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Mirella da Silva P, Ramos Queiroga F, Dantas Farias N, Tubino Vianna R, Costa Sabry R. Perkinsus spp. Occurrence in South America: A review. J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 204:108108. [PMID: 38621519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Marine mollusk production is increasing worldwide, and this trend is being evidenced in South American countries, where several species of bivalves are produced, exploited, and traded. This activity brings benefits either for the ecosystem, as it is a less impactful and polluting than other aquaculture practices, and to coastal human communities, as it provides food and income. However, emergence of outbreaks by pathogens is a major concern and can put an entire developing sector at risk. Perkinsosis is a disease caused by Perkinsus spp. protozoans that affect mollusks worldwide. In this review we provide information on Perkinsus spp. among bivalves from South America. Infections by these parasites were only reported to date among coastal Atlantic bivalves of Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil. The vast majority of cases and studies are reported from Brazil. We comprehensively review those results here. Finally, we suggest some considerations for future investigations that may expand our knowledge of these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Mirella da Silva
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Invertebrados (LABIPI), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.
| | - Fernando Ramos Queiroga
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR - UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/IFREMER), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Natanael Dantas Farias
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Invertebrados (LABIPI), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.
| | - Rogério Tubino Vianna
- Laboratório de Parasitologia de Organismos Aquáticos (LABIPOA), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Rio Grande (FURG), 96203-900, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Rachel Costa Sabry
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará (IFCE), 62800-000, Aracati, Ceará, Brazil.
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Kim SH, Bathige SDNK, Jeon HB, Lee D, Choi KS, Kim HJ, Park KI. First report of Perkinsus marinus occurrence associated with wild Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas from the west coast of Korea. J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 204:108119. [PMID: 38679368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
This study reports the occurrence of Perkinsus marinus associated with wild Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) specimens collected along the west coast of Korea. Confirmation of P. marinus presence was achieved by conventional PCR using World Organization of Animal Health (WOAH)-recommended primers that specifically targeted regions of the rDNA locus (ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2). Sequencing of 10 samples revealed two distinct sequences differing by a single base pair, indicating potential haplotype variability. One sequence closely resembled the P. marinus strain found in Maryland, USA, whereas the other exhibited divergence, indicative of species diversity in the Korean strain, as was evident from the haplotype network analysis. Further validation involved the Ray's Fluid Thioglycollate Medium (RFTM) assay, which initially yielded inconclusive results, possibly due to low infection intensity. Subsequently, RFTM and 2 M NaOH assays conducted on the isolates in the present study, cultured P. marinus cells in standard DMEM/F12 medium, and a positive P. marinus strain (ATCC 50509), revealed characteristic hypnospores of P. marinus upon Lugol's iodine staining. These comprehensive investigations underscore the conclusive confirmation of P. marinus in Korean waters and mark a significant milestone in our understanding of the distribution and characteristics of this parasite in previously unreported regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Ocean Science and Technology, Kunsan National University, 558 Daehakro, Gunsan 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - S D N K Bathige
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Ocean Science and Technology, Kunsan National University, 558 Daehakro, Gunsan 54150, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Fisheries in Offshore Wind Farm (RIFO), Kunsan National University, 558 Daehakro, Gunsan 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Bae Jeon
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Ocean Science and Technology, Kunsan National University, 558 Daehakro, Gunsan 54150, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Fisheries in Offshore Wind Farm (RIFO), Kunsan National University, 558 Daehakro, Gunsan 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Lee
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Ocean Science and Technology, Kunsan National University, 558 Daehakro, Gunsan 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Sik Choi
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoun Joong Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Ocean Science and Technology, Kunsan National University, 558 Daehakro, Gunsan 54150, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Fisheries in Offshore Wind Farm (RIFO), Kunsan National University, 558 Daehakro, Gunsan 54150, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung-Il Park
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Ocean Science and Technology, Kunsan National University, 558 Daehakro, Gunsan 54150, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Fisheries in Offshore Wind Farm (RIFO), Kunsan National University, 558 Daehakro, Gunsan 54150, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang X, Huang BW, Zheng YD, Xin LS, Chen WB, Yu T, Li C, Wang CM, Bai CM. Identification and Characterization of Infectious Pathogens Associated with Mass Mortalities of Pacific Oyster ( Crassostrea gigas) Cultured in Northern China. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:759. [PMID: 37372044 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) aquaculture industry increased rapidly in China with the introduction and promotion of triploid oysters in recent years. Mass mortalities affecting different life stages of Pacific oysters emerged periodically in several important production areas of Northern China. During 2020 and 2021, we conducted a passive two-year investigation of infectious pathogens linked to mass mortality. Ostreid herpesvirus-1 (OsHV-1) was detected to be associated with mass mortalities of hatchery larvae, but not juveniles and adults in the open sea. Protozoan parasites, such as Marteilia spp., Perkinsus spp. and Bonamia spp. were not detected. Bacterial isolation and identification revealed that Vibrio natriegens and Vibrio alginolyticus were the most frequently (9 out of 13) identified two dominant bacteria associated with mass mortalities. Pseudoalteromonas spp. was identified as the dominant bacteria in three mortality events that occurred during the cold season. Further bacteriological analysis was conducted on two representative isolates of V. natriegens and V. alginolyticus, designated as CgA1-1 and CgA1-2. Multisequence analysis (MLSA) showed that CgA1-1 and CgA1-2 were closely related to each other and nested within the Harveyi clade. Bacteriological investigation revealed faster growth, and more remarkable haemolytic activity and siderophore production capacity at 25 °C than at 15 °C for both CgA1-1 and CgA1-2. The accumulative mortalities of experimental immersion infections were also higher at 25 °C (90% and 63.33%) than at 15 °C (43.33% and 33.33%) using both CgA1-1 and CgA1-2, respectively. Similar clinical and pathological features were identified in samples collected during both naturally and experimentally occurring mortalities, such as thin visceral mass, discolouration, and connective tissue and digestive tube lesions. The results presented here highlight the potential risk of OsHV-1 to hatchery production of larvae, and the pathogenic role of V. natriegens and V. alginolyticus during mass mortalities of all life stages of Pacific oysters in Northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Bo-Wen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yu-Dong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lu-Sheng Xin
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Wen-Bo Chen
- Dalian Modern Agricultural Production Development Service Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Changdao Enhancement and Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Yantai 265800, China
| | - Chen Li
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chong-Ming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chang-Ming Bai
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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Souza da Rocha C, Costa Sabry R, dos Santos Rocha R, Maggioni R, Vinicius Silva de Araújo B, Julia dos Santos Silva R, Marcelo Azevedo de Paula Antunes J. First record of Perkinsus marinus infecting Crassostrea sp. in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, using real-time PCR. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 198:107917. [PMID: 37004916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
A pathogen with high virulence potential in some host species, Perkinsus marinus remains a challenge for the ecological integrity of marine ecosystems and the health of bivalve molluscs. This study investigates the occurrence of P. marinus in Crassostrea sp. in estuaries of the Potengi River and the Guaraíras lagoon in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. A total of 203 oyster samples that tested positive for Perkinsus sp. in Ray's fluid thioglycollate medium (RFTM) were subjected to species-specific quantitiative PCR, where 61 animals (30.05%) presented amplification graphs with a melting temperature of 80.1 ± 0.6°C matching the positive control. This was the first record of P. marinus in oysters in these estuaries using qPCR as a diagnostic tool.
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Itoïz S, Metz S, Derelle E, Reñé A, Garcés E, Bass D, Soudant P, Chambouvet A. Emerging Parasitic Protists: The Case of Perkinsea. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:735815. [PMID: 35095782 PMCID: PMC8792838 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.735815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The last century has witnessed an increasing rate of new disease emergence across the world leading to permanent loss of biodiversity. Perkinsea is a microeukaryotic parasitic phylum composed of four main lineages of parasitic protists with broad host ranges. Some of them represent major ecological and economical threats because of their geographically invasive ability and pathogenicity (leading to mortality events). In marine environments, three lineages are currently described, the Parviluciferaceae, the Perkinsidae, and the Xcellidae, infecting, respectively, dinoflagellates, mollusks, and fish. In contrast, only one lineage is officially described in freshwater environments: the severe Perkinsea infectious agent infecting frog tadpoles. The advent of high-throughput sequencing methods, mainly based on 18S rRNA assays, showed that Perkinsea is far more diverse than the previously four described lineages especially in freshwater environments. Indeed, some lineages could be parasites of green microalgae, but a formal nature of the interaction needs to be explored. Hence, to date, most of the newly described aquatic clusters are only defined by their environmental sequences and are still not (yet) associated with any host. The unveiling of this microbial black box presents a multitude of research challenges to understand their ecological roles and ultimately to prevent their most negative impacts. This review summarizes the biological and ecological traits of Perkinsea-their diversity, life cycle, host preferences, pathogenicity, and highlights their diversity and ubiquity in association with a wide range of hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Itoïz
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, Plouzané, France
| | | | | | - Albert Reñé
- Departament de Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Garcés
- Departament de Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Bass
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | | | - Aurélie Chambouvet
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, Plouzané, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7144 Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Ecology of Marine Plankton (ECOMAP), Station Biologique de Roscoff SBR, Roscoff, France
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Lassudrie M, Hégaret H, Wikfors GH, da Silva PM. Effects of marine harmful algal blooms on bivalve cellular immunity and infectious diseases: A review. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 108:103660. [PMID: 32145294 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bivalves were long thought to be "symptomless carriers" of marine microalgal toxins to human seafood consumers. In the past three decades, science has come to recognize that harmful algae and their toxins can be harmful to grazers, including bivalves. Indeed, studies have shown conclusively that some microalgal toxins function as active grazing deterrents. When responding to marine Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) events, bivalves can reject toxic cells to minimize toxin and bioactive extracellular compound (BEC) exposure, or ingest and digest cells, incorporating nutritional components and toxins. Several studies have reported modulation of bivalve hemocyte variables in response to HAB exposure. Hemocytes are specialized cells involved in many functions in bivalves, particularly in immunological defense mechanisms. Hemocytes protect tissues by engulfing or encapsulating living pathogens and repair tissue damage caused by injury, poisoning, and infections through inflammatory processes. The effects of HAB exposure observed on bivalve cellular immune variables have raised the question of possible effects on susceptibility to infectious disease. As science has described a previously unrecognized diversity in microalgal bioactive substances, and also found a growing list of infectious diseases in bivalves, episodic reports of interactions between harmful algae and disease in bivalves have been published. Only recently, studies directed to understand the physiological and metabolic bases of these interactions have been undertaken. This review compiles evidence from studies of harmful algal effects upon bivalve shellfish that establishes a framework for recent efforts to understand how harmful algae can alter infectious disease, and particularly the fundamental role of cellular immunity, in modulating these interactions. Experimental studies reviewed here indicate that HABs can modulate bivalve-pathogen interactions in various ways, either by increasing bivalve susceptibility to disease or conversely by lessening infection proliferation or transmission. Alteration of immune defense and global physiological distress caused by HAB exposure have been the most frequent reasons identified for these effects on disease. Only few studies, however, have addressed these effects so far and a general pattern cannot be established. Other mechanisms are likely involved but are under-studied thus far and will need more attention in the future. In particular, the inhibition of bivalve filtration by HABs and direct interaction between HABs and infectious agents in the seawater likely interfere with pathogen transmission. The study of these interactions in the field and at the population level also are needed to establish the ecological and economical significance of the effects of HABs upon bivalve diseases. A more thorough understanding of these interactions will assist in development of more effective management of bivalve shellfisheries and aquaculture in oceans subjected to increasing HAB and disease pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- CNRS, Univ Brest, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Gary H Wikfors
- NOAA Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Milford, CT, 0640, USA
| | - Patricia Mirella da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunology and Pathology of Invertebrates, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Paraíba, Brazil
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Martínez-García MF, Grijalva-Chon JM, Castro-Longoria R, Re-Vega ED, Varela-Romero A, Chávez-Villalba JE. Prevalence and genotypic diversity of ostreid herpesvirus type 1 in Crassostrea gigas cultured in the Gulf of California, Mexico. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2020; 138:185-194. [PMID: 32213666 DOI: 10.3354/dao03462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In bivalve mollusk aquaculture, massive disease outbreaks with high mortality and large economic losses can occur, as in northwest Mexico in the 1990s. A range of pathogens can affect bivalves; one of great concern is ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1), of which there are several strains. This virus has been detected in the Gulf of California in occasional or sporadic samplings, but to date, there have been few systematic studies. Monthly samples of Crassostrea gigas, water, and sediment were taken in the La Cruz coastal lagoon and analyzed by PCR. The native mollusk, Dosinia ponderosa, which lives outside the lagoon, was sampled as a control. The virus was found throughout the year only in C. gigas, with prevalence up to 60%. In total, 9 genotype variants were detected, and genetic analysis suggests that linear genotypic evolution has occurred from strain JF894308, present in La Cruz in 2011. There has been no evidence of the entry of new viral genotypes in the recent past, thus confinement of the virus within the lagoons of the Gulf of California could promote a native genotypic diversity in the short term.
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Soon TK, Zheng H. Climate Change and Bivalve Mass Mortality in Temperate Regions. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 251:109-129. [PMID: 31289937 DOI: 10.1007/398_2019_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the fastest-growing global food sectors is the bivalve aquaculture industry. Bivalves particularly oysters, mussels and clams are important sources of animal protein (Tan and Ransangan 2016a, b). Bivalve aquaculture represents 14-16% of the average per capita animal protein for 1.5 billion people and supports over 200,000 livelihoods, mostly in developing countries (FAO 2018). Most of the bivalves produced around the world (89%) are from aquaculture (FAO 2016). To date, mollusc aquaculture have accounted for 21.42% (17.14 million tonnes) of the total aquaculture production, with Asia being the largest contributor (92.27%) (FAO 2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Kar Soon
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Huaiping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, China.
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Luz Cunha AC, Pontinha VDA, de Castro MAM, Sühnel S, Medeiros SC, Moura da Luz ÂM, Harakava R, Tachibana L, Mello DF, Danielli NM, Dafre AL, Magalhães ARM, P Mouriño JL. Two epizootic Perkinsus spp. events in commercial oyster farms at Santa Catarina, Brazil. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:455-463. [PMID: 30659615 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Perkinsus spp. have been detected in various bivalve species from north-east Brazil. Santa Catarina is a South Brasil state with the highest national oyster production. Considering the pathogenicity of some Perkinsus spp., a study was carried out to survey perkinsosis in two oyster species cultured in this State, the mangrove oyster Crassostrea gasar and the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Sampling involved eight sites along the state coast, and oyster sampling was collected during the period between January 2013 and December 2014. For the detection of Perkinsus, Ray's fluid thioglycollate medium (RFTM) and histology were used, and for the identification of the species, PCR and DNA sequencing were used. Perkinsus spp. was found by RFTM in C. gigas and C. gasar from São Francisco do Sul. This pathology was also detected in C. gasar from Balneário Barra do Sul both, by RFTM and histology. Perkinsus marinus was identified in C. gigas and C. gasar from São Francisco do Sul and Perkinsus beihaiensis in C. gasar from Balneário Barra do Sul. This is the first report of P. marinus in C. gigas from South America. Results of this preliminary study suggest that both oyster species tolerate the species of Perkinsus identified, without suffering heavy lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Luz Cunha
- Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Vitor de A Pontinha
- Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Simone Sühnel
- Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Sthefanie C Medeiros
- Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Ângela M Moura da Luz
- Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Harakava
- Biological Institute, Paulista Agency of Technology Agribusiness, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Tachibana
- Fishing Institute, Paulista Agency of Technology Agribusiness, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danielle F Mello
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Naissa M Danielli
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Alcir L Dafre
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Aimê R M Magalhães
- Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - José Luiz P Mouriño
- Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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De-la-Re-Vega E, Sánchez-Paz A, Gallardo-Ybarra C, Lastra-Encinas MA, Castro-Longoria R, Grijalva-Chon JM, López-Torres MA, Maldonado-Arce AD. The Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) Hsp70 modulates the Ostreid herpes virus 1 infectivity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 71:127-135. [PMID: 28986219 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Ostreid herpes virus type 1 (OsHV-1) is one of the most devastating pathogen in oyster cultures. Among several factors, as food limitation, oxygen depletion, salinity and temperature variations, episodes of "summer mortality" of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas have also been associated with OsHV-1 infection. Mortalities of C. gigas spat and juveniles have increased significantly in Europe, and contemporary mortality records of this mollusk in México have been associated with the occurrence of OsHV-1. In the present study, the expression of the heat shock protein 70 gene from the Pacific oyster correlates with the abundance of DNA polymerase transcripts from the OsHV-1. This may suggest that the induction on the expression of the Pacific oyster hsp70 may potentially participate in the immune response against the virus. Furthermore, this study reports for the first time a TEM representative image of the OsHV-1 in aqueous solution, which possesses an icosahedral shape with a diameter of 70 nm × 100 nm. Finally, the examined sequence encoding the ORF4 of the OsHV-1 isolate from northwest Mexico showed specific sequence variations when compared with OsHV-1 isolates from distant geographical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique De-la-Re-Vega
- Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Universidad de Sonora (DICTUS), 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.
| | - Arturo Sánchez-Paz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Laboratorio de Referencia, Análisis y Diagnóstico en Sanidad Acuícola, Calle Hermosa 101, Col. Los Ángeles, CP 83106 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Carolina Gallardo-Ybarra
- Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Universidad de Sonora (DICTUS), 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Manuel Adolfo Lastra-Encinas
- Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Universidad de Sonora (DICTUS), 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Reina Castro-Longoria
- Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Universidad de Sonora (DICTUS), 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Grijalva-Chon
- Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Universidad de Sonora (DICTUS), 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Marco Antonio López-Torres
- Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Universidad de Sonora (DICTUS), 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
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Ek-Huchim JP, Aguirre-Macedo ML, Améndola-Pimenta M, Vidal-Martínez VM, Pérez-Vega JA, Simá-Alvarez R, Jiménez-García I, Zamora-Bustillos R, Rodríguez-Canul R. Genetic signature analysis of Perkinsus marinus in Mexico suggests possible translocation from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific coast of Mexico. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:372. [PMID: 28768523 PMCID: PMC5541656 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2304-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The protozoan Perkinsus marinus (Mackin, Owen & Collier) Levine, 1978 causes perkinsosis in the American oyster Crassostrea virginica Gmelin, 1791. This pathogen is present in cultured C. virginica from the Gulf of Mexico and has been reported recently in Saccostrea palmula (Carpenter, 1857), Crassostrea corteziensis (Hertlein, 1951) and Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793) from the Mexican Pacific coast. Transportation of fresh oysters for human consumption and repopulation could be implicated in the transmission and dissemination of this parasite across the Mexican Pacific coast. The aim of this study was two-fold. First, we evaluated the P. marinus infection parameters by PCR and RFTM (Ray’s fluid thioglycollate medium) in C. virginica from four major lagoons (Términos Lagoon, Campeche; Carmen-Pajonal-Machona Lagoon complex, Tabasco; Mandinga Lagoon, Veracruz; and La Pesca Lagoon, Tamaulipas) from the Gulf of Mexico. Secondly, we used DNA sequence analyses of the ribosomal non-transcribed spacer (rNTS) region of P. marinus to determine the possible translocation of this species from the Gulf of Mexico to the Mexican Pacific coast. Results Perkinsus marinus prevalence by PCR was 57.7% (338 out of 586 oysters) and 38.2% (224 out of 586 oysters) by RFTM. The highest prevalence was observed in the Carmen-Pajonal-Machona Lagoon complex in the state of Tabasco (73% by PCR and 58% by RFTM) and the estimated weighted prevalence (WP) was less than 1.0 in the four lagoons. Ten unique rDNA-NTS sequences of P. marinus [termed herein the “P. marinus (Pm) haplotype”] were identified in the Gulf of Mexico sample. They shared 96–100% similarity with 18 rDNA-NTS sequences from the GenBank database which were derived from 16 Mexican Pacific coast infections and two sequences from the USA. The phylogenetic tree and the haplotype network showed that the P. marinus rDNA-NTS sequences from Mexico were distant from the rDNA-NTS sequences of P. marinus reported from the USA. The ten rDNA-NTS sequences described herein were restricted to specific locations displaying different geographical connections within the Gulf of Mexico; the Carmen-Pajonal-Machona Pm1 haplotype from the state of Tabasco shared a cluster with P. marinus isolates reported from the Mexican Pacific coast. Conclusions The rDNA-NTS sequences of P. marinus from the state of Tabasco shared high similarity with the reference rDNA-NTS sequences from the Mexican Pacific coast. The high similarity suggests a transfer of oysters infected with P. marinus from the Mexican part of the Gulf of Mexico into the Mexican Pacific coast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Ek-Huchim
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN) Unidad Mérida, Carretera Antigua a Progreso Km. 6, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ma Leopoldina Aguirre-Macedo
- Laboratorio de Patología Acuática, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN) Unidad Mérida, Carretera Antigua a Progreso Km. 6, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Monica Améndola-Pimenta
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN) Unidad Mérida, Carretera Antigua a Progreso Km. 6, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Victor Manuel Vidal-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Patología Acuática, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN) Unidad Mérida, Carretera Antigua a Progreso Km. 6, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Juan Antonio Pérez-Vega
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN) Unidad Mérida, Carretera Antigua a Progreso Km. 6, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Raúl Simá-Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Patología Acuática, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN) Unidad Mérida, Carretera Antigua a Progreso Km. 6, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Isabel Jiménez-García
- Instituto Tecnológico de Boca del Rio, Carretera Veracruz-Córdoba Km. 12, 94290, Boca del Río, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Roberto Zamora-Bustillos
- Instituto Tecnológico de Conkal, Antigua Carretera Mérida-Motul Km. 16.3, 97345, Conkal, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Rossanna Rodríguez-Canul
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN) Unidad Mérida, Carretera Antigua a Progreso Km. 6, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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Zannella C, Mosca F, Mariani F, Franci G, Folliero V, Galdiero M, Tiscar PG, Galdiero M. Microbial Diseases of Bivalve Mollusks: Infections, Immunology and Antimicrobial Defense. Mar Drugs 2017. [PMID: 28629124 PMCID: PMC5484132 DOI: 10.3390/md15060182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of bivalve mollusks (phylum Mollusca, class Bivalvia) constitute a prominent commodity in fisheries and aquacultures, but are also crucial in order to preserve our ecosystem’s complexity and function. Bivalve mollusks, such as clams, mussels, oysters and scallops, are relevant bred species, and their global farming maintains a high incremental annual growth rate, representing a considerable proportion of the overall fishery activities. Bivalve mollusks are filter feeders; therefore by filtering a great quantity of water, they may bioaccumulate in their tissues a high number of microorganisms that can be considered infectious for humans and higher vertebrates. Moreover, since some pathogens are also able to infect bivalve mollusks, they are a threat for the entire mollusk farming industry. In consideration of the leading role in aquaculture and the growing financial importance of bivalve farming, much interest has been recently devoted to investigate the pathogenesis of infectious diseases of these mollusks in order to be prepared for public health emergencies and to avoid dreadful income losses. Several bacterial and viral pathogens will be described herein. Despite the minor complexity of the organization of the immune system of bivalves, compared to mammalian immune systems, a precise description of the different mechanisms that induce its activation and functioning is still missing. In the present review, a substantial consideration will be devoted in outlining the immune responses of bivalves and their repertoire of immune cells. Finally, we will focus on the description of antimicrobial peptides that have been identified and characterized in bivalve mollusks. Their structural and antimicrobial features are also of great interest for the biotechnology sector as antimicrobial templates to combat the increasing antibiotic-resistance of different pathogenic bacteria that plague the human population all over the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Zannella
- Department of Experimental Medicine-University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Francesco Mosca
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Piano d'Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Francesca Mariani
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Piano d'Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Gianluigi Franci
- Department of Experimental Medicine-University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Veronica Folliero
- Department of Experimental Medicine-University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Marilena Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine-University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Pietro Giorgio Tiscar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Piano d'Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine-University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via Costantinopoli 16, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
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Valenzuela-Castillo A, Sánchez-Paz A, Castro-Longoria R, López-Torres MA, Grijalva-Chon JM. Seasonal changes in gene expression and polymorphism of hsp70 in cultivated oysters (Crassostrea gigas) at extreme temperatures. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 110:25-32. [PMID: 26254584 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The HSP70 proteins are an important element of the response against thermal stress and infectious diseases, and they are highly conserved and ubiquitous. In some species, variations on the hsp70 encoding sequence resulted in intraspecific differential expression, which leads to variations on thermo-tolerance among individuals. This phenomenon has not been described in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, which is cultivated in Mexico under temperature conditions highly above the optimal for this species. The present study was aimed to identify associations between hsp70 genotypes and their expression levels in C. gigas. By analyzing a 603 bp fragment from the 3' end of the hsp70 gene, 21 different genotypes with 60 nucleotide polymorphic sites were detected, of which 34 sites were found in heterozygous condition. Although no correlation was found between genotype-expression-season, a minimum expression threshold that should be taken into account as an important feature for a future breeding program is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adán Valenzuela-Castillo
- Universidad de Sonora, Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico
| | - Arturo Sánchez-Paz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste S.C. Laboratorio de Referencia, Análisis y Diagnóstico en Sanidad Acuícola, Hermosillo, Sonora 83106, Mexico
| | - Reina Castro-Longoria
- Universidad de Sonora, Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico
| | - Marco Antonio López-Torres
- Universidad de Sonora, Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Grijalva-Chon
- Universidad de Sonora, Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico.
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Gutiérrez-Rivera JN, Arcos-Ortega GF, Luna-González A, Rodríguez-Jaramillo MC, Arechiga-Carvajal ET, Vázquez-Juárez R. Differential expression of serine protease inhibitors 1 and 2 in Crassostrea corteziensis and C. virginica infected with Perkinsus marinus. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2015; 112:185-197. [PMID: 25590769 DOI: 10.3354/dao02808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Proliferation of Perkinsus marinus (Dermo) in vitro is inhibited by the action of 2 serine protease inhibitors belonging to the I-84 family. We compared the levels of expression of serine protease inhibitors 1 and 2 (SPI-1 and SPI-2) in 2 oyster species (Crassostrea virginica and C. corteziensis) inoculated with the parasite P. marinus. C. virginica is well known to be susceptible to this parasite, whereas C. corteziensis is apparently more tolerant. Oysters were inoculated with trophozoites (1 × 106 trophozoites oyster-1) of P. marinus while control oysters were injected with saline solution. Oysters were maintained in a closed water system for 2 wk. The oysters were then sacrificed and parasite burden, histological damage, and gene expression were evaluated. The results showed that the challenged oysters presented a significant increase in parasite burden, which generated histological damage in digestive gland and gills. Quantitative PCR detected significant differences in SPI-1 and SPI-2 expression levels in the 2 oyster species, with C. corteziensis showing higher expression levels than C. virginica as a response to P. marinus inoculation. Our results provide valuable information for the understanding of the defense response in C. corteziensis and a possible explanation for its tolerance to the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Gutiérrez-Rivera
- Unidad de Micología y Fitopatología, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León UANL, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, Mexico
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15
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Parasites infecting the cultured oyster Crassostrea gasar (Adanson, 1757) in Northeast Brazil. Parasitology 2015; 142:756-66. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182014001863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYThe oyster Crassostrea gasar is a species widely used as food and a source of income for the local population of the estuaries of Northeast Brazil. Perkinsus marinus and Perkinsus olseni are deleterious parasites for oyster farming and were recently detected in Brazil. In this study, a histopathologic survey of the oyster C. gasar cultured in the estuary of the River Mamanguape (Paraíba State) was performed. Adult oysters were collected in December 2011 and March, May, August and October 2012 and processed for histology and Perkinsus sp. identification by molecular analyses. Histopathological analysis revealed the presence of parasitic organisms including viral gametocytic hypertrophy, prokaryote-like colonies, protozoans (Perkinsus sp. and Nematopsis sp.) and metazoans (Tylocephalum sp. and cestodes). Other commensal organisms were also detected (the protozoan Ancistrocoma sp. and the turbellarian Urastoma sp.). The protozoan parasite Perkinsus sp. had the highest overall prevalence among the symbiotic organisms studied (48·9%), followed by Nematopsis sp. (36·3%). The other organisms were only sporadically observed. Only the protozoan Perkinsus sp. caused alterations in the oysters’ infected organs. Molecular analyses confirmed the presence of P. marinus, P. olseni and Perkinsus beihaiensis infecting the oyster C. gasar. This is the first report of P. beihaiensis in this oyster species.
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Thompson PC, Rosenthal BM, Hare MP. Hybridization between previously isolated ancestors may explain the persistence of exactly two ancient lineages in the genome of the oyster parasite Perkinsus marinus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 24:167-76. [PMID: 24681265 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Theory predicts that neutral genetic variation accumulates within populations to a level determined by gains through mutation and losses by genetic drift. This balance results in a characteristic distribution of allelic variation with the maximum allelic difference determined by effective population size. Here, we report a striking departure from these expectations in the form of allelic dimorphism, observed at the majority of seven loci examined in Perkinsus marinus, an important oyster parasite that causes Dermo disease. DNA sequences were collected from five loci flanking microsatellite repeats and two loci coding for superoxide dismutase enzymes that may mediate the parasite's interaction with its host. Based on 474 sequences, sampled across 5000 km of the eastern United States coastline, no more than two alleles were observed at each locus (discounting singletons). Depending on the locus, the common allele ranged in overall frequency from 72% to 92%. At each locus the two alleles differed substantially (3.8% sequence difference, on average), and the among-locus variance in divergences was not sufficient to reject a simultaneous origin for all dimorphisms using approximate Bayesian methods. Dimorphic alleles were estimated to have diverged from a common ancestral allele at least 0.9 million years ago. Across these seven loci, only five other alleles were ever observed, always as singletons and differing from the dimorphic alleles by no more than two nucleotides. Free recombination could potentially have shuffled these dimorphisms into as many as 243 multilocus combinations, but the existence of only ten combinations among all samples strongly supports low recombination frequencies and is consistent with the observed absence of intragenic recombination. We consider several demographic and evolutionary hypotheses to explain these patterns. Few can be conclusively rejected with the present data, but we advance a recent hybridization of ancient divergent lineages scenario as the most parsimonious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Thompson
- University of Maryland, Department of Biology, 1210 Biology-Psychology Bldg, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Benjamin M Rosenthal
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Lab, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Matthew P Hare
- University of Maryland, Department of Biology, 1210 Biology-Psychology Bldg, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Grijalva-Chon JM, Castro-Longoria R, Ramos-Paredes J, Enríquez-Espinoza TL, Mendoza-Cano F. Detection of a new OsHV-1 DNA strain in the healthy Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas Thunberg, from the Gulf of California. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2013; 36:965-968. [PMID: 24033643 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 08/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J M Grijalva-Chon
- Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
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18
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First report of the protozoan parasite Perkinsus marinus in South America, infecting mangrove oysters Crassostrea rhizophorae from the Paraíba River (NE, Brazil). J Invertebr Pathol 2013; 113:96-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Escobedo-Fregoso C, Arzul I, Carrasco N, Gutiérrez-Rivera JN, Llera-Herrera R, Vázquez-Juárez R. Polymorphism at the ITS and NTS Loci of Perkinsus marinus isolated from cultivated oyster Crassostrea corteziensis in Nayarit, Mexico and phylogentic relationship to P. marinus along the Atlantic Coast. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 62:137-47. [PMID: 23607743 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Prevalence of the protozoan Perkinsus spp. in the gills of the pleasure oyster Crassostrea corteziensis from two estuaries in Nayarit, Mexico, was measured. The protozoan was identified by PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA of Perkinsus spp. The pathogen was found in 92% of oysters from Boca de Camichín and 77% of oysters from Pozo Chino. ITS sequences characterized from C. corteziensis showed 96-100% similarity to Perkinsus marinus. The most frequent ITS sequence (GenBank JQ266236) had 100% identity with the ITS locus of P. marinus from New Jersey, Maryland, South Carolina and Texas, and the second most frequent observed sequence (GenBank JQ266240) was 100% identical to ITS sequences of P. marinus from New Jersey, South Carolina, Louisiana, and Bahía Kino, Sonora, Mexico. The 14 sequences from the non-transcribed spacer (NTS) showed 98% similarity to P. marinus from Texas. The most frequent polymorphism identified was at nucleotide 446 of the ITS region; however, the NTS showed the highest nucleotide diversity, thereby suggesting that this region is suitable for genotype identification. Moreover, the most conserved ITS marker is better for species-specific diagnosis. Both the ITS and NTS sequences of P. marinus obtained from C. corteziensis were grouped in two clades, identifying two allelic variants of P. marinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Escobedo-Fregoso
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, La Paz, Mexico
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Cáceres-Martínez J, Ortega MG, Vásquez-Yeomans R, García TDJP, Stokes NA, Carnegie RB. Natural and cultured populations of the mangrove oyster Saccostrea palmula from Sinaloa, Mexico, infected by Perkinsus marinus. J Invertebr Pathol 2012; 110:321-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Thompson PC, Rosenthal BM, Hare MP. An evolutionary legacy of sex and clonal reproduction in the protistan oyster parasite Perkinsus marinus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2011; 11:598-609. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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