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Kwon H, Chinappen DM, Kinard EA, Goodman SK, Huang JF, Berja ED, Walsh KG, Shi W, Manoach DS, Kramer MA, Chu CJ. Impaired sleep-dependent memory consolidation predicted by reduced sleep spindles in Rolandic epilepsy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.16.594515. [PMID: 38798414 PMCID: PMC11118409 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.16.594515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Sleep spindles are prominent thalamocortical brain oscillations during sleep that have been mechanistically linked to sleep-dependent memory consolidation in animal models and healthy controls. Sleep spindles are decreased in Rolandic epilepsy and related sleep-activated epileptic encephalopathies. We investigate the relationship between sleep spindle deficits and deficient sleep dependent memory consolidation in children with Rolandic epilepsy. Methods In this prospective case-control study, children were trained and tested on a validated probe of memory consolidation, the motor sequence task (MST). Sleep spindles were measured from high-density EEG during a 90-minute nap opportunity between MST training and testing using a validated automated detector. Results Twenty-three children with Rolandic epilepsy (14 with resolved disease), and 19 age- and sex-matched controls were enrolled. Children with active Rolandic epilepsy had decreased memory consolidation compared to control children (p=0.001, mean percentage reduction: 25.7%, 95% CI [10.3, 41.2]%) and compared to children with resolved Rolandic epilepsy (p=0.007, mean percentage reduction: 21.9%, 95% CI [6.2, 37.6]%). Children with active Rolandic epilepsy had decreased sleep spindle rates in the centrotemporal region compared to controls (p=0.008, mean decrease 2.5 spindles/min, 95% CI [0.7, 4.4] spindles/min). Spindle rate positively predicted sleep-dependent memory consolidation (p=0.004, mean MST improvement of 3.9%, 95% CI [1.3, 6.4]%, for each unit increase in spindles per minute). Discussion Children with Rolandic epilepsy have a sleep spindle deficit during the active period of disease which predicts deficits in sleep dependent memory consolidation. This finding provides a mechanism and noninvasive biomarker to aid diagnosis and therapeutic discovery for cognitive dysfunction in Rolandic epilepsy and related sleep activated epilepsy syndromes.
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He Y, Zhou L, Liang W, Liu Q, Liu W, Wang S. Individual, family, and environmental correlates of fundamental motor skills among school-aged children: a cross-sectional study in China. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:208. [PMID: 38233777 PMCID: PMC10795326 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17728-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This cross-sectional study examined the socio-ecological factors influencing fundamental motor skills (FMS) in Chinese school-aged children. METHODS A total of 1012 parent-child pairs were randomly sampled between March-1st and April-15th, 2022. Based on the socio-ecological model of Children's FMS, three levels of factors: individual-level (e.g., demographic, physical, psychological, and behavioral characteristics of children), family-level (e.g., caregiver demographics, parental support, and socioeconomic status), and environmental factors (e.g., availability of physical activity equipment) were assessed using self-reported scales (e.g., the Self-perception Profile for Children, the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale, and the 12-item Psychological Well-Being Scale for Children) and objective measures (e.g., ActiGraph GT3X, the Chinese National Student Physical Fitness Standard, and the Test of Gross Motor Development-Third Edition). Multi-level regression models were employed using SPSS. RESULTS The results demonstrated that children's age, sex, physical fitness, parental support, and the quality of home and community physical activity environments consistently influenced all three types of FMS, including locomotor, ball, and composite skills. Additionally, seven individual-level factors (children's age, sex, body mass index, light physical activity, sleep duration, perceived motor competence, and physical fitness) were associated with different types of FMS. CONCLUSIONS The findings underscore the multidimensional and complex nature of FMS development, with individual-level factors playing a particularly significant role. Future research should adopt rigorous longitudinal designs, comprehensive assessment tools covering various FMS skills, and objective measurement of parents' movement behaviors to better understand the strength and direction of the relationship between socio-ecological factors and children's FMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiu He
- School of Physical Education, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Measurement and Evaluation in Exercise Bioinformation of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Lin Zhou
- School of Physical Education, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Measurement and Evaluation in Exercise Bioinformation of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Wei Liang
- College of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qi Liu
- School of Physical Education, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wanxin Liu
- School of Physical Education, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shijian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Measurement and Evaluation in Exercise Bioinformation of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
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Influence of naps on sedentary time and physical activity in early childhood. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21198. [PMID: 36482180 PMCID: PMC9731956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25628-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to determine if, in preschool-aged children, (1) nap habituality is associated with sedentary time and physical activity (movement behaviors), (2) nap physiology is associated with movement behaviors, and (3) if missing a nap, compared to taking a nap, affects movement behaviors on the same day and subsequent day. A within-subjects (44 children; 4.2 ± 0.6 years; 55.6% female), at-home study examined two experimental conditions (one afternoon each of nap- and wake-promotion with order counterbalanced) one week apart. Movement behaviors were derived from wrist-worn actigraphy (12.1 ± 3.1 days). Average movement behaviors were calculated from the overall study period with experimental days excluded. Movement behaviors were also extracted for the same day and the subsequent day of the two experimental conditions. Polysomnography was recorded during the nap-promoted condition. Children were classified as non-, intermediate-, or habitual-nappers. Although average movement behaviors were different between nap habituality groups, differences were not significant. There were no associations between movement behaviors and nap sleep stages, and no effects for nap condition or condition by nap habituality on same or next day movement behaviors. Findings do not suggest that naps and movement behaviors are related in children. Although a single missed nap was not detrimental to same or next day movement behaviors, future studies should explore effects of multiple days of subsequent nap restriction to examine potential cumulative effects.
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Aghayan Golkashani H, Leong RLF, Ghorbani S, Ong JL, Fernández G, Chee MWL. A sleep schedule incorporating naps benefits the transformation of hierarchical knowledge. Sleep 2022; 45:6516991. [PMID: 35090173 PMCID: PMC8996033 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Study Objectives
The learning brain establishes schemas (knowledge structures) that benefit subsequent learning. We investigated how sleep and having a schema might benefit initial learning followed by rearranged and expanded memoranda. We concurrently examined the contributions of sleep spindles and slow-wave sleep to learning outcomes.
Methods
Fifty-three adolescents were randomly assigned to an 8 h Nap schedule (6.5 h nocturnal sleep with a 90-minute daytime nap) or an 8 h No-Nap, nocturnal-only sleep schedule. The study spanned 14 nights, simulating successive school weeks. We utilized a transitive inference task involving hierarchically ordered faces. Initial learning to set up the schema was followed by rearrangement of the hierarchy (accommodation) and hierarchy expansion (assimilation). The expanded sequence was restudied. Recall of hierarchical knowledge was tested after initial learning and at multiple points for all subsequent phases. As a control, both groups underwent a No-schema condition where the hierarchy was introduced and modified without opportunity to set up a schema. Electroencephalography accompanied the multiple sleep opportunities.
Results
There were main effects of Nap schedule and Schema condition evidenced by superior recall of initial learning, reordered and expanded memoranda. Improved recall was consistently associated with higher fast spindle density but not slow-wave measures. This was true for both nocturnal sleep and daytime naps.
Conclusion
A sleep schedule incorporating regular nap opportunities compared to one that only had nocturnal sleep benefited building of robust and flexible schemas, facilitating recall of the subsequently rearranged and expanded structured knowledge. These benefits appear to be strongly associated with fast spindles.
Clinical Trial registration
NCT04044885 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04044885).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosein Aghayan Golkashani
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ruth L F Leong
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shohreh Ghorbani
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ju Lynn Ong
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guillén Fernández
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Michael W L Chee
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Baek S, Yu H, Roh J, Lee J, Sohn I, Kim S, Park C. Effect of a Recliner Chair with Rocking Motions on Sleep Efficiency. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:8214. [PMID: 34960304 PMCID: PMC8706869 DOI: 10.3390/s21248214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we analyze the effect of a recliner chair with rocking motions on sleep quality of naps using automated sleep scoring and spindle detection models. The quality of sleep corresponding to the two rocking motions was measured quantitatively and qualitatively. For the quantitative evaluation, we conducted a sleep parameter analysis based on the results of the estimated sleep stages obtained on the brainwave and spindle estimation, and a sleep survey assessment from the participants was analyzed for the qualitative evaluation. The analysis showed that sleep in the recliner chair with rocking motions positively increased the duration of the spindles and deep sleep stage, resulting in improved sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwhan Baek
- Department of Computer engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea
| | - Hyunsoo Yu
- Department of Computer engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea
| | - Jongryun Roh
- Digital Transformation RnD Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Jungnyun Lee
- Digital Transformation RnD Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Illsoo Sohn
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea
| | - Sayup Kim
- Digital Transformation RnD Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Ansan 15588, Korea
| | - Cheolsoo Park
- Department of Computer engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea
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Sex and Pubertal Differences in the Maturational Trajectories of Sleep Spindles in the Transition from Childhood to Adolescence: A Population-Based Study. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0257-21.2021. [PMID: 34168053 PMCID: PMC8281264 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0257-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep spindles, bursts of electroencephalogram (EEG) activity in the σ-frequency (11–16 Hz) range, may be biomarkers of cortical development. Studies capturing the transition to adolescence are needed to delineate age-related, sex-related, and pubertal-related changes in sleep spindles at the population-level. We analyzed the sleep EEG of 572 subjects 6–21 years (48% female) and 332 subjects 5–12 years (46% female) followed-up at 12–22 years. From 6 to 21 years, spindle density (p quadratic = 0.019) and fast (12–16 Hz) spindle percent (p quadratic = 0.016) showed inverted U-shaped trajectories, with plateaus after 15 and 19 years, respectively. Spindle frequency increased (p linear < 0.001), while spindle power decreased (p linear < 0.001) from 6 to 21 years. The trajectories of spindle density, frequency, and fast spindle percent diverged between females and males, in whom density plateaued by 14 years, fast spindle percent by 16 years, and frequency by 18 years, while fast spindle percent and spindle frequency continued to increase until 21 years in females. Males experienced a longitudinal increase in spindle density 31% greater than females by 12–14 years (p = 0.006). Females experienced an increase in spindle frequency and fast spindle percent 2% and 41% greater, respectively, than males by 18–22 years (both p = 0.004), while males experienced a 14% greater decline in spindle power by 18–22 years (p = 0.018). Less mature adolescents (86% male) experienced a longitudinal increase in spindle density 36% greater than mature adolescents by 12–14 years (p = 0.002). Overall, males experience greater maturational changes in spindle density in the transition to adolescence, driven by later pubertal development, and sex differences become prominent in early adulthood when females have greater spindle power, frequency, and fast spindle percent.
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Sulkamo S, Hagström K, Huupponen E, Isokangas S, Lapinlampi AM, Alakuijala A, Saarenpää-Heikkilä O, Himanen SL. Sleep Spindle Features and Neurobehavioral Performance in Healthy School-Aged Children. J Clin Neurophysiol 2021; 38:149-155. [PMID: 31800466 DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In adults, central fast-frequency sleep spindles are involved in learning and memory functions. The density of local spindles is higher than global spindles, emphasizing the importance of local plastic neural processes. In children, findings on the association of spindles with cognition are more variable. Hence, we aim to study whether the local spindles are also important for neurobehavioral performance in children. METHODS We studied the correlations between local (occurring in only one channel: Fp1, Fp2, C3, or C4), bilateral, and diffuse (occurring in all four channels) spindles and neurobehavioral performance in 17 healthy children (median age 9.6 years). RESULTS Local spindles were not as frequent as bilateral spindles (P-values < 0.05). Central spindle types had significant correlations with sensorimotor and language functions (e.g., the density of bilateral central spindles correlated positively with the Object Assembly in NEPSY, r = 0.490). Interestingly, frontopolar spindles correlated with behavior (e.g., the more bilateral the frontopolar spindles, the less hyperactive the children, r = -0.618). CONCLUSIONS In children, the local spindles, but also more widespread central spindles, seem to be involved in the cognitive processes. Based on our findings, it is important that ageadjusted frequency limits are used in studies evaluating the frequencies of spindles in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saramia Sulkamo
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Medical Imaging Centre and Hospital Pharmacy, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kati Hagström
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Eero Huupponen
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Medical Imaging Centre and Hospital Pharmacy, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sirkku Isokangas
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anna-Maria Lapinlampi
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Medical Imaging Centre and Hospital Pharmacy, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anniina Alakuijala
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ; and
| | | | - Sari-Leena Himanen
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Medical Imaging Centre and Hospital Pharmacy, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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LaGoy AD, Kaskie R, Connaboy C, Germain A, Ferrarelli F. Overnight Sleep Parameter Increases in Frontoparietal Areas Predict Working Memory Improvements in Healthy Participants But Not in Individuals With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2021; 6:1110-1117. [PMID: 33757792 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preliminary evidence indicates that non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep is implicated in enhancing working memory (WM) performance across days in healthy individuals. While REM sleep has been implicated in other forms of memory, its role in WM remains unclear. Further, the relationship between sleep changes and WM improvement is largely unknown in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Examining the relationship between changes in sleep and WM improvement in healthy participants and participants with PTSD may inform cognitive enhancement strategies and intervention targets. METHODS Repeated assessments of WM and overnight measurement of NREM and REM sleep parameters were performed in 79 participants (participants with PTSD: n = 33) during a 48-hour laboratory stay. Relationships between sleep parameter changes, WM performance changes, and clinical characteristics were analyzed in PTSD and healthy groups. RESULTS A between-night enhancement in both NREM and REM sleep parameters in frontoparietal areas predicted across-day better WM performance in healthy participants, particularly in those with improved performance. In contrast, in participants with PTSD, an enhancement of these sleep parameters predicted a worse WM performance and was also associated with more PTSD-related sleep disturbances. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that higher sleep activity in frontoparietal areas leads to enhanced WM performance in healthy individuals, whereas in individuals with PTSD, it likely reflects the presence of sleep disturbances that interfere with WM improvement. Interventions focused on addressing sleep disturbances could therefore ameliorate cognitive impairments in individuals with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice D LaGoy
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rachel Kaskie
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher Connaboy
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Anne Germain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Fabio Ferrarelli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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Iotchev IB, Reicher V, Kovács E, Kovács T, Kis A, Gácsi M, Kubinyi E. Averaging sleep spindle occurrence in dogs predicts learning performance better than single measures. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22461. [PMID: 33384457 PMCID: PMC7775433 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a positive link between sleep spindle occurrence and measures of post-sleep recall (learning success) is often reported for humans and replicated across species, the test–retest reliability of the effect is sometimes questioned. The largest to date study could not confirm the association, however methods for automatic spindle detection diverge in their estimates and vary between studies. Here we report that in dogs using the same detection method across different learning tasks is associated with observing a positive association between sleep spindle density (spindles/minute) and learning success. Our results suggest that reducing measurement error by averaging across measurements of density and learning can increase the visibility of this effect, implying that trait density (estimated through averaged occurrence) is a more reliable predictor of cognitive performance than estimates based on single measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivien Reicher
- Department of Ethology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Enikő Kovács
- Department of Ethology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tímea Kovács
- Department of Ethology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Kis
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márta Gácsi
- Department of Ethology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Enikő Kubinyi
- Department of Ethology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
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You Snooze, You Win? An Ecological Dynamics Framework Approach to Understanding the Relationships Between Sleep and Sensorimotor Performance in Sport. Sleep Med Clin 2020; 15:31-39. [PMID: 32005348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sleep has a widespread impact across different domains of performance, including sensorimotor function. From an ecological dynamics perspective, sensorimotor function involves the continuous and dynamic coupling between perception and action. Sport performance relies on sensorimotor function as successful movement behaviors require accurate and efficient coupling between perceptions and actions. Compromised sleep impairs different aspects of sensorimotor performance, including perceptual attunement and motor execution. Changes in sensorimotor performance can be related to specific features of sleep, notably sleep spindles and slow waves. One unaddressed area of study is the extent to which specific sleep features contribute to overall sport-specific performance.
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Gorgoni M, D'Atri A, Scarpelli S, Reda F, De Gennaro L. Sleep electroencephalography and brain maturation: developmental trajectories and the relation with cognitive functioning. Sleep Med 2020; 66:33-50. [PMID: 31786427 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2019.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Gorgoni
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - A D'Atri
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - S Scarpelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - F Reda
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - L De Gennaro
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy; IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
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Gilad R, Shapiro C. Sleep and Development. Health (London) 2020. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2020.126049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Meers J, Ferri R, Bruni O, Alfano CA. Sleep spindle density is associated with worry in children with generalized anxiety disorder and healthy controls. J Affect Disord 2020; 260:418-425. [PMID: 31539675 PMCID: PMC6880871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), characterized by uncontrollable worry, is associated with long-term psychopathology risk, yet understanding of developmental trajectories is limited. Despite common complaints about sleep, 'macro' sleep abnormalities have not been identified. Emerging findings suggest micro-architectural features of sleep, including sleep spindles, differentiate various psychiatric populations. The current study investigated sleep spindle density during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep among youth with GAD and healthy controls, including relationships with anxiety, worry, global functioning, and subjective sleep quality. METHODS 58 pre-pubertal children, n = 26 with GAD and n = 32 matched healthy controls, aged 7-11 years (M = 8.86, SD=1.47), completed diagnostic assessments and a week of actigraphy monitoring prior to a night of polysomnography (PSG) either at home or in a sleep laboratory. NREM spindle activity was detected in frontal and central regions. RESULTS Sleep spindle activity did not differ based on diagnostic group or sex. Sleep spindles were unassociated with anxiety and sleep quality but showed a significant positive association with worry in all youth. Among youth with GAD, global functioning was negatively associated with spindle density in frontal regions during NREM stage 3. Spindle density was significantly greater during in-lab compared to at-home PSG. LIMITATIONS The small sample size and reliance on only one night of PSG necessitate additional studies. CONCLUSIONS The identified link between spindle activity and worry in pre-pubertal children highlights a need for investigations on transdiagnostic features of child psychopathology rather than specific disorders. Longitudinal studies are needed to explore spindle characteristics and affective risk across development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oliviero Bruni
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Developmental and Social Psychology
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Galván A. The Need for Sleep in the Adolescent Brain. Trends Cogn Sci 2020; 24:79-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Sleep spindles are burstlike signals in the electroencephalogram (EEG) of the sleeping mammalian brain and electrical surface correlates of neuronal oscillations in thalamus. As one of the most inheritable sleep EEG signatures, sleep spindles probably reflect the strength and malleability of thalamocortical circuits that underlie individual cognitive profiles. We review the characteristics, organization, regulation, and origins of sleep spindles and their implication in non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREMS) and its functions, focusing on human and rodent. Spatially, sleep spindle-related neuronal activity appears on scales ranging from small thalamic circuits to functional cortical areas, and generates a cortical state favoring intracortical plasticity while limiting cortical output. Temporally, sleep spindles are discrete events, part of a continuous power band, and elements grouped on an infraslow time scale over which NREMS alternates between continuity and fragility. We synthesize diverse and seemingly unlinked functions of sleep spindles for sleep architecture, sensory processing, synaptic plasticity, memory formation, and cognitive abilities into a unifying sleep spindle concept, according to which sleep spindles 1) generate neural conditions of large-scale functional connectivity and plasticity that outlast their appearance as discrete EEG events, 2) appear preferentially in thalamic circuits engaged in learning and attention-based experience during wakefulness, and 3) enable a selective reactivation and routing of wake-instated neuronal traces between brain areas such as hippocampus and cortex. Their fine spatiotemporal organization reflects NREMS as a physiological state coordinated over brain and body and may indicate, if not anticipate and ultimately differentiate, pathologies in sleep and neurodevelopmental, -degenerative, and -psychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M J Fernandez
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anita Lüthi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Reyes S, Algarín C, Lozoff B, Peigneux P, Peirano P. Sleep and motor sequence learning consolidation in former iron deficient anemic adolescents. Sleep Med 2019; 64:116-122. [PMID: 31704427 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron deficiency is the most prevalent micronutrient deficiency worldwide. There is evidence that iron deficiency produces alterations in the developing brain, eventually leading to long-lasting effects on various cognitive functions. METHODS Here, we investigated motor learning and its consolidation after sleep in adolescents who sustained iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in infancy, compared to healthy controls, in the context of a long-term follow-up Chilean research project. Fifty-three adolescents who formerly had iron deficiency anemia as infants and 40 control adolescents practiced a sequential motor finger tapping task, before and after a night of sleep. Performance was measured at the end of learning, 30 min later (boost effect), and the next morning. RESULTS Revealed slower learning in subjects with infant iron deficiency anemia than control subjects, followed by a proportionally similar performance boost at 30 min. Performance remained stable overnight in healthy controls but further improved in infant IDA adolescents, suggesting a beneficial effect of post-training sleep on the consolidation of incompletely learned motor skills. In particular, overnight gains in performance were observed in female, but not male infant iron deficiency anemic subjects, suggesting a gender effect. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate long-lasting motor learning deficits in infant IDA adolescents and provide support to the hypothesis that post-training sleep might, to some extent, compensate for hampered motor learning during wakefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sussanne Reyes
- Sleep and Functional Neurobiology Laboratory, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia Algarín
- Sleep and Functional Neurobiology Laboratory, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - Betsy Lozoff
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Disease, University of Michigan, North Ingalls Building, 10th Floor, 300 N. Ingalls Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5406, USA
| | - Philippe Peigneux
- UR2NF - Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Group, CRCN - Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences, UNI - ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 50 avenue F.D. Roosevelt CP191 B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Patricio Peirano
- Sleep and Functional Neurobiology Laboratory, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago, Chile.
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Adi-Japha E, Berke R, Shaya N, Julius MS. Different post-training processes in children's and adults' motor skill learning. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210658. [PMID: 30629711 PMCID: PMC6328138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Do young children and adults share similar underlying motor skill learning mechanisms? Past studies have shown that school-aged children's speed of performance developed over wake periods of a few hours post-training. Such training-dependent gains were not found in adults. In the current study of children as young as 5-years-old and young adults who practiced a simple grapho-motor task, this finding was replicated only by the children that showed faster performance a few hours post-training. These positive gains in performance speed were retained two weeks later. Furthermore, among the children, variations in gains attained a few hours post-training were associated with initial performance level. These behavioral findings indicate different underlying post-training processes in children's and adults' motor skill learning thus, supporting differential tutoring of skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Adi-Japha
- School of Education, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - Roni Berke
- School of Education, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Nehama Shaya
- School of Education, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Mona S. Julius
- Special Education Studies, Levinsky College of Education, Tel Aviv, Israel
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19
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Bothe K, Hirschauer F, Wiesinger HP, Edfelder J, Gruber G, Birklbauer J, Hoedlmoser K. The impact of sleep on complex gross-motor adaptation in adolescents. J Sleep Res 2018; 28:e12797. [PMID: 30565337 PMCID: PMC6766860 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Sleep has been shown to facilitate the consolidation of newly acquired motor memories in adults. However, the role of sleep in motor memory consolidation is less clear in children and adolescents, especially concerning real‐life gross‐motor skills. Therefore, we investigated the effects of sleep and wakefulness on a complex gross‐motor adaptation task by using a bicycle with an inverse steering device. A total of 29 healthy adolescents aged between 11 and 14 years (five female) were either trained to ride an inverse steering bicycle (learning condition) or a stationary bicycle (control condition). Training took place in the morning (wake, n = 14) or in the evening (sleep, n = 15) followed by a 9‐hr retention interval and a subsequent re‐test session. Slalom cycling performance was assessed by speed (riding time) and accuracy (standard deviation of steering angle) measures. Behavioural results showed no evidence for sleep‐dependent memory consolidation. However, overnight gains in accuracy were associated with an increase in left hemispheric N2 slow sleep spindle activity from control to learning night. Furthermore, decreases in REM and tonic REM duration were related to higher overnight improvements in accuracy. Regarding speed, an increase in REM and tonic REM duration was favourable for higher overnight gains in riding time. Thus, although not yet detectable on a behavioural level, sleep seemed to play a role in the acquisition of gross‐motor skills. A promising direction for future research is to focus on the possibility of delayed performance gains in adolescent populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Bothe
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Franziska Hirschauer
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hans-Peter Wiesinger
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Janina Edfelder
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Georg Gruber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Juergen Birklbauer
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Kerstin Hoedlmoser
- Laboratory for Sleep, Cognition and Consciousness Research, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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20
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Individual spindle detection and analysis in high-density recordings across the night and in thalamic stroke. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17885. [PMID: 30552388 PMCID: PMC6294746 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36327-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep spindles are thalamocortical oscillations associated with several behavioural and clinical phenomena. In clinical populations, spindle activity has been shown to be reduced in schizophrenia, as well as after thalamic stroke. Automatic spindle detection algorithms present the only feasible way to systematically examine individual spindle characteristics. We took an established algorithm for spindle detection, and adapted it to high-density EEG sleep recordings. To illustrate the detection and analysis procedure, we examined how spindle characteristics changed across the night and introduced a linear mixed model approach applied to individual spindles in adults (n = 9). Next we examined spindle characteristics between a group of paramedian thalamic stroke patients (n = 9) and matched controls. We found a high spindle incidence rate and that, from early to late in the night, individual spindle power increased with the duration and globality of spindles; despite decreases in spindle incidence and peak-to-peak amplitude. In stroke patients, we found that only left-sided damage reduced individual spindle power. Furthermore, reduction was specific to posterior/fast spindles. Altogether, we demonstrate how state-of-the-art spindle detection techniques, applied to high-density recordings, and analysed using advanced statistical approaches can yield novel insights into how both normal and pathological circumstances affect sleep.
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21
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Vermeulen MCM, Van der Heijden KB, Swaab H, Van Someren EJW. Sleep spindle characteristics and sleep architecture are associated with learning of executive functions in school-age children. J Sleep Res 2018; 28:e12779. [PMID: 30338601 PMCID: PMC7378945 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The macro‐ and microstructural characteristics of sleep electroencephalography have been associated with several aspects of executive functioning. However, only a few studies have addressed the association of sleep characteristics with the learning involved in the acquisition of executive functions, and no study has investigated this for planning and problem‐solving skills in the developing brain of children. The present study examined whether children's sleep stages and microstructural sleep characteristics are associated with performance improvement over repeated assessments of the Tower of Hanoi task, which requires integrated planning and problem‐solving skills. Thirty children (11 boys, mean age 10.7 years, SD = 0.8) performed computerized parallel versions of the Tower of Hanoi three times across 2 days, including a night with polysomnographically assessed sleep. Pearson correlations were used to evaluate the associations of Tower of Hanoi solution time improvements across repeated assessments with sleep stages (% of total sleep time), slow‐wave activity, and fast and slow spindle features. The results indicated a stronger performance improvement across wake in children with more Stage N2 sleep and less slow‐wave sleep. Stronger improvements across sleep were present in children in whom slow spindles were more dense, and in children in whom fast spindles were less dense, of shorter duration and had less power. The findings indicate that specific sleep electroencephalography signatures reflect the ability of the developing brain to acquire and improve on integrated planning and problem‐solving skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije C M Vermeulen
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kristiaan B Van der Heijden
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hanna Swaab
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eus J W Van Someren
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Departments of Psychiatry and Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Prehn-Kristensen A, Göder R. [Sleep and cognition in children and adolescents]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KINDER-UND JUGENDPSYCHIATRIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2018; 46:405-422. [PMID: 30141742 DOI: 10.1024/1422-4917/a000614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sleep and cognition in children and adolescents Abstract. In this review, one of the most important functions of sleep was described: Its role in promoting cognitive processes in children and adolescents. Particularly, studies of older children and adolescents revealed that sleep interacts in a complex manner with cognitive performance. Moreover, it was shown that sleep supports long-term memory even in young children. This is true for many different long-term memory systems such as memory of factual information (declarative memory), language acquisition, and for reward-related learning, but less so for learning motor skills. Clinical implications arise from observing the consequences of sleep deficits in children and adolescents due to early school hours or due to clinical conditions like attention deficits hyperactive disorder (ADHD), sleep apnea syndrome or other sleep disturbances. Current research has only partially shown that the treatment of sleep problems also benefits cognitive and memory performance. Filling this gap remains an opportunity for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Prehn-Kristensen
- 1 Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und -psychotherapie, Zentrum für Integrative Psychiatrie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, UKSH, Campus Kiel
| | - Robert Göder
- 2 Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Zentrum für Integrative Psychiatrie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, UKSH, Campus Kiel
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23
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Wei Y, Krishnan GP, Komarov M, Bazhenov M. Differential roles of sleep spindles and sleep slow oscillations in memory consolidation. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006322. [PMID: 29985966 PMCID: PMC6053241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep plays an important role in the consolidation of recent memories. However, the cellular and synaptic mechanisms of consolidation during sleep remain poorly understood. In this study, using a realistic computational model of the thalamocortical network, we tested the role of Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep in memory consolidation. We found that sleep spindles (the hallmark of N2 stage sleep) and slow oscillations (the hallmark of N3 stage sleep) both promote replay of the spike sequences learned in the awake state and replay was localized at the trained network locations. Memory performance improved after a period of NREM sleep but not after the same time period in awake. When multiple memories were trained, the local nature of the spike sequence replay during spindles allowed replay of the distinct memory traces independently, while slow oscillations promoted competition that could prevent replay of the weak memories in a presence of the stronger memory traces. This could lead to extinction of the weak memories unless when sleep spindles (N2 sleep) preceded slow oscillations (N3 sleep), as observed during the natural sleep cycle. Our study presents a mechanistic explanation for the role of sleep rhythms in memory consolidation and proposes a testable hypothesis how the natural structure of sleep stages provides an optimal environment to consolidate memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Wei
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Giri P. Krishnan
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Maxim Komarov
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Maxim Bazhenov
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Reynolds C, Short M, Gradisar M. Sleep spindles and cognitive performance across adolescence: A meta-analytic review. J Adolesc 2018; 66:55-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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25
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Reynolds CM, Gradisar M, Coussens S, Short MA. Sleep spindles in adolescence: a comparison across sleep restriction and sleep extension. Sleep Med 2018; 50:166-174. [PMID: 30056287 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tendency for adolescents to have restricted sleep has been examined in numerous studies; however, the impact of sleep restriction on adolescents' neural activity during sleep (measured by electroencephalography (EEG)) is less extensively researched, particularly regarding sleep spindles. METHODS In this experimental study, 34 adolescents attended a 10-day laboratory study where they received five consecutive nights of either 5 h, 7.5 h or 10 h of sleep opportunity, with one adaptation, one baseline and two recovery nights of 10 h of sleep opportunity before and after the experimental phase. RESULTS Both within- and between-subjects effects were observed for fast sleep spindle characteristics of density, duration and amplitude. Overall, when experiencing severe sleep restriction, fast spindles in adolescents were lower in amplitude and longer in duration. Sex differences were also seen for fast spindle amplitude. CONCLUSIONS This investigation adds to the knowledge in this field by investigating specific sleep spindle characteristics in the context of experimentally manipulated sleep. Sleep restriction is highly prevalent among adolescents. These findings indicate that chronic sleep restriction has an impact on brain activity related to sleep spindles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Scott Coussens
- Centre for Sleep Research, University of South Australia, Australia; Centre for Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience, University of South Australia, Australia
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26
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Henz D, Schöllhorn WI, Poeggeler B. Mobile Phone Chips Reduce Increases in EEG Brain Activity Induced by Mobile Phone-Emitted Electromagnetic Fields. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:190. [PMID: 29670503 PMCID: PMC5893900 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent neurophysiological studies indicate that exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) generated by mobile phone radiation can exert effects on brain activity. One technical solution to reduce effects of EMFs in mobile phone use is provided in mobile phone chips that are applied to mobile phones or attached to their surfaces. To date, there are no systematical studies on the effects of mobile phone chip application on brain activity and the underlying neural mechanisms. The present study investigated whether mobile phone chips that are applied to mobile phones reduce effects of EMFs emitted by mobile phone radiation on electroencephalographic (EEG) brain activity in a laboratory study. Thirty participants volunteered in the present study. Experimental conditions (mobile phone chip, placebo chip, no chip) were set up in a randomized within-subjects design. Spontaneous EEG was recorded before and after mobile phone exposure for two 2-min sequences at resting conditions. During mobile phone exposure, spontaneous EEG was recorded for 30 min during resting conditions, and 5 min during performance of an attention test (d2-R). Results showed increased activity in the theta, alpha, beta and gamma bands during EMF exposure in the placebo and no chip conditions. Application of the mobile phone chip reduced effects of EMFs on EEG brain activity and attentional performance significantly. Attentional performance level was maintained regarding number of edited characters. Further, a dipole analysis revealed different underlying activation patterns in the chip condition compared to the placebo chip and no chip conditions. Finally, a correlational analysis for the EEG frequency bands and electromagnetic high-frequency (HF) emission showed significant correlations in the placebo chip and no chip condition for the theta, alpha, beta, and gamma bands. In the chip condition, a significant correlation of HF with the theta and alpha bands, but not with the beta and gamma bands was shown. We hypothesize that a reduction of EEG beta and gamma activation constitutes the key neural mechanism in mobile phone chip use that supports the brain to a degree in maintaining its natural activity and performance level during mobile phone use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Henz
- Institute of Sports Science, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Burkhard Poeggeler
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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27
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Page J, Lustenberger C, Frӧhlich F. Social, motor, and cognitive development through the lens of sleep network dynamics in infants and toddlers between 12 and 30 months of age. Sleep 2018; 41:4835154. [PMID: 29506060 PMCID: PMC6018907 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Widespread change in behavior and the underlying brain network substrate is a hallmark of early development. Sleep plays a fundamental role in this process. Both slow waves and spindles are key features of nonrapid eye movement sleep (NREM) that exhibit pronounced developmental trajectories from infancy to adulthood. Yet, these prominent features of NREM sleep are poorly understood in infants and toddlers in the age range of 12 to 30 months. Moreover, it is unknown how network dynamics of NREM sleep are associated with outcomes of early development. Addressing this gap in our understanding of sleep during development will enable the subsequent study of pathological changes in neurodevelopmental disorders. The aim of the current study was to characterize the sleep topography with high-density electroencephalography in this age group. We found that δ, θ, and β oscillations and sleep spindles exhibited clear developmental changes. Low δ and high θ oscillations correlated with motor, language, and social skills, independent of age. These findings suggest an important role of network dynamics of NREM sleep in cortical maturation and the associated development of skills during this important developmental period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Page
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Caroline Lustenberger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Mobile Health Systems Lab, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Flavio Frӧhlich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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28
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Nusbaum HC, Uddin S, Van Hedger SC, Heald SLM. Consolidating skill learning through sleep. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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D'Atri A, Novelli L, Ferrara M, Bruni O, De Gennaro L. Different maturational changes of fast and slow sleep spindles in the first four years of life. Sleep Med 2017; 42:73-82. [PMID: 29458750 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2017.11.1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND Massive changes in brain morphology and function in the first years of life reveal a postero-anterior trajectory of cortical maturation accompanied by regional modifications of NREM sleep. One of the most sensible marker of this maturation process is represented by electroencephalographic (EEG) activity within the frequency range of sleep spindles. However, direct evidence that these changes actually reflect maturational modifications of fast and slow spindles still lacks. Our study aimed at answering the following questions: 1. Do cortical changes at 11.50 Hz frequency correspond to slow spindles? 2. Do fast and slow spindles show different age trajectories and different topographical distributions? 3. Do changes in peak frequency explain age changes of slow and fast spindles? PATIENTS/METHODS We measured the antero-posterior changes of slow and fast spindles in the first 60 min of nightly sleep of 39 infants and children (0-48 mo.). RESULTS We found that (A) changes of slow spindles from birth to childhood mostly affect frontal areas (B) variations of fast and slow spindles across age groups go in opposite direction, the latter progressively increasing across ages; (C) this process is not merely reducible to changes of spindle frequency. CONCLUSIONS As a main finding, our cross-sectional study shows that the first form of mature spindle (i.e., corresponding to the adult phasic event of NREM sleep) is marked by the emergence of slow spindles on anterior regions around the age of 12 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora D'Atri
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Luana Novelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Michele Ferrara
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Oliviero Bruni
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Luigi De Gennaro
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", 00185, Rome, Italy.
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30
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Sigma frequency dependent motor learning in Williams syndrome. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16759. [PMID: 29196666 PMCID: PMC5711805 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12489-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There are two basic stages of fine motor learning: performance gain might occur during practice (online learning), and improvement might take place without any further practice (offline learning). Offline learning, also called consolidation, has a sleep-dependent stage in terms of both speed and accuracy of the learned movement. Sleep spindle or sigma band characteristics affect motor learning in typically developing individuals. Here we ask whether the earlier found, altered sigma activity in a neurodevelopmental disorder (Williams syndrome, WS) predicts motor learning. TD and WS participants practiced in a sequential finger tapping (FT) task for two days. Although WS participants started out at a lower performance level, TD and WS participants had a comparable amount of online and offline learning in terms of the accuracy of movement. Spectral analysis of WS sleep EEG recordings revealed that motor accuracy improvement is intricately related to WS-specific NREM sleep EEG features in the 8–16 Hz range profiles: higher 11–13.5 Hz z-transformed power is associated with higher offline FT accuracy improvement; and higher oscillatory peak frequencies are associated with lower offline accuracy improvements. These findings indicate a fundamental relationship between sleep spindle (or sigma band) activity and motor learning in WS.
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31
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Zinke K, Wilhelm I, Bayramoglu M, Klein S, Born J. Children's initial sleep-associated changes in motor skill are unrelated to long-term skill levels. Dev Sci 2016; 20. [PMID: 27747974 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is considered to support the formation of skill memory. In juvenile but not adult song birds learning a tutor's song, a stronger initial deterioration of song performance over night-sleep predicts better song performance in the long run. This and similar observations have stimulated the view of sleep supporting skill formation during development in an unsupervised off-line learning process that, in the absence of external feedback, can initially also enhance inaccuracies in skill performance. Here we explored whether in children learning a motor sequence task, as in song-learning juvenile birds, changes across sleep after initial practice predict performance levels achieved in the long run. The task was a serial reaction time task (SRTT) where subjects had to press buttons which were lighted up in a repeating eight-element sequence as fast as possible. Twenty-five children (8-12 years) practised the task in the evening before nocturnal sleep which was recorded polysomnographically. Retrieval was tested on the following morning and again 1 week later after daily training on the SRTT. As expected, changes in response speed over the initial night of sleep were negatively correlated with final performance speed after the 1-week training. However, unlike in song birds, this correlation was driven by the baseline speed level achieved before sleep. Baseline-corrected changes in speed or variability over the initial sleep period did not predict final performance on the trained SRTT sequence, or on different sequences introduced to assess generalization of the trained behaviour. The lack of correlation between initial sleep-dependent changes and long-term performance might reflect that the children were too experienced for the simple SRTT, possibly also favouring ceiling effects in performance. A consistent association found between sleep spindle activity and explicit sequence knowledge alternatively suggests that the expected correlation was masked by explicit memory systems interacting with skill memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Zinke
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ines Wilhelm
- Children's Hospital, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Müge Bayramoglu
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Klein
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Germany
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Children's ability to learn a motor skill is related to handwriting and reading proficiency. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2016.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Sleep Spindle Characteristics in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Their Relation to Cognition. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:4724792. [PMID: 27478646 PMCID: PMC4958463 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4724792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Empirical evidence indicates that sleep spindles facilitate neuroplasticity and “off-line” processing during sleep, which supports learning, memory consolidation, and intellectual performance. Children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) exhibit characteristics that may increase both the risk for and vulnerability to abnormal spindle generation. Despite the high prevalence of sleep problems and cognitive deficits in children with NDD, only a few studies have examined the putative association between spindle characteristics and cognitive function. This paper reviews the literature regarding sleep spindle characteristics in children with NDD and their relation to cognition in light of what is known in typically developing children and based on the available evidence regarding children with NDD. We integrate available data, identify gaps in understanding, and recommend future research directions. Collectively, studies are limited by small sample sizes, heterogeneous populations with multiple comorbidities, and nonstandardized methods for collecting and analyzing findings. These limitations notwithstanding, the evidence suggests that future studies should examine associations between sleep spindle characteristics and cognitive function in children with and without NDD, and preliminary findings raise the intriguing question of whether enhancement or manipulation of sleep spindles could improve sleep-dependent memory and other aspects of cognitive function in this population.
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Cheron G, Petit G, Cheron J, Leroy A, Cebolla A, Cevallos C, Petieau M, Hoellinger T, Zarka D, Clarinval AM, Dan B. Brain Oscillations in Sport: Toward EEG Biomarkers of Performance. Front Psychol 2016; 7:246. [PMID: 26955362 PMCID: PMC4768321 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain dynamics is at the basis of top performance accomplishment in sports. The search for neural biomarkers of performance remains a challenge in movement science and sport psychology. The non-invasive nature of high-density electroencephalography (EEG) recording has made it a most promising avenue for providing quantitative feedback to practitioners and coaches. Here, we review the current relevance of the main types of EEG oscillations in order to trace a perspective for future practical applications of EEG and event-related potentials (ERP) in sport. In this context, the hypotheses of unified brain rhythms and continuity between wake and sleep states should provide a functional template for EEG biomarkers in sport. The oscillations in the thalamo-cortical and hippocampal circuitry including the physiology of the place cells and the grid cells provide a frame of reference for the analysis of delta, theta, beta, alpha (incl.mu), and gamma oscillations recorded in the space field of human performance. Based on recent neuronal models facilitating the distinction between the different dynamic regimes (selective gating and binding) in these different oscillations we suggest an integrated approach articulating together the classical biomechanical factors (3D movements and EMG) and the high-density EEG and ERP signals to allow finer mathematical analysis to optimize sport performance, such as microstates, coherency/directionality analysis and neural generators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Cheron
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de BruxellesBrussels, Belgium; Laboratory of Electrophysiology, Université de Mons-HainautMons, Belgium
| | - Géraldine Petit
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julian Cheron
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
| | - Axelle Leroy
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de BruxellesBrussels, Belgium; Haute Ecole CondorcetCharleroi, Belgium
| | - Anita Cebolla
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carlos Cevallos
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Petieau
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Hoellinger
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Zarka
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne-Marie Clarinval
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bernard Dan
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de BruxellesBrussels, Belgium; Inkendaal Rehabilitation HospitalVlezembeek, Belgium
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Novelli L, D'atri A, Marzano C, Finotti E, Ferrara M, Bruni O, De Gennaro L. Mapping changes in cortical activity during sleep in the first 4 years of life. J Sleep Res 2016; 25:381-9. [PMID: 26854271 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A coherent body of evidence supports the notion that sleep is a local and use-dependent process. Significant changes in brain morphology and function occur in the first years of life, revealing a postero-anterior trajectory of cortical maturation. On this basis, a recent study demonstrated that regional cortical maturation between early childhood and late adolescence is reflected in regional changes of sleep slow wave activity (SWA) during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Our hypothesis is that changes of electroencephalogram (EEG) rhythms during sleep from birth to childhood are also mirrored by parallel regional changes in the EEG rhythms of sleep according to the assumption of a postero-anterior gradient in cortical maturation. We studied all-night EEG of 39 healthy, full-term, infants and children aged between 0 and 48 months, evaluating regional differences in NREM sleep. We confirmed the strictly local nature of sleep with frequency-specific regional differences. Specifically, we found a general shift of maxima of the upper alpha activity from occipital to prefrontal regions, expressed mainly by the ~11 Hz frequency. This shift corresponds to a postero-anterior trajectory of the so-called 'slow spindles'. The theta and alpha EEG activity of the frontal cortex exhibits a clear, positive, correlation with age. We conclude that specific local differences during NREM sleep, parallel cortical maturation also in the first 4 years of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Novelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy
| | - Aurora D'atri
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Marzano
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Finotti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Ferrara
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Oliviero Bruni
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Rome 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi De Gennaro
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy
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Campbell IG, Feinberg I. Maturational Patterns of Sigma Frequency Power Across Childhood and Adolescence: A Longitudinal Study. Sleep 2016; 39:193-201. [PMID: 26285004 PMCID: PMC4678354 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.5346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To further evaluate adolescent brain maturation by determining the longitudinal trajectories of nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sigma (11-15 Hz) power across childhood-adolescence. METHODS The maturational trend for sigma (11-15 Hz) power was evaluated in an accelerated longitudinal study of three overlapping age cohorts (n = 92) covering ages 6 to 18 y. Semiannually, sleep electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded from participants sleeping at home in their normal sleep environment while keeping their current school night schedules. RESULTS Sigma frequencies became faster with age. The frequency of the 11-15 Hz spectral peak increased linearly. Sigma frequency power (SFP) declined with age, but its trajectory was complex (cubic). Power in a group of low sigma subfrequencies declined with age. Power in a group of high sigma frequencies increased with age. Power in subfrequencies within 11-15 Hz also showed different trends across the night, with lower frequencies increasing across NREM periods and higher frequencies decreasing across NREM periods. The upper and lower boundaries for the sigma frequencies that changed across NREMPs shifted upward with age. CONCLUSIONS We hypothesize that these maturational brain changes result from synaptic elimination which decreases sleep depth and streamlines circuits. SFP displays a maturational trajectory different from both delta and theta power. Theories on the function of sigma must be reconciled with its maturational trajectory. These findings further demonstrate the value of sleep EEG for studying noninvasively the complex developmental brain changes of adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian G. Campbell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Irwin Feinberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
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37
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Wiggs L, Sparrowhawk M, Barnett AL. Parent Report and Actigraphically Defined Sleep in Children with and without Developmental Coordination Disorder; Links with Fatigue and Sleepiness. Front Pediatr 2016; 4:81. [PMID: 27540540 PMCID: PMC4973273 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2016.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired sleep is associated with negative effects on quality of life and daytime functioning. Higher rates of sleep disturbance are reported in children with various developmental disorders. However, little is known about sleep in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD), a condition characterized by everyday movement difficulties. Previously, in a preliminary study, we found higher rates of parent-reported sleep disturbance in children with DCD compared to controls. AIMS To examine sleep in DCD using objective measures and to examine links with daytime fatigue and sleepiness. METHODS Two groups (primary and secondary school-aged) of 15 children with DCD, plus matched controls, participated. Parent-reported child sleep was assessed using the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire and actigraphy provided an objective measure of sleep-wake patterns over 1 week (including weekdays and weekend). Pediatric restless legs syndrome (RLS) semi-structured diagnostic interview was conducted with each child and parent to capture symptoms of RLS. Aspects of self-rated child functioning were assessed with questionnaires (Pre-sleep Arousal Scale, Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale, PedsQL Multidimensional Fatigue Scale) and mothers' reported thoughts about child sleep with the Maternal Cognitions about Infant Sleep Questionnaire. RESULTS The DCD groups had greater parent-reported sleep disturbance. Actigraphy results suggested that for secondary aged children with DCD their sleep quality was impaired and there were differences in the timing of sleep compared to controls (including some differences in the variation between weekday and weekend sleep times). The actigraphy of the primary age group with DCD was unremarkable compared to controls. No child in the study met the criteria for RLS. Exploratory analyses suggested that daytime fatigue, aspects of pre-sleep arousal, and daytime sleepiness were reported as greater in the DCD groups and were particularly related to objective sleep parameters in the DCD groups. Maternal thoughts about sleep did not differ between the DCD and control groups. CONCLUSION The nature and underlying cause of sleep disturbance and how it might be linked with aspects of daytime functioning in adolescents with DCD requires further research. Meanwhile, clinical awareness of the risk of atypical sleep patterns/sleep problems in DCD is important to ensure early identification and implementation of appropriate support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luci Wiggs
- Department of Psychology, Social Work and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University , Oxford , UK
| | - Masako Sparrowhawk
- Department of Psychology, Social Work and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University , Oxford , UK
| | - Anna L Barnett
- Department of Psychology, Social Work and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University , Oxford , UK
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Doucette MR, Kurth S, Chevalier N, Munakata Y, LeBourgeois MK. Topography of Slow Sigma Power during Sleep is Associated with Processing Speed in Preschool Children. Brain Sci 2015; 5:494-508. [PMID: 26556377 PMCID: PMC4701024 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci5040494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive development is influenced by maturational changes in processing speed, a construct reflecting the rapidity of executing cognitive operations. Although cognitive ability and processing speed are linked to spindles and sigma power in the sleep electroencephalogram (EEG), little is known about such associations in early childhood, a time of major neuronal refinement. We calculated EEG power for slow (10-13 Hz) and fast (13.25-17 Hz) sigma power from all-night high-density electroencephalography (EEG) in a cross-sectional sample of healthy preschool children (n = 10, 4.3 ± 1.0 years). Processing speed was assessed as simple reaction time. On average, reaction time was 1409 ± 251 ms; slow sigma power was 4.0 ± 1.5 μV²; and fast sigma power was 0.9 ± 0.2 μV². Both slow and fast sigma power predominated over central areas. Only slow sigma power was correlated with processing speed in a large parietal electrode cluster (p < 0.05, r ranging from -0.6 to -0.8), such that greater power predicted faster reaction time. Our findings indicate regional correlates between sigma power and processing speed that are specific to early childhood and provide novel insights into the neurobiological features of the EEG that may underlie developing cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret R Doucette
- Sleep and Development Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Salome Kurth
- Sleep and Development Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Nicolas Chevalier
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.
| | - Yuko Munakata
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Monique K LeBourgeois
- Sleep and Development Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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Igloi K, Gaggioni G, Sterpenich V, Schwartz S. A nap to recap or how reward regulates hippocampal-prefrontal memory networks during daytime sleep in humans. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26473618 PMCID: PMC4721959 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep plays a crucial role in the consolidation of newly acquired memories. Yet, how our brain selects the noteworthy information that will be consolidated during sleep remains largely unknown. Here we show that post-learning sleep favors the selectivity of long-term consolidation: when tested three months after initial encoding, the most important (i.e., rewarded, strongly encoded) memories are better retained, and also remembered with higher subjective confidence. Our brain imaging data reveals that the functional interplay between dopaminergic reward regions, the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus contributes to the integration of rewarded associative memories. We further show that sleep spindles strengthen memory representations based on reward values, suggesting a privileged replay of information yielding positive outcomes. These findings demonstrate that post-learning sleep determines the neural fate of motivationally-relevant memories and promotes a value-based stratification of long-term memory stores. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07903.001 Fresh memories are strengthened while we sleep. However, we don’t remember every detail of our daily life experiences. Instead, it is essential that we retain information that promotes our survival, such as what we call "rewards" (including food, money or sex) and dangers that we should avoid. Igloi et al. sought to find out how the human brain picks out important memories to be consolidated during sleep, while discarding irrelevant information. Healthy participants learned series of pictures associated with either high or low rewards. After learning, some of the participants had a nap, while others remained awake. Directly after this and three months later, all the participants returned for a memory test. Igloi et al. found that the highly rewarded pictures were better remembered at both time points (at the expense of lowly rewarded ones), but only for participants who had slept after learning. Further analysis revealed that distinctive bursts of brain activity occurring during sleep, so-called “sleep spindles", favor the reorganization of memories stored in a region of the brain called the hippocampus, often considered to be the organ of memory. These findings uncover how sleep enhances long-term memory selectivity thus demonstratethat sleep does not just passively increase the retention of all memories. In the future, this work may inspire educational strategies that combine the careful use of rewards followed by an overnight period of sleep. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07903.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Igloi
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Geneva Neuroscience Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Gaggioni
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Virginie Sterpenich
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Geneva Neuroscience Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Schwartz
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Geneva Neuroscience Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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van Schalkwijk FJ, Benjamins JS, Migliorati F, de Nooijer JA, van Someren EJW, van Gog T, van der Werf YD. The role of sleep timing in children's observational learning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 125:98-105. [PMID: 26303022 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acquisition of information can be facilitated through different learning strategies, classically associated with either declarative or procedural memory modalities. The consolidation of the acquired information has been positively associated with sleep. In addition, subsequent performance was better when acquisition was quickly followed by sleep, rather than daytime wakefulness. Prior studies with adults have indicated the viability of the alternative learning strategy of observational learning for motor skill acquisition, as well as the importance of sleep and sleep timing. However, relatively little research has been dedicated to studying the importance of sleep for the consolidation of procedural memory in children. Therefore, this study investigated whether children could encode procedural information through observational learning, and whether sleep timing could affect subsequent consolidation and performance. School-aged children aged 9-12years (N=86, 43% male, Mage=10.64years, SD=.85) were trained on a procedural fingertapping task through observation, either in the morning or evening; creating immediate wake and immediate sleep groups, respectively. Performance was evaluated the subsequent evening or morning on either a congruent or incongruent task version. Observation and task execution was conducted using an online interface, allowing for remote participation. Performance of the immediate wake group was lower for a congruent version, expressed by a higher error rate, opposed to an incongruent version; an effect not observed in the immediate sleep group. This finding showed that observational learning did not improve performance in children. Yet, immediate sleep prevented performance reduction on the previously observed task. These results support a benefit of sleep in observational learning in children, but in a way different from that seen in adults, where sleep enhanced performance after learning by observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J van Schalkwijk
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Dept. Sleep, Emotion, and Cognition, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen S Benjamins
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Dept. Sleep, Emotion, and Cognition, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Filippo Migliorati
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Dept. Sleep, Emotion, and Cognition, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline A de Nooijer
- Institute of Psychology, Erasmus University, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eus J W van Someren
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Dept. Sleep, Emotion, and Cognition, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Dept. Medical Psychology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Dept. Integrative Neurophysiology, VU University, Neuroscience Campus, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tamara van Gog
- Institute of Psychology, Erasmus University, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ysbrand D van der Werf
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Dept. Sleep, Emotion, and Cognition, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Dept. Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Centre, PO box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Tsanas A, Clifford GD. Stage-independent, single lead EEG sleep spindle detection using the continuous wavelet transform and local weighted smoothing. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:181. [PMID: 25926784 PMCID: PMC4396195 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep spindles are critical in characterizing sleep and have been associated with cognitive function and pathophysiological assessment. Typically, their detection relies on the subjective and time-consuming visual examination of electroencephalogram (EEG) signal(s) by experts, and has led to large inter-rater variability as a result of poor definition of sleep spindle characteristics. Hitherto, many algorithmic spindle detectors inherently make signal stationarity assumptions (e.g., Fourier transform-based approaches) which are inappropriate for EEG signals, and frequently rely on additional information which may not be readily available in many practical settings (e.g., more than one EEG channels, or prior hypnogram assessment). This study proposes a novel signal processing methodology relying solely on a single EEG channel, and provides objective, accurate means toward probabilistically assessing the presence of sleep spindles in EEG signals. We use the intuitively appealing continuous wavelet transform (CWT) with a Morlet basis function, identifying regions of interest where the power of the CWT coefficients corresponding to the frequencies of spindles (11-16 Hz) is large. The potential for assessing the signal segment as a spindle is refined using local weighted smoothing techniques. We evaluate our findings on two databases: the MASS database comprising 19 healthy controls and the DREAMS sleep spindle database comprising eight participants diagnosed with various sleep pathologies. We demonstrate that we can replicate the experts' sleep spindles assessment accurately in both databases (MASS database: sensitivity: 84%, specificity: 90%, false discovery rate 83%, DREAMS database: sensitivity: 76%, specificity: 92%, false discovery rate: 67%), outperforming six competing automatic sleep spindle detection algorithms in terms of correctly replicating the experts' assessment of detected spindles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Tsanas
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of OxfordOxford, UK
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of OxfordOxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, University of OxfordUK
| | - Gari D. Clifford
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, University of OxfordUK
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory UniversityAtlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA, USA
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