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Thompson MD, Percy ME, Cole DEC, Bichet DG, Hauser AS, Gorvin CM. G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) gene variants and human genetic disease. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2024; 61:317-346. [PMID: 38497103 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2023.2286606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Genetic variations in the genes encoding G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can disrupt receptor structure and function, which can result in human genetic diseases. Disease-causing mutations have been reported in at least 55 GPCRs for more than 66 monogenic diseases in humans. The spectrum of pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants includes loss of function variants that decrease receptor signaling on one extreme and gain of function that may result in biased signaling or constitutive activity, originally modeled on prototypical rhodopsin GPCR variants identified in retinitis pigmentosa, on the other. GPCR variants disrupt ligand binding, G protein coupling, accessory protein function, receptor desensitization and receptor recycling. Next generation sequencing has made it possible to identify variants of uncertain significance (VUS). We discuss variants in receptors known to result in disease and in silico strategies for disambiguation of VUS such as sorting intolerant from tolerant and polymorphism phenotyping. Modeling of variants has contributed to drug development and precision medicine, including drugs that target the melanocortin receptor in obesity and interventions that reverse loss of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor from the cell surface in idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Activating and inactivating variants of the calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) gene that are pathogenic in familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia and autosomal dominant hypocalcemia have enabled the development of calcimimetics and calcilytics. Next generation sequencing has continued to identify variants in GPCR genes, including orphan receptors, that contribute to human phenotypes and may have therapeutic potential. Variants of the CaSR gene, some encoding an arginine-rich region that promotes receptor phosphorylation and intracellular retention, have been linked to an idiopathic epilepsy syndrome. Agnostic strategies have identified variants of the pyroglutamylated RF amide peptide receptor gene in intellectual disability and G protein-coupled receptor 39 identified in psoriatic arthropathy. Coding variants of the G protein-coupled receptor L1 (GPR37L1) orphan receptor gene have been identified in a rare familial progressive myoclonus epilepsy. The study of the role of GPCR variants in monogenic, Mendelian phenotypes has provided the basis of modeling the significance of more common variants of pharmacogenetic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Thompson
- Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maire E Percy
- Departments of Physiology and Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David E C Cole
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel G Bichet
- Department of Physiology and Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexander S Hauser
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Caroline M Gorvin
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
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Lei W, Xiong Y, Shi Y, Song L, Xiang J, Yang F, Wu X, Wang H, Tian M. ADGRL1 variants: From developmental and epileptic encephalopathy to genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus. Dev Med Child Neurol 2024. [PMID: 38927006 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.16005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
AIM To expand the phenotypic spectrum of ADGRL1 and explore the correlation between epilepsy and the ADGRL1 genotype. METHOD We performed whole-exome sequencing in a cohort of 115 families (including 195 males and 150 females) with familial febrile seizure or epilepsy with unexplained aetiology. The damaging effects of variants was predicted using protein modelling and multiple in silico tools. All reported patients with ADGRL1 pathogenic variants were analysed. RESULTS One new ADGRL1 variant (p.Pro753Leu) was identified in one family with genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures. Further analysis of 12 ADGRL1 variants in 16 patients revealed that six patients had epilepsy. Epilepsy types ranged from early-onset epileptic encephalopathy to genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+). All four variants associated with epilepsy were located in the non-helix or sheet region of ADGRL1. Three of the four epilepsy-associated variants were missense variants. Thus, all three variants located in the G-protein-coupled receptor autoproteolytic-inducing domain exhibited epilepsy. INTERPRETATION We found one new missense variant of ADGRL1 in one family with GEFS+. ADGRL1 may be a potential candidate or susceptibility gene for epilepsy. ADGRL1-associated epilepsy ranged from benign GEFS+ to severe epileptic encephalopathy; the genotypes and variant locations may help explain the phenotypic heterogeneity of patients with the ADGRL1 variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Lei
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Guizhou Children's Hospital, Zunyi, China
| | - Yurong Xiong
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Guizhou Children's Hospital, Zunyi, China
| | - Yongyuan Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Guizhou Children's Hospital, Zunyi, China
| | - Lingling Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Guizhou Children's Hospital, Zunyi, China
| | - Jing Xiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Guizhou Children's Hospital, Zunyi, China
| | | | - Xi Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Guizhou Children's Hospital, Zunyi, China
| | - Huifeng Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Guizhou Children's Hospital, Zunyi, China
| | - Maoqiang Tian
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Guizhou Children's Hospital, Zunyi, China
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Jiang A, Han K, Wei J, Su X, Wang R, Zhang W, Liu X, Qiao J, Liu P, Liu Q, Zhang J, Zhang N, Ge Y, Zhuang Y, Yu H, Wang S, Chen K, Lu W, Xu X, Yang H, Fan G, Dong B. Spatially resolved single-cell atlas of ascidian endostyle provides insight into the origin of vertebrate pharyngeal organs. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadi9035. [PMID: 38552007 PMCID: PMC10980280 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi9035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
The pharyngeal endoderm, an innovation of deuterostome ancestors, contributes to pharyngeal development by influencing the patterning and differentiation of pharyngeal structures in vertebrates; however, the evolutionary origin of the pharyngeal organs in vertebrates is largely unknown. The endostyle, a distinct pharyngeal organ exclusively present in basal chordates, represents a good model for understanding pharyngeal organ origins. Using Stereo-seq and single-cell RNA sequencing, we constructed aspatially resolved single-cell atlas for the endostyle of the ascidian Styela clava. We determined the cell composition of the hemolymphoid region, which illuminates a mixed ancestral structure for the blood and lymphoid system. In addition, we discovered a cluster of hair cell-like cells in zone 3, which has transcriptomic similarity with the hair cells of the vertebrate acoustico-lateralis system. These findings reshape our understanding of the pharynx of the basal chordate and provide insights into the evolutionary origin of multiplexed pharyngeal organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Jiang
- Fang Zongxi Center for Marine EvoDevo, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Kai Han
- BGI Research, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Jiankai Wei
- Fang Zongxi Center for Marine EvoDevo, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China
| | | | - Rui Wang
- BGI Research, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Fang Zongxi Center for Marine EvoDevo, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | | | - Jinghan Qiao
- Fang Zongxi Center for Marine EvoDevo, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Penghui Liu
- Fang Zongxi Center for Marine EvoDevo, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qun Liu
- BGI Research, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Fang Zongxi Center for Marine EvoDevo, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | | | - Yonghang Ge
- Fang Zongxi Center for Marine EvoDevo, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Fang Zongxi Center for Marine EvoDevo, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Haiyan Yu
- Fang Zongxi Center for Marine EvoDevo, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shi Wang
- Fang Zongxi Center for Marine EvoDevo, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Kai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research and Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Wange Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xun Xu
- BGI Research, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | | | - Guangyi Fan
- BGI Research, Qingdao 266555, China
- BGI Research, Shenzhen 518083, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Marine Genomics BGI Research, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Bo Dong
- Fang Zongxi Center for Marine EvoDevo, MoE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China
- MoE Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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Öz-Arslan D, Durer ZA, Kan B. G protein-coupled receptor-mediated autophagy in health and disease. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38501194 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest and most diverse superfamily of mammalian transmembrane proteins. These receptors are involved in a wide range of physiological functions and are targets for more than a third of available drugs in the market. Autophagy is a cellular process involved in degrading damaged proteins and organelles and in recycling cellular components. Deficiencies in autophagy are involved in a variety of pathological conditions. Both GPCRs and autophagy are essential in preserving homeostasis and cell survival. There is emerging evidence suggesting that GPCRs are direct regulators of autophagy. Additionally, autophagic machinery is involved in the regulation of GPCR signalling. The interplay between GPCR and autophagic signalling mechanisms significantly impacts on health and disease; however, there is still an incomplete understanding of the underlying mechanisms and therapeutic implications in different tissues and disease contexts. This review aims to discuss the interactions between GPCR and autophagy signalling. Studies on muscarinic receptors, beta-adrenoceptors, taste receptors, purinergic receptors and adhesion GPCRs are summarized, in relation to autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devrim Öz-Arslan
- Department of Biophysics, Acibadem MAA University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Aslıhan Durer
- Department of Biophysics, Acibadem MAA University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Biochemistry, Acibadem MAA University, School of Pharmacy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Beki Kan
- Department of Biophysics, Acibadem MAA University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Linnert J, Güler BE, Krzysko J, Wolfrum U. The adhesion G protein-coupled receptor VLGR1/ADGRV1 controls autophagy. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 133:313-330. [PMID: 37002809 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
VLGR1/ADGRV1 (very large G protein-coupled receptor-1) is the largest known adhesion G protein-coupled receptor. Mutations in VLGR1/ADGRV1 cause Usher syndrome (USH), the most common form of hereditary deaf-blindness, and have been additionally linked to epilepsy. Although VLGR1/ADGRV1 is almost ubiquitously expressed, little is known about the subcellular function and signalling of the VLGR1 protein and thus about mechanisms underlying the development of diseases. Using affinity proteomics, we identified key components of autophagosomes as putative interacting proteins of VLGR1. In addition, whole transcriptome sequencing of the retinae of the Vlgr1/del7TM mouse model revealed altered expression profiles of gene-related autophagy. Monitoring autophagy by immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry of the LC3 and p62 as autophagy marker proteins revealed evoked autophagy in VLGR1-deficient hTERT-RPE1 cells and USH2C patient-derived fibroblasts. Our data demonstrate the molecular and functional interaction of VLGR1 with key components of the autophagy process and point to an essential role of VLGR1 in the regulation of autophagy at internal membranes. The close association of VLGR1 with autophagy helps to explain the pathomechanisms underlying human USH and epilepsy related to VLGR1 defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Linnert
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Baran E Güler
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jacek Krzysko
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Güler BE, Linnert J, Wolfrum U. Monitoring paxillin in astrocytes reveals the significance of the adhesion G protein coupled receptor VLGR1/ADGRV1 for focal adhesion assembly. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 133:301-312. [PMID: 36929698 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
VLGR1/ADGRV1 (very large G protein-coupled receptor-1) is the largest adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (aGPCR). Mutations in VLGR1/ADGRV1 are associated with human Usher syndrome, the most common form of deaf-blindness, and also with epilepsy in humans and mice. VLGR1 is expressed almost ubiquitously but is mainly found in the CNS and in the sensory cells of the eye and inner ear. Little is known about the pathogenesis of the diseases related to VLGR1. We previously identified VLGR1 as a vital component of focal adhesions (FAs) serving as a metabotropic mechanoreceptor controls cell spreading and migration. FAs are highly dynamic and turnover in response to internal and external signals. Here, we aimed to elucidate how VLGR1 participates in FA turnover. Nocodazole washouts and live cell imaging of paxillin-DsRed2 consistently showed that FA disassembly was not altered, but de novo assembly of FA was significantly delayed in Vlgr1-deficient astrocytes, indicating that VLGR1 is enrolled in FA assembly. In FRAP experiments, recovery rates were significantly reduced in Vlgr1-deficient FAs, indicating reduced turnover kinetics in VLGR1-deficient FAs. We showed that VLGR1 regulates cell migration by controlling the FA turnover during their assembly and expect novel insights into pathomechanisms related to pathogenic dysfunctions of VLGR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baran E Güler
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Joshua Linnert
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Uwe Wolfrum
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Yi Y, Zhong C, Wei-wei H. The long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes of febrile seizures and underlying mechanisms. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1186050. [PMID: 37305674 PMCID: PMC10248510 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1186050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Febrile seizures (FSs) are convulsions caused by a sudden increase in body temperature during a fever. FSs are one of the commonest presentations in young children, occurring in up to 4% of children between the ages of about 6 months and 5 years old. FSs not only endanger children's health, cause panic and anxiety to families, but also have many adverse consequences. Both clinical and animal studies show that FSs have detrimental effects on neurodevelopment, that cause attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), increased susceptibility to epilepsy, hippocampal sclerosis and cognitive decline during adulthood. However, the mechanisms of FSs in developmental abnormalities and disease occurrence during adulthood have not been determined. This article provides an overview of the association of FSs with neurodevelopmental outcomes, outlining both the underlying mechanisms and the possible appropriate clinical biomarkers, from histological changes to cellular molecular mechanisms. The hippocampus is the brain region most significantly altered after FSs, but the motor cortex and subcortical white matter may also be involved in the development disorders induced by FSs. The occurrence of multiple diseases after FSs may share common mechanisms, and the long-term role of inflammation and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system are currently well studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Yi
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Zhong
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hu Wei-wei
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pharmacy of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Kocaaga A, Yimenicioglu S. Identification of Novel Gene Variants in Children With Drug-Resistant Epilepsy: Expanding the Genetic Spectrum. Pediatr Neurol 2023; 139:7-12. [PMID: 36493596 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance to antiseizure drugs is an important problem in the treatment of individuals with epilepsy. Identifying the molecular etiology of drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) is crucial for better management of epilepsy. Here, we explore the utility of whole exome sequencing (WES) in identifying causative gene variants in children with DRE. METHODS Forty-five children with DRE who underwent WES tests were included. Genetic examination of all patients included chromosomal analysis and clinical chromosomal microarray followed by WES. The identified variants by WES analysis were classified for pathogenicity based on the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines and in silico protein prediction tools. RESULTS The overall diagnostic yield was 55.5% (25 of 45). A total of 26 variants spanning 22 genes were identified in 25 patients. Of note, only 19 of these genes were examined as novel. Ten patients (22.2%) had a pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant. There was a trend associated with a diagnostic genetic test result in girls compared with boys in DRE (P = 0.028). CONCLUSION Our findings expand the mutational spectrum of genes related to DRE. To form disease-specific treatment in children with DRE, the WES analysis should be included in the diagnostic algorithm because of its high diagnostic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayca Kocaaga
- Department of Medical Genetics, Eskisehir City Hospital, Eskişehir, Turkey.
| | - Sevgi Yimenicioglu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Eskisehir City Hospital, Eskişehir, Turkey
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Leng X, Zhang T, Guan Y, Tang M. Genotype and phenotype analysis of epilepsy caused by ADGRV1 mutations in Chinese children. Seizure 2022; 103:108-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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