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Rahman M, Khatun A, Liu L, Barkla BJ. Brassicaceae Mustards: Phytochemical Constituents, Pharmacological Effects, and Mechanisms of Action against Human Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9039. [PMID: 39201724 PMCID: PMC11354652 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25169039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The Brassicaceae genus consists of many economically important mustards of value for food and medicinal purposes, namely Asian mustard (Brassica juncea), ball mustard (Neslia paniculata), black mustard (B. nigra), garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), hedge mustard (Sisymbrium officinale), Asian hedge mustard (S. orientale), oilseed rape (B. napus), rapeseed (B. rapa), treacle mustard (Erysimum repandum), smooth mustard (S. erysimoides), white ball mustard (Calepina irregularis), white mustard (Sinapis alba), and Canola. Some of these are commercially cultivated as oilseeds to meet the global demand for a healthy plant-derived oil, high in polyunsaturated fats, i.e., B. napus and B. juncea. Other species are foraged from the wild where they grow on roadsides and as a weed of arable land, i.e., E. repandum and S. erysimoides, and harvested for medicinal uses. These plants contain a diverse range of bioactive natural products including sulfur-containing glucosinolates and other potentially valuable compounds, namely omega-3-fatty acids, terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, tannins, S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide, and trace-elements. Various parts of these plants and many of the molecules that are produced throughout the plant have been used in traditional medicines and more recently in the mainstream pharmaceutical and food industries. This study relates the uses of mustards in traditional medicines with their bioactive molecules and possible mechanisms of action and provides an overview of the current knowledge of Brassicaceae oilseeds and mustards, their phytochemicals, and their biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmudur Rahman
- Southern Cross Analytical Services, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia; (M.R.); (A.K.)
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia;
| | - Amina Khatun
- Southern Cross Analytical Services, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia; (M.R.); (A.K.)
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia;
| | - Lei Liu
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia;
| | - Bronwyn J. Barkla
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia;
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Melo MNDO, Batista JVDC, Peñaloza EMC, Oliveira AP, Garrett R, Baumgartner S, Holandino C. A Scoping Review of Genus Viscum: Biological and Chemical Aspects of Alcoholic Extracts. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091811. [PMID: 37176869 PMCID: PMC10181296 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The genus Viscum comprises a large number of semi-parasitic shrubs popularly known as Mistletoe. The Viscum species grow in many countries of Europe, Africa and Asia with different popular uses in ornamentation, foods and medicine. Many studies about Viscum have been done over the last years focusing on biological activities and chemical composition of the aqueous extracts, mainly related to anthroposophical medicines. However, it is known that non-aqueous preparations, as alcoholic extracts, have demonstrated different biological activities that are species-and host tree-dependent. Considering the potential of these alcoholic extracts, a scoping review was conducted using data from three online databases: PubMed, Scopus and Embase. Inclusion criteria consisted of the in vitro, in vivo, ex vivo, clinical and chemical studies of alcoholic extracts from Viscum species. The present review summarized 124 original publications about fourteen Viscum species. Viscum album, Viscum articulatum and Viscum coloratum were the main studied species. Alcoholic extracts demonstrated hypotensive, anticancer, antimicrobial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory capabilities, among other biological activities. Flavonoids, phenolic acids and terpenoids represented 48%, 24% and 11% of the total identified compounds, respectively. This review contributes to the knowledge of alcoholic preparations of the Viscum species and points out the lack of clinical studies concerning these different extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Nonato de Oliveira Melo
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil
| | - João Vitor da Costa Batista
- Society for Cancer Research, Hiscia Institute, Kirschweg 9, 4144 Arlesheim, Switzerland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Evelyn Maribel Condori Peñaloza
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil
| | - Adriana Passos Oliveira
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Rafael Garrett
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil
| | - Stephan Baumgartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, University of Witten/Herdecke, Gerhard-Kienle-Weg 4, 58313 Herdecke, Germany
- Institute of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 46, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carla Holandino
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Society for Cancer Research, Hiscia Institute, Kirschweg 9, 4144 Arlesheim, Switzerland
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Ahmad SR, Ghosh P. A systematic investigation on flavonoids, catechin, β-sitosterol and lignin glycosides from Saraca asoca (ashoka) having anti-cancer & antioxidant properties with no side effect. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2021.100293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Moazzem Hossen S, Akramul Hoque Tanim M, Shahadat Hossain M, Ahmed Sami S, Uddin Emon N. Deciphering the CNS anti-depressant, antioxidant and cytotoxic profiling of methanol and aqueous extracts of Trametes versicolor and molecular interactions of its phenolic compounds. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:6375-6383. [PMID: 34764755 PMCID: PMC8568997 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study sought to evaluate the central nervous system (CNS) depressant, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity activity of methanol and aqueous extract of Trametes versicolor (METV and AETV). The CNS activity was assessed by the open field, hole-cross, forced swimming, thiopental sodium-induced sleeping time, hole-board, and rotarod tests in Swiss albino mice. For both extracts, a substantial decrease in locomotion was observed in open field and hole-cross tests. In addition, the molecular docking study has been implemented through Maestro V11.1. The higher dose of METV (400 mg/kg) and the lower dose of AETV (200 mg/kg) exhibited a significant decrease in immobility time in forced swimming test and increased prolongation of sleep in thiopental sodium-induced sleeping time test, respectively. In contrast, a moderate finding was observed for the hole-board and rotarod tests. Additionally, a significant DPPH scavenging assay and a high toxicity effect in brine shrimp lethality assay were observed. Besides, five phenolic compounds, namely baicalin, quercetin, catechin, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and quinic acid, were used for the molecular docking study, whereas catechin demonstrated the highest binding affinity towards the targets. The findings conclude that the T. versicolor could be an alternative source for CNS anti-depressant and antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.M. Moazzem Hossen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | | | - Mohammad Shahadat Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Saad Ahmed Sami
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Nazim Uddin Emon
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh
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Banu N, Alam N, Nazmul Islam M, Islam S, Sakib SA, Hanif NB, Chowdhury MR, Tareq AM, Hasan Chowdhury K, Jahan S, Azad A, Emran TB, Simal-Gandara J. Insightful Valorization of the Biological Activities of Pani Heloch Leaves through Experimental and Computer-Aided Mechanisms. Molecules 2020; 25:E5153. [PMID: 33167510 PMCID: PMC7663931 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pani heloch (Antidesma montanum) is traditionally used to treat innumerable diseases and is a source of wild vegetables for the management of different pathological conditions. The present study explored the qualitative phytochemicals; quantitative phenol and flavonoid contents; in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and thrombolytic effects; and in vivo antipyretic and analgesic properties of the methanol extract of A. montanum leaves in different experimental models. The extract exhibited secondary metabolites including alkaloids, flavonoids, flavanols, phytosterols, cholesterols, phenols, terpenoids, glycosides, fixed oils, emodines, coumarins, resins, and tannins. Besides, Pani heloch showed strong antioxidant activity (IC50 = 99.00 µg/mL), while a moderate percentage of clot lysis (31.56%) in human blood and significant anti-inflammatory activity (p < 0.001) was achieved with the standard. Moreover, the analgesic and antipyretic properties appeared to trigger a significant response (p < 0.001) relative to in the control group. Besides, an in silico study of carpusin revealed favorable protein-binding affinities. Furthermore, the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity analysis and toxicological properties of all isolated compounds adopted Lipinski's rule of five for drug-like potential and level of toxicity. Our research unveiled that the methanol extract of A. montanum leaves exhibited secondary metabolites that are a good source for managing inflammation, pyrexia, pain, and cellular toxicity. Computational approaches and further studies are required to identify the possible mechanism which responsible for the biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naureen Banu
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (N.B.); (N.A.); (S.I.); (S.A.S.); (N.B.H.); (M.R.C.); (A.M.T.); (K.H.C.); (S.J.)
| | - Najmul Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (N.B.); (N.A.); (S.I.); (S.A.S.); (N.B.H.); (M.R.C.); (A.M.T.); (K.H.C.); (S.J.)
| | - Mohammad Nazmul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (N.B.); (N.A.); (S.I.); (S.A.S.); (N.B.H.); (M.R.C.); (A.M.T.); (K.H.C.); (S.J.)
| | - Sanjida Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (N.B.); (N.A.); (S.I.); (S.A.S.); (N.B.H.); (M.R.C.); (A.M.T.); (K.H.C.); (S.J.)
| | - Shahenur Alam Sakib
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (N.B.); (N.A.); (S.I.); (S.A.S.); (N.B.H.); (M.R.C.); (A.M.T.); (K.H.C.); (S.J.)
- Department of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Nujhat Binte Hanif
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (N.B.); (N.A.); (S.I.); (S.A.S.); (N.B.H.); (M.R.C.); (A.M.T.); (K.H.C.); (S.J.)
| | - Md. Riad Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (N.B.); (N.A.); (S.I.); (S.A.S.); (N.B.H.); (M.R.C.); (A.M.T.); (K.H.C.); (S.J.)
| | - Abu Montakim Tareq
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (N.B.); (N.A.); (S.I.); (S.A.S.); (N.B.H.); (M.R.C.); (A.M.T.); (K.H.C.); (S.J.)
| | - Kamrul Hasan Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (N.B.); (N.A.); (S.I.); (S.A.S.); (N.B.H.); (M.R.C.); (A.M.T.); (K.H.C.); (S.J.)
| | - Shamima Jahan
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh; (N.B.); (N.A.); (S.I.); (S.A.S.); (N.B.H.); (M.R.C.); (A.M.T.); (K.H.C.); (S.J.)
| | - Afrina Azad
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dr. Qudrat-i-Khuda Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh;
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo—Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain
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Siraj MA, Howlader MSI, Rahaman MS, Shilpi JA, Seidel V. Antinociceptive and sedative activity of Vernonia patula and predictive interactions of its phenolic compounds with the cannabinoid type 1 receptor. Phytother Res 2020; 35:1069-1079. [PMID: 33124164 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
When tested in the acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced paw-licking tests, the ethanol extract of Vernonia patula (VP) aerial parts showed significant antinociceptive activity. In neuropharmacological tests, it also significantly delayed the onset of sleep, increased the duration of sleeping time, and significantly reduced the locomotor activity and exploratory behaviour of mice. Five phenolic compounds, namely gallic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin and kaempferol, were detected in VP following HPLC-DAD analysis. The presence of these phenolic compounds in VP provides some support for the observed antinociceptive and sedative effects. A computational study was performed to predict the binding affinity of gallic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin and kaempferol towards the cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor. Caffeic and vanillic acid showed the highest probable ligand efficiency indices towards the CB1 target. Vanillic acid displayed the best blood-brain barrier penetration prediction score. These findings provide some evidence for the traditional use of VP to treat pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Afjalus Siraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii, USA
| | | | - Md Sohanur Rahaman
- Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Jamil A Shilpi
- Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Veronique Seidel
- Natural Products Research Laboratory, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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Szurpnicka A, Kowalczuk A, Szterk A. Biological activity of mistletoe: in vitro and in vivo studies and mechanisms of action. Arch Pharm Res 2020; 43:593-629. [PMID: 32621089 PMCID: PMC7340679 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-020-01247-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mistletoe has been used as treatment of many diseases in traditional and folk medicine. To date, anticancer, immunomodulatory, cardiac, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, neuropharmacological, antibacterial and antifungal properties of mistletoe extracts have been studied the most. In this review, we summarized in vitro and in vivo studies on the pharmacological activity of Viscum species. Furthermore, we proposed the possible mechanisms of action of this herb, which might include many signalling pathways. Mistletoe could regulate either similar or different targets in various pathways that act on membrane receptors, enzymes, ion channels, transporter proteins and transcriptional targets. Still, pharmacological activities of mistletoe have been investigated mainly for crude extracts. It is a new field for scientists to determined which chemical compounds are responsible for the individual biological activities of mistletoe and how these activities are achieved. As a result, mistletoe might become a source of new complementary therapies supporting the treatment of many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Szurpnicka
- Department of Natural Medicinal Products and Dietary Supplements, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Kowalczuk
- National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Szterk
- Department of Spectrometric Methods, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725, Warsaw, Poland
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Khatun A, Rahman M, Rahman MS, Hossain MK, Rashid MA. Terpenoids and phytosteroids isolated from Commelina benghalensis Linn. with antioxidant activity. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 31:jbcpp-2018-0218. [PMID: 31770097 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2018-0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Commelina benghalensis Linn. (Family: Commelinaceae) is a common weed available in Bangladesh with several uses in traditional medicine. However, the chemical profile of this medicinal plant is scarce in relation to its medicinal uses. The aerial parts of this plant have been investigated for the isolation of secondary metabolites and evaluation of the biological activities. Methods Major phytochemical groups were analyzed using chromogenic reagents, whereas n-hexane soluble fractionates of the methanol extract were subjected to 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analysis. The antioxidant property of the obtained compounds was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH). Results Dammara-12-en-3-one (CB-1), stigmasterol (CB-2) and 3 (2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxy)-cinnamoyl dammara-12-ene (CB-3) were isolated from the n-hexane fractionate of methanol extract of C. benghalensis. In the study of DPPH radical scavenging activity, IC50 values were predicted to be 790.18, 4186.94 and 2001.16 μg/mL for CB-1, CB-2 and CB-3, respectively, whereas standard ascorbic acid showed IC50 at 1.26 μg/mL. Conclusions Two new dammarane-type triterpene (CB-1 and CB-3) and one phytosterol (CB-2) were identified in C. benghalensis with mild antioxidant property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Khatun
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore 2480, NSW, Australia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmudur Rahman
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore 2480, NSW, Australia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Sharifur Rahman
- Phytochemical Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Khalid Hossain
- Phytochemical Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Abdur Rashid
- Phytochemical Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
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Sun L, Guo Y, Zhang Y, Zhuang Y. Antioxidant and Anti-tyrosinase Activities of Phenolic Extracts from Rape Bee Pollen and Inhibitory Melanogenesis by cAMP/MITF/TYR Pathway in B16 Mouse Melanoma Cells. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:104. [PMID: 28337140 PMCID: PMC5343546 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rape bee pollen possesses many nutritional and therapeutic properties because of its abundant nutrimental and bioactive components. In this study, free (FPE) and bound (BPE) phenolic extracts of rape bee pollen were obtained, phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined, and composition of phenolic acids was analyzed. In vitro antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase (TYR) activities of FPE and BPE were compared, and inhibitory melanogenesis of FPE was further evaluated. Results showed FPE and BPE contain total phenolic contents of 11.76 and 0.81 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry weight (DW) and total flavonoid contents of 19.24 and 3.65 mg rutin equivalents/g DW, respectively. Phenolic profiling showed FPE and BPE fractions contained 12 and 9 phenolic acids, respectively. FPE contained the highest rutin content of 774.87 μg/g. FPE and BPE showed the high antioxidant properties in vitro and high inhibitory activities for mushroom TYR. Higher activities of FPE than those of BPE can be attributed to difference in their phenolic compositions. Inhibitory melanogenesis activities of FPE against B16 were further evaluated. Results showed suppressed intracellular TYR activity, reduced melanin content, and promoted glutathione synthesis (p < 0.05) in FPE-treated cells. FPE reduced mRNA expression of TYR, TYR-related protein (TRP)-1 and TRP-2, and significantly suppressed cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels through down-regulation of melanocortin 1 receptor gene expression (p < 0.05). FPE reduced mRNA expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), significantly inhibiting intracellular melanin synthesis (p < 0.05). Hence, FPE regulates melanogenesis of B16 cells involved in cAMP/MITF/TYR pathway. These results revealed that FPE can be used as pharmaceutical agents and cosmetics to protect cells from abnormal melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Sun
- Yunnan Institute of Food Safety, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Yunnan Institute of Food Safety, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming, China
| | - Yanxin Zhang
- Yunnan Institute of Food Safety, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming, China
| | - Yongliang Zhuang
- Yunnan Institute of Food Safety, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming, China
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