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Yang Q, Su S, Luo N, Cao G. Adenine-induced animal model of chronic kidney disease: current applications and future perspectives. Ren Fail 2024; 46:2336128. [PMID: 38575340 PMCID: PMC10997364 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2024.2336128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) with high morbidity and mortality all over the world is characterized by decreased kidney function, a condition which can result from numerous risk factors, including diabetes, hypertension and obesity. Despite significant advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of CKD, there are still no treatments that can effectively combat CKD, which underscores the urgent need for further study into the pathological mechanisms underlying this condition. In this regard, animal models of CKD are indispensable. This article reviews a widely used animal model of CKD, which is induced by adenine. While a physiologic dose of adenine is beneficial in terms of biological activity, a high dose of adenine is known to induce renal disease in the organism. Following a brief description of the procedure for disease induction by adenine, major mechanisms of adenine-induced CKD are then reviewed, including inflammation, oxidative stress, programmed cell death, metabolic disorders, and fibrillation. Finally, the application and future perspective of this adenine-induced CKD model as a platform for testing the efficacy of a variety of therapeutic approaches is also discussed. Given the simplicity and reproducibility of this animal model, it remains a valuable tool for studying the pathological mechanisms of CKD and identifying therapeutic targets to fight CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Songya Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nan Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gang Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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2
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Gazzard SE, Cullen-McEwen LA, Nikulina M, Clever AB, Gardner BS, Smith DW, Lee CJ, Nyengaard JR, Evans RG, Bertram JF. Alterations to peritubular capillary structure in a rat model of kidney interstitial fibrosis: Implications for oxygen diffusion. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 39238265 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Fibrosis and loss of functional capillary surface area may contribute to renal tissue hypoxia in a range of kidney diseases. However, there is limited quantitative information on the impact of kidney disease on the barriers to oxygen diffusion from cortical peritubular capillaries (PTCs) to kidney epithelial tubules. Here, we used stereological methods to quantify changes in total cortical PTC length and surface area, PTC length and surface densities, and diffusion distances between PTCs and kidney tubules in adenine-induced kidney injury. After 7 days of oral gavage of adenine (100 mg), plasma creatinine was 3.5-fold greater than in vehicle-treated rats, while total kidney weight was 83% greater. The total length of PTCs was similar in adenine-treated (1.47 ± 0.23 km (mean ± standard deviation)) to vehicle-treated (1.24 ± 0.24 km) rats, as was the surface density of PTCs (0.025 ± 0.002 vs. 0.024 ± 0.004 μm2/μm3). The total surface area of PTCs was 69% greater in adenine-treated than vehicle-treated rats. However, the length density of PTCs was 28% less in adenine-treated than vehicle-treated rats. Diffusion distances, from PTCs to the basal membrane of the nearest renal tubule (108%), and to the mid-point of the cytoplasmic height of the nearest tubular epithelial cell (57%), were markedly increased. These findings indicate that, in adenine-induced kidney injury, expansion of the renal cortical interstitium increases the distance required for diffusion of oxygen from PTCs to tubules, rendering the kidney cortex susceptible to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Gazzard
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luise A Cullen-McEwen
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marina Nikulina
- Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arnold B Clever
- Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bruce S Gardner
- School of Mathematics, Statistics, Chemistry and Physics, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David W Smith
- Faculty of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Chang-Joon Lee
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jens R Nyengaard
- Core Center for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University; and Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Roger G Evans
- Department of Physiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Pre-Clinical Critical Care Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John F Bertram
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Youssef KK, Nieto MA. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in tissue repair and degeneration. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:720-739. [PMID: 38684869 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-024-00733-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) are the epitome of cell plasticity in embryonic development and cancer; during EMT, epithelial cells undergo dramatic phenotypic changes and become able to migrate to form different tissues or give rise to metastases, respectively. The importance of EMTs in other contexts, such as tissue repair and fibrosis in the adult, has become increasingly recognized and studied. In this Review, we discuss the function of EMT in the adult after tissue damage and compare features of embryonic and adult EMT. Whereas sustained EMT leads to adult tissue degeneration, fibrosis and organ failure, its transient activation, which confers phenotypic and functional plasticity on somatic cells, promotes tissue repair after damage. Understanding the mechanisms and temporal regulation of different EMTs provides insight into how some tissues heal and has the potential to open new therapeutic avenues to promote repair or regeneration of tissue damage that is currently irreversible. We also discuss therapeutic strategies that modulate EMT that hold clinical promise in ameliorating fibrosis, and how precise EMT activation could be harnessed to enhance tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Angela Nieto
- Instituto de Neurociencias (CSIC-UMH), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
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Panditrao Lahane G, Dhar A. Renoprotective effect of Nesfatin-1 in Adenine-Induced Chronic kidney Disease: An in vitro and in vivo study. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 225:116284. [PMID: 38750903 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) presents a significant global health challenge with limited treatment options. Nesfatin-1, an anorexigenic peptide, has demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties in various diseases. However, the role of nesfatin-1 in CKD remains unclear. This study investigates the potential renoprotective effects of nesfatin-1 in adenine-induced CKD mice and in NRK-52E renal epithelial cells. Male C57BL/6J mice and NRK-52E renal epithelial cells were administered adenine to induce CKD. Various aspects of renal function, histopathology, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and renal interstitial fibrosis were assessed and downstream pathways were investigated. Adenine-fed mice exhibited reduced nesfatin-1 expression and increased markers of kidney damage, including elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, and histological abnormalities, reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis. Treatment with nesfatin-1 in adenine induced mice significantly reversed these changes. Nesfatin-1 also lowered calcium levels and the expression of inflammatory markers, including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and Nf-kB. Furthermore, nesfatin-1 reduced the expression of apoptotic markers (Caspase-3, Caspase-1, Bax/Bcl2 ratio) and restored the balance of Bcl2 and MMP. Lastly, nesfatin-1 attenuated fibrotic markers (Tgf-β, Smad2/3,4, type IV collagen, α-SMA) in both adenine-induced CKD mice and NRK-52E cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that nesfatin-1 may enhance kidney function in adenine-induced CKD mice and NRK-52E cells. The renoprotective effects of nesfatin-1 are likely associated with its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-fibrotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Panditrao Lahane
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Arti Dhar
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, Telangana 500078, India.
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Lee OYA, Wong ANN, Ho CY, Tse KW, Chan AZ, Leung GPH, Kwan YW, Yeung MHY. Potentials of Natural Antioxidants in Reducing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Chronic Kidney Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:751. [PMID: 38929190 PMCID: PMC11201162 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) presents a substantial global public health challenge, with high morbidity and mortality. CKD patients often experience dyslipidaemia and poor glycaemic control, further exacerbating inflammation and oxidative stress in the kidney. If left untreated, these metabolic symptoms can progress to end-stage renal disease, necessitating long-term dialysis or kidney transplantation. Alleviating inflammation responses has become the standard approach in CKD management. Medications such as statins, metformin, and GLP-1 agonists, initially developed for treating metabolic dysregulation, demonstrate promising renal therapeutic benefits. The rising popularity of herbal remedies and supplements, perceived as natural antioxidants, has spurred investigations into their potential efficacy. Notably, lactoferrin, Boerhaavia diffusa, Amauroderma rugosum, and Ganoderma lucidum are known for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and may support kidney function preservation. However, the mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of Western medications and herbal remedies in alleviating inflammation and oxidative stress occurring in renal dysfunction are not completely known. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of CKD treatment strategies and renal function preservation and critically discusses the existing literature's limitations whilst offering insight into the potential antioxidant effects of these interventions. This could provide a useful guide for future clinical trials and facilitate the development of effective treatment strategies for kidney functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- On Ying Angela Lee
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China; (O.Y.A.L.)
| | - Alex Ngai Nick Wong
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China; (O.Y.A.L.)
| | - Ching Yan Ho
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China; (O.Y.A.L.)
| | - Ka Wai Tse
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China; (O.Y.A.L.)
| | - Angela Zaneta Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - George Pak-Heng Leung
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China;
| | - Yiu Wa Kwan
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Martin Ho Yin Yeung
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China; (O.Y.A.L.)
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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6
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Zhang Y, Yu C, Li X. Kidney Aging and Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6585. [PMID: 38928291 PMCID: PMC11204319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The process of aging inevitably leads to an increase in age-related comorbidities, including chronic kidney disease (CKD). In many aspects, CKD can be considered a state of accelerated and premature aging. Aging kidney and CKD have numerous common characteristic features, ranging from pathological presentation and clinical manifestation to underlying mechanisms. The shared mechanisms underlying the process of kidney aging and the development of CKD include the increase in cellular senescence, the decrease in autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the alterations of epigenetic regulation, suggesting the existence of potential therapeutic targets that are applicable to both conditions. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the common characteristics between aging kidney and CKD, encompassing morphological changes, functional alterations, and recent advancements in understanding the underlying mechanisms. Moreover, we discuss potential therapeutic strategies for targeting senescent cells in both the aging process and CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Chen Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China;
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Bayoumi AA, Ahmad EA, Ibrahim IAAEH, Mahmoud MF, Elbatreek MH. Inhibition of both NOX and TNF-α exerts substantial renoprotective effects in renal ischemia reperfusion injury rat model. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 970:176507. [PMID: 38492877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Acute kidney injury (AKI) due to renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIRI) is associated with high morbidity and mortality, with no renoprotective drug available. Previous research focused on single drug targets, yet this approach has not reached translational success. Given the complexity of this condition, we aimed to identify a disease module and apply a multitarget network pharmacology approach. METHODS Identification of a disease module with potential drug targets was performed utilizing Disease Module Detection algorithm using NADPH oxidases (NOXs) as seeds. We then assessed the protective effect of a multitarget network pharmacology targeting the identified module in a rat model of RIRI. Rats were divided into five groups; sham, RIRI, and RIRI treated with setanaxib (NOX inhibitor, 10 mg/kg), etanercept (TNF-α inhibitor, 10 mg/kg), and setanaxib and etanercept (5 mg/kg each). Kidney functions, histopathological changes and oxidative stress markers (MDA and reduced GSH) were assessed. Immunohistochemistry of inflammatory (TNF-α, NF-κB) apoptotic (cCasp-3, Bax/Bcl 2), fibrotic (α-SMA) and proteolysis (MMP-9) markers was performed. RESULTS Our in-silico analysis yielded a disease module with TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1A) as the closest target to both NOX1 and NOX2. Targeting this module by a low-dose combination of setanaxib, and etanercept, resulted in a synergistic effect and ameliorated ischemic AKI in rats. This was evidenced by improved kidney function and reduced expression of inflammatory, apoptotic, proteolytic and fibrotic markers. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that applying a multitarget network pharmacology approach allows synergistic renoprotective effect in ischemic AKI and might pave the way towards translational success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina A Bayoumi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Enssaf Ahmad Ahmad
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Islam A A E-H Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Mona F Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud H Elbatreek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
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Chen X, Zeng X, Qiu X, Liu C, Lu P, Shen Z, Zhou X, Yang K. Exercise alleviates renal interstitial fibrosis by ameliorating the Sirt1-mediated TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway in T2DM mice. Endocr Connect 2024; 13:e230448. [PMID: 38251967 PMCID: PMC10959038 DOI: 10.1530/ec-23-0448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Background Renal interstitial fibrosis is the pathophysiological basis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Exercise appears to improve kidney interstitial fibrosis in T2DM, in which silent information regulator factor 2-related enzyme 1 (Sirt1) is a critical regulator. However, the role of Sirt1 in mediating exercise on renal tissue as well as its mechanism remains unknown. Methods T2DM mouse models were created using a high-fat diet mixed with streptozotocin, followed by 8 weeks of treadmill exercise and niacinamide (Sirt1 inhibitor) intervention. Kits for detecting biochemical indices of renal function were used. The pathological appearance and severity of renal tissue were examined using hematoxylin and eosin, Masson and immunohistochemical staining. The mRNA and protein expression of relevant signaling pathway factors were determined to use real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Results T2DM can promote renal interstitial fibrosis, increase kidney index, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and 24 h urinary total protein and cause pathological changes in renal tissue and affect renal function. After 8 weeks of exercise intervention, the biochemical indicators in the kidney of T2DM mice were decreased, Sirt1 expression was increased, the expression of TGF-β1, Smad3, collagen type I (COL1) and collagen type III (COL3) were decreased, and the renal interstitial fibrosis, renal tissue structural lesions and renal function were improved. However, after the nicotinamide intervention, renal interstitial fibrosis of T2DM mice was aggravated, and the improvement effect of exercise on renal interstitial fibrosis of T2DM mice was abolished. Conclusion The upregulation of Sirt1 expression by exercise can inhibit the transforming growth factor β1/Smad3 pathway, thereby inhibiting the expression and deposition of COL1 and COL3 in renal interstitium, thereby improving renal interstitial fibrosis in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghe Chen
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinyu Zeng
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Qiu
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chi Liu
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pengcheng Lu
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ziming Shen
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangxiang Zhou
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kang Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Marstrand-Jørgensen AB, Sembach FE, Bak ST, Ougaard M, Christensen-Dalsgaard M, Rønn Madsen M, Jensen DM, Secher T, Heimbürger SMN, Fink LN, Hansen D, Hansen HH, Østergaard MV, Christensen M, Dalbøge LS. Shared and Distinct Renal Transcriptome Signatures in 3 Standard Mouse Models of Chronic Kidney Disease. Nephron Clin Pract 2024; 148:487-502. [PMID: 38354720 DOI: 10.1159/000535918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several mouse models with diverse disease etiologies are used in preclinical research for chronic kidney disease (CKD). Here, we performed a head-to-head comparison of renal transcriptome signatures in standard mouse models of CKD to assess shared and distinct molecular changes in three mouse models commonly employed in preclinical CKD research and drug discovery. METHODS All experiments were conducted on male C57BL/6J mice. Mice underwent sham, unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO), or unilateral ischemic-reperfusion injury (uIRI) surgery and were terminated two- and 6-weeks post-surgery, respectively. The adenine-supplemented diet-induced (ADI) model of CKD was established by feeding with adenine diet for 6 weeks and compared to control diet feeding. For all models, endpoints included plasma biochemistry, kidney histology, and RNA sequencing. RESULTS All models displayed increased macrophage infiltration (F4/80 IHC) and fibrosis (collagen 1a1 IHC). Compared to corresponding controls, all models were characterized by an extensive number of renal differentially expressed genes (≥11,000), with a notable overlap in transcriptomic signatures across models. Gene expression markers of fibrosis, inflammation, and kidney injury supported histological findings. Interestingly, model-specific transcriptome signatures included several genes representing current drug targets for CKD, emphasizing advantages and limitations of the three CKD models in preclinical target and drug discovery. CONCLUSION The UUO, uIRI, and ADI mouse models of CKD have significant commonalities in their renal global transcriptome profile. Model-specific renal transcriptional signatures should be considered when selecting the specific model in preclinical target and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Secher
- Gubra A/S, Hørsholm, Denmark
- Cell Imaging and Pharmacology, Cell Therapy R&D, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | | | - Lisbeth N Fink
- Gubra A/S, Hørsholm, Denmark
- Biotherapeutics Screening, Ferring Pharmaceuticals A/S, Kastrup, Denmark
| | - Ditte Hansen
- Department of Nephrology, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Darijani MH, Aminzadeh A, Rahimi HR, Mandegary A, Heidari MR, Karami-Mohajeri S, Jafari E. Evaluating the protective effect of metformin against diclofenac-induced oxidative stress and hepatic damage: In vitro and in vivo studies. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 685:149168. [PMID: 37907013 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Diclofenac (DIC) is one of the most commonly prescribed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and has been shown to cause oxidative stress and liver injury. The current study investigated protective effects of metformin against DIC-induced hepatic toxicity in both in vitro and in vivo models. For the in vitro study, HepG2 cells were exposed to DIC in the presence or absence of metformin. The effect of metformin on cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay. Oxidative stress parameters (malondialdehyde (MDA), total thiol molecules (TTM), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC)) were assessed. For the in vivo study, thirty-six male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups. These groups were normal saline, metformin (200 mg/kg), DIC (50 mg/kg/day), DIC + metformin (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/day). Histopathological studies and serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), albumin, direct and total bilirubin were measured. Also, oxidative stress parameters were assessed in liver tissue. Furthermore, expression of glutathione peroxidase (GPX)-1, -3, and -4, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD)-1, and -3 was examined using the real-time PCR method in hepatic tissue. In the in vitro study, metformin significantly prevented DIC-induced loss in cell viability in HepG2 cells. Metformin markedly reduced DIC-induced elevation of MDA levels and increased the TAC and TTM levels. In the in vivo study, metformin significantly prevented DIC-induced changes in hematological and histological markers. Administration of metformin significantly improved oxidative stress parameters in liver tissue. In addition, metformin increased the expression of antioxidant enzymes. Our results suggest that metformin exerts a significant protective effect against DIC-induced hepatic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hossein Darijani
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Azadeh Aminzadeh
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Hamid-Reza Rahimi
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Mandegary
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahmoud-Reza Heidari
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Somayyeh Karami-Mohajeri
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Elham Jafari
- Pathology and Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Calderón-Garcidueñas AL, Barradas-Dermitz DM, Nolasco-Hipolito C, López-Amador N, Ajibola OO, Carvajal-Zarrabal O. Functional and histological effects of Anthurium schlechtendalii Kunth extracts on adenine-induced kidney damage of adult Wistar rats. Toxicon 2023; 233:107272. [PMID: 37652102 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Anthurium schlechtendalii Kunth is used by the Zoque group in southeastern Mexico for kidney and urinary diseases, but its safety and effectiveness are unproven, therefore a model of adenine-induced renal failure in rats was performed. The rats were fed with solid and aqueous plant extracts for 4 weeks to study its effects on kidney histological morphology. Kidneys were examined, and statistical analysis was performed. The adenine-containing diet caused renal failure, characterized by crystal deposits, cystic dilatation of tubules, and micro-abscesses. Both extracts caused tubular damage and collagen increase without inflammation. However, when combined with adenine, the extracts showed some protective effects, although cystic dilatation and granulomatous inflammation were observed. The extracts at the tested doses resulted in glomerular and tubular damage, aggravating cystic degeneration, therefore, its indiscriminate use in Humans is not safe. Additionally, the extracts can serve as a model for studying renal damage without crystal deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Laura Calderón-Garcidueñas
- National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Manuel Velasco Suárez. Neuropathology Department, Av. Insurgentes Sur 3877, La Fama, Tlalpan, 14269, México City, Mexico.
| | - Dulce María Barradas-Dermitz
- Biological-Chemistry Area. Technological Institute of Veracruz. Calzada Miguel Angel de Quevedo 2779, 91860, Veracruz, Ver., Mexico.
| | - Cirilo Nolasco-Hipolito
- Scientific Research Institute. University of Papaloapan Campus Tuxtepec. Circuito Central No. 200, Col. Parque Industrial, C.P. 68301, Tuxtepec Oaxaca, Mexico.
| | - Noé López-Amador
- Forensic Medicine Institute, Clinical and Forensic Neuroscience Department. Veracruz University, Juan Pablo II S/n, 94294, Boca Del Río, Ver., Mexico.
| | - Olaide Olawunmi Ajibola
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Western University, 2025E Biological & Geological Sciences Building, 1151 Richmond Street, London, N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Octavio Carvajal-Zarrabal
- Biochemistry and Nutrition Chemistry Area, Veracruz University. Juan Pablo II S/n, 94294, Boca Del Río, Ver., Mexico.
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12
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Liu D, Zhang C, Zhang J, Xu GT, Zhang J. Molecular pathogenesis of subretinal fibrosis in neovascular AMD focusing on epithelial-mesenchymal transformation of retinal pigment epithelium. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 185:106250. [PMID: 37536385 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision loss among elderly people in developed countries. Neovascular AMD (nAMD) accounts for more than 90% of AMD-related vision loss. At present, intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) is widely used as the first-line therapy to decrease the choroidal and retinal neovascularizations, and thus to improve or maintain the visual acuity of the patients with nAMD. However, about 1/3 patients still progress to irreversible visual impairment due to subretinal fibrosis even with adequate anti-VEGF treatment. Extensive literatures support the critical role of epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in the pathogenesis of subretinal fibrosis in nAMD, but the underlying mechanisms still remain largely unknown. This review summarized the molecular pathogenesis of subretinal fibrosis in nAMD, especially focusing on the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-induced EMT pathways. It was also discussed how these pathways crosstalk and respond to signals from the microenvironment to mediate EMT and contribute to the progression of nAMD-related subretinal fibrosis. Targeting EMT signaling pathways might provide a promising and effective therapeutic strategy to treat subretinal fibrosis secondary to nAMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology of Tongji Hospital and Laboratory of Clinical and Visual Sciences of Tongji Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoyang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingting Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Tong Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology of Tongji Hospital and Laboratory of Clinical and Visual Sciences of Tongji Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jingfa Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.
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13
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Kim YS, Lee AS, Hur HJ, Lee SH, Na HJ, Sung MJ. Renoprotective Effect of Chrysanthemum coronarium L. Extract on Adenine-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease in Mice. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1048. [PMID: 37513959 PMCID: PMC10383626 DOI: 10.3390/ph16071048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) gradually leads to loss of renal function and is associated with inflammation and fibrosis. Chrysanthemum coronarium L., a leafy vegetable, possesses various beneficial properties, including anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative effects. In this study, we investigated the renoprotective effect of Chrysanthemum coronarium L. extract (CC) on adenine (AD)-induced CKD in mice. CKD was induced by feeding mice with an AD diet (0.25% w/w) for 4 weeks. Changes in renal function, histopathology, inflammation, and renal interstitial fibrosis were analyzed. The adenine-fed mice were characterized by increased blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and histological changes, including inflammation and fibrosis; however, these changes were significantly restored by treatment with CC. Additionally, CC inhibited the expression of the inflammatory markers, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interleukins-6 and -1β, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and cyclooxygenase 2. Moreover, CC suppressed the expression of the fibrotic markers, type IV collagen, and fibronectin. Furthermore, CC attenuated the expression of profibrotic genes (tumor growth factor-β and α-smooth muscle actin) in AD-induced renal injury mice. Thus, our results suggest that CC has the potential to attenuate AD-induced renal injury and might offer a new option as a renoprotective agent or functional food supplement to manage CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Seul Kim
- Research Group of Natural Materials and Metabolism, Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, 245 Nongsaenmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae-Sin Lee
- Research Group of Natural Materials and Metabolism, Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, 245 Nongsaenmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeng-Jeon Hur
- Research Group of Natural Materials and Metabolism, Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, 245 Nongsaenmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hee Lee
- Research Group of Natural Materials and Metabolism, Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, 245 Nongsaenmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Na
- Research Group of Natural Materials and Metabolism, Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, 245 Nongsaenmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jeong Sung
- Research Group of Natural Materials and Metabolism, Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, 245 Nongsaenmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
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14
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Catalpol Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Inflammation via Mechanisms Involving Sirtuin-1 Activation and NF-κB Inhibition in Experimentally-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15010237. [PMID: 36615896 PMCID: PMC9824177 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a stealthy disease, and its development is linked to mechanisms including inflammation and oxidative stress. Catalpol (CAT), an iridoid glucoside from the root of Rehmannia glutinosa, is reported to manifest anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiapoptotic and antifibrotic properties. Hence, we studied the possible nephroprotective effects of CAT and its mechanisms in an adenine-induced (0.2% w/w in feed for 4 weeks) murine model of CKD by administering 5 mg/kg CAT to BALB/c mice for the duration of 4 weeks except during weekends. Upon sacrifice, the kidney, plasma and urine were collected and various physiological, biochemical and histological endpoints were assessed. CAT significantly ameliorated the adenine-induced altered body and kidney weight, water intake, urine volume, and concentrations of urea and creatinine in plasma, as well as the creatinine clearance and the albumin and creatinine ratio. Moreover, CAT significantly ameliorated the effect of adenine-induced kidney injury by reducing the kidney injury molecule-1, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, cystatin C and adiponectin. Similarly, the augmented concentrations of markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in the adenine-treated group were markedly reduced with CAT pretreatment. Furthermore, CAT prevented adenine-induced deoxyribonucleic acid damage and apoptotic activity in the kidneys. Histologically, CAT significantly reduced the formation of tubular necrosis and dilation, as well as interstitial fibrosis in the kidney. In addition to that, CAT significantly decreased the adenine-induced increase in the phosphorylated NF-κB and reversed the reduced expression of sirtuin-1 in the kidney. In conclusion, CAT exhibits salutary effects against adenine-induced CKD in mice by mitigating inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis via mechanisms involving sirtuin-1 activation and NF-κB inhibition. Confirmatory studies are warranted in order to consider CAT as a potent nephroprotective agent against CKD.
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15
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Xu L, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Gang X, Zhou T, Han J, Cao Y, Qi B, Song S, Wang X, Liang Y. Metformin protects trabecular meshwork against oxidative injury via activating integrin/ROCK signals. eLife 2023; 12:81198. [PMID: 36598818 PMCID: PMC9812404 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of metformin on trabecular meshwork (TM) and explore its molecular mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. Ocular hypertension (OHT) mouse models were induced with dexamethasone and further treated with metformin to determine the intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering effect. Cultured human TM cells (HTMCs) were pre-stimulated with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) to induce oxidative damage and then supplemented with metformin for another 24 hr. The expression of fibrotic markers and integrin/Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) signals, including α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), fibronectin, integrin beta 1, ROCK 1/2, AMP-activated protein kinase, myosin light chain 1, and F-actin were determined by western blotting and immunofluorescence. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) content was analysed using flow cytometry. Transmission electron microscopy was performed to observe microfilaments in HTMCs. It showed that metformin administration reduced the elevated IOP and alleviated the fibrotic activity of aqueous humour outflow in OHT models. Additionally, metformin rearranged the disordered cytoskeleton in the TM both in vivo and in vitro and significantly inhibited ROS production and activated integrin/ROCK signalling induced by tBHP in HTMCs. These results indicated that metformin reduced the elevated IOP in steroid-induced OHT mouse models and exerted its protective effects against oxidative injury by regulating cytoskeleton remodelling through the integrin/ROCK pathway. This study provides new insights into metformin use and preclinical evidence for the potential treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, WenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Xinyao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, WenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, WenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Xiaorui Gang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, WenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, WenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Jialing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, WenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, WenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Binyan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, WenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Shuning Song
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, WenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, WenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yuanbo Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, WenzhouZhejiangChina
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16
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Zeng J, Huang H, Zhang Y, Lv X, Cheng J, Zou SJ, Han Y, Wang S, Gong L, Peng Z. Dapagliflozin alleviates renal fibrosis in a mouse model of adenine-induced renal injury by inhibiting TGF-β1/MAPK mediated mitochondrial damage. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1095487. [PMID: 36959860 PMCID: PMC10028454 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1095487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a common pathological outcome of various chronic kidney diseases, and as yet, there is no specific treatment. Dapagliflozin has shown renal protection in some clinical trials as a glucose-lowering drug, but its role and mechanism on renal fibrosis remain unclear. In this study, we used a 0.2% adenine diet-induced renal fibrosis mouse model to investigate whether dapagliflozin could protect renal function and alleviate renal fibrosis in this animal model. In vivo, we found that dapagliflozin's protective effect on renal fibrosis was associated with 1) sustaining mitochondrial integrity and respiratory chain complex expression, maintained the amount of mitochondria; 2) improving fatty acid oxidation level with increased expression of CPT1-α, PPAR-α, ACOX1, and ACOX2; 3) reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, likely via regulation of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, cxcl-1 expression, and glutathione (GSH) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels; and 4) inhibiting the activation of the TGF-β1/MAPK pathway. In HK2 cells treated with TGF-β1, dapagliflozin reduced the expression of FN and α-SMA, improved mitochondrial respiratory chain complex expression, and inhibited activation of the TGF-β1/MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zeng
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Lv
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiawei Cheng
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Si Jue Zou
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuanyuan Han
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Songkai Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li Gong
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhangzhe Peng
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Zhangzhe Peng,
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17
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El Amin Ali AM, Osman HM, Zaki AM, Shaker O, Elsayed AM, Abdelwahed MY, Mohammed RA. Reno-protective effects of GLP-1 receptor agonist and anti-platelets in experimentally induced diabetic kidney disease in male albino rats. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 25:1487-1497. [PMID: 36544522 PMCID: PMC9742563 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2022.65061.14494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The prevalence of chronic kidney disease in diabetics is progressively increasing with an increased risk of fatal complications. Materials and Methods Sixty male albino rats were used in the study, and type 2 diabetes mellitus were induced. Diabetic rats were divided randomly into 5 groups, the control diabetic group and 4 treated groups were treated with metformin (group3), dulaglutide (group 4), metformin & cilostazol (group 5), and the last group was treated with dulaglutide & cilostazol (group 6). At the end of the experiment, the weight of rats and systolic blood pressure were estimated. After overnight fasting, the serum levels of blood glucose, lipid profile, and kidney function were measured. After scarification, gene expression of eNOS and NFKB in kidney tissue were estimated and kidney tissues were examined for histopathology. Results Diabetic rats showed a significant increase in body weight, blood pressure, serum blood glucose, lipid profile, and impaired kidney function. Metformin and dulaglutide are associated with a significant decrease in blood pressure, blood glucose level, serum lipid profile, and improved kidney function. These changes are associated with a significant increase in anti-oxidative markers, and decreased inflammatory and fibrotic markers, especially with the addition of cilostazol. Conclusion Metformin and dulaglutide have been shown to ameliorate kidney damage in diabetics by stimulating the anti-oxidant defense system, normalizing kidney functional parameters, and improving histopathological changes. The addition of cilostazol to metformin or dulaglutide increased some of their anti-oxidants and anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamed M. Osman
- Professor of Physiology, Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Azaa M. Zaki
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Olfat Shaker
- Professor of Biochemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Rahab Ahmed Mohammed
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt. ,Corresponding author: Rahab Ahmed Mohammed. Physiology department, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum. Egypt. Tel: 01005446843;
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18
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Antar SA, Saleh MA, Al-Karmalawy AA. Investigating the possible mechanisms of pirfenidone to be targeted as a promising anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-tumor, and/or anti-SARS-CoV-2. Life Sci 2022; 309:121048. [PMID: 36209833 PMCID: PMC9536875 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Pirfenidone (PFD) is a non-peptide synthetic chemical that inhibits the production of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and collagen 1 (COL1A1), all of which have been linked to the prevention or removal of excessive scar tissue deposition in many organs. PFD has been demonstrated to decrease apoptosis, downregulate angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) receptor expression, reduce inflammation through many routes, and alleviate oxidative stress in pneumocytes and other cells while protecting them from COVID-19 invasion and cytokine storm. Based on the mechanism of action of PFD and the known pathophysiology of COVID-19, it was recommended to treat COVID-19 patients. The use of PFD as a treatment for a range of disorders is currently being studied, with an emphasis on outcomes related to reduced inflammation and fibrogenesis. As a result, rather than exploring the molecule's chemical characteristics, this review focuses on innovative PFD efficacy data. Briefly, herein we tried to investigate, discuss, and illustrate the possible mechanisms of actions for PFD to be targeted as a promising anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-tumor, and/or anti-SARS-CoV-2 candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar A Antar
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University, New Damietta 34518, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A Saleh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, the United Arab Emirates; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, 6th of October City, Giza 12566, Egypt.
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19
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Metformin Alleviates Delayed Hydrocephalus after Intraventricular Hemorrhage by Inhibiting Inflammation and Fibrosis. Transl Stroke Res 2022; 14:364-382. [PMID: 35852765 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a subtype of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) with high morbidity and mortality. Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) is a common and major complication that affects prognosis, but the mechanism is still unclear. Inflammation and fibrosis have been well established as the major causes of PHH after IVH. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of metformin on IVH in adult male mice and further explored the underlying molecular mechanisms of these effects. In the acute phase, metformin treatment exerted dose-dependent neuroprotective effects by reducing periependymal apoptosis and neuronal degeneration and decreasing brain edema. Moreover, high-dose metformin reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and the release of proinflammatory factors, thus protecting ependymal structure integrity and subependymal neurons. In the chronic phase, metformin administration improved neurocognitive function and reduced delayed hydrocephalus. Additionally, metformin significantly inhibited basal subarachnoid fibrosis and ependymal glial scarring. The ependymal structures partially restored. Mechanically, IVH reduced phospho-AMPK (p-AMPK) and SIRT1 expression and activated the phospho-NF-κB (p-NF-κB) inflammatory signaling pathway. However, metformin treatment increased AMPK/SIRT1 expression and lowered the protein expression of p-NF-κB and its downstream inflammation. Compound C and EX527 administration reversed the anti-inflammatory effect of metformin. In conclusion, metformin attenuated neuroinflammation and subsequent fibrosis after IVH by regulating AMPK /SIRT1/ NF-κB pathways, thereby reducing delayed hydrocephalus. Metformin may be a promising therapeutic agent to prevent delayed hydrocephalus following IVH.
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20
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Chen XC, Wu D, Wu HL, Li HY, Yang C, Su HY, Liu ZJ, Huang XR, Lu X, Huang LF, Zhu SP, Pan QJ, An N, Liu HF. Metformin improves renal injury of MRL/lpr lupus-prone mice via the AMPK/STAT3 pathway. Lupus Sci Med 2022; 9:9/1/e000611. [PMID: 35414608 PMCID: PMC9006817 DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2021-000611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective Lupus nephritis (LN) is a major complication and cause of death among patients with SLE. This research used in vivo and in vitro experiments to explore the therapeutic potential of metformin in kidney injury from LN-induced inflammation. Methods In vivo study, 8-week-old MRL/MpJ-Faslpr/J (MRL/lpr) mice were randomly divided into two groups (n=12 each): daily administration of 0.3 mg/mL metformin in drinking water and control (water only). Body weight and urinary samples were measured biweekly. Mice were sacrificed after 8-week treatment to harvest serum, lymph nodes, spleen and kidneys. In vitro study, human kidney-2 (HK-2) cells were pretreated with 1 mM metformin for 1 hour and then stimulated with 20 µg/mL lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or 10 ng/mL tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) for another 48 hours. Protein was collected for subsequent analysis. Results We found that metformin administration improved renal function in MRL/lpr lupus-prone mice, measured by decreased urea nitrogen and urinary proteins. Metformin reduced immunoglobulin G and complement C3 deposition in glomeruli. The treatment also downregulated systemic and renal inflammation, as seen in decreased renal infiltration of F4/80-positive macrophages and reduced splenic and renal MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) and TNF-α, and renal IL-1β (interleukin 1β) expression. Metformin administration decreased renal expression of necroptosis markers p-RIPK1 (phosphorylated receptor-interacting protein kinase 1) and p-MLKL, along with tubular injury marker KIM-1 (kidney injury molecule-1) in lupus mice. In addition, metformin alleviated the necroptosis of HK-2 cells stimulated by LPS and TNF-α, evidencing by a decrease in the expression of necroptosis markers p-RIPK1, p-RIPK3 and p-MLKL, and the inflammasome-related markers NLRP3 (NLR family pyrin domain containing 3), ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD), caspase-1. Mechanistically, metformin treatment upregulated p-AMPK (phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase) and downregulated p-STAT3 (phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) expression in the kidneys. Moreover, AMPKα2 knockdown abolished the protective effects of metformin in vitro. Conclusions Metformin alleviated kidney injury in LN though suppressing renal necroptosis and inflammation via the AMPK/STAT3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Cui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases co-sponsored by province and city, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases co-sponsored by province and city, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong-Luan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases co-sponsored by province and city, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui-Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases co-sponsored by province and city, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases co-sponsored by province and city, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong-Yong Su
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases co-sponsored by province and city, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases co-sponsored by province and city, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases co-sponsored by province and city, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Xing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases co-sponsored by province and city, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-Feng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases co-sponsored by province and city, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Shao-Ping Zhu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing-Jun Pan
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases co-sponsored by province and city, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Ning An
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases co-sponsored by province and city, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua-Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-communicable Diseases co-sponsored by province and city, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
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21
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Effects of cytokine signaling inhibition on inflammation-driven tissue remodeling. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 2:100023. [PMID: 34909658 PMCID: PMC8663982 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a common condition that can affect all body tissues, driven by unresolved tissue inflammation and resulting in tissue dysfunction and organ failure that could ultimately lead to death. A myriad of factors are thought to contribute to fibrosis and, although it is relatively common, treatments focusing on reversing fibrosis are few and far between. The process of fibrosis involves a variety of cell types, including epithelial, endothelial, and mesenchymal cells, as well as immune cells, which have been shown to produce pro-fibrotic cytokines. Advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of inflammation-driven tissue fibrosis and scar formation have led to the development of targeted therapeutics aiming to prevent, delay, or even reverse tissue fibrosis. In this review, we describe promising targets and agents in development, with a specific focus on cytokines that have been well-described to play a role in fibrosis: IL-1, TNF-α, IL-6, and TGF-β. An array of small molecule inhibitors, natural compounds, and biologics have been assessed in vivo, in vivo, and in the clinic, demonstrating the capacity to either directly interfere with pro-fibrotic pathways or to block intracellular enzymes that control fibrosis-related signaling pathways. Targeting pro-fibrotic cytokines, potentially via a multi-pronged approach, holds promise for the treatment of inflammation-driven fibrotic diseases in numerous organs. Despite the complexity of the interplay of cytokines in fibrotic tissues, the breadth of the currently ongoing research targeting cytokines suggests that these may hold the key to mitigating tissue fibrosis and reducing organ damage in the future.
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22
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Ala M, Ala M. Metformin for Cardiovascular Protection, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Osteoporosis, Periodontitis, Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, Neurodegeneration, Cancer, Inflammation and Senescence: What Is Next? ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1747-1770. [PMID: 34927008 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is accompanied by several complications. Higher prevalence of cancers, cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease (CKD), obesity, osteoporosis, and neurodegenerative diseases has been reported among patients with diabetes. Metformin is the oldest oral antidiabetic drug and can improve coexisting complications of diabetes. Clinical trials and observational studies uncovered that metformin can remarkably prevent or alleviate cardiovascular diseases, obesity, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), osteoporosis, cancer, periodontitis, neuronal damage and neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), tuberculosis, and COVID-19. In addition, metformin has been proposed as an antiaging agent. Numerous mechanisms were shown to be involved in the protective effects of metformin. Metformin activates the LKB1/AMPK pathway to interact with several intracellular signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms. The drug modifies the biologic function of NF-κB, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, SIRT1/PGC-1α, NLRP3, ERK, P38 MAPK, Wnt/β-catenin, Nrf2, JNK, and other major molecules in the intracellular signaling network. It also regulates the expression of noncoding RNAs. Thereby, metformin can regulate metabolism, growth, proliferation, inflammation, tumorigenesis, and senescence. Additionally, metformin modulates immune response, autophagy, mitophagy, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and apoptosis and exerts epigenetic effects. Furthermore, metformin protects against oxidative stress and genomic instability, preserves telomere length, and prevents stem cell exhaustion. In this review, the protective effects of metformin on each disease will be discussed using the results of recent meta-analyses, clinical trials, and observational studies. Thereafter, it will be meticulously explained how metformin reprograms intracellular signaling pathways and alters molecular and cellular interactions to modify the clinical presentations of several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Ala
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), 1416753955 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahan Ala
- School of Dentistry, Golestan University of Medical Sciences (GUMS), 4814565589 Golestan, Iran
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23
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Yang Y, Ha S, Jeong S, Jang CW, Kim J, Im DS, Chung HY, Chung KW. Comparison of two different toxin-induced kidney fibrosis models in terms of inflammatory responses. Toxicology 2021; 463:152973. [PMID: 34619300 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by persistent abnormalities in kidney function, accompanied by structural changes. Interstitial fibrosis, characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, is frequently detected during CKD development. Given the multiple underlying causes of CKD, numerous animal models have been developed to advance our understanding of human nephropathy. Herein, we compared two reliable toxin-induced mouse kidney fibrosis models in terms of fibrosis and inflammation. Administration of folic acid (250 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection) or an adenine diet (0.25 % for three weeks) afforded similar effects on kidney function, as detected by increased serum nitrogen levels. In addition, the kidneys exhibited a similar extent of tubule dilation and kidney damage. The degree of fibrosis was compared using various biological methods. Although both models developed a significant fibrotic phenotype, the adenine diet-fed model showed a marginally higher increase in fibrosis than the folic acid model, as reflected by increased kidney ECM gene and protein levels. We further compared inflammatory responses in the kidneys. Interestingly, pro-inflammatory responses, including cytokine expression and immune cell infiltration, were significantly increased in adenine diet-fed kidneys. Furthermore, collagen expression was identified in the macrophage-infiltrated region, implying the importance of inflammation in fibrogenesis. Collectively, we observed that the adenine diet-fed kidney fibrosis model presented a higher inflammatory response with increased fibrosis when compared with the folic acid-induced kidney fibrosis model, indicating the importance of the inflammatory response in fibrosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sugyeong Ha
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Somi Jeong
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Won Jang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongwon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Soon Im
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, and Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Wung Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Cheng D, Xu Q, Wang Y, Li G, Sun W, Ma D, Zhou S, Liu Y, Han L, Ni C. Metformin attenuates silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis via AMPK signaling. J Transl Med 2021; 19:349. [PMID: 34399790 PMCID: PMC8365894 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-03036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Silicosis is one of the most common occupational pulmonary fibrosis caused by respirable silica-based particle exposure, with no ideal drugs at present. Metformin, a commonly used biguanide antidiabetic agent, could activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) to exert its pharmacological action. Therefore, we sought to investigate the role of metformin in silica-induced lung fibrosis. Methods The anti-fibrotic role of metformin was assessed in 50 mg/kg silica-induced lung fibrosis model. Silicon dioxide (SiO2)-stimulated lung epithelial cells/macrophages and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1)-induced differentiated lung fibroblasts were used for in vitro models. Results At the concentration of 300 mg/kg in the mouse model, metformin significantly reduced lung inflammation and fibrosis in SiO2-instilled mice at the early and late fibrotic stages. Besides, metformin (range 2–10 mM) reversed SiO2-induced cell toxicity, oxidative stress, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition process in epithelial cells (A549 and HBE), inhibited inflammation response in macrophages (THP-1), and alleviated TGF-β1-stimulated fibroblast activation in lung fibroblasts (MRC-5) via an AMPK-dependent pathway. Conclusions In this study, we identified that metformin might be a potential drug for silicosis treatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-021-03036-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demin Cheng
- Department of Occupational Medical and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Qi Xu
- Department of Occupational Medical and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Occupational Medical and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Guanru Li
- Department of Occupational Medical and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Wenqing Sun
- Department of Occupational Medical and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Dongyu Ma
- Department of Occupational Medical and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Siyun Zhou
- Department of Occupational Medical and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Occupational Medical and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Lei Han
- Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210028, China.
| | - Chunhui Ni
- Department of Occupational Medical and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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