1
|
Muurmann AT, Banovic M, Gilbert MTP, Sogari G, Limborg MT, Sicheritz-Pontén T, Bahrndorff S. Framework for valorizing waste- and by-products through insects and their microbiomes for food and feed. Food Res Int 2024; 187:114358. [PMID: 38763642 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
One third of the food produced for human consumption is currently lost or wasted. Insects have a high potential for converting organic waste- and by-products into food and feed for a growing human population due to symbiosis with microorganisms. These symbioses provide an untapped reservoir of functional microbiomes that can be used to improve industrial insect production but are poorly studied in most insect species. Here we review the most current understanding and challenges of valorizing organic waste- and by-products through insects and their microbiomes for food and feed, and emerging novel food technologies that can be used to investigate and manipulate host(insects)-microbiome interactions. We further construct a holistic framework, by integration of novel food technologies including holo-omics, genome editing, breeding, phage therapy, and administration of prebiotics and probiotics to investigate and manipulate host(insects)-microbiome interactions, and solutions for achieving stakeholder acceptance of novel food technologies for a sustainable food production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asmus Toftkær Muurmann
- Aalborg University, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark.
| | - Marija Banovic
- Aarhus University, Aarhus BSS, Department of Management, MAPP Centre, Fuglsangs Allé 4, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark.
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- University of Copenhagen, GLOBE Institute, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1014 København K, Denmark; University Museum, NTNU, Erling Skakkes gate 47B, 7012 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Giovanni Sogari
- University of Parma, Department of Food and Drug, Parco Area delle Scienze, 45, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | | | - Thomas Sicheritz-Pontén
- University of Copenhagen, GLOBE Institute, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1014 København K, Denmark; AIMST University, Centre of Excellence for Omics-Driven Computational Biodiscovery (COMBio), Jalan Bedong-Semeling, 08100 Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia.
| | - Simon Bahrndorff
- Aalborg University, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Morrill A, Forbes MR, Vesterinen EJ, Tamminen M, Sääksjärvi IE, Kaunisto KM. Molecular Characterisation of Faecal Bacterial Assemblages Among Four Species of Syntopic Odonates. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 87:16. [PMID: 38108886 PMCID: PMC10728244 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-023-02328-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Factors such as host species, phylogeny, diet, and both timing and location of sampling are thought to influence the composition of gut-associated bacteria in insects. In this study, we compared the faecal-associated bacterial taxa for three Coenagrion and one Enallagma damselfly species. We expected high overlap in representation of bacterial taxa due to the shared ecology and diet of these species. Using metabarcoding based on the 16S rRNA gene, we identified 1513 sequence variants, representing distinct bacterial 'taxa'. Intriguingly, the damselfly species showed somewhat different magnitudes of richness of ZOTUs, ranging from 480 to 914 ZOTUs. In total, 921 (or 60.8% of the 1513) distinct ZOTUs were non-shared, each found only in one species, and then most often in only a single individual. There was a surfeit of these non-shared incidental ZOTUs in the Enallagma species accounting for it showing the highest bacterial richness and accounting for a sample-wide pattern of more single-species ZOTUs than expected, based on comparisons to the null model. Future studies should address the extent to which faecal bacteria represent non-incidental gut bacteria and whether abundant and shared taxa are true gut symbionts. Pictures of odonates adopted from Norske Art databank under Creative Commons License (CC BY 4.0).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Morrill
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - M R Forbes
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - E J Vesterinen
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - M Tamminen
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - K M Kaunisto
- Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang J, Luo Z, Li N, Yu Y, Cai M, Zheng L, Zhu F, Huang F, K Tomberlin J, Rehman KU, Yu Z, Zhang J. Cellulose-degrading bacteria improve conversion efficiency in the co-digestion of dairy and chicken manure by black soldier fly larvae. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 348:119156. [PMID: 37837764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) have potential utility in converting livestock manure into larval biomass as a protein source for livestock feed. However, BSFL have limited ability to convert dairy manure (DM) rich in lignocellulose. Our previous research demonstrated that feeding BSFL with mixtures of 40% dairy manure and 60% chicken manure (DM40) provides a novel strategy for significantly improving their efficiency in converting DM. However, the mechanisms underlying the efficient conversion of DM40 by BSFL are unclear. In this study, we conducted a holistic study on the taxonomic stucture and potential functions of microbiota in the larval gut and manure during the DM and DM40 conversion by BSFL, as well as the effects of BSFL on cellulosic biodegradation and biomass production. Results showed that BSFL can consume cellulose and other nutrients more effectively and harvest more biomass in a shorter conversion cycle in the DM40 system. The larval gut in the DM40 system yielded a higher microbiota complexity. Bacillus and Amphibacillus in the BSFL gut were strongly correlated with the larval cellulose degradation capacity. Furthermore, in vitro screening results for culturable cellulolytic microbes from the larval guts showed that the DM40 system isolated more cellulolytic microbes. A key bacterial strain (DM40L-LB110; Bacillus subtilis) with high cellulase activity from the larval gut of DM40 was validated for potential industrial applications. Therefore, mixing an appropriate proportion of chicken manure into DM increased the abundance of intestinal bacteria (Bacillus and Amphibacillus) producing cellulase and improved the digestion ability (particularly cellulose degradation) of BSFL to cellulose-rich manure through changes in microbial communities composition in intestine. This study reveals the microecological mechanisms underlying the high-efficiency conversion of cellulose-rich manure by BSFL and provide potential applications for the large-scale cellulose-rich wastes conversion by intestinal microbes combined with BSFL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhijun Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Nan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongqiang Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Minmin Cai
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Longyu Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengling Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China.
| | | | - Kashif Ur Rehman
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Ziniu Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Jibin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vandeweyer D, Bruno D, Bonelli M, IJdema F, Lievens B, Crauwels S, Casartelli M, Tettamanti G, De Smet J. Bacterial biota composition in gut regions of black soldier fly larvae reared on industrial residual streams: revealing community dynamics along its intestinal tract. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1276187. [PMID: 38107863 PMCID: PMC10722301 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1276187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Some insect species have gained attention as efficient bioconverters of low-value organic substrates (i.e., residual streams) into high-value biomass. Black soldier fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens) larvae are particularly interesting for bioconversion due to their ability to grow on a wide range of substrates, including low-value industrial residual streams. This is in part due to the plasticity of the gut microbiota of polyphagous insects, like BSF. Gut microbiota composition varies depending on rearing substrates, via a mechanism that might support the recruitment of microorganisms that facilitate digestion of a specific substrate. At the same time, specific microbial genera do persist on different substrates via unknown mechanisms. This study aimed to offer insights on this microbial plasticity by investigating how the composition of the bacterial community present in the gut of BSF larvae responds to two industrial residual streams: swill (a mixture of catering and supermarket leftovers) and distiller's dried grains with solubles. The bacterial biota composition of substrates, whole larvae at the beginning of the rearing period and at harvest, rearing residues, and larval gut regions were investigated through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. It was observed that both substrate and insect development influenced the bacterial composition of the whole larvae. Zooming in on the gut regions, there was a clear shift in community composition from a higher to a lower diversity between the anterior/middle midgut and the posterior midgut/hindgut, indicating a selective pressure occurring in the middle midgut region. Additionally, the abundance of the bacterial biota was always high in the hindgut, while its diversity was relatively low. Even more, the bacterial community in the hindgut was found to be relatively more conserved over the different substrates, harboring members of the BSF core microbiota. We postulate a potential role of the hindgut as a reservoir for insect-associated microbes. This warrants further research on that underexplored region of the intestinal tract. Overall, these findings contribute to our understanding of the bacterial biota structure and dynamics along the intestinal tract, which can aid microbiome engineering efforts to enhance larval performance on (industrial) residual streams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dries Vandeweyer
- Research Group for Insect Production and Processing, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Geel, Belgium
| | - Daniele Bruno
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Bonelli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Freek IJdema
- Research Group for Insect Production and Processing, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Geel, Belgium
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Lievens
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sam Crauwels
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Morena Casartelli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tettamanti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Jeroen De Smet
- Research Group for Insect Production and Processing, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Geel, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Eke M, Tougeron K, Hamidovic A, Tinkeu LSN, Hance T, Renoz F. Deciphering the functional diversity of the gut microbiota of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens): recent advances and future challenges. Anim Microbiome 2023; 5:40. [PMID: 37653468 PMCID: PMC10472620 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-023-00261-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioconversion using insects is a promising strategy to convert organic waste (catering leftovers, harvest waste, food processing byproducts, etc.) into biomass that can be used for multiple applications, turned into high added-value products, and address environmental, societal and economic concerns. Due to its ability to feed on a tremendous variety of organic wastes, the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) has recently emerged as a promising insect for bioconversion of organic wastes on an industrial scale. A growing number of studies have highlighted the pivotal role of the gut microbiota in the performance and health of this insect species. This review aims to provide a critical overview of current knowledge regarding the functional diversity of the gut microbiota of H. illucens, highlighting its importance for bioconversion, food safety and the development of new biotechnological tools. After providing an overview of the different strategies that have been used to outline the microbial communities of H. illucens, we discuss the diversity of these gut microbes and the beneficial services they can provide to their insect host. Emphasis is placed on technical strategies and aspects of host biology that require special attention in the near future of research. We also argue that the singular digestive capabilities and complex gut microbiota of H. illucens make this insect species a valuable model for addressing fundamental questions regarding the interactions that insects have evolved with microorganisms. By proposing new avenues of research, this review aims to stimulate research on the microbiota of a promising insect to address the challenges of bioconversion, but also fundamental questions regarding bacterial symbiosis in insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurielle Eke
- Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, PO BOX 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Kévin Tougeron
- UMR CNRS 7058 EDYSAN (Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, 80039 France
- Research Institute in Bioscience, Université de Mons, Mons, 7000 Belgium
| | - Alisa Hamidovic
- Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Leonard S. Ngamo Tinkeu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, PO BOX 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Thierry Hance
- Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - François Renoz
- Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, 305-8634 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Meng Y, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Li J, Zheng P, Li J, Xu J, Xian J, Lu Y. Effects of Microorganisms on Growth Performance, Body Composition, Digestive Enzyme Activity, Intestinal Bacteria Flora and Antimicrobial Peptide (AMP) Content of Black Soldier Fly Larvae ( Hermetia illucens). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2722. [PMID: 37684985 PMCID: PMC10487262 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli (EC), Staphylococcus aureus (SA), Bacillus subtilis (BS), Rhodopseudomonas palustris (RP), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) and Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) were selected as feed additives for black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) by tracking the growth performance, proximate composition, digestive ability and antibacterial peptides (AMPs) content in the first trial. Microorganism efficiency screening results showed that RP could improve growth performance, digestive ability and AMP content of H. illucens. Therefore, RP was selected to prepare the diets and was incorporated into diets for H. illucens at levels of 0 (R0), 1.22 × 106 (R1), 1.22 × 107 (R2), 1.22 × 108 (R3), 1.22 × 109 (R4) and 1.22 × 1010 (R5) CFU/g. After 5 d of feeding, larvae fed the R2-R5 diets had higher weight gain and specific growth rates. Different concentrations of RP had no significant effect on larval body composition. R4-R5 could improve the digestibility and expression of AMPs in larvae. Moreover, RP could significantly increase the abundance of Lactobacillus and Rhodopseudomonas and decrease the abundance of Proteus and Corynebacterium. Therefore, RP is superior to the other strains as a feed additive for H. illucens larvae, and we recommend the addition of 1.22 × 109-1.22 × 1010 CFU/g RP to promote the growth and AMP content of H. illucens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongqi Meng
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-Resources, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Ocean College, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiuxia Zhang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-Resources, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute of Tropical Agricultural Resources, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Zelong Zhang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-Resources, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute of Tropical Agricultural Resources, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jiajun Li
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-Resources, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute of Tropical Agricultural Resources, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Peihua Zheng
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-Resources, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute of Tropical Agricultural Resources, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Juntao Li
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-Resources, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute of Tropical Agricultural Resources, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jiarui Xu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-Resources, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jianan Xian
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-Resources, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Ocean College, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute of Tropical Agricultural Resources, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Yaopeng Lu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Functional Components Research and Utilization of Marine Bio-Resources, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute of Tropical Agricultural Resources, Haikou 571101, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yuan J, Wen T, Yang S, Zhang C, Zhao M, Niu G, Xie P, Liu X, Zhao X, Shen Q, Bezemer TM. Growth substrates alter aboveground plant microbial and metabolic properties thereby influencing insect herbivore performance. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2023; 66:1728-1741. [PMID: 36932313 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome of plant-eaters is affected by the food they eat, but it is currently unclear how the plant metabolome and microbiome are influenced by the substrate the plant grows in and how this subsequently impacts the feeding behavior and gut microbiomes of insect herbivores. Here, we use Plutella xylostella caterpillars and show that the larvae prefer leaves of cabbage plants growing in a vermiculite substrate to those from plants growing in conventional soil systems. From a plant metabolomics analysis, we identified 20 plant metabolites that were related to caterpillar feeding performance. In a bioassay, the effects of these plant metabolites on insects' feeding were tested. Nitrate and compounds enriched with leaves of soilless cultivation promoted the feeding of insects, while compounds enriched with leaves of plants growing in natural soil decreased feeding. Several microbial groups (e.g., Sporolactobacillus, Haliangium) detected inside the plant correlated with caterpillar feeding performance and other microbial groups, such as Ramlibacter and Methylophilus, correlated with the gut microbiome. Our results highlight the role of growth substrates on the food metabolome and microbiome and on the feeding performance and the gut microbiome of plant feeders. It illustrates how belowground factors can influence the aboveground properties of plant-animal systems, which has important implications for plant growth and pest control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yuan
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Tao Wen
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shengdie Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mengli Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Guoqing Niu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Penghao Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qirong Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - T Martijn Bezemer
- Institute of Biology, Above-Belowground Interactions group, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, P.O. Box 50, 6700 AB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Candian V, Savio C, Meneguz M, Gasco L, Tedeschi R. Effect of the rearing diet on gene expression of antimicrobial peptides in Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:933-946. [PMID: 36542450 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Insect proteins have been proposed for human and animal food production. Safeguarding the health status of insects in mass rearing allows to obtain high-quality products and to avoid severe economic losses due to entomopathogens. Therefore, new strategies for preserving insect health must be implemented. Modulation of the insect immune system through the diet is one such strategy. We evaluated gene expression of two antimicrobial peptides (one defensin and one cecropin) in Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) reared on different diets. Analyses were performed on prepupae and 10-day-old larvae reared on cereal- and municipal organic waste-based diets and on only prepupae reared on a cereal-based diet supplemented with sunflower, corn, or soybean oil. The inclusion of sunflower oil at different points in the cereal-based diet was also evaluated. Moreover, diet-driven differences in the inhibitory activity of the hemolymph were tested against Escherichia coli DH5α and Micrococcus yunnanensis HI55 using diffusion assays in solid media. Results showed that a municipal organic waste-based diet produced a significant overexpression of antimicrobial peptides only in prepupae. Inclusion of vegetable oils caused an upregulation of at least one peptide, except for the corn oil. Higher expression of both genes was observed when sunflower oil was added 5 days before pupation. All hemolymph samples showed an inhibitory activity against bacteria colonies. Our results suggest that municipal organic waste-based diet and vegetable oil-added diet may successfully impact the immune system of H. illucens. Such alternatives may also exist for other species of economic interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Candian
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Carlotta Savio
- INRAE, Micalis, GME, University of Paris Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Laura Gasco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Rosemarie Tedeschi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Moyet M, Morrill H, Espinal DL, Bernard E, Alyokhin A. Early Growth Patterns of Bacillus cereus on Potato Substrate in the Presence of Low Densities of Black Soldier Fly Larvae. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1284. [PMID: 37317258 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a common and ubiquitous bacterium that can cause foodborne illnesses in humans and other animals. Common methods of contact between foodborne pathogens and their victims include exposure through contaminated food or food containment products. Using larvae of black soldier flies, Hermetia illucens, for biological conversion of wastes into components of animal feeds is a rapidly growing technology. However, contamination of larval biomass with pathogenic microorganisms may challenge its use on an industrial scale. We conducted laboratory experiments to test the effects of the black soldier fly larvae developing on simulated potato waste substrate on B. cereus abundance. We observed a general increase in the number of colony-forming units and concentration of hblD - gene when the larvae were present in the substrate, although the effect was modulated by larval densities and time since inoculation. It is possible that starch breakdown by black soldier fly larvae may provide a beneficial environment for B. cereus. Our results differ from the suppression in the presence by black soldier fly larvae reported for several other bacterial species and highlight the importance of taking proper food safety measures when using this technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Moyet
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Hailey Morrill
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Daniella Leal Espinal
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Edward Bernard
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Andrei Alyokhin
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chauviat A, Meyer T, Favre-Bonté S. Versatility of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: Ecological roles of RND efflux pumps. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14639. [PMID: 37089375 PMCID: PMC10113797 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
S. maltophilia is a widely distributed bacterium found in natural, anthropized and clinical environments. The genome of this opportunistic pathogen of environmental origin includes a large number of genes encoding RND efflux pumps independently of the clinical or environmental origin of the strains. These pumps have been historically associated with the uptake of antibiotics and clinically relevant molecules because they confer resistance to many antibiotics. However, considering the environmental origin of S. maltophilia, the ecological role of these pumps needs to be clarified. RND efflux systems are highly conserved within bacteria and encountered both in pathogenic and non-pathogenic species. Moreover, their evolutionary origin, conservation and multiple copies in bacterial genomes suggest a primordial role in cellular functions and environmental adaptation. This review is aimed at elucidating the ecological role of S. maltophilia RND efflux pumps in the environmental context and providing an exhaustive description of the environmental niches of S. maltophilia. By looking at the substrates and functions of the pumps, we propose different involvements and roles according to the adaptation of the bacterium to various niches. We highlight that i°) regulatory mechanisms and inducer molecules help to understand the conditions leading to their expression, and ii°) association and functional redundancy of RND pumps and other efflux systems demonstrate their complex role within S. maltophilia cells. These observations emphasize that RND efflux pumps play a role in the versatility of S. maltophilia.
Collapse
|
11
|
Bose U, Juhasz A, Stockwell S, Escobar-Correas S, Marcora A, Paull C, Broadbent JA, Wijffels G. Unpacking the Proteome and Metaproteome of the Black Soldier Fly Larvae: Efficacy and Complementarity of Multiple Protein Extraction Protocols. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:7319-7330. [PMID: 36872973 PMCID: PMC9979371 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The larvae of the black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), have demonstrated the ability to efficiently bioconvert organic waste into a sustainable source of food and feed, but fundamental biology remains to be discovered to exploit their full biodegradative potential. Herein, LC-MS/MS was used to assess the efficiency of eight differing extraction protocols to build foundational knowledge regarding the proteome landscape of both the BSF larvae body and gut. Each protocol yielded complementary information to improve BSF proteome coverage. Protocol 8 (liquid nitrogen, defatting, and urea/thiourea/chaps) was better than all other protocols for the protein extraction from larvae gut samples, and the exclusion of defatting steps yielded the highest number of proteins for the larval body samples. Protocol-specific functional annotation using protein level information has shown that the selection of extraction buffer can affect protein detection and their associated functional classes within the measured BSF larval gut proteome. A targeted LC-MRM-MS experiment was performed on the selected enzyme subclasses to assess the influence of protocol composition using peptide abundance measurements. Metaproteome analysis of the BSF larvae gut has uncovered the prevalence of two bacterial phyla: actinobacteria and proteobacteria. We envisage that using complementary extraction protocols and investigating the proteome from the BSF body and gut separately will expand the fundamental knowledge of the BSF proteome and thereby provide translational opportunities for future research to enhance their efficiency for waste degradation and contribution to the circular economy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Utpal Bose
- CSIRO
Agriculture and Food, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
- Australian
Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and
Protein Science, School of Science, Edith
Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia
- School
of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Angela Juhasz
- Australian
Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and
Protein Science, School of Science, Edith
Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia
| | - Sally Stockwell
- CSIRO
Agriculture and Food, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Sophia Escobar-Correas
- CSIRO
Agriculture and Food, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
- Australian
Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and
Protein Science, School of Science, Edith
Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia
- CSIRO
Agriculture and Food, Boggo Road, Dutton Park, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Anna Marcora
- School
of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Cate Paull
- School
of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - James A. Broadbent
- CSIRO
Agriculture and Food, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Gene Wijffels
- CSIRO
Agriculture and Food, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gorrens E, Lecocq A, De Smet J. The Use of Probiotics during Rearing of Hermetia illucens: Potential, Caveats, and Knowledge Gaps. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020245. [PMID: 36838211 PMCID: PMC9960648 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the novelty of the industrial production of the edible insects sector, research has primarily focused on the zootechnical performances of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) in response to different substrates and rearing conditions as a basis to optimize yield and quality. However recently, research has started to focus more on the associated microbes in the larval digestive system and their substrates and the effect of manipulating the composition of these communities on insect performance as a form of microbiome engineering. Here we present an overview of the existing literature on the use of microorganisms during rearing of the BSFL to optimize the productivity of this insect. These studies have had variable outcomes and potential explanations for this variation are offered to inspire future research that might lead to a better success rate for microbiome engineering in BSFL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Gorrens
- Research Group for Insect Production and Processing, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M²S), KU Leuven, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - Antoine Lecocq
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jeroen De Smet
- Research Group for Insect Production and Processing, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M²S), KU Leuven, 2440 Geel, Belgium
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Candian V, Meneguz M, Tedeschi R. Immune Responses of the Black Soldier Fly Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Reared on Catering Waste. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:life13010213. [PMID: 36676162 PMCID: PMC9867232 DOI: 10.3390/life13010213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), has a great bioconversion potential and ability to develop on diverse substrates. Although the use of catering waste and food by-products containing meat and fish would reduce the footprint of the insect sector, to date, in Europe, their use is still facing legal obstacles for insects as food and feed. Since a major request from the EU insect sector is to diversify the spectrum of allowed substrates, and considering that variations in diet composition could influence insect immune responses, we evaluated the impact of different catering wastes on BSF prepupae immunity. Insects were reared on five diets: one based on feed for laying hens and four based on catering waste containing (i) fruits and vegetables; (ii) fruits, vegetables and bread; (iii) fruit, vegetables, bread and dairy products; (iv) fruits, vegetables, bread, meat and fish. The gene expression of two antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), one defensin and one cecropin, was assessed. Moreover, the hemolymph inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli DH5α and Micrococcus yunnanensis HI55 was evaluated using diffusion assays in solid media. The up-regulation of both AMPs' encoding genes was observed in insects fed a bread-added and dairy product-added diet. All hemolymph samples showed inhibitory activity against both bacteria, affecting the colony size and number. The obtained results show how catering waste positively influences the H. illucens immune system. The possibility of modulating AMP expression levels through the diet opens up new perspectives in the management of insect health in mass rearings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Candian
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Marco Meneguz
- BEF Biosystems, Via Tancredi Canonico 18/c, 10156 Torino (TO), Italy
| | - Rosemarie Tedeschi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-6708675
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Vitenberg T, Opatovsky I. Assessing Fungal Diversity and Abundance in the Black Soldier Fly and its Environment. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2022; 22:3. [PMID: 36398851 PMCID: PMC9673256 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieac066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Detritivorous insects that flourish in decaying environments encounter microorganisms throughout their life cycle. However, it is not clear whether the microbial composition of the decaying environment affects the microbial composition of the insect gut, or whether the opposite is true, with the microorganisms that are adapted to the insect's digestive system being dispersed by the insects to new habitats, thereby becoming more and more common in the environment. To test these questions the fungal composition of the black soldier fly (BSF) (Stratiomyidae; Hermetia illucens Linnaeus) larval gut and its surrounding decaying environment (household compost bins) were analyzed using amplicon sequencing. Constancy in the dominance of the genus Candida (Debaryomycetaceae) in most of the environments and larval guts was found. This finding may suggest a 'core' structure to the fungal community of the BSF. In locations where nutrient composition of the environment had higher fiber content, the Candida was not dominant and the most common fungi were the genus Gibberella (Nectriaceae) and the family Dipodascaceae. The later was dominant also in the larval gut and the former was replaced with Meyerozyma (Debaryomycetaceae), which may suggest a selection process by the insect's gut. Little is known about the ecological interactions of insects with eukaryotic microorganisms, such as yeast-like fungi. As their metabolic complexity and ability is intense, they have the potential to dramatically affect the physiological condition of the insect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tzach Vitenberg
- Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, Laboratory of Insect Nutrition and Metabolism, MIGAL - Galilee Research Centre, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Larval gut microbiome of Pelidnota luridipes (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): high bacterial diversity, different metabolic profiles on gut chambers and species with probiotic potential. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:210. [PMID: 36050590 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03387-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Pelidnota luridipes Blanchard (1850) is a tropical beetle of the family Scarabaeidae, whose larvae live on wood without parental care. Microbiota of mid- and hindgut of larvae was evaluated by culture-dependent and independent methods, and the results show a diverse microbiota, with most species of bacteria and fungi shared between midgut and hindgut. We isolated 272 bacterial and 29 yeast isolates, identified in 57 and 7 species, respectively, while using metabarcoding, we accessed 1,481 and 267 OTUs of bacteria and fungi, respectively. The composition and abundance of bacteria and fungi differed between mid- and hindgut, with a tendency for higher richness and diversity of yeasts in the midgut, and bacteria on the hindgut. Some taxa are abundant in the intestine of P. luridipes larvae, such as Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria; as well as Saccharomycetales and Trichosporonales yeasts. Mid- and hindgut metabolic profiles differ (e.g. biosynthesis of amino acids, cofactors, and lipopolysaccharides) with higher functional diversity in the hindgut. Isolates have different functional traits such as secretion of hydrolytic enzymes and antibiosis against pathogens. Apiotrichum siamense L29A and Bacillus sp. BL17B protected larvae of the moth Galleria mellonella, against infection by the pathogens Listeria monocytogenes ATCC19111 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027. This is the first work with the larval microbiome of a Rutelini beetle, demonstrating its diversity and potential in prospecting microbial products as probiotics. The functional role of microbiota for the nutrition and adaptability of P. luridipes larvae needs to be evaluated in the future.
Collapse
|
16
|
Diet Fermentation Leads to Microbial Adaptation in Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens; Linnaeus, 1758) Larvae Reared on Palm Oil Side Streams. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14095626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Insects offer a promising alternative source of protein to mitigate the environmental consequences of conventional livestock farming. Larvae of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens; Linnaeus, 1758) efficiently convert a variety of organic side streams and residues into valuable proteins, lipids, and chitin. Here, we evaluated the suitability of two palm oil industry side streams—empty fruit bunches (EFB) and palm kernel meal (PKM)—as larval feed, and their impact on the larval gut microbiome. Among 69 fungal species we screened, Marasmius palmivorus, Irpex consors, and Bjerkandera adusta achieved the fastest growth and lignin degradation, so these fungi were used for the pretreatment of 7:3 mixtures of EFB and PKM. Larvae reared on the mixture pretreated with B. adusta (BAD) developed significantly more quickly and reached a higher final weight than those reared on the other pretreatments or the non-fermented reference (NFR). Amplicon sequencing of the BAD and NFR groups revealed major differences in the larval gut microbiome. The NFR group was dominated by facultatively anaerobic Enterobacteriaceae (typical of H. illucens larvae) whereas the BAD group favored obligately anaerobic, cellulolytic bacteria (Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae). We hypothesize that fungal lignin degradation led to an accumulation of mycelia and subsequent cellulolytic breakdown of fiber residues, thus improving substrate digestibility.
Collapse
|
17
|
Cifuentes Y, Vilcinskas A, Kämpfer P, Glaeser SP. Isolation of Hermetia illucens larvae core gut microbiota by two different cultivation strategies. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2022; 115:821-837. [PMID: 35460063 PMCID: PMC9123031 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-022-01735-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hermetia illucens larvae (black soldier fly larvae, BSFL) convert efficiently organic waste to high quality biomass. To gain knowledge on the specific functions of gut microbes in this process it is a prerequisite to culture members of the core gut microbiota. Two different cultivation strategies were applied here for this purpose, a dilution-to-extinction cultivation and direct plating using six different media to culture aerobic heterotrophic bacteria. A total of 341 isolates were obtained by the dilution-to-extinction cultivation and 138 isolates by direct plating from guts of BSFL reared on chicken feed. Bacterial isolates were phylogenetically identified at the genus level by 16S rRNA gene sequencing (phylotyping) and differentiated at the strain level by genomic fingerprinting (genotyping). The main proportion of isolates was assigned to Proteobacteria, Firmicutes (Bacilli), and Actinobacteria. Predominant genera discussed in literature as member of a potential BSFL core gut microbiota, Providencia, Proteus, Morganella, Enterococcus, Bacillus, and members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, were isolated. A high intra-phylotype diversity was obtained by genomic fingerprinting which was especially enhanced by the dilution-to-extinction cultivation. This study showed that the application of different cultivation strategies including a dilution-to-extinction cultivation helps to culture a higher diversity of the BSFL gut microbiota and that genomic fingerprinting gives a better picture on the genetic diversity of cultured bacteria which cannot be covered by a 16S rRNA gene sequence based identification alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yina Cifuentes
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, IFZ-Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany.,Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Nutritional Sciences, and Environmental, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Kämpfer
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, IFZ-Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefanie P Glaeser
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, IFZ-Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rangel F, Enes P, Gasco L, Gai F, Hausmann B, Berry D, Oliva-Teles A, Serra CR, Pereira FC. Differential Modulation of the European Sea Bass Gut Microbiota by Distinct Insect Meals. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:831034. [PMID: 35495644 PMCID: PMC9041418 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.831034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aquaculture industry is one of the fastest-growing sectors in animal food production. However, farming of carnivorous fish strongly relies on the use of wild fish-based meals, a practice that is environmentally and economically unsustainable. Insect-based diets constitute a strong candidate for fishmeal substitution, due to their high nutritional value and low environmental footprint. Nevertheless, data on the impact of insect meal (IM) on the gut microbiome of farmed fish are so far inconclusive, and very scarce in what concerns modulation of microbial-mediated functions. Here we use high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and quantitative PCR to evaluate the impact of different IMs on the composition and chitinolytic potential of the European sea bass gut digesta- and mucosa-associated communities. Our results show that insect-based diets of distinct origins differently impact the gut microbiota of the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). We detected clear modulatory effects of IM on the gut microbiota, which were more pronounced in the digesta, where communities differed considerably among the diets tested. Major community shifts were associated with the use of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens, HM) and pupal exuviae (HEM) feeds and were characterized by an increase in the relative abundance of the Firmicutes families Bacillaceae, Enterococcaceae, and Lachnospiraceae and the Actinobacteria family Actinomycetaceae, which all include taxa considered beneficial for fish health. Modulation of the digesta community by HEM was characterized by a sharp increase in Paenibacillus and a decrease of several Gammaproteobacteria and Bacteroidota members. In turn, a mealworm larvae-based diet (Tenebrio molitor, TM) had only a modest impact on microbiota composition. Further, using quantitative PCR, we demonstrate that shifts induced by HEM were accompanied by an increase in copy number of chitinase ChiA-encoding genes, predominantly originating from Paenibacillus species with effective chitinolytic activity. Our study reveals an HEM-driven increase in chitin-degrading taxa and associated chitinolytic activity, uncovering potential benefits of adopting exuviae-supplemented diets, a waste product of insect rearing, as a functional ingredient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Rangel
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- CIMAR/CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Paula Enes
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- CIMAR/CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Laura Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesco Gai
- Institute of Science of Food Production, National Research Council, Torino, Italy
| | - Bela Hausmann
- Joint Microbiome Facility of the Medical University of Vienna and the University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Berry
- Joint Microbiome Facility of the Medical University of Vienna and the University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Microbial Ecology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Aires Oliva-Teles
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- CIMAR/CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Claudia R. Serra
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- CIMAR/CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Fátima C. Pereira
- Division of Microbial Ecology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Marasco R, Fusi M, Callegari M, Jucker C, Mapelli F, Borin S, Savoldelli S, Daffonchio D, Crotti E. Destabilization of the Bacterial Interactome Identifies Nutrient Restriction-Induced Dysbiosis in Insect Guts. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0158021. [PMID: 34985334 PMCID: PMC8729773 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01580-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress-associated dysbiosis of microbiome can have several configurations that, under an energy landscape conceptual framework, can change from one configuration to another due to different alternating selective forces. It has been proposed-according to the Anna Karenina Principle-that in stressed individuals the microbiome are more dispersed (i.e., with a higher within-beta diversity), evidencing the grade of dispersion as indicator of microbiome dysbiosis. We hypothesize that although dysbiosis leads to different microbial communities in terms of beta diversity, these are not necessarily differently dispersed (within-beta diversity), but they form disrupted networks that make them less resilient to stress. To test our hypothesis, we select nutrient restriction (NR) stress that impairs host fitness but does not introduce overt microbiome selectors, such as toxic compounds and pathogens. We fed the polyphagous black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, with two NR diets and a control full-nutrient (FN) diet. NR diets were dysbiotic because they strongly affected insect growth and development, inducing significant microscale changes in physiochemical conditions of the gut compartments. NR diets established new configurations of the gut microbiome compared to FN-fed guts but with similar dispersion. However, these new configurations driven by the deterministic changes induced by NR diets were reflected in rarefied, less structured, and less connected bacterial interactomes. These results suggested that while the dispersion cannot be considered a consistent indicator of the unhealthy state of dysbiotic microbiomes, the capacity of the community members to maintain network connections and stability can be an indicator of the microbial dysbiotic conditions and their incapacity to sustain the holobiont resilience and host homeostasis. IMPORTANCE Changes in diet play a role in reshaping the gut microbiome in animals, inducing dysbiotic configurations of the associated microbiome. Although studies have reported on the effects of specific nutrient contents on the diet, studies regarding the conditions altering the microbiome configurations and networking in response to diet changes are limited. Our results showed that nutrient poor diets determine dysbiotic states of the host with reduction of insect weight and size, and increase of the times for developmental stage. Moreover, the poor nutrient diets lead to changes in the compositional diversity and network interaction properties of the gut microbial communities. Our study adds a new component to the understanding of the ecological processes associated with dysbiosis, by disentangling consequences of diets on microbiome dysbiosis that is manifested with the disruption of microbiome networking properties rather than changes in microbiome dispersion and beta diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Marasco
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marco Fusi
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Matteo Callegari
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Costanza Jucker
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Mapelli
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Borin
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Savoldelli
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Daffonchio
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elena Crotti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Peguero DA, Gold M, Vandeweyer D, Zurbrügg C, Mathys A. A Review of Pretreatment Methods to Improve Agri-Food Waste Bioconversion by Black Soldier Fly Larvae. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.745894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As the world population increases, food demand and agricultural activity will also increase. However, ~30–40% of the food produced today is lost or wasted along the production chain. Increasing food demands would only intensify the existing challenges associated with agri-food waste management. An innovative approach to recover the resources lost along the production chain and convert them into value-added product(s) would be beneficial. An alternative solution is the use of the larvae of the black soldier fly (BSFL), Hermetia illucens L., which can grow and convert a wide range of organic waste materials into insect biomass with use as animal feed, fertilizer and/or bioenergy. However, the main concern when creating an economically viable business is the variability in BSFL bioconversion and processing due to the variability of the substrate. Many factors, such as the nutritional composition of the substrate heavily impact BSFL development. Another concern is that substrates with high lignin and cellulose contents have demonstrated poor digestibility by BSFL. Studies suggest that pretreatment methods may improve the digestibility and biodegradability of the substrate by BSFL. However, a systematic review of existing pretreatment methods that could be used for enhancing the bioconversion of these wastes by BSFL is lacking. This paper provides a state-of-the-art review on the potential pretreatment methods that may improve the digestibility of substrates by BSFL and consequently the production of BSFL. These processes include but are not limited to, physical (e.g., mechanical and thermal), chemical (alkaline treatments), and biological (bacterial and fungal) treatments.
Collapse
|
21
|
Addeo NF, Vozzo S, Secci G, Mastellone V, Piccolo G, Lombardi P, Parisi G, Asiry KA, Attia YA, Bovera F. Different Combinations of Butchery and Vegetable Wastes on Growth Performance, Chemical-Nutritional Characteristics and Oxidative Status of Black Soldier Fly Growing Larvae. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3515. [PMID: 34944290 PMCID: PMC8698169 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hermetia illucens larvae (five days old) were farmed on broiler feed (control diet), a vegetable diet (V100), a 50% of vegetable diet + 50% of butchery wastes (V50 + B50), and a 75% of vegetable diet + 25% of butchery wastes (V75 + B25) to evaluate their suitability. Ten kilograms of substrate and 6000 larvae composed each replicate (nine per group). Larvae were weighed and measured every two days until the 25% developed into prepupae. Larval mortality and growing indexes were calculated. Substrates, larvae, and frass chemical composition were analyzed. Larvae oxidative status and stability were measured in hemolymph and body. The V100 larvae showed the lowest live weight, length, thickness, and growth rate but had low mortality rate and high substrate reduction index and protein conversion ratio. The V100 larvae had similar protein to and lower lipids than the control ones, while the V50 + B50 and V75 + B25 larvae contained higher lipids and lower protein than the others. Despite the vegetable wastes, at different levels, the reactive oxygen species content decreased in hemolymph, and the V100 diet depressed growth performance and should be avoided. The use of butchery wastes combined with vegetable ingredients can be a suitable alternative to balance the high level of lipid and the low content of protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Francesco Addeo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (N.F.A.); (S.V.); (V.M.); (G.P.); (P.L.)
| | - Simone Vozzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (N.F.A.); (S.V.); (V.M.); (G.P.); (P.L.)
| | - Giulia Secci
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, 50144 Firenze, Italy; (G.S.); (G.P.)
| | - Vincenzo Mastellone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (N.F.A.); (S.V.); (V.M.); (G.P.); (P.L.)
| | - Giovanni Piccolo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (N.F.A.); (S.V.); (V.M.); (G.P.); (P.L.)
| | - Pietro Lombardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (N.F.A.); (S.V.); (V.M.); (G.P.); (P.L.)
| | - Giuliana Parisi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, 50144 Firenze, Italy; (G.S.); (G.P.)
| | - Khalid A. Asiry
- Agriculture Department, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Youssef A. Attia
- Agriculture Department, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fulvia Bovera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, 80137 Napoli, Italy; (N.F.A.); (S.V.); (V.M.); (G.P.); (P.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ho PN, Klanrit P, Hanboonsong Y, Yordpratum U, Suksawat M, Kulthawatsiri T, Jirahiranpat A, Deewai S, Mackawan P, Sermswan RW, Namwat N, Loilome W, Khampitak T, Wangwiwatsin A, Phetcharaburanin J. Bacterial challenge-associated metabolic phenotypes in Hermetia illucens defining nutritional and functional benefits. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23316. [PMID: 34857836 PMCID: PMC8639782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02752-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) is popular for its applications in animal feed, waste management and antimicrobial peptide source. The major advantages of BSF larva include their robust immune system and high nutritional content that can be further developed into more potential agricultural and medical applications. Several strategies are now being developed to exploit their fullest capabilities and one of these is the immunity modulation using bacterial challenges. The mechanism underlying metabolic responses of BSF to different bacteria has, however, remained unclear. In the current study, entometabolomics was employed to investigate the metabolic phenoconversion in response to either Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, or combined challenges in BSF larva. We have, thus far, characterised 37 metabolites in BSF larva challenged with different bacteria with the major biochemical groups consisting of amino acids, organic acids, and sugars. The distinct defense mechanism-specific metabolic phenotypes were clearly observed. The combined challenge contributed to the most significant metabolic phenoconversion in BSF larva with the dominant metabolic phenotypes induced by S. aureus. Our study suggested that the accumulation of energy-related metabolites provided by amino acid catabolism is the principal metabolic pathway regulating the defense mechanism. Therefore, combined challenge is strongly recommended for raising BSF immunity as it remarkably triggered amino acid metabolisms including arginine and proline metabolism and alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism along with purine metabolism and pyruvate metabolism that potentially result in the production of various nutritional and functional metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phuc N Ho
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Poramate Klanrit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Khon Kaen University International Phenome Laboratory, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Yupa Hanboonsong
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Umaporn Yordpratum
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Manida Suksawat
- Khon Kaen University International Phenome Laboratory, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Thanaporn Kulthawatsiri
- Khon Kaen University International Phenome Laboratory, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Anyarin Jirahiranpat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Suthicha Deewai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Panya Mackawan
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Research and Development Center, Betagro Group, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Rasana W Sermswan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Nisana Namwat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Khon Kaen University International Phenome Laboratory, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Watcharin Loilome
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Khon Kaen University International Phenome Laboratory, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Tueanjit Khampitak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Arporn Wangwiwatsin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Khon Kaen University International Phenome Laboratory, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Jutarop Phetcharaburanin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand. .,Khon Kaen University International Phenome Laboratory, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand. .,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand. .,Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Santos TTD, Pes AMO, Morais PBDE. A diverse and partially cellulolytic fungal community contributes to the diet of three species of the aquatic insect Phylloicus (Trichoptera: Calamoceratidae) in Amazonian streams. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20210598. [PMID: 34852068 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120210598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations on the fungal community associated with the digestive tract (DT) of insects have provided insights into the diversity of associated microorganisms and their potential roles in the interaction with their hosts. However, most studies have focused on terrestrial insects, with few studies focusing on aquatic insects in Neotropical regions. We studied fungal taxa associated with the DT of larval stages of the aquatic shredders Phylloicus amazonas, P. elektoros and P. fenestratus in the Brazilian Amazon Forest. Filamentous fungi were isolated, purified and screened for cellulolytic activity. A total of 33 fungal taxa was identified through the combination of classical and molecular taxonomy. The genus Penicillium was the most frequent in DT of Phylloicus spp. (18.75%). The occurrence of fungal taxa among hosts was quite variable, with more than half of the associated fungi being exclusive of each host species. A significant portion of the fungal community associated with each host presented cellulolytic activity (± 50%). It was concluded that the fungal community associated with Phylloicus spp. larvae consist mainly of fungal taxa from food items, which come from riparian vegetation (whose plant species are variable) or are indigenous of the aquatic ecosystems, which is the habitat of these larvae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taides T Dos Santos
- Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia, Centro Multidisciplinar de Luís Eduardo Magalhães, Rua Itabuna, 1278, 47850-000 Luís Eduardo Magalhães, BA, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria O Pes
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Av. André Araújo, 2936, 69067-375 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Paula B DE Morais
- Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental e Biotecnologia, Campus Universitário de Palmas, Av. NS 15, ALCNO 14, s/n, Bloco II, 77001-090 Palmas, TO, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Jordan HR, Tomberlin JK. Microbial influence on reproduction, conversion, and growth of mass produced insects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 48:57-63. [PMID: 34655809 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
One important feature of insect rearing is its apparent, and sometimes non-apparent, reliance on the bacterial ecosystem. Indeed, microbes contribute to insect nutrition, protection against natural enemies, and detoxification of dietary compounds, antibiotics, and insecticides. Further, microbes have been implicated as the source of signals and cues important to insect communication. But the incidence and general significance of these functions is only just being explored in the context of mass production of insects. Knowledge of the diversity and functional distribution of these microorganisms in mass-rearing systems is key to understanding microbial dynamics and to enhance system performance. Therefore, this brief review is a synthesis of literature surrounding insect rearing systems for the primary insects reared as food and feed (i.e. black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), mealworms (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and cricket (Orthoptera: Grylloidea) with a focus on recent advances pertaining to microbial contribution to reproduction, growth, and waste conversion.
Collapse
|
25
|
Tegtmeier D, Hurka S, Mihajlovic S, Bodenschatz M, Schlimbach S, Vilcinskas A. Culture-Independent and Culture-Dependent Characterization of the Black Soldier Fly Gut Microbiome Reveals a Large Proportion of Culturable Bacteria with Potential for Industrial Applications. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1642. [PMID: 34442721 PMCID: PMC8398798 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are fast-growing, resilient insects that can break down a variety of organic substrates and convert them into valuable proteins and lipids for applications in the feed industry. Decomposition is mediated by an abundant and versatile gut microbiome, which has been studied for more than a decade. However, little is known about the phylogeny, properties and functions of bacterial isolates from the BSFL gut. We therefore characterized the BSFL gut microbiome in detail, evaluating bacterial diversity by culture-dependent methods and amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Redundant strains were identified by genomic fingerprinting and 105 non-redundant isolates were then tested for their ability to inhibit pathogens. We cultivated representatives of 26 genera, covering 47% of the families and 33% of the genera detected by amplicon sequencing. Among these isolates, we found several representatives of the most abundant genera: Morganella, Enterococcus, Proteus and Providencia. We also isolated diverse members of the less-abundant phylum Actinobacteria, and a novel genus of the order Clostridiales. We found that 15 of the isolates inhibited at least one of the tested pathogens, suggesting a role in helping to prevent colonization by pathogens in the gut. The resulting culture collection of unique BSFL gut bacteria provides a promising resource for multiple industrial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Tegtmeier
- Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.M.); (M.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Sabine Hurka
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Sanja Mihajlovic
- Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.M.); (M.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Maren Bodenschatz
- Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.M.); (M.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Stephanie Schlimbach
- Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.M.); (M.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.M.); (M.B.); (S.S.)
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gorrens E, Van Moll L, Frooninckx L, De Smet J, Van Campenhout L. Isolation and Identification of Dominant Bacteria From Black Soldier Fly Larvae ( Hermetia illucens) Envisaging Practical Applications. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:665546. [PMID: 34054771 PMCID: PMC8155639 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.665546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to establish a representative strain collection of dominant aerobic bacteria from black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens, BSFL). The larvae were fed either chicken feed or fiber-rich substrates to obtain a collection of BSFL-associated microorganisms. Via an approach based on only considering the highest serial dilutions of BSFL extract (to select for the most abundant strains), a total of 172 bacteria were isolated. Identification of these isolates revealed that all bacteria belonged to either the Proteobacteria (66.3%), the Firmicutes (30.2%), the Bacteroidetes (2.9%) or the Actinobacteria (0.6%). Twelve genera were collected, with the most abundantly present ones (i.e., minimally present in at least three rearing cycles) being Enterococcus (29.1%), Escherichia (22.1%), Klebsiella (19.8%), Providencia (11.6%), Enterobacter (7.6%), and Morganella (4.1%). Our collection of dominant bacteria reflects largely the bacterial profiles of BSFL already described in literature with respect to the most important phyla and genera in the gut, but some differences can be noticed depending on substrate, biotic and abiotic factors. Furthermore, this bacterial collection will be the starting point to improve in vitro digestion models for BSFL, to develop mock communities and to find symbionts that can be added during rearing cycles to enhance the larval performances, after functional characterization of the isolates, for instance with respect to enzymatic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Gorrens
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Lab4Food, KU Leuven, Geel, Belgium.,Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laurence Van Moll
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Lab4Food, KU Leuven, Geel, Belgium.,Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lotte Frooninckx
- Thomas More University of Applied Sciences, RADIUS, Geel, Belgium
| | - Jeroen De Smet
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Lab4Food, KU Leuven, Geel, Belgium.,Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Van Campenhout
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Lab4Food, KU Leuven, Geel, Belgium.,Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tegtmeier D, Hurka S, Klüber P, Brinkrolf K, Heise P, Vilcinskas A. Cottonseed Press Cake as a Potential Diet for Industrially Farmed Black Soldier Fly Larvae Triggers Adaptations of Their Bacterial and Fungal Gut Microbiota. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:634503. [PMID: 33854488 PMCID: PMC8039154 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.634503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens, Diptera: Stratiomyidae) are used for the bioconversion of organic side products into valuable compounds such as proteins, lipids and chitin. However, the economic competitiveness of farmed insects compared to conventional protein production systems in agriculture and aquaculture depends on the availability of large quantities of inexpensive insect feed. Cottonseed press cake (CPC) is a side-stream of cotton production that is rich in proteins and lipids but unsuitable as feed for several farmed animals, except ruminants, due to the presence of the anti-nutritional sesquiterpenoid gossypol. Here, we tested CPC as a feed for black soldier fly larvae and studied the impact of this diet on the gut microbiome. Larvae reared on CPC developed normally and even showed a shorter life-cycle, but were smaller at the end of larval development than control larvae reared on chicken feed. The adaptability of the larvae to different diets is mediated by their versatile gut microbiome, which facilitates digestion and detoxification. We therefore used amplicon sequencing to analyze the bacterial and fungal communities associated with larvae reared on each diet, revealing differences between the larval guts and frass (residual feed substrate) as well as differences between the two diet groups. For example, Actinomycetaceae and Aspergillaceae were significantly enriched in guts of the CPC diet group and may help to metabolize compounds such as gossypol. Potentially probiotic yeasts and beneficial Enterobacteriaceae, which presumably belong to the core microbiota, were detected in high relative abundance in the gut and frass, indicating a functional role of these microbes, especially the protection against pathogens. We conclude that CPC may be suitable as an inexpensive and environmentally sustainable feed for the industrial rearing of black soldier flies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Tegtmeier
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Hurka
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Patrick Klüber
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Karina Brinkrolf
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Philipp Heise
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Giessen, Germany.,Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Galassi G, Jucker C, Parma P, Lupi D, Crovetto GM, Savoldelli S, Colombini S. Impact of Agro-industrial Byproducts on Bioconversion, Chemical Composition, in vitro Digestibility, and Microbiota of the Black Soldier Fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Larvae. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2021; 21:8. [PMID: 33480429 PMCID: PMC7820701 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The interest in using byproducts from agro-food industries as a rearing substrate for insects is increasing rapidly. We investigated the influence of byproducts of vegetal origin (okara-a byproduct of soy milk production, maize distillers with solubles, brewer's grains), used as rearing diet for black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), on the following parameters: biomass production, substrate reduction (SR), nutritional profile and in vitro digestibility, and larval gut microbiota. Hen diet was used as a control substrate. The highest larval biomass was collected on maize distillers, whereas the highest SR was observed on okara. The rearing substrate affected ash, ether extract, and chitin larval content. The BSFL reared on okara were characterized by a lower lauric acid content (17.6% of total fatty acids). Diets also influenced in vitro crude protein digestibility (%) for monogastrics, with the highest values for BSFL reared on maize distillers (87.8), intermediate for brewer's grains and okara BSFL, and the lowest for hen BSFL (82.7). The nutritive value for ruminants showed a lower Net Energy for lactation for BSFL reared on hen diet than okara and dried maize distillers BSFL. The different byproducts showed an influence on the larval gut microbiota, with a major bacterial complexity observed on larvae fed with the hen diet. The neutral detergent fiber concentration of dietary substrate was negatively correlated with Firmicutes and Actinobacteria relative abundance. Insects valorized byproducts converting them into high-value larval biomass to be used for feed production. The results evidenced the effects of the tested byproducts on the measured parameters, underling the chemical composition importance on the final insect meal quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Galassi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DiSAA)
| | - Costanza Jucker
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Parma
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DiSAA)
| | - Daniela Lupi
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianni Matteo Crovetto
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DiSAA)
| | - Sara Savoldelli
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Colombini
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DiSAA)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Antimicrobial Biomasses from Lactic Acid Fermentation of Black Soldier Fly Prepupae and Related By-Products. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111785. [PMID: 33202551 PMCID: PMC7697071 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, thousands of insect species are consumed as food or are used as feed ingredients. Hermetia illucens, ‘black soldier fly’, is one of them, and a large amount of puparia and dead adults flies are accumulated during rearing. These materials represent important wastes but no studies are still present in the literature regarding their functional properties and potential reuse. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are a heterogeneous group of bacteria contributing to various industrial applications, ranging from food fermentation, chemicals production to pharmaceuticals manufacturing. A LAB feature of industrial interest is their ability to produce antimicrobial metabolites. Considering the scientific and commercial interest in discovering novel antimicrobials, this work will be direct towards fermentation of insect-derived biomasses: puparia and adults insect at the end of life cycle. To the best of our knowledge, the in vitro antimicrobial activity of fermented insects is tested for the first time. This study aimed also to evaluate differences in the composition between fermented and unfermented insects, and to study whether the fermentation and the type of LAB used played a crucial role in modifying the composition of the substrate. Results firstly highlighted fermentability of this species of insects, showed that fermented black soldier flies puparium possess a high antimicrobial activity against tested pathogens. Moreover, result of chemical composition showed that fermented biomass had a higher percentage of fat and a more complex fatty acids profile.
Collapse
|