1
|
Sonneborn A, Bartlett L, Olson RJ, Milton R, Abbas AI. Divergent Subregional Information Processing in Mouse Prefrontal Cortex During Working Memory. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.25.591167. [PMID: 38712304 PMCID: PMC11071486 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.25.591167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Working memory (WM) is a critical cognitive function allowing recent information to be temporarily held in mind to inform future action. This process depends on coordination between key subregions in prefrontal cortex (PFC) and other connected brain areas. However, few studies have examined the degree of functional specialization between these subregions throughout the phases of WM using electrophysiological recordings in freely-moving animals, particularly mice. To this end, we recorded single-units in three neighboring medial PFC (mPFC) subregions in mouse - supplementary motor area (MOs), dorsomedial PFC (dmPFC), and ventromedial (vmPFC) - during a freely-behaving non-match-to-position WM task. We found divergent patterns of task-related activity across the phases of WM. The MOs is most active around task phase transitions and encodes the starting sample location most selectively. Dorsomedial PFC contains a more stable population code, including persistent sample-location-specific firing during a five second delay period. Finally, the vmPFC responds most strongly to reward-related information during the choice phase. Our results reveal anatomically and temporally segregated computation of WM task information in mPFC and motivate more precise consideration of the dynamic neural activity required for WM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Sonneborn
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Lowell Bartlett
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Randall J. Olson
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Russell Milton
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Atheir I. Abbas
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shimogori T, Onishi K, Hoshino T, Nakanishi M. Molecular architecture of primate specific neural circuit formation. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4082064. [PMID: 38562839 PMCID: PMC10984012 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4082064/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The mammalian cortex is a highly evolved brain region, but we still lack a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying primate-specific neural circuits formation. In this study, we employed spatial transcriptomics to assess gene expression dynamics in the marmoset cortex during development, focusing on key regions and time points. Spatial transcriptomics identified genes that are sexually, spatially, and temporally differentially expressed in the developing marmoset cortex. Our detailed analysis of the visual cortex unveiled dynamic changes in gene expression across layers with distinct projections and functions. Notably, we discovered numerous axon guidance molecules with spatiotemporal expression patterns unique to the developing marmoset prefrontal cortex (PFC), which control PFC neuronal circuits. Among these molecules, PRSS12 (Protease, Serine, 12 (neurotrypsin, motopsin), when ectopically expressed in the mouse prelimbic cortex, caused similar changes in connectivity as observed in the marmoset A32 area. Furthermore, PRSS12 showed similar expression patterns in both marmoset and human PFC during development, suggesting parallels between marmoset and human brain development. The differential expression of axon guidance molecules in the developing PFC, varying by region, likely contributes to the formation of unique circuits observed in primates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Shimogori
- Molecular Mechanisms of Brain Development, Center for Brain Science (CBS), RIKEN
| | - Kohei Onishi
- Molecular Mechanisms of Brain Development, Center for Brain Science (CBS), RIKEN
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jiang Z, Wang J, Qin Y, Liu S, Luo B, Bai F, Wei H, Zhang S, Wei J, Ding G, Ma L, He S, Chen R, Sun Y, Chen Y, Wang L, Xu H, Wang X, Chen G, Lei W. A nonhuman primate model with Alzheimer's disease-like pathology induced by hippocampal overexpression of human tau. Alzheimers Res Ther 2024; 16:22. [PMID: 38281031 PMCID: PMC10821564 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-024-01392-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most burdening diseases of the century with no disease-modifying treatment at this time. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) share genetic, anatomical, and physiological similarities with humans, making them ideal model animals for investigating the pathogenesis of AD and potential therapies. However, the use of NHPs in AD research has been hindered by the paucity of AD monkey models due to their long generation time, ethical considerations, and technical challenges in genetically modifying monkeys. METHODS Here, we developed an AD-like NHP model by overexpressing human tau in the bilateral hippocampi of adult rhesus macaque monkeys. We evaluated the pathological features of these monkeys with immunostaining, Nissl staining, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and behavioural tests. RESULTS We demonstrated that after hippocampal overexpression of tau protein, these monkeys displayed multiple pathological features of AD, including 3-repeat (3R)/4-repeat (4R) tau accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, tau propagation, neuronal loss, hippocampal atrophy, neuroinflammation, Aβ clearance deficits, blood vessel damage, and cognitive decline. More interestingly, the accumulation of both 3R and 4R tau is specific to NHPs but not found in adult rodents. CONCLUSIONS This work establishes a tau-induced AD-like NHP model with many key pathological and behavioural features of AD. In addition, our model may potentially become one of the AD NHP models adopted by researchers worldwide since it can be generated within 2 ~ 3 months through a single injection of AAVs into the monkey brains. Hence, our model NHPs may facilitate mechanistic studies and therapeutic treatments for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhouquan Jiang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongpeng Qin
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Shanggong Liu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Luo
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Fan Bai
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Huiyi Wei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaojuan Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Junjie Wei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Guoyu Ding
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Long Ma
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Shu He
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Rongjie Chen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Gong Chen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wenliang Lei
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kyzar M, Kamiński J, Brzezicka A, Reed CM, Chung JM, Mamelak AN, Rutishauser U. Dataset of human-single neuron activity during a Sternberg working memory task. Sci Data 2024; 11:89. [PMID: 38238342 PMCID: PMC10796636 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-02943-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a dataset of 1809 single neurons recorded from the human medial temporal lobe (amygdala and hippocampus) and medial frontal lobe (anterior cingulate cortex, pre-supplementary motor area, ventral medial prefrontal cortex) across 41 sessions from 21 patients that underwent seizure monitoring with depth electrodes. Subjects performed a screening task (907 neurons) to identify images for which highly selective cells were present. Subjects then performed a working memory task (902 neurons), in which they were sequentially presented with 1-3 images for which highly selective cells were present and, following a maintenance period, were asked if the probe was identical to one of the maintained images. This Neurodata Without Borders formatted dataset includes spike times, extracellular spike waveforms, stimuli presented, behavior, electrode locations, and subject demographics. As validation, we replicate previous findings on the selectivity of concept cells and their persistent activity during working memory maintenance. This large dataset of rare human single-neuron recordings and behavior enables the investigation of the neural mechanisms of working memory in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kyzar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jan Kamiński
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders: BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aneta Brzezicka
- Institute of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Chrystal M Reed
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Chung
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Adam N Mamelak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ueli Rutishauser
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Irrsack E, Aydin S, Bleckmann K, Schuller J, Dringen R, Koch M. Local Administrations of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in the Prefrontal Cortex and Caudate Putamen of Rats Do Not Compromise Working Memory and Motor Activity. Neurotox Res 2023; 42:6. [PMID: 38133743 PMCID: PMC10746586 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-023-00684-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have come into focus for their use in medical applications although possible health risks for humans, especially in terms of brain functions, have not yet been fully clarified. The present study investigates the effects of IONPs on neurobehavioural functions in rats. For this purpose, we infused dimercaptosuccinic acid-coated IONPs into the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and caudate putamen (CPu). Saline (VEH) and ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) were administered as controls. One- and 4-week post-surgery mPFC-infused animals were tested for their working memory performance in the delayed alternation T-maze task and in the open field (OF) for motor activity, and CPu-infused rats were tested for their motor activity in the OF. After completion of the experiments, the brains were examined histologically and immunohistochemically. We did not observe any behavioural or structural abnormalities in the rats after administration of IONPs in the mPFC and the CPu. In contrast, administration of FAC into the CPu resulted in decreased motor activity and increased the number of microglia in the mPFC. Perls' Prussian blue staining revealed that FAC- and IONP-treated rats had more iron-containing ramified cells than VEH-treated rats, indicating iron uptake by microglia. Our results demonstrate that local infusions of IONPs into selected brain regions have no adverse impact on locomotor behaviour and working memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Irrsack
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Centre for Cognitive Sciences, University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, Bremen, 28334, Germany.
| | - Sidar Aydin
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Centre for Cognitive Sciences, University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, Bremen, 28334, Germany
| | - Katja Bleckmann
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Centre for Cognitive Sciences, University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, Bremen, 28334, Germany
| | - Julia Schuller
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Centre for Cognitive Sciences, University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, Bremen, 28334, Germany
| | - Ralf Dringen
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen (CBIB), and Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable, Technology, University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, Bremen, 28334, Germany
| | - Michael Koch
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Centre for Cognitive Sciences, University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, Bremen, 28334, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ghamkharinejad G, Marashi SH, Foolad F, Javan M, Fathollahi Y. Unconditioned and learned morphine tolerance influence hippocampal-dependent short-term memory and the subjacent expression of GABA-A receptor alpha subunits. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253902. [PMID: 34500453 PMCID: PMC8428970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ɣ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) facilitator valproic acid may be able to curb memory disruption induced by morphine exposure. OBJECTIVE The effects of the GABA facilitator valproic acid on the behavioral tolerance induced by morphine were investigated. Then hippocampal-dependent tasks named spatial-working and short-term memory procedures using the Y-maze apparatus were examined in morphine tolerant rats. Finally, the changes in the expression of hippocampal GABA-A receptors underlying morphine tolerance were also examined. METHODS Rats were treated with daily morphine injections, with or without distinct contextual pairing. To examine the effect of valproic acid on morphine tolerance expression, valproic acid was pretreated an hour before morphine. Spatial-working and short-term memory procedures using the Y-maze apparatus were examined in morphine tolerant rats. Afterwards the changes in the expression of hippocampal GABAα receptors using the quantitative real-time PCR and western blot techniques to detect GABArα subunits mRNAs and protein level were studied. RESULTS Our results showed that both learned and non-associative morphine tolerance influence short-term memory and the subjacent expression of GABArα mRNAs and protein level. Despite its attenuating effects on the development and expression of both learned and non-associative morphine tolerance, only associative morphine tolerance-induced memory dysfunction was ameliorated by valproic acid pretreatment. We also found that the expression of GABArα1, α2, α5 subunits mRNAs and GABAα protein level were affected heavier in associative morphine tolerant rats. CONCLUSION Our data supports the hypothesis that unconditioned and learned morphine tolerance influences short-term memory and the expression of GABArα 1, α2, α5 mRNAs and GABArα protein level differently, and adds to our understanding of the behavioral and molecular aspects of the learned tolerance to morphine effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Ghamkharinejad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Marashi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Forough Foolad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaghoub Fathollahi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Haque ZZ, Samandra R, Mansouri FA. Neural substrate and underlying mechanisms of working memory: insights from brain stimulation studies. J Neurophysiol 2021; 125:2038-2053. [PMID: 33881914 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00041.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of working memory refers to a collection of cognitive abilities and processes involved in the short-term storage of task-relevant information to guide the ongoing and upcoming behavior and therefore describes an important aspect of executive control of behavior for achieving goals. Deficits in working memory and related cognitive abilities have been observed in patients with brain damage or neuropsychological disorders and therefore it is important to better understand neural substrate and underlying mechanisms of working memory. Working memory relies on neural mechanisms that enable encoding, maintenance, and manipulation of stored information as well as integrating them with ongoing and future goals. Recently, a surge in brain stimulation studies have led to development of various noninvasive techniques for localized stimulation of prefrontal and other cortical regions in humans. These brain stimulation techniques can potentially be tailored to influence neural activities in particular brain regions and modulate cognitive functions and behavior. Combined use of brain stimulation with neuroimaging and electrophysiological recording have provided a great opportunity to monitor neural activity in various brain regions and noninvasively intervene and modulate cognitive functions in cognitive tasks. These studies have shed more light on the neural substrate and underlying mechanisms of working memory in humans. Here, we review findings and insight from these brain stimulation studies about the contribution of brain regions, and particularly prefrontal cortex, to working memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zakia Z Haque
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ranshikha Samandra
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Farshad Alizadeh Mansouri
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,ARC Centre for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ketamine disrupts naturalistic coding of working memory in primate lateral prefrontal cortex networks. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:6688-6703. [PMID: 33981008 PMCID: PMC8760073 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic drug, which has more recently emerged as a rapid-acting antidepressant. When acutely administered at subanesthetic doses, ketamine causes cognitive deficits like those observed in patients with schizophrenia, including impaired working memory. Although these effects have been linked to ketamine's action as an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, it is unclear how synaptic alterations translate into changes in brain microcircuit function that ultimately influence cognition. Here, we administered ketamine to rhesus monkeys during a spatial working memory task set in a naturalistic virtual environment. Ketamine induced transient working memory deficits while sparing perceptual and motor skills. Working memory deficits were accompanied by decreased responses of fast spiking inhibitory interneurons and increased responses of broad spiking excitatory neurons in the lateral prefrontal cortex. This translated into a decrease in neuronal tuning and information encoded by neuronal populations about remembered locations. Our results demonstrate that ketamine differentially affects neuronal types in the neocortex; thus, it perturbs the excitation inhibition balance within prefrontal microcircuits and ultimately leads to selective working memory deficits.
Collapse
|
9
|
Melugin PR, Nolan SO, Siciliano CA. Bidirectional causality between addiction and cognitive deficits. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 157:371-407. [PMID: 33648674 PMCID: PMC8566632 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits are highly comorbid with substance use disorders. Deficits span multiple cognitive domains, are associated with disease severity across substance classes, and persist long after cessation of substance use. Furthermore, recovery of cognitive function during protracted abstinence is highly predictive of treatment adherence, relapse, and overall substance use disorder prognosis, suggesting that addiction may be best characterized as a disease of executive dysfunction. While the association between cognitive deficits and substance use disorders is clear, determining causalities is made difficult by the complex interplay between these variables. Cognitive dysfunction present prior to first drug use can act as a risk factor for substance use initiation, likelihood of pathology, and disease trajectory. At the same time, substance use can directly cause cognitive impairments even in individuals without preexisting deficits. Thus, parsing preexisting risk factors from substance-induced adaptations, and how they may interact, poses significant challenges. Here, focusing on psychostimulants and alcohol, we review evidence from clinical literature implicating cognitive deficits as a risk factor for addiction, a consequence of substance use, and the role the prefrontal cortex plays in these phenomena. We then review corresponding preclinical literature, highlighting the high degree of congruency between animal and human studies, and emphasize the unique opportunity that animal models provide to test causality between cognitive phenotypes and substance use, and to investigate the underlying neurobiology at a cellular and molecular level. Together, we provide an accessible resource for assessing the validity and utility of forward- and reverse-translation between these clinical and preclinical literatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Melugin
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Suzanne O Nolan
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Cody A Siciliano
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Knakker B, Oláh V, Trunk A, Lendvai B, Lévay G, Hernádi I. Delay-dependent cholinergic modulation of visual short-term memory in rhesus macaques. Behav Brain Res 2020; 396:112897. [PMID: 32891649 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cholinergic neuromodulation is known to play a key role in visual working memory (VWM) - keeping relevant stimulus representations available for cognitive processes for short time periods (up to a few minutes). Despite the growing body of evidence on how the neural and cognitive mechanisms of VWM dynamically change over retention time, there is mixed evidence available on cholinergic effects as a function of VWM delay period in non-human primates. Using the delayed matching to sample VWM task in rhesus macaques (N = 6), we aimed to characterize VWM maintenance in terms of performance changes as a function of delay duration (across a wide range of delays from 1 to 76 s). Then, we studied how cholinergic neuromodulation influences VWM maintenance using the muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine administered alone as transient amnestic treatment, and in combination with two doses of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil, a widely used Alzheimer's medication probing for the reversal of scopolamine-induced impairments. Results indicate that scopolamine-induced impairments of VWM maintenance are delay-dependent and specifically affect the 15-33 s time range, suggesting that scopolamine worsens the normal decay of VWM with the passage of time. Donepezil partially rescued the observed scopolamine-induced impairments of VWM performance. These results provide strong behavioral evidence for the role of increased cholinergic tone and muscarinic neuromodulation in the maintenance of VWM beyond a few seconds, in line with our current knowledge on the role of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in sustained neural activity during VWM delay periods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Knakker
- Grastyán Translational Research Center, University of Pécs & Gedeon Richter Plc., 6 Ifjúság út, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Vilmos Oláh
- Grastyán Translational Research Center, University of Pécs & Gedeon Richter Plc., 6 Ifjúság út, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, 6 Ifjúság út, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Attila Trunk
- Grastyán Translational Research Center, University of Pécs & Gedeon Richter Plc., 6 Ifjúság út, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balázs Lendvai
- Department of Pharmacology and Drug Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, H-1103, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Lévay
- Department of Pharmacology and Drug Safety Research, Gedeon Richter Plc., 19-21 Gyömrői út, H-1103, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, 17 Vas út, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary
| | - István Hernádi
- Grastyán Translational Research Center, University of Pécs & Gedeon Richter Plc., 6 Ifjúság út, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, 6 Ifjúság út, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; Szentágothai Research Center, Center for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, 20 Ifjúság út, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 12 Szigeti út, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nagai Y, Miyakawa N, Takuwa H, Hori Y, Oyama K, Ji B, Takahashi M, Huang XP, Slocum ST, DiBerto JF, Xiong Y, Urushihata T, Hirabayashi T, Fujimoto A, Mimura K, English JG, Liu J, Inoue KI, Kumata K, Seki C, Ono M, Shimojo M, Zhang MR, Tomita Y, Nakahara J, Suhara T, Takada M, Higuchi M, Jin J, Roth BL, Minamimoto T. Deschloroclozapine, a potent and selective chemogenetic actuator enables rapid neuronal and behavioral modulations in mice and monkeys. Nat Neurosci 2020; 23:1157-1167. [PMID: 32632286 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-0661-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The chemogenetic technology designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) afford remotely reversible control of cellular signaling, neuronal activity and behavior. Although the combination of muscarinic-based DREADDs with clozapine-N-oxide (CNO) has been widely used, sluggish kinetics, metabolic liabilities and potential off-target effects of CNO represent areas for improvement. Here, we provide a new high-affinity and selective agonist deschloroclozapine (DCZ) for muscarinic-based DREADDs. Positron emission tomography revealed that DCZ selectively bound to and occupied DREADDs in both mice and monkeys. Systemic delivery of low doses of DCZ (1 or 3 μg per kg) enhanced neuronal activity via hM3Dq within minutes in mice and monkeys. Intramuscular injections of DCZ (100 μg per kg) reversibly induced spatial working memory deficits in monkeys expressing hM4Di in the prefrontal cortex. DCZ represents a potent, selective, metabolically stable and fast-acting DREADD agonist with utility in both mice and nonhuman primates for a variety of applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Nagai
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naohisa Miyakawa
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takuwa
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hori
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kei Oyama
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Bin Ji
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Manami Takahashi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Xi-Ping Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Samuel T Slocum
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey F DiBerto
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yan Xiong
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Takuya Urushihata
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Hirabayashi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fujimoto
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koki Mimura
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Justin G English
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jing Liu
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ken-Ichi Inoue
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Katsushi Kumata
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chie Seki
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Maiko Ono
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masafumi Shimojo
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tomita
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jin Nakahara
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Suhara
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takada
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jian Jin
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (NIMH PDSP), Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Medical School, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Takafumi Minamimoto
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ravindran S, Gopalakrishnan S, Kurian GA. Beneficial effect of sodium thiosulfate extends beyond myocardial tissue in isoproterenol model of infarction: Implication for nootropic effects. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22606. [PMID: 32865837 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
One of the common negative impacts in the management of acute myocardial infarction is cognitive decline. Using the rat model of isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction, we assessed the cardioprotective effect of sodium thiosulfate (STS) and its influence on cognition. STS treatment reduced the cardiac infarct size by 75%, injury markers (lactate dehydrogenase: 60%, creatine kinase-muscle/brain: 44%) release in the blood, maintain the heart rate within a normal range (365 ± 10 bpm) and minimize postinfarction hypertrophic changes in comparison with the ISO group. At the cellular level, the heart from these rats had reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) (25%), caspase-9 (60%), and improved mitochondrial function (restored electron transport chain function and copy number) compared to ISO hearts. The brain of STS-treated rats also showed a reduction in ROS (45%), caspase-9 (37%), and improved mitochondrial function relative to the brain of the ISO group, particularly limited to the striatum region, and these rats showed improved cognitive ability. Predominantly, the STS treatment reduced the reference memory defects observed in comparison to rats challenged by ISO. Furthermore, elevated circulating mitochondrial DNA and ATP were found in ISO-challenged rats, which indicate the cardiac mitochondria linked damage-associated patterns were restored to the sham level when pretreated with STS. We found increased H2 S, a well-known metabolite of STS with a neuroprotective role in the brain after STS administration, hinting at a possible secondary defense mechanism. In conclusion, the STS mediated cardioprotection and its nootropic effects are primarily mediated via the improvement of mitochondrial function and reduction of oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Ravindran
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, Vascular Biology Lab, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Gino A Kurian
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, Vascular Biology Lab, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hahn LA, Rose J. Working Memory as an Indicator for Comparative Cognition - Detecting Qualitative and Quantitative Differences. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1954. [PMID: 32849144 PMCID: PMC7424011 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM), the representation of information held accessible for manipulation over time, is an essential component of all higher cognitive abilities. It allows for complex behaviors that go beyond simple stimulus-response associations and inflexible behavioral patterns. WM capacity determines how many different pieces of information (items) can be used for these cognitive processes, and in humans, it correlates with fluid intelligence. As such, WM might be a useful tool for comparison of cognition across species. WM can be tested using comparatively simple behavioral protocols, based on operant conditioning, in a multitude of different species. Species-specific contextual variables that influence an animal’s performance on a non-cognitive level are controlled by adapting the WM paradigm. The neuronal mechanisms by which WM emerges in the brain, as sustained neuronal activity, are comparable between the different species studied (mammals and birds), as are the areas of the brain in which WM activity can be measured. Thus WM is comparable between vastly different species within their respective niches, accounting for specific contextual variables and unique adaptations. By approaching the question of “general cognitive abilities” or “intelligence” within the animal kingdom from the perspective of WM, the complexity of the core question at hand is reduced to a fundamental memory system required to allow for complex cognitive abilities. This article argues that measuring WM can be a suitable addition to the toolkit of comparative cognition. By measuring WM on a behavioral level and going beyond behavior to the underlying physiological processes, qualitative and quantitative differences in cognition between different animal species can be identified, free of contextual restraints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Alexander Hahn
- Neural Basis of Learning, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jonas Rose
- Neural Basis of Learning, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wong P, Ho WY, Yen YC, Sanford E, Ling SC. The vulnerability of motor and frontal cortex-dependent behaviors in mice expressing ALS-linked mutation in TDP-43. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 92:43-60. [PMID: 32422502 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
TDP-43 aggregates are the defining pathological hallmark for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Strikingly, these TDP-43 proteinopathies are also found in other neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and are prevalent in the brains of old-aged humans. Furthermore, disease-causal mutations in TDP-43 have been identified for ALS and FTD. Collectively, the evidence indicates that TDP-43 dysfunctions lead to motor and cognitive deficits. To determine whether the mouse line expressing an ALS-linked mutation in TDP-43 (Q331K) can be used to study ALS-FTD spectrum disorders, we performed a systematic and longitudinal behavioral assessment that covered motor and cognitive functions. Deficits in motor and cognitive abilities were observed as early as 3 months of age and persisted through to 12 months of age. Within the cognitive modalities, the hippocampus-mediated spatial learning and memory, and contextual fear conditioning, were normal; whereas the frontal cortex-mediated working memory and cognitive flexibility were impaired. Biochemically, the human TDP-43 transgene downregulates endogenous mouse TDP-43 mRNA and protein, resulting in human TDP-43 protein that is comparable with the physiological level in cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Furthermore, Q331K TDP-43 is largely retained at the nucleus without apparent aggregates. Taken together, our data suggest that motor and frontal cortex may be more vulnerable to disease-linked mutation in TDP-43 and, this mouse model may be used to assess ALS-FTD-related spectrum diseases and the molecular underpinnings associated with the phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peiyan Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wan Yun Ho
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi-Chun Yen
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Emma Sanford
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuo-Chien Ling
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Neurobiology/Ageing Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Program in Neuroscience and Behavior Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Balleine BW. The Meaning of Behavior: Discriminating Reflex and Volition in the Brain. Neuron 2020; 104:47-62. [PMID: 31600515 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability to establish behaviorally what psychological capacity an animal is deploying-to discern accurately what an animal is doing-is key to functional analyses of the brain. Our current understanding of these capacities suggests, however, that this task is complex; there is evidence that multiple capacities are engaged simultaneously and contribute independently to the control of behavior. As such, establishing the contribution of a cell, circuit, or neural system to any one function requires careful dissection of that role from its influence on other functions and, therefore, the careful selection and design of behavioral tasks fit for that purpose. Here I describe recent research that has sought to utilize behavioral tools to investigate the neural bases of instrumental conditioning, particularly the circuits and systems supporting the capacity for goal-directed action, as opposed to conditioned reflexes and habits, and how these sources of action control interact to generate adaptive behavior.
Collapse
|
16
|
Crows control working memory before and after stimulus encoding. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3253. [PMID: 32094457 PMCID: PMC7039964 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59975-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of working memory is limited and this limit is comparable in crows and primates. To maximize this resource, humans use attention to select only relevant information for maintenance. Interestingly, attention-cues are effective not only before but also after the presentation of to-be-remembered stimuli, highlighting control mechanisms beyond sensory selection. Here we explore if crows are also capable of these forms of control over working memory. Two crows (Corvus corone) were trained to memorize two, four or six visual stimuli. Comparable to our previous results, the crows showed a decrease in performance with increasing working memory load. Using attention cues, we indicated the critical stimulus on a given trial. These cues were either presented before (pre-cue) or after sample-presentation (retro-cue). On other trials no cue was given as to which stimulus was critical. We found that both pre- and retro-cues enhance the performance of the birds. These results show that crows, like humans, can utilize attention to select relevant stimuli for maintenance in working memory. Importantly, crows can also utilize cues to make the most of their working memory capacity even after the stimuli are already held in working memory. This strongly implies that crows can engage in efficient control over working memory.
Collapse
|
17
|
Mueller A, Krock RM, Shepard S, Moore T. Dopamine Receptor Expression Among Local and Visual Cortex-Projecting Frontal Eye Field Neurons. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:148-164. [PMID: 31038690 PMCID: PMC7029694 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic modulation of prefrontal cortex plays an important role in numerous cognitive processes, including attention. The frontal eye field (FEF) is modulated by dopamine and has an established role in visual attention, yet the underlying circuitry upon which dopamine acts is not known. We compared the expression of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors (D1Rs and D2Rs) across different classes of FEF neurons, including those projecting to dorsal or ventral extrastriate cortex. First, we found that both D1Rs and D2Rs are more prevalent on pyramidal neurons than on several classes of interneurons and are particularly prevalent on putatively long-range projecting pyramidals. Second, higher proportions of pyramidal neurons express D1Rs than D2Rs. Third, overall a higher proportion of inhibitory neurons expresses D2Rs than D1Rs. Fourth, among inhibitory interneurons, a significantly higher proportion of parvalbumin+ neurons expresses D2Rs than D1Rs, and a significantly higher proportion of calbindin+ neurons expresses D1Rs than D2Rs. Finally, compared with D2Rs, virtually all of the neurons with identified projections to both dorsal and ventral extrastriate visual cortex expressed D1Rs. Our results demonstrate that dopamine tends to act directly on the output of the FEF and that dopaminergic modulation of top-down projections to visual cortex is achieved predominately via D1Rs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Mueller
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rebecca M Krock
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Steven Shepard
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tirin Moore
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Intranasal insulin therapy reverses hippocampal dendritic injury and cognitive impairment in a model of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders in EcoHIV-infected mice. AIDS 2019; 33:973-984. [PMID: 30946151 PMCID: PMC6457131 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Almost half of HIV-positive people on antiretroviral therapy have demonstrable mild neurocognitive impairment (HIV-NCI), even when virologically suppressed. Intranasal insulin therapy improves cognition in Alzheimer's disease and diabetes. Here we tested intranasal insulin therapy in a model of HIV-NCI in EcoHIV-infected conventional mice. DESIGN AND METHODS Insulin pharmacokinetics following intranasal administration to mice was determined by ELISA. Mice were inoculated with EcoHIV to cause NCI; 23 days or 3 months after infection they were treated daily for 9 days with intranasal insulin (2.4 IU/mouse) and examined for NCI in behavioral tests and HIV burdens by quantitative PCR. Some animals were tested for hippocampal neuronal integrity by immunostaining and expression of neuronal function-related genes by real time-quantitative PCR. The effect of insulin treatment discontinuation on cognition and neuropathology was also examined. RESULTS Intranasal insulin administration to mice resulted in μIU/ml levels of insulin in cerebrospinal fluid with a half-life of about 2 h, resembling pharmacokinetic parameters of patients receiving 40 IU. Intranasal insulin treatment starting 23 days or 3 months after infection completely reversed NCI in mice. Murine NCI correlated with reductions in hippocampal dendritic arbors and downregulation of neuronal function genes; intranasal insulin reversed these changes coincident with restoration of cognitive acuity, but they returned within 24 h of treatment cessation. Intranasal insulin treatment reduced brain HIV DNA when started 23 but not 90 days after infection. CONCLUSION Our preclinical studies support the use of intranasal insulin administration for treatment of HIV-NCI and suggest that some dendritic injury in this condition is reversible.
Collapse
|
19
|
Gilmour G, Porcelli S, Bertaina-Anglade V, Arce E, Dukart J, Hayen A, Lobo A, Lopez-Anton R, Merlo Pich E, Pemberton DJ, Havenith MN, Glennon JC, Harel BT, Dawson G, Marston H, Kozak R, Serretti A. Relating constructs of attention and working memory to social withdrawal in Alzheimer’s disease and schizophrenia: issues regarding paradigm selection. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 97:47-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
20
|
Hiller-Sturmhöfel S, Spear LP. Binge Drinking's Effects on the Developing Brain-Animal Models. Alcohol Res 2018; 39:77-86. [PMID: 30557150 PMCID: PMC6104958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence typically is a time of experimentation, including alcohol use and, particularly, binge drinking. Because the brain is still developing during adolescence, such exposure could have long-lasting effects. Animal models and adolescent intermittent ethanol exposure (AIE) paradigms have been used to help elucidate the consequences of adolescent binge drinking. These studies have identified cognitive deficits, particularly in challenging cognitive tasks, and behavioral alterations such as greater risk preferences, impulsivity, and disinhibition. AIE also is associated with changes in affect when the animals reach adulthood, including increased social anxiety and, sometimes, general anxiety. Animal models have demonstrated that AIE can result in retention of certain alcohol-related adolescent phenotypes (i.e., reduced sensitivity to alcohol's aversive effects and increased sensitivity to alcohol's rewarding effects) into adulthood, which may motivate continued elevated alcohol use. The detrimental effects of adolescent alcohol exposure extend to a diversity of lasting alterations in the brain, including reduced neurogenesis, increased proinflammatory responses, changes in gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms, and alterations in the activities of various neurotransmitter systems. Further exploration of these mechanisms in animal models and humans may lead to improved prevention and intervention efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Hiller-Sturmhöfel
- Susanne Hiller-Sturmhöfel, Ph.D., is a science writer and editor affiliated with CSR Inc., Arlington, Virginia. Linda Patia Spear, Ph.D., is a distinguished professor, Department of Psychology, State University of New York, and the director of the Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York
| | - Linda Patia Spear
- Susanne Hiller-Sturmhöfel, Ph.D., is a science writer and editor affiliated with CSR Inc., Arlington, Virginia. Linda Patia Spear, Ph.D., is a distinguished professor, Department of Psychology, State University of New York, and the director of the Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Burke RD, Todd SW, Lumsden E, Mullins RJ, Mamczarz J, Fawcett WP, Gullapalli RP, Randall WR, Pereira EFR, Albuquerque EX. Developmental neurotoxicity of the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos: from clinical findings to preclinical models and potential mechanisms. J Neurochem 2017; 142 Suppl 2:162-177. [PMID: 28791702 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) insecticides are pest-control agents heavily used worldwide. Unfortunately, they are also well known for the toxic effects that they can trigger in humans. Clinical manifestations of an acute exposure of humans to OP insecticides include a well-defined cholinergic crisis that develops as a result of the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme that hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). Prolonged exposures to levels of OP insecticides that are insufficient to trigger signs of acute intoxication, which are hereafter referred to as subacute exposures, have also been associated with neurological deficits. In particular, epidemiological studies have reported statistically significant correlations between prenatal subacute exposures to OP insecticides, including chlorpyrifos, and neurological deficits that range from cognitive impairments to tremors in childhood. The primary objectives of this article are: (i) to address the short- and long-term neurological issues that have been associated with acute and subacute exposures of humans to OP insecticides, especially early in life (ii) to discuss the translational relevance of animal models of developmental exposure to OP insecticides, and (iii) to review mechanisms that are likely to contribute to the developmental neurotoxicity of OP insecticides. Most of the discussion will be focused on chlorpyrifos, the top-selling OP insecticide in the United States and throughout the world. These points are critical for the identification and development of safe and effective interventions to counter and/or prevent the neurotoxic effects of these chemicals in the developing brain. This is an article for the special issue XVth International Symposium on Cholinergic Mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Burke
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Spencer W Todd
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric Lumsden
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Roger J Mullins
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacek Mamczarz
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William P Fawcett
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rao P Gullapalli
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William R Randall
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Edna F R Pereira
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Edson X Albuquerque
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hwang E, Willis BS, Burwell RD. Prefrontal connections of the perirhinal and postrhinal cortices in the rat. Behav Brain Res 2017; 354:8-21. [PMID: 28765070 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Knowing how prefrontal regions interact with medial temporal lobe structures is important for understanding memory and cognition. Using anterograde and retrograde tract tracing methods in the rat, we report a detailed study of the perirhinal (PER) and postrhinal (POR) connections with the lateral, ventrolateral, and medial orbitofrontal cortices (ORBl, ORBvl, ORBm), infralimbic and prelimbic cortices (IL, PL), ventral and dorsal anterior cingulate cortices (ACAv, ACAd), and secondary motor cortex (MOs). Our analyses included the topography and laminar patterns of these connections. The PER and POR showed reciprocal connectivity with all prefrontal regions examined, but the patterns of connections differed. In general, PER areas 36 and 35 showed patterns of connectivity that were more similar to each other than to those of the POR. Analysis of anterograde tracers showed that PER areas 36 and 35 provide the strongest projections to prefrontal regions. The heaviest fiber labeling was in IL and PL, closely followed by orbital regions. Fiber labeling arising from injections in POR was weaker overall. The strongest POR efferents targeted MOs, ACAv, and ORBvl. For return projections, analysis of retrograde tracers showed that PER areas 36 and 35 receive strong inputs from orbitofrontal and medial prefrontal regions. Interestingly, PER also received substantial inputs from MOs and ACAd. The POR receives a very strong input from MOs, followed by ACAd, and ORBvl. Based on comparison of our findings with those obtained in monkeys, we argue that the rodent ACAd and MOs may be a functional homolog of the primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyu Hwang
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Bailey S Willis
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Rebecca D Burwell
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| |
Collapse
|