1
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Maltsev DI, Aniol VA, Golden MA, Petrina AD, Belousov VV, Gulyaeva NV, Podgorny OV. Aging Modulates the Ability of Quiescent Radial Glia-Like Stem Cells in the Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus to be Recruited into Division by Pro-neurogenic Stimuli. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:3461-3476. [PMID: 37995077 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03746-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
A delicate balance between quiescence and division of the radial glia-like stem cells (RGLs) ensures continuation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) over the lifespan. Transient or persistent perturbations of this balance due to a brain pathology, drug administration, or therapy can lead to unfavorable long-term outcomes such as premature depletion of the RGLs, decreased AHN, and cognitive deficit. Memantine, a drug used for alleviating the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, and electroconvulsive seizure (ECS), a procedure used for treating drug-resistant major depression or bipolar disorder, are known strong AHN inducers; they were earlier demonstrated to increase numbers of dividing RGLs. Here, we demonstrated that 1-month stimulation of quiescent RGLs by either memantine or ECS leads to premature exhaustion of their pool and altered AHN at later stages of life and that aging of the brain modulates the ability of the quiescent RGLs to be recruited into the cell cycle by these AHN inducers. Our findings support the aging-related divergence of functional features of quiescent RGLs and have a number of implications for the practical assessment of drugs and treatments with respect to their action on quiescent RGLs at different stages of life in animal preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry I Maltsev
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, 117997, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Victor A Aniol
- Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117485, Russia
| | | | | | - Vsevolod V Belousov
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, 117997, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russia
- Life Improvement By Future Technologies (LIFT) Center, Skolkovo, Moscow, 143025, Russia
| | - Natalia V Gulyaeva
- Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117485, Russia
- Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry of Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, 115419, Russia
| | - Oleg V Podgorny
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia.
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2
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Pytte CL. Window into the songbird brain reveals superdiffusive migration of adult-born neurons. Trends Neurosci 2024; 47:322-323. [PMID: 38664110 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
In a recent study, Shvedov and colleagues used live two-photon imaging in transgenic zebra finches to reveal migration patterns of neuroblasts through the complex environment of the postembryonic brain. This study highlights the value of ubiquitin C/green fluorescent protein (UBC-GFP) transgenic zebra finches in studying adult neurogenesis and advances our understanding of dispersed long-distance neuronal migration in the adult brain, shedding light on this understudied phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn L Pytte
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA; CUNY Neuroscience Collaborative, Psychology and Biology Departments, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
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3
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Jung M, Jung JS, Pfeifer J, Hartmann C, Ehrhardt T, Abid CL, Kintzel J, Puls A, Navarrete Santos A, Hollemann T, Riemann D, Rujescu D. Neuronal Stem Cells from Late-Onset Alzheimer Patients Show Altered Regulation of Sirtuin 1 Depending on Apolipoprotein E Indicating Disturbed Stem Cell Plasticity. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:1562-1579. [PMID: 37728850 PMCID: PMC10896791 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03633-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex multifactorial disease. The greatest known risk factor for late-onset AD is the E4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE), while increasing age is the greatest known non-genetic risk factor. The cell type-specific functions of neural stem cells (NSCs), in particular their stem cell plasticity, remain poorly explored in the context of AD pathology. Here, we describe a new model that employs late-onset AD patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to generate NSCs and to examine the role played by APOE4 in the expression of aging markers such as sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) in comparison to healthy subjects carrying APOE3. The effect of aging was investigated by using iPSC-derived NSCs from old age subjects as healthy matched controls. Transcript and protein analysis revealed that genes were expressed differently in NSCs from late-onset AD patients, e.g., exhibiting reduced autophagy-related protein 7 (ATG7), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2). Since SIRT1 expression differed between APOE3 and APOE4 NSCs, the suppression of APOE function in NSCs also repressed the expression of SIRT1. However, the forced expression of APOE3 by plasmids did not recover differently expressed genes. The altered aging markers indicate decreased plasticity of NSCs. Our study provides a suitable in vitro model to investigate changes in human NSCs associated with aging, APOE4, and late-onset AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Jung
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry (IPC), Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hollystrasse 1, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Juliane-Susanne Jung
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06118, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jenny Pfeifer
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry (IPC), Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hollystrasse 1, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Carla Hartmann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry (IPC), Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hollystrasse 1, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Toni Ehrhardt
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry (IPC), Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hollystrasse 1, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Chaudhry Luqman Abid
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry (IPC), Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hollystrasse 1, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jenny Kintzel
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry (IPC), Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hollystrasse 1, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Anne Puls
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry (IPC), Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hollystrasse 1, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Anne Navarrete Santos
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06118, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Thomas Hollemann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry (IPC), Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hollystrasse 1, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Dagmar Riemann
- Department Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Strasse 2, 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of General Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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4
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Ferreira JCCG, Christoff RR, Rabello T, Ferreira RO, Batista C, Mourão PJP, Rossi ÁD, Higa LM, Bellio M, Tanuri A, Garcez PP. Postnatal Zika virus infection leads to morphological and cellular alterations within the neurogenic niche. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050375. [PMID: 38415826 PMCID: PMC10924234 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The Zika virus received significant attention in 2016, following a declaration by the World Health Organization of an epidemic in the Americas, in which infections were associated with microcephaly. Indeed, prenatal Zika virus infection is detrimental to fetal neural stem cells and can cause premature cell loss and neurodevelopmental abnormalities in newborn infants, collectively described as congenital Zika syndrome. Contrastingly, much less is known about how neonatal infection affects the development of the newborn nervous system. Here, we investigated the development of the dentate gyrus of wild-type mice following intracranial injection of the virus at birth (postnatal day 0). Through this approach, we found that Zika virus infection affected the development of neurogenic regions within the dentate gyrus and caused reactive gliosis, cell death and a decrease in cell proliferation. Such infection also altered volumetric features of the postnatal dentate gyrus. Thus, we found that Zika virus exposure to newborn mice is detrimental to the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. These observations offer insight into the cellular mechanisms that underlie the neurological features of congenital Zika syndrome in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica C. C. G. Ferreira
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Raissa R. Christoff
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Tailene Rabello
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Raiane O. Ferreira
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Carolina Batista
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Pedro Junior Pinheiro Mourão
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Átila D. Rossi
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Luiza M. Higa
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Maria Bellio
- Microbiology Institute Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Amilcar Tanuri
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Patricia P. Garcez
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil
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5
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Noguchi H, Arela JC, Ngo T, Cocas L, Pleasure S. Shh from mossy cells contributes to preventing NSC pool depletion after seizure-induced neurogenesis and in aging. eLife 2023; 12:RP91263. [PMID: 38079471 PMCID: PMC10712957 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Epileptic seizures induce aberrant neurogenesis from resident neural stem cells (NSCs) in the dentate gyrus of the adult mouse hippocampus, which has been implicated in depletion of the NSC pool and impairment of hippocampal function. However, the mechanisms regulating neurogenesis after seizures remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Sonic hedgehog (Shh) from mossy cells is a major source of Shh signaling activity after seizures, by which mossy cells contribute to seizure-induced neurogenesis and maintenance of the NSC pool. Deletion of Shh from mossy cells attenuates seizure-induced neurogenesis. Moreover, in the absence of Shh from mossy cells, NSCs pool are prematurely depleted after seizure-induced proliferation, and NSCs have impaired self-renewal. Likewise, lack of Shh from mossy cells accelerates age-related decline of the NSC pool with accompanying reduction of self-renewal of NSCs outside the context of pathology such as seizures. Together, our findings indicate that Shh from mossy cells is critical to maintain NSCs and to prevent exhaustion from excessive consumption in aging and after seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Noguchi
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Jessica Chelsea Arela
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Thomas Ngo
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Laura Cocas
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Santa Clara University, Biology Department, Neuroscience ProgramSanta ClaraUnited States
| | - Samuel Pleasure
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Programs in Neuroscience and Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
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6
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Zhang Z, Zhang H, Hu B, Luan Y, Zhu K, Ma B, Zhang Z, Zheng X. R-Loop Defines Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells During Mouse Neurodevelopment. Stem Cells Dev 2023; 32:719-730. [PMID: 37823735 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2023.0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) are present in the mammalian brain throughout life and are involved in neurodevelopment and central nervous system repair. Although typical epigenetic signatures, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNAs, play a pivotal role in regulation of NSPCs, several of the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms of NSPCs remain unclear. Thus, defining a novel epigenetic feature of NSPCs is crucial for developing stem cell therapy to address neurologic disorders caused by injury. In this study, we aimed to define the R-loop, a three-stranded nucleic acid structure, as an epigenetic characteristic of NSPCs during neurodevelopment. Our results demonstrated that R-loop levels change dynamically throughout neurodevelopment. Cells with high levels of R-loops consistently decreased and were enriched in the area of neurogenesis. Additionally, these cells costained with SOX2 during neurodevelopment. Furthermore, these cells with high R-loop levels expressed Ki-67 and exhibited a high degree of overlap with the transcriptional activation markers, H3K4me3, ser5, and H3K27ac. These findings suggest that R-loops may serve as an epigenetic feature for transcriptional activation in NSPCs, indicating their role in gene expression regulation and neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Hanyue Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Baoqi Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Luan
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Kun Zhu
- Department of Neurology, and The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bo Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zheng
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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7
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Calatayud-Baselga I, Casares-Crespo L, Franch-Ibáñez C, Guijarro-Nuez J, Sanz P, Mira H. Autophagy drives the conversion of developmental neural stem cells to the adult quiescent state. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7541. [PMID: 38001081 PMCID: PMC10673888 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain relies on the lifelong persistence of quiescent neural stem cell (NSC) reservoirs. Little is known about the mechanisms that lead to the initial establishment of quiescence, the main hallmark of adult stem cells, during development. Here we show that protein aggregates and autophagy machinery components accumulate in developmental radial glia-like NSCs as they enter quiescence and that pharmacological or genetic blockade of autophagy disrupts quiescence acquisition and maintenance. Conversely, increasing autophagy through AMPK/ULK1 activation instructs the acquisition of the quiescent state without affecting BMP signaling, a gatekeeper of NSC quiescence during adulthood. Selective ablation of Atg7, a critical gene for autophagosome formation, in radial glia-like NSCs at early and late postnatal stages compromises the initial acquisition and maintenance of quiescence during the formation of the hippocampal dentate gyrus NSC niche. Therefore, we demonstrate that autophagy is cell-intrinsically required to establish NSC quiescence during hippocampal development. Our results uncover an important role of autophagy in the transition of developmental NSCs into their dormant adult form, paving the way for studies directed at further understanding the mechanisms of stem cell niche formation and maintenance in the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Calatayud-Baselga
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), València, Spain
| | - Lucía Casares-Crespo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), València, Spain
| | - Carmina Franch-Ibáñez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), València, Spain
| | - José Guijarro-Nuez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), València, Spain
| | - Pascual Sanz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), València, Spain
| | - Helena Mira
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), València, Spain.
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8
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Noguchi H, Arela JC, Ngo TT, Cocas L, Pleasure SJ. Shh from mossy cells contributes to preventing NSC pool depletion after seizure-induced neurogenesis and in aging. bioRxiv 2023:2023.08.21.554173. [PMID: 37662214 PMCID: PMC10473584 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.21.554173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Epileptic seizures induce aberrant neurogenesis from resident neural stem cells (NSCs) in the dentate gyrus of the adult mouse hippocampus, which has been implicated in depletion of the NSC pool and impairment of hippocampal function. However, the mechanisms regulating neurogenesis after seizures remain unknown. Here we demonstrate that Shh from mossy cells is a major source of Shh signaling activity after seizures, by which mossy cells contribute to seizure-induced neurogenesis and maintenance of the NSC pool. Deletion of Shh from mossy cells attenuates seizure-induced neurogenesis. Moreover, in the absence of Shh from mossy cells, NSCs pool are prematurely depleted after seizure-induced proliferation, and NSCs have impaired self-renewal. Likewise, lack of Shh from mossy cells accelerates age-related decline of the NSC pool with accompanying reduction of self-renewal of NSCs outside the context of pathology such as seizures. Together, our findings indicate that Shh from mossy cells is critical to maintain NSCs and to prevent exhaustion from excessive consumption in aging and after seizures.
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9
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Higuchi Y, Arakawa H. Serotonergic mediation of the brain-wide neurogenesis: Region-dependent and receptor-type specific roles on neurogenic cellular transformation. Curr Res Neurobiol 2023; 5:100102. [PMID: 37638344 PMCID: PMC10458724 DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2023.100102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is a key molecule for the mediation of depression-related brain states, but the neural mechanisms underlying 5-HT mediation need further investigation. A possible mechanism of the therapeutic antidepressant effects is neurogenic cell production, as stimulated by 5-HT signaling. Neurogenesis, the proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs), and cell differentiation and maturation occur across brain regions, particularly the hippocampal dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone, throughout one's lifespan. 5-HT plays a major role in the mediation of neurogenic processes, which in turn leads to the therapeutic effect on depression-related states. In this review article, we aim to identify how the neuronal 5-HT system mediates the process of neurogenesis, including cell proliferation, cell-type differentiation and maturation. First, we will provide an overview of the neurogenic cell transformation that occurs in brain regions containing or lacking NSCs. Second, we will review brain region-specific mechanisms of 5-HT-mediated neurogenesis by comparing regions localized to NSCs, i.e., the hippocampus and subventricular zone, with those not containing NSCs. Highlighting these 5-HT mechanisms that mediate neurogenic cell production processes in a brain-region-specific manner would provide unique insights into the role of 5-HT in neurogenesis and its associated effects on depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Higuchi
- Department of Systems Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Arakawa
- Department of Systems Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
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10
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Makrygianni EA, Chrousos GP. Neural Progenitor Cells and the Hypothalamus. Cells 2023; 12:1822. [PMID: 37508487 PMCID: PMC10378393 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) capable of self-renewing and differentiating into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. In the postnatal/adult brain, NPCs are primarily located in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles (LVs) and subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). There is evidence that NPCs are also present in the postnatal/adult hypothalamus, a highly conserved brain region involved in the regulation of core homeostatic processes, such as feeding, metabolism, reproduction, neuroendocrine integration and autonomic output. In the rodent postnatal/adult hypothalamus, NPCs mainly comprise different subtypes of tanycytes lining the wall of the 3rd ventricle. In the postnatal/adult human hypothalamus, the neurogenic niche is constituted by tanycytes at the floor of the 3rd ventricle, ependymal cells and ribbon cells (showing a gap-and-ribbon organization similar to that in the SVZ), as well as suprachiasmatic cells. We speculate that in the postnatal/adult human hypothalamus, neurogenesis occurs in a highly complex, exquisitely sophisticated neurogenic niche consisting of at least four subniches; this structure has a key role in the regulation of extrahypothalamic neurogenesis, and hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic neural circuits, partly through the release of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, extracellular vesicles (EVs) and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia A Makrygianni
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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11
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Podinić T, Werstuck G, Raha S. The Implications of Cannabinoid-Induced Metabolic Dysregulation for Cellular Differentiation and Growth. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11003. [PMID: 37446181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) governs and coordinates several physiological processes through an integrated signaling network, which is responsible for inducing appropriate intracellular metabolic signaling cascades in response to (endo)cannabinoid stimulation. This intricate cellular system ensures the proper functioning of the immune, reproductive, and nervous systems and is involved in the regulation of appetite, memory, metabolism, and development. Cannabinoid receptors have been observed on both cellular and mitochondrial membranes in several tissues and are stimulated by various classes of cannabinoids, rendering the ECS highly versatile. In the context of growth and development, emerging evidence suggests a crucial role for the ECS in cellular growth and differentiation. Indeed, cannabinoids have the potential to disrupt key energy-sensing metabolic signaling pathways requiring mitochondrial-ER crosstalk, whose functioning is essential for successful cellular growth and differentiation. This review aims to explore the extent of cannabinoid-induced cellular dysregulation and its implications for cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Podinić
- The Department of Pediatrics and the Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Geoff Werstuck
- Department of Medicine and the Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, David Braley Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - Sandeep Raha
- The Department of Pediatrics and the Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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12
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Liu Y, Bilen M, McNicoll MM, Harris RA, Fong BC, Iqbal MA, Paul S, Mayne J, Walker K, Wang J, Figeys D, Slack RS. Early postnatal defects in neurogenesis in the 3xTg mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:138. [PMID: 36801910 PMCID: PMC9938901 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05650-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder leading to dementia. The hippocampus, which is one of the sites where neural stem cells reside and new neurons are born, exhibits the most significant neuronal loss in AD. A decline in adult neurogenesis has been described in several animal models of AD. However, the age at which this defect first appears remains unknown. To determine at which stage, from birth to adulthood, the neurogenic deficits are found in AD, we used the triple transgenic mouse model of AD (3xTg). We show that defects in neurogenesis are present as early as postnatal stages, well before the onset of any neuropathology or behavioral deficits. We also show that 3xTg mice have significantly fewer neural stem/progenitor cells, with reduced proliferation and decreased numbers of newborn neurons at postnatal stages, consistent with reduced volumes of hippocampal structures. To determine whether there are early changes in the molecular signatures of neural stem/progenitor cells, we perform bulk RNA-seq on cells sorted directly from the hippocampus. We show significant changes in the gene expression profiles at one month of age, including genes of the Notch and Wnt pathways. These findings reveal impairments in neurogenesis very early in the 3xTg AD model, which provides new opportunities for early diagnosis and therapeutic interventions to prevent neurodegeneration in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubing Liu
- grid.28046.380000 0001 2182 2255Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research institute, K1H 8M5 Ottawa, Canada
| | - Maria Bilen
- grid.28046.380000 0001 2182 2255Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research institute, K1H 8M5 Ottawa, Canada
| | - Marie-Michelle McNicoll
- grid.28046.380000 0001 2182 2255Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research institute, K1H 8M5 Ottawa, Canada
| | - Richard A. Harris
- grid.28046.380000 0001 2182 2255Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research institute, K1H 8M5 Ottawa, Canada
| | - Bensun C. Fong
- grid.28046.380000 0001 2182 2255Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research institute, K1H 8M5 Ottawa, Canada
| | - Mohamed Ariff Iqbal
- grid.28046.380000 0001 2182 2255Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research institute, K1H 8M5 Ottawa, Canada
| | - Smitha Paul
- grid.28046.380000 0001 2182 2255Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research institute, K1H 8M5 Ottawa, Canada
| | - Janice Mayne
- grid.28046.380000 0001 2182 2255Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, K1H 8M5 Ottawa, Canada
| | - Krystal Walker
- grid.28046.380000 0001 2182 2255Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, K1H 8M5 Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jing Wang
- grid.28046.380000 0001 2182 2255Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research institute, K1H 8M5 Ottawa, Canada ,grid.412687.e0000 0000 9606 5108Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, K1H 8L6 Ottawa, Canada
| | - Daniel Figeys
- grid.28046.380000 0001 2182 2255Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, K1H 8M5 Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ruth S. Slack
- grid.28046.380000 0001 2182 2255Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research institute, K1H 8M5 Ottawa, Canada
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13
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Shih LK, Mukherjee S, Brat DJ. Off the Clock: the Non-canonical Roles of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases in Neural and Glioma Stem Cell Self-Renewal. Mol Neurobiol 2022. [PMID: 36042143 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Glioma stem cells (GSCs) are thought to drive growth and therapy resistance in glioblastoma (GBM) by "hijacking" at least a subset of signaling pathways active in normal neural stem cells (NSCs). Though the origins of GSCs still remain elusive, uncovering the mechanisms of self-renewing division and cell differentiation in normal NSCs has shed light on their dysfunction in GSCs. However, the distinction between self-renewing division pathways utilized by NSC and GSC becomes critical when considering options for therapeutically targeting signaling pathways that are specifically active or altered in GSCs. It is well-established that cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) regulate the cell cycle, yet more recent studies have shown that CDKs also play important roles in the regulation of neuronal survival, metabolism, differentiation, and self-renewal. The intimate relationship between cell cycle regulation and the cellular programs that determine self-renewing division versus cell differentiation is only beginning to be understood, yet seems to suggest potential differential vulnerabilities in GSCs. In this timely review, we focus on the role of CDKs in regulating the self-renewal properties of normal NSCs and GSCs, highlighting novel opportunities to therapeutically target self-renewing signaling pathways specifically in GBM.
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14
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García-Corzo L, Calatayud-Baselga I, Casares-Crespo L, Mora-Martínez C, Julián Escribano-Saiz J, Hortigüela R, Asenjo-Martínez A, Jordán-Pla A, Ercoli S, Flames N, López-Alonso V, Vilar M, Mira H. The transcription factor LEF1 interacts with NFIX and switches isoforms during adult hippocampal neural stem cell quiescence. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:912319. [PMID: 35938168 PMCID: PMC9355129 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.912319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells in adult mammalian tissues are held in a reversible resting state, known as quiescence, for prolonged periods of time. Recent studies have greatly increased our understanding of the epigenetic and transcriptional landscapes that underlie stem cell quiescence. However, the transcription factor code that actively maintains the quiescence program remains poorly defined. Similarly, alternative splicing events affecting transcription factors in stem cell quiescence have been overlooked. Here we show that the transcription factor T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor LEF1, a central player in canonical β-catenin-dependent Wnt signalling, undergoes alternative splicing and switches isoforms in quiescent neural stem cells. We found that active β-catenin and its partner LEF1 accumulated in quiescent hippocampal neural stem and progenitor cell (Q-NSPC) cultures. Accordingly, Q-NSPCs showed enhanced TCF/LEF1-driven transcription and a basal Wnt activity that conferred a functional advantage to the cultured cells in a Wnt-dependent assay. At a mechanistic level, we found a fine regulation of Lef1 gene expression. The coordinate upregulation of Lef1 transcription and retention of alternative spliced exon 6 (E6) led to the accumulation of a full-length protein isoform (LEF1-FL) that displayed increased stability in the quiescent state. Prospectively isolated GLAST + cells from the postnatal hippocampus also underwent E6 retention at the time quiescence is established in vivo. Interestingly, LEF1 motif was enriched in quiescence-associated enhancers of genes upregulated in Q-NSPCs and quiescence-related NFIX transcription factor motifs flanked the LEF1 binding sites. We further show that LEF1 interacts with NFIX and identify putative LEF1/NFIX targets. Together, our results uncover an unexpected role for LEF1 in gene regulation in quiescent NSPCs, and highlight alternative splicing as a post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism in the transition from stem cell activation to quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura García-Corzo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), València, Spain
| | - Isabel Calatayud-Baselga
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), València, Spain
| | - Lucía Casares-Crespo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), València, Spain
| | - Carlos Mora-Martínez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), València, Spain
- Evo-devo Helsinki Community, Centre of Excellence in Experimental and Computational Developmental Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juan Julián Escribano-Saiz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), València, Spain
| | | | | | - Antonio Jordán-Pla
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), València, Spain
| | - Stefano Ercoli
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), València, Spain
| | - Nuria Flames
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), València, Spain
| | | | - Marçal Vilar
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), València, Spain
| | - Helena Mira
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), València, Spain
- *Correspondence: Helena Mira,
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15
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Provasek VE, Mitra J, Malojirao VH, Hegde ML. DNA Double-Strand Breaks as Pathogenic Lesions in Neurological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094653. [PMID: 35563044 PMCID: PMC9099445 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The damage and repair of DNA is a continuous process required to maintain genomic integrity. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the most lethal type of DNA damage and require timely repair by dedicated machinery. DSB repair is uniquely important to nondividing, post-mitotic cells of the central nervous system (CNS). These long-lived cells must rely on the intact genome for a lifetime while maintaining high metabolic activity. When these mechanisms fail, the loss of certain neuronal populations upset delicate neural networks required for higher cognition and disrupt vital motor functions. Mammalian cells engage with several different strategies to recognize and repair chromosomal DSBs based on the cellular context and cell cycle phase, including homologous recombination (HR)/homology-directed repair (HDR), microhomology-mediated end-joining (MMEJ), and the classic non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). In addition to these repair pathways, a growing body of evidence has emphasized the importance of DNA damage response (DDR) signaling, and the involvement of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) family proteins in the repair of neuronal DSBs, many of which are linked to age-associated neurological disorders. In this review, we describe contemporary research characterizing the mechanistic roles of these non-canonical proteins in neuronal DSB repair, as well as their contributions to the etiopathogenesis of selected common neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent E. Provasek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (V.E.P.); (V.H.M.)
- College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Joy Mitra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (V.E.P.); (V.H.M.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (M.L.H.)
| | - Vikas H. Malojirao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (V.E.P.); (V.H.M.)
| | - Muralidhar L. Hegde
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (V.E.P.); (V.H.M.)
- College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 11021, USA
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (M.L.H.)
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16
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Sahin U, de Thé H, Lallemand-breitenbach V. Sumoylation in Physiology, Pathology and Therapy. Cells 2022; 11:814. [PMID: 35269436 PMCID: PMC8909597 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sumoylation is an essential post-translational modification that has evolved to regulate intricate networks within emerging complexities of eukaryotic cells. Thousands of target substrates are modified by SUMO peptides, leading to changes in protein function, stability or localization, often by modulating interactions. At the cellular level, sumoylation functions as a key regulator of transcription, nuclear integrity, proliferation, senescence, lineage commitment and stemness. A growing number of prokaryotic and viral proteins are also emerging as prime sumoylation targets, highlighting the role of this modification during infection and in immune processes. Sumoylation also oversees epigenetic processes. Accordingly, at the physiological level, it acts as a crucial regulator of development. Yet, perhaps the most prominent function of sumoylation, from mammals to plants, is its role in orchestrating organismal responses to environmental stresses ranging from hypoxia to nutrient stress. Consequently, a growing list of pathological conditions, including cancer and neurodegeneration, have now been unambiguously associated with either aberrant sumoylation of specific proteins and/or dysregulated global cellular sumoylation. Therapeutic enforcement of sumoylation can also accomplish remarkable clinical responses in various diseases, notably acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). In this review, we will discuss how this modification is emerging as a novel drug target, highlighting from the perspective of translational medicine, its potential and limitations.
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17
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Li L, Medina-Menéndez C, García-Corzo L, Córdoba-Beldad CM, Quiroga AC, Calleja Barca E, Zinchuk V, Muñoz-López S, Rodríguez-Martín P, Ciorraga M, Colmena I, Fernández S, Vicario C, Nicolis SK, Lefebvre V, Mira H, Morales AV. SoxD genes are required for adult neural stem cell activation. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110313. [PMID: 35108528 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The adult neurogenic niche in the hippocampus is maintained through activation of reversibly quiescent neural stem cells (NSCs) with radial glia-like morphology (RGLs). Here, we show that the expression of SoxD transcription factors Sox5 and Sox6 is enriched in activated RGLs. Using inducible deletion of Sox5 or Sox6 in the adult mouse brain, we show that both genes are required for RGL activation and the generation of new neurons. Conversely, Sox5 overexpression in cultured NSCs interferes with entry in quiescence. Mechanistically, expression of the proneural protein Ascl1 (a key RGL regulator) is severely downregulated in SoxD-deficient RGLs, and Ascl1 transcription relies on conserved Sox motifs. Additionally, loss of Sox5 hinders the RGL activation driven by neurogenic stimuli such as environmental enrichment. Altogether, our data suggest that SoxD genes are key mediators in the transition of adult RGLs from quiescence to an activated mitotic state under physiological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carlos Vicario
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain; CIBERNED-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Helena Mira
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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18
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Lee J, Park S, Kim Y, Kim HM, Oh CM. Exploring the Genetic Associations Between the Use of Statins and Alzheimer's Disease. J Lipid Atheroscler 2022; 11:133-146. [PMID: 35656152 PMCID: PMC9133776 DOI: 10.12997/jla.2022.11.2.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. The statins have shown beneficial effects on cognitive functions and reduced the risk of dementia development. However, the exact mechanisms of statin effects in AD are not yet fully understood. In this study, we aimed to explore the underlying mechanisms of statin on AD. Methods We downloaded AD blood dataset (GSE63060) and statin-related blood gene expression dataset (GSE86216). Then we performed gene expression analysis of each dataset and compared blood gene expressions between AD patients and statin-treated patients. Then, we downloaded mouse embryonic neural stem cell dataset (GSE111945) and performed gene expression analysis. Results From the human blood dataset, we identified upregulated/downregulated genes in AD patients and statin-treated patients. Some of the upregulated genes (AEN, MBTPS1, ABCG1) in the blood of AD patients are downregulated in statin-treated patients. Several downregulated genes (FGL2, HMGCS1, PSME2, SRSF3, and ATG3) are upregulated in statin-treated patients. Gene set enrichment analysis using mouse stem cell dataset revealed a significant relationship of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes-defined pathway of AD in statin-treated neural stem cells compared to vehicle-treated neural stem cells (normalized enrichment score: −2.24 in male and −1.6 in female). Conclusion These gene expression analyses from human blood and mouse neural stem cell demonstrate the important clues on the molecular mechanisms of impacts of statin on AD disease. Further studies are needed to investigate the exact role of candidate genes and pathways suggested in our AD pathogenesis study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibeom Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Suhyeon Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Yumin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyun Min Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Myung Oh
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
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19
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Caramello A, Galichet C, Sopena ML, Lovell‐Badge R, Rizzoti K. The cortical hem lacks stem cell potential despite expressing SOX9 and HOPX. Dev Neurobiol 2022; 82:565-580. [PMID: 36067402 PMCID: PMC9826121 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The adult dentate gyrus (DG) of rodents hosts a neural stem cell (NSC) niche capable of generating new neurons throughout life. The embryonic origin and molecular mechanisms underlying formation of DG NSCs are still being investigated. We performed a bulk transcriptomic analysis on mouse developing archicortex conditionally deleted for Sox9, a SoxE transcription factor controlling both gliogenesis and NSC formation, and identified Hopx, a recently identified marker of both prospective adult DG NSCs and astrocytic progenitors, as being downregulated. We confirm SOX9 is required for HOPX expression in the embryonic archicortex. In particular, we found that both NSC markers are highly expressed in the cortical hem (CH), while only weakly in the adjacent dentate neuroepithelium (DNE), suggesting a potential CH embryonic origin for DG NSCs. However, we demonstrate both in vitro and in vivo that the embryonic CH, as well as its adult derivatives, lacks stem cell potential. Instead, deletion of Sox9 in the DNE affects both HOPX expression and NSC formation in the adult DG. We conclude that HOPX expression in the CH is involved in astrocytic differentiation downstream of SOX9, which we previously showed regulates DG development by inducing formation of a CH-derived astrocytic scaffold. Altogether, these results suggest that both proteins work in a dose-dependent manner to drive either astrocytic differentiation in CH or NSC formation in DNE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Caramello
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental GeneticsThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK,UK Dementia Research InstituteImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Christophe Galichet
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental GeneticsThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Miriam Llorian Sopena
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Science Technology PlatformFrancis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Robin Lovell‐Badge
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental GeneticsThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Karine Rizzoti
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental GeneticsThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
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20
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Abstract
The hypothalamus is a brain region that exhibits highly conserved anatomy across vertebrate species and functions as a central regulatory hub for many physiological processes such as energy homeostasis and circadian rhythm. Neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus are largely responsible for sensing of peripheral signals such as leptin and insulin, and are critical for the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure. While these neurons are mainly born during embryogenesis, accumulating evidence have demonstrated that neurogenesis also occurs in postnatal-adult mouse hypothalamus, particularly in the first two postnatal weeks. This second wave of active neurogenesis contributes to the remodeling of hypothalamic neuronal populations and regulation of energy homeostasis including hypothalamic leptin sensing. Radial glia cell types, such as tanycytes, are known to act as neuronal progenitors in the postnatal mouse hypothalamus. Our recent study unveiled a previously unreported radial glia-like neural stem cell (RGL-NSC) population that actively contributes to neurogenesis in the postnatal mouse hypothalamus. We also identified Irx3 and Irx5, which encode Iroquois homeodomain-containing transcription factors, as genetic determinants regulating the neurogenic property of these RGL-NSCs. These findings are significant as IRX3 and IRX5 have been implicated in FTO-associated obesity in humans, illustrating the importance of postnatal hypothalamic neurogenesis in energy homeostasis and obesity. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding postnatal-adult hypothalamic neurogenesis and highlight recent findings on the radial glia-like cells that contribute to the remodeling of postnatal mouse hypothalamus. We will discuss characteristics of the RGL-NSCs and potential actions of Irx3 and Irx5 in the regulation of neural stem cells in the postnatal-adult mouse brain. Understanding the behavior and regulation of neural stem cells in the postnatal-adult hypothalamus will provide novel mechanistic insights in the control of hypothalamic remodeling and energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengchao Dou
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joe Eun Son
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chi-chung Hui
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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21
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Abstract
Despite striking parallels between the fields of developmental biology and adult tissue homeostasis, these are disconnected in contemporary research. Although development describes tissue generation and homeostasis describes tissue maintenance, it is the balance between stem cell proliferation and differentiation that coordinates both processes. Upstream signalling regulates this balance to achieve the required outcome at the population level. Both development and homeostasis require tight regulation of stem cells at the single-cell level and establishment of patterns at the tissue-wide level. Here, we emphasize that the general principles of embryonic development and tissue homeostasis are similar, and argue that interactions between these disciplines will be beneficial for both research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja D C Weterings
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marek J van Oostrom
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Katharina F Sonnen
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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22
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Borrett MJ, Innes BT, Jeong D, Tahmasian N, Storer MA, Bader GD, Kaplan DR, Miller FD. Single-Cell Profiling Shows Murine Forebrain Neural Stem Cells Reacquire a Developmental State when Activated for Adult Neurogenesis. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108022. [PMID: 32783944 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The transitions from developing to adult quiescent and activated neural stem cells (NSCs) are not well understood. Here, we use single-cell transcriptional profiling and lineage tracing to characterize these transitions in the murine forebrain. We show that the two forebrain NSC parental populations, embryonic cortex and ganglionic eminence radial precursors (RPs), are highly similar even though they make glutamatergic versus gabaergic neurons. Both RP populations progress linearly to transition from a highly active embryonic to a dormant adult stem cell state that still shares many similarities with embryonic RPs. When adult NSCs of either embryonic origin become reactivated to make gabaergic neurons, they acquire a developing ganglionic eminence RP-like identity. Thus, transitions from embryonic RPs to adult NSCs and back to neuronal progenitors do not involve fundamental changes in cell identity, but rather reflect conversions between activated and dormant NSC states that may be determined by the niche environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Borrett
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada
| | - Brendan T Innes
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada
| | - Danielle Jeong
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada
| | - Nareh Tahmasian
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada
| | - Mekayla A Storer
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Gary D Bader
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada
| | - David R Kaplan
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada
| | - Freda D Miller
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8, Canada.
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23
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Mal’tsev DI, Podgornyi OV. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Regulating Quiescence and Division of Hippocampal Stem Cells. NEUROCHEM J+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712420040054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Wu Q, Hao Q, Li H, Wang B, Wang P, Jin X, Yu P, Gao G, Chang Y. Brain iron deficiency and affected contextual fear memory in mice with conditional Ferroportin1 ablation in the brain. FASEB J 2020; 35:e21174. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000167rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism College of Life Science Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang China
- College of Basic Medicine Hebei University of Chinese Medicine Shijiazhuang China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Cardio‐Cerebrovascular Disease Shijiazhuang China
| | - Qian Hao
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism College of Life Science Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism College of Life Science Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Bo Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism College of Life Science Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Peina Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism College of Life Science Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Xiaofang Jin
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism College of Life Science Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Peng Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism College of Life Science Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Guofen Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism College of Life Science Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang China
| | - Yan‐Zhong Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism College of Life Science Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang China
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25
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McCallum S, Obata Y, Fourli E, Boeing S, Peddie CJ, Xu Q, Horswell S, Kelsh RN, Collinson L, Wilkinson D, Pin C, Pachnis V, Heanue TA. Enteric glia as a source of neural progenitors in adult zebrafish. eLife 2020; 9:56086. [PMID: 32851974 PMCID: PMC7521928 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence and identity of neural progenitors in the enteric nervous system (ENS) of vertebrates is a matter of intense debate. Here, we demonstrate that the non-neuronal ENS cell compartment of teleosts shares molecular and morphological characteristics with mammalian enteric glia but cannot be identified by the expression of canonical glial markers. However, unlike their mammalian counterparts, which are generally quiescent and do not undergo neuronal differentiation during homeostasis, we show that a relatively high proportion of zebrafish enteric glia proliferate under physiological conditions giving rise to progeny that differentiate into enteric neurons. We also provide evidence that, similar to brain neural stem cells, the activation and neuronal differentiation of enteric glia are regulated by Notch signalling. Our experiments reveal remarkable similarities between enteric glia and brain neural stem cells in teleosts and open new possibilities for use of mammalian enteric glia as a potential source of neurons to restore the activity of intestinal neural circuits compromised by injury or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McCallum
- Development and Homeostasis of the Nervous System Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yuuki Obata
- Development and Homeostasis of the Nervous System Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Evangelia Fourli
- Development and Homeostasis of the Nervous System Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Boeing
- Bionformatics & Biostatistics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Peddie
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Qiling Xu
- Neural Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Horswell
- Bionformatics & Biostatistics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert N Kelsh
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Collinson
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Wilkinson
- Neural Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carmen Pin
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Vassilis Pachnis
- Development and Homeostasis of the Nervous System Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tiffany A Heanue
- Development and Homeostasis of the Nervous System Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
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26
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Chen GY, Zhang S, Li CH, Qi CC, Wang YZ, Chen JY, Wang G, Ding YQ, Su CJ. Mediator Med23 Regulates Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:699. [PMID: 32850819 PMCID: PMC7403405 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian Mediator (Med) is a key regulator of gene expression by linking transcription factors to RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcription machineries. The Mediator subunit 23 (Med23) is a member of the conserved Med protein complex and plays essential roles in diverse biological processes including adipogenesis, carcinogenesis, osteoblast differentiation, and T-cell activation. However, its potential functions in the nervous system remain unknown. We report here that Med23 is required for adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mouse. Deletion of Med23 in adult hippocampal neural stem cells (NSCs) was achieved in Nestin-CreER:Med23flox/flox mice by oral administration of tamoxifen. We found an increased number of proliferating NSCs shown by pulse BrdU-labeling and immunostaining of MCM2 and Ki67, which is possibly due to a reduction in cell cycle length, with unchanged GFAP+/Sox2+ NSCs and Tbr2+ progenitors. On the other hand, neuroblasts and immature neurons indicated by NeuroD and DCX were decreased in number in the dentate gyrus (DG) of Med23-deficient mice. In addition, these mice also displayed defective dendritic morphogenesis, as well as a deficiency in spatial and contextual fear memory. Gene ontology (GO) analysis of hippocampal NSCs revealed an enrichment in genes involved in cell proliferation, Pol II-associated transcription, Notch signaling pathway and apoptosis. These results demonstrate that Med23 plays roles in regulating adult brain neurogenesis and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Yan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chong-Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong-Cong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Brain Science, and Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Zhou Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jia-Yin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Qiang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Brain Science, and Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang-Jun Su
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), Xi'an, China
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27
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Johard H, Omelyanenko A, Fei G, Zilberter M, Dave Z, Abu-Youssef R, Schmidt L, Harisankar A, Vincent CT, Walfridsson J, Nelander S, Harkany T, Blomgren K, Andäng M. HCN Channel Activity Balances Quiescence and Proliferation in Neural Stem Cells and Is a Selective Target for Neuroprotection During Cancer Treatment. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 18:1522-1533. [PMID: 32665429 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Children suffering from neurologic cancers undergoing chemotherapy and radiotherapy are at high risk of reduced neurocognitive abilities likely via damage to proliferating neural stem cells (NSC). Therefore, strategies to protect NSCs are needed. We argue that induced cell-cycle arrest/quiescence in NSCs during cancer treatment can represent such a strategy. Here, we show that hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) ion channels are dynamically expressed over the cell cycle in NSCs, depolarize the membrane potential, underlie spontaneous calcium oscillations and are required to maintain NSCs in the actively proliferating pool. Hyperpolarizing pharmacologic inhibition of HCN channels during exposure to ionizing radiation protects NSCs cells in neurogenic brain regions of young mice. In contrast, brain tumor-initiating cells, which also express HCN channels, remain proliferative during HCN inhibition. IMPLICATIONS: Our finding that NSCs can be selectively rescued while cancer cells remain sensitive to the treatment, provide a foundation for reduction of cognitive impairment in children with neurologic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Johard
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden.,Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Omelyanenko
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gao Fei
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Misha Zilberter
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California
| | - Zankruti Dave
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Randa Abu-Youssef
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linnéa Schmidt
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - C Theresa Vincent
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | - Sven Nelander
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Pediatric Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Andäng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden.,Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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28
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Abstract
The human brain is composed of billions of cells, including neurons and glia, with an undetermined number of subtypes. During the embryonic and early postnatal stages, the vast majority of these cells are generated from neural progenitors and stem cells located in all regions of the neural tube. A smaller number of neurons will continue to be generated throughout our lives, in localized neurogenic zones, mainly confined at least in rodents to the subependymal zone of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. During neurogenesis, a combination of extrinsic cues interacting with temporal and regional intrinsic programs are thought to be critical for increasing neuronal diversity, but their underlying mechanisms need further elucidation. In this review, we discuss the recent findings in Drosophila and mammals on the types of cell division and cell interactions used by neural progenitors and stem cells to sustain neurogenesis, and how they are influenced by glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Mira
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Morante
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Alicante, Spain
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29
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Lo JHT, U KP, Yiu T, Ong MTY, Lee WYW. Sarcopenia: Current treatments and new regenerative therapeutic approaches. J Orthop Translat 2020; 23:38-52. [PMID: 32489859 PMCID: PMC7256062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is characterized by loss of muscle and reduction in muscle strength that contributes to higher mortality rate and increased incidence of fall and hospitalization in the elderly. Mitochondria dysfunction and age-associated inflammation in muscle are two of the main attributors to sarcopenia progression. Recent clinical trials on sarcopenia therapies such as physical exercise, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical interventions have revealed that exercise is the only effective strategy shown to alleviate sarcopenia. Unlike nutraceutical and pharmaceutical interventions that showed controversial results in sarcopenia alleviation, exercise was found to restore mitochondria homeostasis and dampen inflammatory responses via a complex exchange of myokines and osteokines signalling between muscle and bone. However, as exercise have limited benefit to immobile patients, the use of stem cells and their secretome are being suggested to be novel therapeutics that can be catered to a larger patient population owing to their mitochondria restoration effects and immune modulatory abilities. As such, we reviewed the potential pros and cons associated with various stem cell types/secretome in sarcopenia treatment and the regulatory and production barriers that need to be overcome to translate such novel therapeutic agents into bedside application. Translational potential: This review summarizes the causes underlying sarcopenia from the perspective of mitochondria dysfunction and age-associated inflammation, and the progress of clinical trials for the treatment of sarcopenia. We also propose therapeutic potential of stem cell therapy and bioactive secretome for sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hiu-Tung Lo
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China.,Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Kin Pong U
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China.,Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Tszlam Yiu
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China.,Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Michael Tim-Yun Ong
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Wayne Yuk-Wai Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China.,Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China
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30
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Würth R, Thellung S, Corsaro A, Barbieri F, Florio T. Experimental Evidence and Clinical Implications of Pituitary Adenoma Stem Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:54. [PMID: 32153500 PMCID: PMC7044184 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas, accounting for 15% of diagnosed intracranial neoplasms, are usually benign and pharmacologically and surgically treatable; however, the critical location, mass effects and hormone hypersecretion sustain their significant morbidity. Approximately 35% of pituitary tumors show a less benign course since they are highly proliferative and invasive, poorly resectable, and likely recurring. The latest WHO classification of pituitary tumors includes pituitary transcription factor assessment to determine adenohypophysis cell lineages and accurate designation of adenomas, nevertheless little is known about molecular and cellular pathways which contribute to pituitary tumorigenesis. In malignant tumors the identification of cancer stem cells radically changed the concepts of both tumorigenesis and pharmacological approaches. Cancer stem cells are defined as a subset of undifferentiated transformed cells from which the bulk of cancer cells populating a tumor mass is generated. These cells are able to self-renew, promoting tumor progression and recurrence of malignant tumors, also conferring cytotoxic drug resistance. On the other hand, the existence of stem cells within benign tumors is still debated. The presence of adult stem cells in human and murine pituitaries where they sustain the high plasticity of hormone-producing cells, allowed the hypothesis that putative tumor stem cells might exist in pituitary adenomas, reinforcing the concept that the cancer stem cell model could also be applied to pituitary tumorigenesis. In the last few years, the isolation and phenotypic characterization of putative pituitary adenoma stem-like cells was performed using a wide and heterogeneous variety of experimental models and techniques, although the role of these cells in adenoma initiation and progression is still not completely definite. The assessment of possible pituitary adenoma-initiating cell population would be of extreme relevance to better understand pituitary tumor biology and to identify novel potential diagnostic markers and pharmacological targets. In this review, we summarize the most updated studies focused on the definition of pituitary adenoma stem cell phenotype and functional features, highlighting the biological processes and intracellular pathways potentially involved in driving tumor growth, relapse, and therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Würth
- Section of Pharmacology, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Thellung
- Section of Pharmacology, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Corsaro
- Section of Pharmacology, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federica Barbieri
- Section of Pharmacology, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Tullio Florio
- Section of Pharmacology, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna and Centro di Eccellenza per la Ricerca Biomedica (CEBR), Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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