1
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Song Y, Chen N, Curk T, Katz HE. A Study of the Drift Phenomena of Gate-Functionalized Biosensors and Dual-Gate-Functionalized Biosensors in Human Serum. Molecules 2024; 29:1459. [PMID: 38611739 PMCID: PMC11013244 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we study the drift behavior of organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) biosensors in a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) buffer solution and human serum. Theoretical and experimental methods are illustrated in this paper to understand the origin of the drift phenomenon and the mechanism of ion diffusion in the sensing layer. The drift phenomenon is explained using a first-order kinetic model of ion adsorption into the gate material and shows very good agreement with experimental data on drift in OECTs. We show that the temporal current drift can be largely mitigated using a dual-gate OECT architecture and that dual-gate-based biosensors can increase the accuracy and sensitivity of immuno-biosensors compared to a standard single-gate design. Specific binding can be detected at a relatively low limit of detection, even in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tine Curk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 206 Maryland Hall, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (Y.S.); (N.C.)
| | - Howard E. Katz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 206 Maryland Hall, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (Y.S.); (N.C.)
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2
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Jiang X, Shi C, Wang Z, Huang L, Chi L. Healthcare Monitoring Sensors Based on Organic Transistors: Surface/Interface Strategy and Performance. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308952. [PMID: 37951211 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic transistors possess inherent advantages such as flexibility, biocompatibility, customizable chemical structures, solution-processability, and amplifying capabilities, making them highly promising for portable healthcare sensor applications. Through convenient and diverse modifications at the material and device surfaces or interfaces, organic transistors allow for a wide range of sensor applications spanning from chemical and biological to physical sensing. In this comprehensive review, the surface and interface engineering aspect associated with four types of typical healthcare sensors is focused. The device operation principles and sensing mechanisms are systematically analyzed and highlighted, and particularly surface/interface functionalization strategies that contribute to the enhancement of sensing performance are focused. An outlook and perspective on the critical issues and challenges in the field of healthcare sensing using organic transistors are provided as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Jiang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Shi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zi Wang
- Suzhou Laboratory, 388 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lizhen Huang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
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3
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Yadav Y, Singh SP. In Situ Measurement of Effective Gate Bias Voltage in Ionic Liquid-Gated Organic Field-Effect Transistors: Exploring Intrinsic Performance and Trap Density of States. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:48431-48441. [PMID: 37811786 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Electric double layer (EDL)-mediated transistors with ionic liquid (IL) gating have garnered substantial interest due to their exceptional properties, such as high transconductance and low-voltage operation, positioning them as promising candidates for organic electronics. In this study, we present an in situ measurement of effective gate bias voltage (VGS,eff) in IL-gated organic field-effect transistors (IL-OFETs) using a modified current-voltage measurement configuration. The results reveal a significant deviation between VGS,eff and the applied gate bias (VGS,app), indicating that the EDL at the gate/IL interface screens the applied voltage. It is observed that the screening effect varies depending on the specific cation and anion present in the IL. The evaluation of VGS,eff plays a pivotal role in understanding the intrinsic behavior of IL-OFETs and addresses the challenges associated with accurate performance assessment. Inherently, IL-OFETs demonstrate high transconductance, achieving values of approximately 9 mS while operating at a low threshold voltage of around 0.55 V. Through the acquisition of VGS,eff, we have successfully addressed the limitations impeding the numerical estimation of the trap density of states (trap DOS) in IL-OFETs. Remarkably, our calculations reveal an exceptionally low density of deep traps, which serves as a crucial factor contributing to the near-ideal subthreshold swing (61-68 mV dec-1) observed in IL-OFETs. Further investigations unveil the neutral electrical nature of the IL bulk during OFET operation, confirming the hypothesis that the applied gate bias voltage in electrolyte-gated OFETs drops across the EDLs formed at the interfaces. The impedance spectroscopic (IS) analysis confirms the low contact resistance (≈1 Ω·m) of IL-OFETs calculated using the transition voltage method. The IS analysis also reveals the low-transmissive nature of the IL/organic semiconductor interface. The knowledge gained from this study holds significant implications for realizing high-performance electrolyte-gated OFETs in various applications including digital electronics, energy storage, and sensing. By unraveling the factors influencing the device performance, such as VGS,eff and trap DOS, this research contributes to the advancement of organic electronics and paves the way for future developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Yadav
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Budh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India 201314
| | - Samarendra P Singh
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Budh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India 201314
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4
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Sharova AS, Modena F, Luzio A, Melloni F, Cataldi P, Viola F, Lamanna L, Zorn NF, Sassi M, Ronchi C, Zaumseil J, Beverina L, Antognazza MR, Caironi M. Chitosan-gated organic transistors printed on ethyl cellulose as a versatile platform for edible electronics and bioelectronics. NANOSCALE 2023. [PMID: 37334549 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01051a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Edible electronics is an emerging research field targeting electronic devices that can be safely ingested and directly digested or metabolized by the human body. As such, it paves the way to a whole new family of applications, ranging from ingestible medical devices and biosensors to smart labelling for food quality monitoring and anti-counterfeiting. Being a newborn research field, many challenges need to be addressed to realize fully edible electronic components. In particular, an extended library of edible electronic materials is required, with suitable electronic properties depending on the target device and compatible with large-area printing processes, to allow scalable and cost-effective manufacturing. In this work, we propose a platform for future low-voltage edible transistors and circuits that comprises an edible chitosan gating medium and inkjet-printed inert gold electrodes, compatible with low thermal budget edible substrates, such as ethylcellulose. We report the compatibility of the platform, characterized by critical channel features as low as 10 μm, with different inkjet-printed carbon-based semiconductors, including biocompatible polymers present in the picogram range per device. A complementary organic inverter is also demonstrated with the same platform as a proof-of-principle logic gate. The presented results offer a promising approach to future low-voltage edible active circuitry, as well as a testbed for non-toxic printable semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina S Sharova
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Modena
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Luzio
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
| | - Filippo Melloni
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Pietro Cataldi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Viola
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
| | - Leonardo Lamanna
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Nicolas F Zorn
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mauro Sassi
- Department of Materials Science, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, via Cozzi, 55, 20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Carlotta Ronchi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Luca Beverina
- Department of Materials Science, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, via Cozzi, 55, 20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Antognazza
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy.
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5
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Electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistors based on 2,6-dioctyltetrathienoacene as a convenient platform for fabrication of liquid biosensors. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3635-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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6
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Design of a Portable Microfluidic Platform for EGOT-Based in Liquid Biosensing. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22030969. [PMID: 35161715 PMCID: PMC8839715 DOI: 10.3390/s22030969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In biosensing applications, the exploitation of organic transistors gated via a liquid electrolyte has increased in the last years thanks to their enormous advantages in terms of sensitivity, low cost and power consumption. However, a practical aspect limiting the use of these devices in real applications is the contamination of the organic material, which represents an obstacle for the realization of a portable sensing platform based on electrolyte-gated organic transistors (EGOTs). In this work, a novel contamination-free microfluidic platform allowing differential measurements is presented and validated through finite element modeling simulations. The proposed design allows the exposure of the sensing electrode without contaminating the EGOT device during the whole sensing tests protocol. Furthermore, the platform is exploited to perform the detection of bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a validation test for the introduced differential protocol, demonstrating the capability to detect BSA at 1 pM concentration. The lack of contamination and the differential measurements provided in this work can be the first steps towards the realization of a reliable EGOT-based portable sensing instrument.
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7
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Macchia E, Torricelli F, Bollella P, Sarcina L, Tricase A, Di Franco C, Österbacka R, Kovács-Vajna ZM, Scamarcio G, Torsi L. Large-Area Interfaces for Single-Molecule Label-free Bioelectronic Detection. Chem Rev 2022; 122:4636-4699. [PMID: 35077645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronic transducing surfaces that are nanometric in size have been the main route to detect single molecules. Though enabling the study of rarer events, such methodologies are not suited to assay at concentrations below the nanomolar level. Bioelectronic field-effect-transistors with a wide (μm2-mm2) transducing interface are also assumed to be not suited, because the molecule to be detected is orders of magnitude smaller than the transducing surface. Indeed, it is like seeing changes on the surface of a one-kilometer-wide pond when a droplet of water falls on it. However, it is a fact that a number of large-area transistors have been shown to detect at a limit of detection lower than femtomolar; they are also fast and hence innately suitable for point-of-care applications. This review critically discusses key elements, such as sensing materials, FET-structures, and target molecules that can be selectively assayed. The amplification effects enabling extremely sensitive large-area bioelectronic sensing are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Macchia
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Fabrizio Torricelli
- Dipartimento Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Bollella
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy.,Centre for Colloid and Surface Science - Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Lucia Sarcina
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Tricase
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Cinzia Di Franco
- CNR, Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Sede di Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Ronald Österbacka
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Zsolt M Kovács-Vajna
- Dipartimento Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Gaetano Scamarcio
- CNR, Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Sede di Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy.,Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica "M. Merlin", Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Luisa Torsi
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland.,Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy.,Centre for Colloid and Surface Science - Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
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8
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Zubiarrain-Laserna A, Angizi S, Akbar MA, Divigalpitiya R, Selvaganapathy PR, Kruse P. Detection of free chlorine in water using graphene-like carbon based chemiresistive sensors. RSC Adv 2022; 12:2485-2496. [PMID: 35425275 PMCID: PMC8979178 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08264g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Free chlorine is the most commonly used water disinfectant. Measuring its concentration during and after water treatment is crucial to ensure its effectiveness. However, many of the existing methods do not allow for continuous on-line monitoring. Here we demonstrate a solid state chemiresistive sensor using graphene-like carbon (GLC) that overcomes that issue. GLC films that were either bare or non-covalently functionalized with the redox-active phenyl-capped aniline tetramer (PCAT) were successfully employed to quantify aqueous free chlorine, although functionalized devices showed better performance. The response of the sensors to increasing concentrations of free chlorine followed a Langmuir adsorption isotherm in the two tested ranges: 0.01–0.2 ppm and 0.2–1.4 ppm. The limit of detection was estimated to be 1 ppb, permitting the detection of breaches in chlorine filters. The devices respond to decreasing levels of free chlorine without the need for a reset, allowing for the continuous monitoring of fluctuations in the concentration. The maximum sensor response and saturation concentration were found to depend on the thickness of the GLC film. Hence, the sensitivity and dynamic range of the sensors can be tailored to different applications by adjusting the thickness of the films. Tap water samples from a residential area were tested using these sensors, which showed good agreement with standard colorimetric measurement methods. The devices did not suffer from interferences in the presence of ions commonly found in drinking water. Overall, these sensors are a cost-effective option for the continuous automated monitoring of free chlorine in drinking water. Chemiresistive sensors based on graphene-like carbon films are very stable and sensitive. They can be used for continuous online monitoring of free chlorine.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Zubiarrain-Laserna
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Shayan Angizi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Md Ali Akbar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | | | | | - Peter Kruse
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
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9
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Pitsalidis C, Pappa AM, Boys AJ, Fu Y, Moysidou CM, van Niekerk D, Saez J, Savva A, Iandolo D, Owens RM. Organic Bioelectronics for In Vitro Systems. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4700-4790. [PMID: 34910876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronics have made strides in improving clinical diagnostics and precision medicine. The potential of bioelectronics for bidirectional interfacing with biology through continuous, label-free monitoring on one side and precise control of biological activity on the other has extended their application scope to in vitro systems. The advent of microfluidics and the considerable advances in reliability and complexity of in vitro models promise to eventually significantly reduce or replace animal studies, currently the gold standard in drug discovery and toxicology testing. Bioelectronics are anticipated to play a major role in this transition offering a much needed technology to push forward the drug discovery paradigm. Organic electronic materials, notably conjugated polymers, having demonstrated technological maturity in fields such as solar cells and light emitting diodes given their outstanding characteristics and versatility in processing, are the obvious route forward for bioelectronics due to their biomimetic nature, among other merits. This review highlights the advances in conjugated polymers for interfacing with biological tissue in vitro, aiming ultimately to develop next generation in vitro systems. We showcase in vitro interfacing across multiple length scales, involving biological models of varying complexity, from cell components to complex 3D cell cultures. The state of the art, the possibilities, and the challenges of conjugated polymers toward clinical translation of in vitro systems are also discussed throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Pitsalidis
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Anna-Maria Pappa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Alexander J Boys
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.,Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K
| | - Chrysanthi-Maria Moysidou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Douglas van Niekerk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Janire Saez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.,Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, BIOMICs Microfluidics Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Miguel de Unamuno, 3, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Achilleas Savva
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Donata Iandolo
- INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Université Jean Monnet, Mines Saint-Étienne, Université de Lyon, 42023 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Róisín M Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
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10
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Sharova AS, Caironi M. Sweet Electronics: Honey-Gated Complementary Organic Transistors and Circuits Operating in Air. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2103183. [PMID: 34418204 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable harnessing of natural resources is key moving toward a new-generation electronics, which features a unique combination of electronic functionality, low cost, and absence of environmental and health hazards. Within this framework, edible electronics, of which transistors and circuits are a fundamental component, is an emerging field, exploiting edible materials that can be safely ingested, and subsequently digested after performing their function. Dielectrics are a critical functional element of transistors, often constituting their major volume. Yet, to date, there are only scarce examples of electrolytic food-based materials able to provide low-voltage operation of transistors at ambient conditions. In this context, a cost-effective and edible substance, honey, is proposed to be used as an electrolytic gate viscous dielectric in electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). Both n- and p-type honey-gated OFETs (HGOFETs) are demonstrated, with distinctive features such as low voltage (<1 V) operation, long-term shelf life and operation stability in air, and compatibility with large-area fabrication processes, such as inkjet printing on edible tattoo-paper. Such complementary devices enable robust honey-based integrated logic circuits, here exemplified by inverting logic gates and ring oscillators. A marked device responsivity to humidity provides promising opportunities for sensing applications, specifically, for moisture control of dried or dehydrated food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina S Sharova
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via G. Pascoli, 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via G. Pascoli, 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
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11
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Molazemhosseini A, Viola FA, Berger FJ, Zorn NF, Zaumseil J, Caironi M. A Rapidly Stabilizing Water-Gated Field-Effect Transistor Based on Printed Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Biosensing Applications. ACS APPLIED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS 2021; 3:3106-3113. [PMID: 34485915 PMCID: PMC8411763 DOI: 10.1021/acsaelm.1c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors are expected to revolutionize disease management through provision of low-cost diagnostic platforms for molecular and pathogenic detection with high sensitivity and short response time. In this context, there has been an ever-increasing interest in using electrolyte-gated field-effect transistors (EG-FETs) for biosensing applications owing to their expanding potential of being employed for label-free detection of a broad range of biomarkers with high selectivity and sensitivity while operating at sub-volt working potentials. Although organic semiconductors have been widely utilized as the channel in EG-FETs, primarily due to their compatibility with cost-effective low-temperature solution-processing fabrication techniques, alternative carbon-based platforms have the potential to provide similar advantages with improved electronic performances. Here, we propose the use of inkjet-printed polymer-wrapped monochiral single-walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWCNTs) for the channel of EG-FETs in an aqueous environment. In particular, we show that our EG-CNTFETs require only an hour of stabilization before producing a highly stable response suitable for biosensing, with a drastic time reduction with respect to the most exploited organic semiconductor for biosensors. As a proof-of-principle, we successfully employed our water-gated device to detect the well-known biotin-streptavidin binding event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Molazemhosseini
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Giovanni Pascoli, 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Antonio Viola
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Giovanni Pascoli, 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Felix J. Berger
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universitaẗ Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicolas F. Zorn
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universitaẗ Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universitaẗ Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Giovanni Pascoli, 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
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12
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13
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Asano K, Didier P, Ohshiro K, Lobato-Dauzier N, Genot AJ, Minamiki T, Fujii T, Minami T. Real-Time Detection of Glyphosate by a Water-Gated Organic Field-Effect Transistor with a Microfluidic Chamber. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:7305-7311. [PMID: 34110177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the development of a real-time monitoring system utilizing the combination of a water-gated organic field-effect transistor (WG-OFET) and a microfluidic chamber for the detection of the herbicide glyphosate (GlyP). For the realization of the real-time sensing with the WG-OFET, the surface of a polymer semiconductor was utilized as a sensing unit. The aqueous solution including the target analyte, which is employed as a gate dielectric of the WG-OFET, flows into a designed microfluidic chamber on the semiconductor layer and the gate electrode. As the sensing mechanism, the WG-OFET-based sensor utilizes the competitive complexation among carboxylate-functionalized polythiophene, a copper(II) (Cu2+) ion, and GlyP. The reversible accumulation and desorption of the positively charged Cu2+ ion on the semiconductor surface induced a change in the electrical double-layer capacitance (EDLC). The optimization of the microfluidic chamber enables a uniform water flow and contributes to real-time quantitative sensing of GlyP at a micromolar level. Thus, this study would lead to practical real-time sensing in water for various fields including environmental assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Asano
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Pierre Didier
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
- LIMMS/CNRS-IIS (UMI2820), The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Kohei Ohshiro
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Nicolas Lobato-Dauzier
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
- LIMMS/CNRS-IIS (UMI2820), The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Anthony J Genot
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
- LIMMS/CNRS-IIS (UMI2820), The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Tsukuru Minamiki
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Teruo Fujii
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
- LIMMS/CNRS-IIS (UMI2820), The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Minami
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
- LIMMS/CNRS-IIS (UMI2820), The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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14
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Sun C, Li R, Song Y, Jiang X, Zhang C, Cheng S, Hu W. Ultrasensitive and Reliable Organic Field-Effect Transistor-Based Biosensors in Early Liver Cancer Diagnosis. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6188-6194. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yaru Song
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaoqian Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Congcong Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, University of Jinan, Jinan 250011, China
| | - Shanshan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, Fuzhou International Campus, Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institution of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, Fuzhou International Campus, Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
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15
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Torricelli F, Adrahtas DZ, Bao Z, Berggren M, Biscarini F, Bonfiglio A, Bortolotti CA, Frisbie CD, Macchia E, Malliaras GG, McCulloch I, Moser M, Nguyen TQ, Owens RM, Salleo A, Spanu A, Torsi L. Electrolyte-gated transistors for enhanced performance bioelectronics. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2021; 1. [PMID: 35475166 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-021-00065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Electrolyte-gated transistors (EGTs), capable of transducing biological and biochemical inputs into amplified electronic signals and stably operating in aqueous environments, have emerged as fundamental building blocks in bioelectronics. In this Primer, the different EGT architectures are described with the fundamental mechanisms underpinning their functional operation, providing insight into key experiments including necessary data analysis and validation. Several organic and inorganic materials used in the EGT structures and the different fabrication approaches for an optimal experimental design are presented and compared. The functional bio-layers and/or biosystems integrated into or interfaced to EGTs, including self-organization and self-assembly strategies, are reviewed. Relevant and promising applications are discussed, including two-dimensional and three-dimensional cell monitoring, ultra-sensitive biosensors, electrophysiology, synaptic and neuromorphic bio-interfaces, prosthetics and robotics. Advantages, limitations and possible optimizations are also surveyed. Finally, current issues and future directions for further developments and applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Torricelli
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Demetra Z Adrahtas
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Fabio Biscarini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bonfiglio
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Carlo A Bortolotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - C Daniel Frisbie
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eleonora Macchia
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - George G Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maximilian Moser
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Róisín M Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Spanu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luisa Torsi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
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16
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S A, K R A, Das BC. Air-processed active-layer of organic solar cells investigated by conducting AFM for precise defect detection. RSC Adv 2020; 10:24882-24892. [PMID: 35517436 PMCID: PMC9055151 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03986a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric processing of organic solar cells (OSCs) has already emerged and will be a challenge to emulate with the existing market leaders in terms of overall cost reduction and large scale production. However, the presence of defects in the active layer of OSC needs to be identified effectively to minimize the performance degradation involved. In this work, conventional bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) OSCs are fabricated entirely in air having an efficiency (η) up to 4.0% using P3HT and PC61BM as the donor and acceptor, respectively. The devices have exhibited reasonable degradation of performance parameters with aging time and uninterrupted illumination during characterization in ambient air. This visible degradation was as expected because of environmental oxygen and moisture penetration into the photoactive layer through the defects, which can be prevented by immediate encapsulation. Conducting AFM is utilized here to visualize these defects more prominently, which are impossible to see in typical AFM topography. Overall, significant development of atmospheric processing of BHJ OSCs is made, and performance stability is also studied to bring down the fabrication costs in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjusree S
- Emerging Nanoelectronic Devices Research Laboratory (eNDR Lab), School of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER TVM) Maruthamala PO, Vithura Thiruvananthapuram 695551 Kerala India +91-471-277-8071
| | - Arya K R
- Emerging Nanoelectronic Devices Research Laboratory (eNDR Lab), School of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER TVM) Maruthamala PO, Vithura Thiruvananthapuram 695551 Kerala India +91-471-277-8071
| | - Bikas C Das
- Emerging Nanoelectronic Devices Research Laboratory (eNDR Lab), School of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram (IISER TVM) Maruthamala PO, Vithura Thiruvananthapuram 695551 Kerala India +91-471-277-8071
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17
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Kimpel J, Michinobu T. Conjugated polymers for functional applications: lifetime and performance of polymeric organic semiconductors in organic field‐effect transistors. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joost Kimpel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology Tokyo Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Michinobu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology Tokyo Japan
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