense (LMCBD) , Military Institute of Engineering , Praia Vermelha, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270 , Brazil
| | - Joyce Sobreiro Francisco Diz de Almeida
- c Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to Chemical and Biological Defense (LMCBD) , Military Institute of Engineering , Praia Vermelha, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270 , Brazil
| | - Tanos Celmar Costa França
- c Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to Chemical and Biological Defense (LMCBD) , Military Institute of Engineering , Praia Vermelha, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270 , Brazil.,d Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management , University of Hradec Kralove , Hradec Kralove , Czech Republic
| | - Claudia Jorge do Nascimento
- e Institute of Biosciences , Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro , Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-240 , Brazil
| | - José Daniel Figueroa Villar
- a Medicinal Chemistry Group , Military Institute of Engineering , Praia Vermelha, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270 , Brazil
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17
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de Jong IE, Mørk A. Antagonism of the 5-HT 6 receptor – Preclinical rationale for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 2017; 125:50-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Turkseven CH, Buyukakilli B, Balli E, Yetkin D, Erdal ME, Yilmaz SG, Sahin L. Effects of Huperzin-A on the Beta-amyloid accumulation in the brain and skeletal muscle cells of a rat model for Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci 2017; 184:47-57. [PMID: 28709849 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is characterized by a loss of cognitive function and also the accumulation of β-amyloid peptide (βAP) in the brain parenchyma, which plays an important role in this disease. However, it is often also associated with the non-cognitive symptoms such as loss of muscle function (Inclusion-Body Myositis-IBM). MAIN METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats (13 weeks-n=68) were randomly assigned into five groups: Group C: Control; Group D: d-galactose; Group O+D: Bilateral oophorectomy+d-galactose; Group O: Bilateral oophorectomy; Group O+D+H: Bilateral oophorectomy+d-galactose+Hup-A. Tissue fixation was performed with the perfusion method. The Compound Muscle Action Potential (CMAP) and mechanical muscle activity were recorded using the standard electro-biophysical techniques. Immune staining was performed with specific antibodies, and the pathological changes were examined. RNA was obtained from brain tissue samples with the Trizol Method. Then, the expression data of mature-miRNAs (rno-miR-9-5p, rno-miR-29a-3p, rno-miR-106a-5p, rno-miR-107 and rno-miR-125a-3p), which may be effective in AD, were taken with Real-Time PCR. KEY FINDINGS Impairments occurred in behavioral tests of the rats in the O+D group. βAP accumulation and AChE activity increased significantly in the forebrain in the O+D group compared to the C group. It was seen that Huperzine-A (Hup-A) reduced AChE activity and destructed βAP accumulation. There was a significant decrease in the maximum contractile force at different frequencies in the O+D group and in the O group compared to the C group. SIGNIFICANCE It was found that Hup-A contributed to the healing process in rats for damage occurring both in the brain and in the neuro-muscular system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Belgin Buyukakilli
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Ebru Balli
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Derya Yetkin
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Emin Erdal
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Senay Gorucu Yilmaz
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Leyla Sahin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
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19
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Malik R, Choudhary BS, Srivastava S, Mehta P, Sharma M. Identification of novel acetylcholinesterase inhibitors through e-pharmacophore-based virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:3268-3284. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1253503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Malik
- Department of Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Bhanwar Singh Choudhary
- Department of Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shubham Srivastava
- Department of Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pakhuri Mehta
- Department of Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Manish Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Sadopur, Ambala 134007, Haryana, India
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20
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Santillo MF, Liu Y. A fluorescence assay for measuring acetylcholinesterase activity in rat blood and a human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y). J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2015; 76:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Hermann D, van Amsterdam C. Analysis of spontaneous hippocampal activity allows sensitive detection of acetylcholine-mediated effects. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2014; 71:54-60. [PMID: 25497900 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Excitation of Acetylcholine-mediated (Ach) transmission (especially if irreversible) may pose life-threatening adverse events by increasing neuronal network activity. Unfortunately, adequate detection of this liability during early drug development is hampered, because published ex vivo electrophysiological models are very insensitive to this regard. For example, Eserine, which reversibly inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AchE) in the double digit nM range, affects electrically evoked potentials in hippocampal slices only at ≥10μM. Here, a significantly more sensitive method for detecting Ach-mediated alternations is presented by analyzing spontaneous neuronal network activity in hippocampal slices. METHODS The microelectrode array (MEA) technique with an 8×8 electrode grid was applied to analyze evoked and spontaneous extracellular field recordings in parallel from acute rat hippocampal slices. For evoked potentials, the Schaffer collateral CA3-CA1 pathway was electrically stimulated and the resulting field potential analyzed at the CA1 pyramidal layer. Spontaneous spike activity was detected as negative inflections from the 100Hz high pass filtered signal. Spike frequency was analyzed within the whole CA1 region. RESULTS Modification of Ach-mediated neuronal transmission via carbachol, Eserine, or Diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) does not induce any effects on evoked field potentials at physiologically relevant concentrations. Similar to previous reports, subtle effects were detectable at very high concentrations. By contrast, spontaneous spike frequency was already increased within the expected concentration range. Eserine-induced effects can also be reversed by atropine and washout. On the contrary, effects by the irreversible AchE-blocker DFP could not be washed out. DISCUSSION Compared to evoked field potentials, spontaneous spike activity in the hippocampal CA1 region appears to be a significantly more sensitive parameter for functional electrophysiological analysis of drug induced Ach-mediated effects. This finding may supplement existing models for detection and prediction of drug-related adverse effects like seizure liability already during early development stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hermann
- Merck Serono Research Darmstadt, Merck KGaA, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany.
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22
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Liu HR, Huang XQ, Lou DH, Liu XJ, Liu WK, Wang QA. Synthesis and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of Mannich base derivatives flavokawain B. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4749-4753. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Kimmey BA, Rupprecht LE, Hayes MR, Schmidt HD. Donepezil, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, attenuates nicotine self-administration and reinstatement of nicotine seeking in rats. Addict Biol 2014; 19:539-51. [PMID: 23231479 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine craving and cognitive impairments represent core symptoms of nicotine withdrawal and predict relapse in abstinent smokers. Current smoking cessation pharmacotherapies have limited efficacy in preventing relapse and maintaining abstinence during withdrawal. Donepezil is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that has been shown previously to improve cognition in healthy non-treatment-seeking smokers. However, there are no studies examining the effects of donepezil on nicotine self-administration and/or the reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior in rodents. The present experiments were designed to determine the effects of acute donepezil administration on nicotine taking and the reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior, an animal model of relapse in abstinent human smokers. Moreover, the effects of acute donepezil administration on sucrose self-administration and sucrose seeking were also investigated in order to determine whether donepezil's effects generalized to other reinforced behaviors. Acute donepezil administration (1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg, i.p.) attenuated nicotine, but not sucrose self-administration maintained on a fixed-ratio 5 schedule of reinforcement. Donepezil administration also dose-dependently attenuated the reinstatement of both nicotine- and sucrose-seeking behaviors. Commonly reported adverse effects of donepezil treatment in humans are nausea and vomiting. However, at doses required to attenuate nicotine self-administration in rodents, no effects of donepezil on nausea/malaise as measured by pica were observed. Collectively, these results indicate that increased extracellular acetylcholine levels are sufficient to attenuate nicotine taking and seeking in rats and that these effects are not due to adverse malaise symptoms such as nausea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake A. Kimmey
- Department of Psychiatry; Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Laura E. Rupprecht
- Department of Psychiatry; Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Matthew R. Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry; Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Heath D. Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry; Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA USA
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24
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Hillmer AT, Wooten DW, Farhoud M, Higgins AT, Lao PJ, Barnhart TE, Mukherjee J, Christian BT. PET imaging of acetylcholinesterase inhibitor-induced effects on α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding. Synapse 2013; 67:882-6. [PMID: 23913347 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) are drugs that increase synaptic acetylcholine (ACh) concentrations and are under investigation as treatments for symptoms accompanying Alzheimer's disease. The goal of this work was to use PET imaging to evaluate alterations of in vivo α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) binding induced by the AChEIs physostigmine (PHY) and galanthamine (GAL). The α4β2 nAChR-specific radioligand [(18)F]nifene was used to examine the effects of 0.1-0.2 mg/kg PHY, 5 mg/kg GAL, and saline in three separate experiments all performed on each of two rat subjects. A 60-min bolus-infusion protocol was used with drug administered after 30 min. Data from the thalamus and cortex were analyzed with a graphical model accounting for neurotransmitter activation using the cerebellum as a reference region to test for transient competition with bound [(18) F]nifene. Significant [(18) F]nifene displacement was detected in both regions during one PHY and both GAL studies, while no significant competition was observed in both saline studies. This preliminary work indicates the viability of [(18) F]nifene in detecting increases in synaptic ACh induced by AChEIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansel T Hillmer
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705; Waisman Brain Imaging Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705
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25
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Veloso AJ, Nagy PM, Zhang B, Dhar D, Liang A, Ibrahim T, Mikhaylichenko S, Aubert I, Kerman K. Miniaturized electrochemical system for cholinesterase inhibitor detection. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 774:73-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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26
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Veloso AJ, Dhar D, Chow AM, Zhang B, Tang DWF, Ganesh HVS, Mikhaylichenko S, Brown IR, Kerman K. sym-Triazines for directed multitarget modulation of cholinesterases and amyloid-β in Alzheimer's disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:339-49. [PMID: 23421685 DOI: 10.1021/cn300171c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder marked by numerous causative factors of disease progression, termed pathologies. We report here the synthesis of a small library of novel sym-triazine compounds designed for targeted modulation of multiple pathologies related to AD, specifically human acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), and Aβ aggregation. Rational targeting of AChE was achieved by the incorporation of acetylcholine substrate analogues into a sym-triazine core in either a mono-, di-, or trisubstituted regime. A subset of these derivatives demonstrated improved activity compared to several commercially available cholinesterase inhibitors. High AChE/BuChE selectivity was characteristic of all derivatives, and AChE steady-state kinetics indicated a mixed-type inhibition mechanism. Further integration of multiple hydrophobic phenyl units allowed for improved β-sheet intercalation into amyloid aggregates. Several highly effective structures exhibited fibril inhibition greater than the previously reported β-sheet-disrupting penta-peptide, iAβ5p, evaluated by thioflavin T fluorescence spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Highly effective sym-triazines were shown to be well tolerated by differentiated human neuronal cells, as demonstrated by the absence of adverse effects on cellular viability at a wide range of concentrations. Parallel targeting of multiple pathologies using sym-triazines is presented here as an effective strategy to address the complex, multifactorial nature of AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Veloso
- Department
of Physical and Environmental Sciences, and ‡Centre for the Neurobiology of
Stress, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail,
Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Devjani Dhar
- Department
of Physical and Environmental Sciences, and ‡Centre for the Neurobiology of
Stress, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail,
Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Ari M. Chow
- Department
of Physical and Environmental Sciences, and ‡Centre for the Neurobiology of
Stress, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail,
Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Biao Zhang
- Department
of Physical and Environmental Sciences, and ‡Centre for the Neurobiology of
Stress, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail,
Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Derek W. F. Tang
- Department
of Physical and Environmental Sciences, and ‡Centre for the Neurobiology of
Stress, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail,
Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Hashwin V. S. Ganesh
- Department
of Physical and Environmental Sciences, and ‡Centre for the Neurobiology of
Stress, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail,
Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Svetlana Mikhaylichenko
- Department
of Physical and Environmental Sciences, and ‡Centre for the Neurobiology of
Stress, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail,
Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Ian R. Brown
- Department
of Physical and Environmental Sciences, and ‡Centre for the Neurobiology of
Stress, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail,
Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Kagan Kerman
- Department
of Physical and Environmental Sciences, and ‡Centre for the Neurobiology of
Stress, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail,
Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
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27
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Hopkins TJ, Rupprecht LE, Hayes MR, Blendy JA, Schmidt HD. Galantamine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and positive allosteric modulator of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, attenuates nicotine taking and seeking in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:2310-21. [PMID: 22669169 PMCID: PMC3422495 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Current smoking cessation pharmacotherapies have limited efficacy in preventing relapse and maintaining abstinence during withdrawal. Galantamine is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that also acts as a positive allosteric modulator of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Galantamine has recently been shown to reverse nicotine withdrawal-induced cognitive impairments in mice, which suggests that galantamine may function to prevent relapse in human smokers. However, there are no studies examining whether galantamine administration modulates nicotine self-administration and/or reinstatement of nicotine seeking in rodents. The present experiments were designed to determine the effects of galantamine administration on nicotine taking and reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior, an animal model of relapse. Moreover, the effects of galantamine on sucrose-maintained responding and sucrose seeking were also examined to determine whether galantamine's effects generalized to other reinforced behaviors. An inverted U-shaped dose-response curve was obtained when animals self-administered different unit doses of nicotine with the highest responding for 0.03 mg/kg per infusion of nicotine. Acute galantamine administration (5.0 mg/kg, i.p.) attenuated nicotine self-administration when animals were maintained on either a fixed-ratio 5 (FR5) or progressive ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement. Galantamine administration also attenuated the reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior. No significant effects of galantamine on sucrose self-administration or sucrose reinstatement were noted. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors have also been shown to produce nausea and vomiting in humans. However, at doses required to attenuate nicotine self-administration, no effects of galantamine on nausea/malaise as measured by pica were noted. These results indicate that increased extracellular acetylcholine levels and/or nicotinic acetylcholine receptor stimulation is sufficient to attenuate nicotine taking and seeking in rats and that these effects are reinforcer selective and not due to adverse malaise symptoms such as nausea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Hopkins
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura E Rupprecht
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew R Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julie A Blendy
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Heath D Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 125 South 31st Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Tel: +215 573 8291, Fax: +215 573 7605, E-mail:
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28
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Kroker KS, Rast G, Giovannini R, Marti A, Dorner-Ciossek C, Rosenbrock H. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and phosphodiesterase-9A has differential effects on hippocampal early and late LTP. Neuropharmacology 2012; 62:1964-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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29
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Alper K, Reith MEA, Sershen H. Ibogaine and the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 139:879-882. [PMID: 22200647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ibogaine is a psychoactive monoterpine indole alkaloid extracted from the root bark of Tabernanthe iboga Baill. that is used globally in medical and nonmedical settings to treat drug and alcohol addiction, and is of interest as an ethnopharmacological prototype for experimental investigation and pharmaceutical development. The question of whether ibogaine inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is of pharmacological and toxicological significance. MATERIALS AND METHODS AChE activity was evaluated utilizing reaction with Ellman's reagent with physostigmine as a control. RESULTS Ibogaine inhibited AChE with an IC(50) of 520±40 μM. CONCLUSIONS Ibogaine's inhibition of AChE is physiologically negligible, and does not appear to account for observations of functional effects in animals and humans that might otherwise suggest the possible involvement of pathways linked to muscarinic acetylcholine transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Alper
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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30
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Korchounov A, Ziemann U. Neuromodulatory neurotransmitters influence LTP-like plasticity in human cortex: a pharmaco-TMS study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:1894-902. [PMID: 21544070 PMCID: PMC3154108 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic efficacy is considered a fundamental mechanism of learning and memory. At the cellular level a large body of evidence demonstrated that the major neuromodulatory neurotransmitters dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and acetylcholine (ACh) influence LTP magnitude. Noninvasive brain stimulation protocols provide the opportunity to study LTP-like plasticity at the systems level of human cortex. Here we applied paired associative stimulation (PAS) to induce LTP-like plasticity in the primary motor cortex of eight healthy subjects. In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover design, the acute effects of a single oral dose of the neuromodulatory drugs cabergoline (DA agonist), haloperidol (DA antagonist), methylphenidate (indirect NE agonist), prazosine (NE antagonist), tacrine (ACh agonist), and biperiden (ACh antagonist) on PAS-induced LTP-like plasticity were examined. The antagonists haloperidol, prazosine, and biperiden depressed significantly the PAS-induced LTP-like plasticity observed under placebo, whereas the agonists cabergoline, methylphenidate, and tacrine had no effect. Findings demonstrate that antagonists in major neuromodulatory neurotransmitter systems suppress LTP-like plasticity at the systems level of human cortex, in accord with evidence of their modulating action of LTP at the cellular level. This provides further supportive evidence for the known detrimental effects of these drugs on LTP-dependent mechanisms such as learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Korchounov
- Department of Neurology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ulf Ziemann
- Department of Neurology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany,Department of Neurology, Goethe-University, Schleusenweg 2-16, D-60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany, Tel: +49 69 6301 5739, Fax: +49 69 6301 4498, E-mail:
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31
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Parnetti L, Chiasserini D, Andreasson U, Ohlson M, Hüls C, Zetterberg H, Minthon L, Wallin AK, Andreasen N, Talesa VN, Blennow K. Changes in CSF acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase activity after long-term treatment with AChE inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 2011; 124:122-9. [PMID: 20880294 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01435.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To measure cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) participating in randomized clinical trials from three European centers, before and after long-term treatment with different AChE inhibitors (AChEIs). MATERIALS AND METHODS Of the 144 patients included in the study, 104 were treated with donepezil, 15 with galantamine, 16 with rivastigmine, and nine with placebo. CSF AChE and BChE activities were measured at baseline and after 1- year treatment. RESULTS Donepezil and galantamine groups showed a significant increase in CSF AChE activity at follow-up, while no changes for BChE activity were observed; in donepezil group, a positive correlation between plasma concentration and AChE activity was documented. Conversely, in rivastigmine group, a decrease in CSF activity of both enzymes was observed. CSF AChE and BChE activities were not correlated with the clinical outcome in any group considered. CSF biomarkers did not show any change after treatment. CONCLUSIONS AChEIs differently influence the activity of target enzymes in CSF independent of their pharmacodynamic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Parnetti
- Clinica Neurologica, Ospedale S. Maria della Misericordia, Università degli studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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32
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Pepeu G, Giovannini MG. Cholinesterase inhibitors and memory. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 187:403-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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33
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Zhang WW, Xu ZP, Cui YY, Wang H, Song MK, Li J, Shao BY, Xia Z, Chen HZ. Peripheral cholinoceptor antagonist anisodamine counteracts cholinergic adverse effects and facilitates cognitive amelioration of rivastigmine. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2009; 116:1643-9. [PMID: 19756370 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-009-0297-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rivastigmine is a potent acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor widely used for cognitive improvement in Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapy. However, dose-limiting adverse effects restrict its tolerability and clinical outcomes. This study explored new combined therapy, in which peripheral cholinergic adverse effects and central cognitive amelioration of rivastigmine were differentiated by a peripheral cholinoceptor antagonist anisodamine. The results demonstrated that rivastigmine (0.75 and 2.0 mg/kg) could significantly reverse the scopolamine-induced cognitive deficit in mice through passive avoidance test. Nevertheless, a high dose of rivastigmine (3.25 mg/kg) would compromise cognitive amelioration and produce obvious adverse effects, including hypersalivation, intestinal hyperperistalsis and muscle cramp. Interestingly, concomitant administration of anisodamine (10 mg/kg) effectively counteracted both the muscarinergic and nicotinergic adverse effects, while facilitating cognitive amelioration of rivastigmine (3.25 mg/kg). These findings provide an insight into the feasibility of combined therapy with cholinesterase inhibitors and peripheral cholinoceptor antagonists for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, 200025 Shanghai, China
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Stoll C, Eltze M, Lambrecht G, Zentner J, Feuerstein TJ, Jackisch R. Functional characterization of muscarinic autoreceptors in rat and human neocortex. J Neurochem 2009; 110:837-47. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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