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Chuang JMJ, Chen HL, Chang CI, Lin JS, Chang HM, Wu WJ, Lin MY, Chen WF, Lee CH. Nobiletin derivative, 5-acetoxy-6,7,8,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone, inhibits neuroinflammation through the inhibition of TLR4/MyD88/MAPK signaling pathways and STAT3 in microglia. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38800857 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2024.2360050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Microglia in the central nervous system regulate neuroinflammation that leads to a wide range of neuropathological alterations. The present study investigated the anti-neuroinflammatory properties of nobiletin (Nob) derivative, 5-acetoxy-6,7,8,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone (5-Ac-Nob), in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated BV2 microglia. MATERIALS AND METHODS By using the MTT assay, Griess method, flow cytometry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), we determined the cell viability, the levels of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and pro-inflammatory factors (interleukin 1 beta; IL-1β, interleukin 6; IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha; TNF-α and prostaglandin E2; PGE2) in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglia. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) were measured by western blotting. Analysis of NO generation and mRNA of pro-inflammatory cytokines was confirmed in the zebrafish model. RESULTS 5-Ac-Nob reduced cell death, the levels of NO, ROS, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), and pro-inflammatory factors in LPS-activated BV-2 microglial cells. TLR4-mediated MyD88/NF-κB and MAPK pathway (p38, ERK and JNK) after exposure to 5-Ac-Nob was also suppressed. Moreover, 5-Ac-Nob inhibited phosphorylated STAT3 proteins expression in LPS-induced BV-2 microglial cells. Furthermore, we confirmed that 5-Ac-Nob decreased LPS-induced NO generation and mRNA of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the zebrafish model. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that 5-Ac-Nob represses neuroinflammatory responses by inhibiting TLR4-mediated signaling pathway and STAT3. As a result of these findings, 5-Ac-Nob has potential as an anti-inflammatory agent against microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Ming-Jung Chuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Lin Chen
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-I Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Research Centre for Active Natural Products Development, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Syuan Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine; Division of Pharmacology and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Min Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine; Division of Pharmacology and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ju Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine; Division of Pharmacology and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ying Lin
- Community Health Promotion Center, Kaohsiung Municipal Ci-Jin Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Fu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsing Lee
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Research Centre for Active Natural Products Development, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine; Division of Pharmacology and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Bar E, Fischer I, Rokach M, Elad-Sfadia G, Shirenova S, Ophir O, Trangle SS, Okun E, Barak B. Neuronal deletion of Gtf2i results in developmental microglial alterations in a mouse model related to Williams syndrome. Glia 2024; 72:1117-1135. [PMID: 38450767 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Williams syndrome (WS) is a genetic neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a heterozygous microdeletion, characterized by hypersociability and unique neurocognitive abnormalities. Of the deleted genes, GTF2I has been linked to hypersociability in WS. We have recently shown that Gtf2i deletion from forebrain excitatory neurons, referred to as Gtf2i conditional knockout (cKO) mice leads to multi-faceted myelination deficits associated with the social behaviors affected in WS. These deficits were potentially mediated also by microglia, as they present a close relationship with oligodendrocytes. To study the impact of altered myelination, we characterized these mice in terms of microglia over the course of development. In postnatal day 30 (P30) Gtf2i cKO mice, cortical microglia displayed a more ramified state, as compared with wild type (controls). However, postnatal day 4 (P4) microglia exhibited high proliferation rates and an elevated activation state, demonstrating altered properties related to activation and inflammation in Gtf2i cKO mice compared with control. Intriguingly, P4 Gtf2i cKO-derived microglial cells exhibited significantly elevated myelin phagocytosis in vitro compared to control mice. Lastly, systemic injection of clemastine to P4 Gtf2i cKO and control mice until P30, led to a significant interaction between genotypes and treatments on the expression levels of the phagocytic marker CD68, and a significant reduction of the macrophage/microglial marker Iba1 transcript levels in the cortex of the Gtf2i cKO treated mice. Our data thus implicate microglia as important players in WS, and that early postnatal manipulation of microglia might be beneficial in treating inflammatory and myelin-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ela Bar
- The School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry & Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Inbar Fischer
- The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - May Rokach
- The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Galit Elad-Sfadia
- The School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sophie Shirenova
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's Disease Research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Omer Ophir
- The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sari Schokoroy Trangle
- The School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eitan Okun
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's Disease Research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Boaz Barak
- The School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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3
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Muzio L, Perego J. CNS Resident Innate Immune Cells: Guardians of CNS Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4865. [PMID: 38732082 PMCID: PMC11084235 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the CNS has been considered for a long time an immune-privileged organ, it is now well known that both the parenchyma and non-parenchymal tissue (meninges, perivascular space, and choroid plexus) are richly populated in resident immune cells. The advent of more powerful tools for multiplex immunophenotyping, such as single-cell RNA sequencing technique and upscale multiparametric flow and mass spectrometry, helped in discriminating between resident and infiltrating cells and, above all, the different spectrum of phenotypes distinguishing border-associated macrophages. Here, we focus our attention on resident innate immune players and their primary role in both CNS homeostasis and pathological neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, two key interconnected aspects of the immunopathology of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Muzio
- Neuroimmunology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Institute of Experimental Neurology, 20133 Milan, Italy;
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Airas L, Bermel RA, Chitnis T, Hartung HP, Nakahara J, Stuve O, Williams MJ, Kieseier BC, Wiendl H. A review of Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors in multiple sclerosis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2024; 17:17562864241233041. [PMID: 38638671 PMCID: PMC11025433 DOI: 10.1177/17562864241233041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors are an emerging class of therapeutics in multiple sclerosis (MS). BTK is expressed in B-cells and myeloid cells, key progenitors of which include dendritic cells, microglia and macrophages, integral effectors of MS pathogenesis, along with mast cells, establishing the relevance of BTK inhibitors to diverse autoimmune conditions. First-generation BTK inhibitors are currently utilized in the treatment of B-cell malignancies and show efficacy in B-cell modulation. B-cell depleting therapies have shown success as disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) in MS, highlighting the potential of BTK inhibitors for this indication; however, first-generation BTK inhibitors exhibit a challenging safety profile that is unsuitable for chronic use, as required for MS DMTs. A second generation of highly selective BTK inhibitors has shown efficacy in modulating MS-relevant mechanisms of pathogenesis in preclinical as well as clinical studies. Six of these BTK inhibitors are undergoing clinical development for MS, three of which are also under investigation for chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Phase II trials of selected BTK inhibitors for MS showed reductions in new gadolinium-enhancing lesions on magnetic resonance imaging scans; however, the safety profile is yet to be ascertained in chronic use. Understanding of the safety profile is developing by combining safety insights from the ongoing phase II and III trials of second-generation BTK inhibitors for MS, CSU, RA and SLE. This narrative review investigates the potential of BTK inhibitors as an MS DMT, the improved selectivity of second-generation inhibitors, comparative safety insights established thus far through clinical development programmes and proposed implications in female reproductive health and in long-term administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Airas
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Neurocenter, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Robert A. Bermel
- Mellen Center for MS, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Tanuja Chitnis
- Brigham Multiple Sclerosis Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Brain and Mind Center, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jin Nakahara
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Olaf Stuve
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Neurology Section, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX, USA
- Peter O’Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Bernd C. Kieseier
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A 1, Muenster 48149, Germany
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Chen S, Liu S, Huang Y, Huang S, Zhang W, Xie H, Lu L. 5Z-7-Oxozaenol attenuates cuprizone-induced demyelination in mice through microglia polarization regulation. Brain Behav 2024; 14:e3487. [PMID: 38648385 PMCID: PMC11034864 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Demyelination is a key factor in axonal degeneration and neural loss, leading to disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Transforming growth factor beta activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is a critical molecule involved in immune and inflammatory signaling pathways. Knockout of microglia TAK1 can inhibit autoimmune inflammation of the brain and spinal cord and improve the outcome of MS. However, it is unclear whether inhibiting TAK1 can alleviate demyelination. METHODS Eight-week-old male c57bl/6j mice were randomly divided into five groups: (a) the control group, (b) the group treated with cuprizone (CPZ) only, (c) the group treated with 5Z-7-Oxozaenol (OZ) only, and (d) the group treated with both cuprizone and 15 μg/30 μg OZ. Demyelination in the mice of this study was induced by administration of CPZ (ig) at a daily dose of 400 mg/kg for consecutive 5 weeks. OZ was intraperitoneally administered at mentioned doses twice a week, starting from week 3 after beginning cuprizone treatment. Histology, rotarod test, grasping test, pole test, Western blot, RT-PCR, and ELISA were used to evaluate corpus callosum demyelination, behavioral impairment, oligodendrocyte differentiation, TAK1 signaling pathway expression, microglia, and related cytokines. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that OZ protected against myelin loss and behavior impairment caused by CPZ. Additionally, OZ rescued the loss of oligodendrocytes in CPZ-induced mice. OZ inhibited the activation of JNK, p65, and p38 pathways, transformed M1 polarized microglia into M2 phenotype, and increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression to attenuate demyelination in CPZ-treated mice. Furthermore, OZ reduced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and increases anti-inflammatory cytokines in CPZ-treated mice. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that inhibiting TAK1 may be an effective approach for treating demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Chen
- Department of NeurologyZhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Department of General PracticeZhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Siyao Liu
- Department of General PracticeZhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yalun Huang
- Department of NeurologyZhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Shiwen Huang
- Department of NeurologyZhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Wanzhou Zhang
- Department of NeurologyZhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Huifang Xie
- Department of NeurologyZhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Lingli Lu
- Department of General PracticeZhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
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6
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Zhang SS, Li RQ, Chen Z, Wang XY, Dumont AS, Fan X. Immune cells: potential carriers or agents for drug delivery to the central nervous system. Mil Med Res 2024; 11:19. [PMID: 38549161 PMCID: PMC10979586 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-024-00521-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery systems (DDS) have recently emerged as a promising approach for the unique advantages of drug protection and targeted delivery. However, the access of nanoparticles/drugs to the central nervous system (CNS) remains a challenge mainly due to the obstruction from brain barriers. Immune cells infiltrating the CNS in the pathological state have inspired the development of strategies for CNS foundation drug delivery. Herein, we outline the three major brain barriers in the CNS and the mechanisms by which immune cells migrate across the blood-brain barrier. We subsequently review biomimetic strategies utilizing immune cell-based nanoparticles for the delivery of nanoparticles/drugs to the CNS, as well as recent progress in rationally engineering immune cell-based DDS for CNS diseases. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities of immune cell-based DDS in CNS diseases to promote their clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Ruo-Qi Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Wang
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70122, USA
| | - Aaron S Dumont
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70122, USA.
| | - Xiang Fan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
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7
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Dziedzic A, Maciak K, Miller ED, Starosta M, Saluk J. Targeting Vascular Impairment, Neuroinflammation, and Oxidative Stress Dynamics with Whole-Body Cryotherapy in Multiple Sclerosis Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3858. [PMID: 38612668 PMCID: PMC11011409 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), traditionally perceived as a neurodegenerative disease, exhibits significant vascular alternations, including blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, which may predispose patients to increased cardiovascular risks. This vascular dysfunction is intricately linked with the infiltration of immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS), which plays a significant role in perpetuating neuroinflammation. Additionally, oxidative stress serves not only as a byproduct of inflammatory processes but also as an active contributor to neural damage. The synthesis of these multifaceted aspects highlights the importance of understanding their cumulative impact on MS progression. This review reveals that the triad of vascular damage, chronic inflammation, and oxidative imbalance may be considered interdependent processes that exacerbate each other, underscoring the need for holistic and multi-targeted therapeutic approaches in MS management. There is a necessity for reevaluating MS treatment strategies to encompass these overlapping pathologies, offering insights for future research and potential therapeutic interventions. Whole-body cryotherapy (WBCT) emerges as one of the potential avenues for holistic MS management approaches which may alleviate the triad of MS progression factors in multiple ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Dziedzic
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (A.D.); (K.M.)
| | - Karina Maciak
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (A.D.); (K.M.)
| | - Elżbieta Dorota Miller
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, Milionowa 14, 93-113 Lodz, Poland; (E.D.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Michał Starosta
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, Milionowa 14, 93-113 Lodz, Poland; (E.D.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Joanna Saluk
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (A.D.); (K.M.)
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Buonvicino D, Pratesi S, Ranieri G, Pistolesi A, Guasti D, Chiarugi A. The mitochondriogenic but not the immunosuppressant effects of mTOR inhibitors prompt neuroprotection and delay disease evolution in a mouse model of progressive multiple sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 191:106387. [PMID: 38142841 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Purportedly, the progression of multiple sclerosis (MS) occurs when neurodegenerative processes due to derangement of axonal bioenergetics take over the autoimmune response. However, a clear picture of the causative interrelationship between autoimmunity and axonal mitochondrial dysfunction in progressive MS (PMS) pathogenesis waits to be provided. METHODS In the present study, by adopting the NOD mouse model of PMS, we compared the pharmacological effects of the immunosuppressants dexamethasone and fingolimod with those of mTOR inhibitors rapamycin and everolimus that, in addition to immunosuppression, also regulate mitochondrial functioning. Female Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mice were immunized with MOG35-55 and treated with drugs to evaluate functional, immune and mitochondrial parameters during disease evolution. RESULTS We found that dexamethasone and fingolimod did not affect the pattern of progression as well as survival. Conversely, mTOR inhibitors rapamycin and everolimus delayed disease progression and robustly extended survival of immunized mice. The same effects were obtained when treatment was delayed by 30 days after immunization. Remarkably, dexamethasone and fingolimod prompted the same degree of immunosuppression of rapamycin within both spleen and spinal cord of mice. However, only rapamycin prompted mitochondriogenesis by increasing mitochondrial content, and expression of several mitochondrial respiratory complex subunits, thereby preventing mtDNA reduction in the spinal cords of immunized mice. These pharmacodynamic effects were not reproduced in healthy NOD mice, suggesting a disease context-dependent pharmacodynamic effect. DISCUSSION Data corroborate the key role of mitochondriogenesis to treatment of MS progression, and for the first time disclose the translational potential of mTOR inhibitors in PMS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Buonvicino
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Sara Pratesi
- Centre of Immunological Research DENOTHE, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ranieri
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pistolesi
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Guasti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Research Unit of Histology & Embryology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alberto Chiarugi
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Greenberg BM. Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment: A New Frontier. Neurol Clin 2024; 42:155-163. [PMID: 37980113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) can cause significant disability to patients via relapse-associated worsening and progression independent of relapses. The causes of neuronal and myelin damage can include lymphocyte-mediated inflammation and microglial activation. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is an enzyme that mediates B cell activation and the proinflammatory phenotype of microglia. Inhibiting BTK provides a novel therapeutic target for MS but also has a complicated pharmacology based on binding specificity, CNS penetration, half-life, and enzyme inhibition characteristics. Multiple agents are being studied in phase 3 trials, and each agent will have unique efficacy and safety profiles that must be considered individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Greenberg
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Eftekhari R, Ewanchuk BW, Rawji KS, Yates RM, Noorbakhsh F, Kuipers HF, Hollenberg MD. Blockade of Proteinase-Activated Receptor 2 (PAR2) Attenuates Neuroinflammation in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:12-22. [PMID: 37699708 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2), which modulates inflammatory responses, is elevated in the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis (MS) and in its murine model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In PAR2-null mice, disease severity of EAE is markedly diminished. We therefore tested whether inhibiting PAR2 activation in vivo might be a viable strategy for the treatment of MS. Using the EAE model, we show that a PAR2 antagonist, the pepducin palmitoyl-RSSAMDENSEKKRKSAIK-amide (P2pal-18S), attenuates EAE progression by affecting immune cell function. P2pal-18S treatment markedly diminishes disease severity and reduces demyelination, as well as the infiltration of T-cells and macrophages into the central nervous system. Moreover, P2pal-18S decreases granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) production and T-cell activation in cultured splenocytes and prevents macrophage polarization in vitro. We conclude that PAR2 plays a key role in regulating neuroinflammation in EAE and that PAR2 antagonists represent promising therapeutic agents for treating MS and other neuroinflammatory diseases. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Proteinase-activated receptor-2 modulates inflammatory responses and is increased in multiple sclerosis lesions. We show that the proteinase-activated receptor-2 antagonist palmitoyl-RSSAMDENSEKKRKSAIK-amide reduces disease in the murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of multiple sclerosis by inhibiting T-cell and macrophage activation and infiltration into the central nervous system, making it a potential treatment for multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahil Eftekhari
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Medicine (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.E., K.S.R., H.F.K.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), and Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (H.F.K.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.E., F.N.)
| | - Benjamin W Ewanchuk
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Medicine (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.E., K.S.R., H.F.K.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), and Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (H.F.K.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.E., F.N.)
| | - Khalil S Rawji
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Medicine (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.E., K.S.R., H.F.K.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), and Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (H.F.K.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.E., F.N.)
| | - Robin M Yates
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Medicine (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.E., K.S.R., H.F.K.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), and Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (H.F.K.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.E., F.N.)
| | - Farshid Noorbakhsh
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Medicine (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.E., K.S.R., H.F.K.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), and Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (H.F.K.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.E., F.N.)
| | - Hedwich F Kuipers
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Medicine (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.E., K.S.R., H.F.K.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), and Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (H.F.K.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.E., F.N.)
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Medicine (R.E., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.E., K.S.R., H.F.K.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine (B.W.E., R.M.Y.), and Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy (H.F.K.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.E., F.N.)
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11
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Oh J, Kwon TW, Choi JH, Kim Y, Moon SK, Nah SY, Cho IH. Ginsenoside-Re inhibits experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis as a mouse model of multiple sclerosis by downregulating TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathways. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 122:155065. [PMID: 37856989 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginsenosides are main active compounds of Panax ginseng with pharmacological effects on immunological/neurological diseases. Recently, ginsenoside-Re (G-Re) has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects on neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. However, whether G-Re has an effect on multiple sclerosis (MS), a representative autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), has not been revealed yet. PURPOSE AND METHODS The purpose of this study was to investigate pharmacological effects of G-Re and related molecular mechanisms using a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide-immunized experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal model of MS and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated bEND.3 cells as an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). RESULTS G-Re attenuated motor impairment of EAE, demyelination, and inflammation in spinal cords of EAE mice. G-Re reduced infiltration/activation of microglia/macrophages and decreased mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6), chemokines (MIP-1α, MCP-1, and RANTES), and enzymes (iNOS) in spinal cords of EAE mice. G-Re inhibited alterations of BBB constituents (such as astrocytes, cell adhesion molecule (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1), and tight junctional molecules (occludin and zonula occludens-1)) and toll like receptor 4 (TLR4)/MyD88/nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathways in spinal cords of EAE mice and LPS-stimulated bEND.3 cells. Interestingly, combination treatment with G-Re and TLR4 inhibitor (TAK242) significantly inhibited the upregulation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway in LPS-stimulated bEND.3 cells. TLR4 inhibitor- and activator-treated EAE mice showed conflicting behavior patterns. CONCLUSION G-Re might alleviate motor impairment of EAE and its pathological/inflammatory events in the spinal cord by preventing BBB disruption via downregulation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathways. These findings for the first time suggest that G-Re might be a potential therapeutic for MS through maintenance of BBB integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Oh
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae Woo Kwon
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Hee Choi
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yunna Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry in Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Kwan Moon
- Department of Cardiology and Neurology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Institute of Convergence Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Xu Y, Gao W, Sun Y, Wu M. New insight on microglia activation in neurodegenerative diseases and therapeutics. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1308345. [PMID: 38188026 PMCID: PMC10770846 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1308345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia are immune cells within the central nervous system (CNS) closely linked to brain health and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. In response to changes in the surrounding environment, microglia activate and change their state and function. Several factors, example for circadian rhythm disruption and the development of neurodegenerative diseases, influence microglia activation. In this review, we explore microglia's function and the associated neural mechanisms. We elucidate that circadian rhythms are essential factors influencing microglia activation and function. Circadian rhythm disruption affects microglia activation and, consequently, neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, we found that abnormal microglia activation is a common feature of neurodegenerative diseases and an essential factor of disease development. Here we highlight the importance of microglia activation in neurodegenerative diseases. Targeting microglia for neurodegenerative disease treatment is a promising direction. We introduce the progress of methods targeting microglia for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and summarize the progress of drugs developed with microglia as targets, hoping to provide new ideas for treating neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucong Xu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yingnan Sun
- Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Minghua Wu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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13
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Kaffe D, Kaplanis SI, Karagogeos D. The Roles of Caloric Restriction Mimetics in Central Nervous System Demyelination and Remyelination. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:9526-9548. [PMID: 38132442 PMCID: PMC10742427 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45120596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The dysfunction of myelinating glial cells, the oligodendrocytes, within the central nervous system (CNS) can result in the disruption of myelin, the lipid-rich multi-layered membrane structure that surrounds most vertebrate axons. This leads to axonal degeneration and motor/cognitive impairments. In response to demyelination in the CNS, the formation of new myelin sheaths occurs through the homeostatic process of remyelination, facilitated by the differentiation of newly formed oligodendrocytes. Apart from oligodendrocytes, the two other main glial cell types of the CNS, microglia and astrocytes, play a pivotal role in remyelination. Following a demyelination insult, microglia can phagocytose myelin debris, thus permitting remyelination, while the developing neuroinflammation in the demyelinated region triggers the activation of astrocytes. Modulating the profile of glial cells can enhance the likelihood of successful remyelination. In this context, recent studies have implicated autophagy as a pivotal pathway in glial cells, playing a significant role in both their maturation and the maintenance of myelin. In this Review, we examine the role of substances capable of modulating the autophagic machinery within the myelinating glial cells of the CNS. Such substances, called caloric restriction mimetics, have been shown to decelerate the aging process by mitigating age-related ailments, with their mechanisms of action intricately linked to the induction of autophagic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despoina Kaffe
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Stefanos Ioannis Kaplanis
- Department of Basic Science, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Domna Karagogeos
- Department of Basic Science, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
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14
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Kohs TCL, Fallon ME, Oseas EC, Healy LD, Tucker EI, Gailani D, McCarty OJT, Vandenbark AA, Offner H, Verbout NG. Pharmacological targeting of coagulation factor XI attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:2383-2391. [PMID: 37341855 PMCID: PMC10530106 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01251-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common causes of non-traumatic disability in young adults worldwide. MS pathophysiologies include the formation of inflammatory lesions, axonal damage and demyelination, and blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Coagulation proteins, including factor (F)XII, can serve as important mediators of the adaptive immune response during neuroinflammation. Indeed, plasma FXII levels are increased during relapse in relapsing-remitting MS patients, and previous studies showed that reducing FXII levels was protective in a murine model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Our objective was to determine if pharmacological targeting of FXI, a major substrate of activated FXII (FXIIa), improves neurological function and attenuates CNS damage in the setting of EAE. EAE was induced in male mice using murine myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptides combined with heat-inactivated Mycobacterium tuberculosis and pertussis toxin. Upon onset of symptoms, mice were treated every other day intravenously with anti-FXI antibody, 14E11, or saline. Disease scores were recorded daily until euthanasia for ex vivo analyses of inflammation. Compared to the vehicle control, 14E11 treatment reduced the clinical severity of EAE and total mononuclear cells, including CD11b+CD45high macrophage/microglia and CD4+ T cell numbers in brain. Following pharmacological targeting of FXI, BBB disruption was reduced, as measured by decreased axonal damage and fibrin(ogen) accumulation in the spinal cord. These data demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition of FXI reduces disease severity, immune cell migration, axonal damage, and BBB disruption in mice with EAE. Thus, therapeutic agents targeting FXI and FXII may provide a useful approach for treating autoimmune and neurologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tia C L Kohs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 S. Bond Avenue, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Meghan E Fallon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 S. Bond Avenue, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Ethan C Oseas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 S. Bond Avenue, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Laura D Healy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 S. Bond Avenue, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Erik I Tucker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 S. Bond Avenue, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Aronora, Inc., Portland, OR, USA
| | - David Gailani
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Owen J T McCarty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 S. Bond Avenue, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Arthur A Vandenbark
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Halina Offner
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Norah G Verbout
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 S. Bond Avenue, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Aronora, Inc., Portland, OR, USA
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15
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Belousova O, Lopatina A, Kuzmina U, Melnikov M. The role of biogenic amines in the modulation of monocytes in autoimmune neuroinflammation. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 78:104920. [PMID: 37536214 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.104920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is inflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with autoimmune mechanism of development. The study of the neuroimmune interactions is one of the most developing directions in the research of the pathogenesis of MS. The influence of biogenic amines on the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and MS was shown by the modulation of subsets of T-helper cells and B-cells, which plays a crucial role in the autoimmunity of the CNS. However, along with T- and B-cells the critical involvement of mononuclear phagocytes such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and monocytes in the development of neuroinflammation also was shown. It was demonstrated that the activation of microglial cells (resident macrophages of the CNS) could initiate the neuroinflammation in the EAE, suggesting their role at an early stage of the disease. In contrast, monocytes, which migrate from the periphery into the CNS through the blood-brain barrier, mediate the effector phase of the disease and cause neurological disability in EAE. In addition, the clinical efficacy of the therapy with depletion of the monocytes in EAE was shown, suggesting their crucial role in the autoimmunity of the CNS. Biogenic amines, such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin are direct mediators of the neuroimmune interaction and may affect the pathogenesis of EAE and MS by modulating the immune cell activity and cytokine production. The anti-inflammatory effect of targeting the biogenic amines receptors on the pathogenesis of EAE and MS by suppression of Th17- and Th1-cells, which are critical for the CNS autoimmunity, was shown. However, the latest data showed the potential ability of biogenic amines to affect the functions of the mononuclear phagocytes and their involvement in the modulation of neuroinflammation. This article reviews the literature data on the role of monocytes in the pathogenesis of EAE and MS. The data on the effect of targeting of biogenic amine receptors on the function of monocytes are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Belousova
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Lopatina
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ulyana Kuzmina
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Immunology, Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Science, Ufa, Russia
| | - Mikhail Melnikov
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia; Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia.
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16
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Zhang Y, Park YS, Kim IB. A Distinct Microglial Cell Population Expressing Both CD86 and CD206 Constitutes a Dominant Type and Executes Phagocytosis in Two Mouse Models of Retinal Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14236. [PMID: 37762541 PMCID: PMC10532260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells are the key regulators of inflammation during retinal degeneration (RD) and are conventionally classified as M1 or M2. However, whether the M1/M2 classification exactly reflects the functional classification of microglial cells in the retina remains debatable. We examined the spatiotemporal changes of microglial cells in the blue-LED and NaIO3-induced RD mice models using M1/M2 markers and functional genes. TUNEL assay was performed to detect photoreceptor cell death, and microglial cells were labeled with anti-IBA1, P2RY12, CD86, and CD206 antibodies. FACS was used to isolate microglial cells with anti-CD206 and CD86 antibodies, and qRT-PCR was performed to evaluate Il-10, Il-6, Trem-2, Apoe, and Lyz2 expression. TUNEL-positive cells were detected in the outer nuclear layer (ONL) from 24 h to 72 h post-RD induction. At 24 h, P2RY12 was decreased and CD86 was increased, and CD86/CD206 double-labeled cells occupied the dominant population at 72 h. And CD86/CD206 double-labeled cells showed a significant increase in Apoe, Trem2, and Lyz2 levels but not in those of Il-6 and Il-10. Our results demonstrate that microglial cells in active RD cannot be classified as M1 or M2, and the majority of microglia express both CD86 and CD206, which are involved in phagocytosis rather than inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (Y.Z.); (Y.S.P.)
- Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Soo Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (Y.Z.); (Y.S.P.)
- Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Beom Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (Y.Z.); (Y.S.P.)
- Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
- Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
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17
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Lee MJ, Choi JH, Kwon TW, Jo HS, Ha Y, Nah SY, Cho IH. Korean Red Ginseng extract ameliorates demyelination by inhibiting infiltration and activation of immune cells in cuprizone-administrated mice. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:672-680. [PMID: 37720568 PMCID: PMC10499591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Korean Red Ginseng (KRG), the steamed root of Panax ginseng, has pharmacological activities for immunological and neurodegenerative disorders. But, the role of KRGE in multiple sclerosis (MS) remains unclear. Purpose To determine whether KRG extract (KRGE) could inhibit demyelination in corpus callosum (CC) of cuprizone (CPZ)-induced murine model of MS. Methods Male adult mice were fed with a standard chow diet or a chow diet supplemented with 0.2% (w/w) CPZ ad libitum for six weeks to induce demyelination while were simultaneously administered with distilled water (DW) alone or KRGE-DW (0.004%, 0.02 and 0.1% of KRGE) by drinking. Results Administration with KRGE-DW alleviated demyelination and oligodendrocyte degeneration associated with inhibition of infiltration and activation of resident microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages as well as downregulation of proinflammatory mediators in the CC of CPZ-fed mice. KRGE-DW also attenuated the level of infiltration of Th1 and Th17) cells, in line with inhibited mRNA expression of IFN-γ and IL-17, respectively, in the CC. These positive effects of KRGE-DW mitigated behavioral dysfunction based on elevated plus maze and the rotarod tests. Conclusion The results strongly suggest that KRGE-DW may inhibit CPZ-induced demyelination due to its oligodendroglial protective and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting infiltration/activation of immune cells. Thus, KRGE might have potential in therapeutic intervention for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Lee
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA
| | - Jong Hee Choi
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Woo Kwon
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Sung Jo
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujeong Ha
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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18
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Sun W, Wang Q, Zhang R, Zhang N. Ketogenic diet attenuates neuroinflammation and induces conversion of M1 microglia to M2 in an EAE model of multiple sclerosis by regulating the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway and inhibiting HDAC3 and P2X7R activation. Food Funct 2023; 14:7247-7269. [PMID: 37466915 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo00122a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by demyelination and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system (CNS); severe symptoms lead MS patients to use complementary treatments. Ketogenic diet (KD) shows wide neuroprotective effects, but the precise mechanisms underlying the therapeutic activity of KD in MS are unclear. The present study established a continuous 24 days experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model with or without KD. The changes in motor function, pathological hallmarks of EAE, the status of microglia, neuroinflammatory response and intracellular signaling pathways in mice were detected by the rotarod test, histological analysis, real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and western blotting. Our results showed that KD could prevent motor deficiency, reduce clinical scores, inhibit demyelination, improve pathological lesions and suppress microglial activation in the spinal cord of EAE mice. Meanwhile, KD shifted microglial polarization toward the protective M2 phenotype and modified the inflammatory milieu by downregulating the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, as well as upregulating the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as TGF-β. Furthermore, KD decreased the expression levels of CCL2, CCR2, CCL3, CCR1, CCR5, CXCL10 and CXCR3 in the spinal cord and spleen with reduced monocyte/macrophage infiltration in the CNS. In addition, KD inhibits NLRP3 activation in the microglia, as revealed by the significantly decreased co-expression of NLRP3+ and Iba-1+ in the KD + EAE group. Further studies demonstrated that KD suppresses inflammatory response and M1 microglial polarization by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway, the JAK1/STAT1 pathway, HDAC3 and P2X7R activation, as well as up-regulation of JAK3/STAT6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China.
| | - Qingpeng Wang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China.
| | - Ruiyan Zhang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China.
| | - Ning Zhang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China.
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Askari VR, Baradaran Rahimi V, Shafiee-Nick R. Low Doses of β-Caryophyllene Reduced Clinical and Paraclinical Parameters of an Autoimmune Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis: Investigating the Role of CB 2 Receptors in Inflammation by Lymphocytes and Microglial. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1092. [PMID: 37509022 PMCID: PMC10377147 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13071092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a prevalent inflammatory disease in which the immune system plays an essential role in the damage, inflammation, and demyelination of central nervous system neurons (CNS). The cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) agonists possess anti-inflammatory effects against noxious stimuli and elevate the neuronal survival rate. We attempted to analyze the protective impact of low doses of β-Caryophyllene (BCP) in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice as a chronic MS model. Immunization of female C57BL/6 mice was achieved through two subcutaneous injections into different areas of the hind flank with an emulsion that consisted of myelin Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55 (150 µg) and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) (400 µg) with an equal volume. Two intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of pertussis toxin (300 ng) were performed on the animals on day zero (immunizations day) and 48 h (2nd day) after injection of MOG + CFA. The defensive effect of low doses of BCP (2.5 and 5 mg/kg/d) was investigated in the presence and absence of a CB2 receptor antagonist (1 mg/kg, AM630) in the EAE model. We also examined the pro/anti-inflammatory cytokine levels and the polarization of brain microglia and spleen lymphocytes in EAE animals. According to our findings, low doses of BCP offered protective impacts in the EAE mice treatment in a CB2 receptor-dependent way. In addition, according to results, BCP decreased the pathological and clinical defects in EAE mice via modulating adaptive (lymphocytes) and innate (microglia) immune systems from inflammatory phenotypes (M1/Th1/Th17) to anti-inflammatory (M2/Th2/Treg) phenotypes. Additionally, BCP elevated the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and reduced blood inflammatory cytokines. BCP almost targeted the systemic immune system more than the CNS immune system. Thus, a low dose of BCP can be suggested as a therapeutic effect on MS treatment with potent anti-inflammatory effects and possibly lower toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Reza Askari
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
| | - Vafa Baradaran Rahimi
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
| | - Reza Shafiee-Nick
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
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Paseban T, Alavi MS, Etemad L, Roohbakhsh A. The role of the ATP-Binding Cassette A1 (ABCA1) in neurological disorders: a mechanistic review. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:531-552. [PMID: 37428709 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2235718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cholesterol homeostasis is critical for normal brain function. It is tightly controlled by various biological elements. ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) is a membrane transporter that effluxes cholesterol from cells, particularly astrocytes, into the extracellular space. The recent studies pertaining to ABCA1's role in CNS disorders were included in this study. AREAS COVERED In this comprehensive literature review, preclinical and human studies showed that ABCA1 has a significant role in the following diseases or disorders: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, neuropathy, anxiety, depression, psychosis, epilepsy, stroke, and brain ischemia and trauma. EXPERT OPINION ABCA1 via modulating normal and aberrant brain functions such as apoptosis, phagocytosis, BBB leakage, neuroinflammation, amyloid β efflux, myelination, synaptogenesis, neurite outgrowth, and neurotransmission promotes beneficial effects in aforementioned diseases. ABCA1 is a key molecule in the CNS. By boosting its expression or function, some CNS disorders may be resolved. In preclinical studies, liver X receptor agonists have shown promise in treating CNS disorders via ABCA1 and apoE enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahere Paseban
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohaddeseh Sadat Alavi
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Etemad
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Roohbakhsh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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21
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Zhang X, Chen F, Sun M, Wu N, Liu B, Yi X, Ge R, Fan X. Microglia in the context of multiple sclerosis. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1157287. [PMID: 37360338 PMCID: PMC10287974 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1157287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease that commonly results in nontraumatic disability in young adults. The characteristic pathological hallmark of MS is damage to myelin, oligodendrocytes, and axons. Microglia provide continuous surveillance in the CNS microenvironment and initiate defensive mechanisms to protect CNS tissue. Additionally, microglia participate in neurogenesis, synaptic refinement, and myelin pruning through the expression and release of different signaling factors. Continuous activation of microglia has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders. We first review the lifetime of microglia, including the origin, differentiation, development, and function of microglia. We then discuss microglia participate in the whole processes of remyelination and demyelination, microglial phenotypes in MS, and the NF-κB/PI3K-AKT signaling pathway in microglia. The damage to regulatory signaling pathways may change the homeostasis of microglia, which would accelerate the progression of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Mingyue Sun
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Institute for Metabolic and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Xiangming Yi
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Ruli Ge
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Xueli Fan
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
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22
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Krämer J, Bar-Or A, Turner TJ, Wiendl H. Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors for multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 2023; 19:289-304. [PMID: 37055617 PMCID: PMC10100639 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00800-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Current therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS) reduce both relapses and relapse-associated worsening of disability, which is assumed to be mainly associated with transient infiltration of peripheral immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS). However, approved therapies are less effective at slowing disability accumulation in patients with MS, in part owing to their lack of relevant effects on CNS-compartmentalized inflammation, which has been proposed to drive disability. Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) is an intracellular signalling molecule involved in the regulation of maturation, survival, migration and activation of B cells and microglia. As CNS-compartmentalized B cells and microglia are considered central to the immunopathogenesis of progressive MS, treatment with CNS-penetrant BTK inhibitors might curtail disease progression by targeting immune cells on both sides of the blood-brain barrier. Five BTK inhibitors that differ in selectivity, strength of inhibition, binding mechanisms and ability to modulate immune cells within the CNS are currently under investigation in clinical trials as a treatment for MS. This Review describes the role of BTK in various immune cells implicated in MS, provides an overview of preclinical data on BTK inhibitors and discusses the (largely preliminary) data from clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Krämer
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Neurotherapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
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23
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Lee JI, Choi JH, Kwon TW, Jo HS, Kim DG, Ko SG, Song GJ, Cho IH. Neuroprotective effects of bornyl acetate on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via anti-inflammatory effects and maintaining blood-brain-barrier integrity. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 112:154569. [PMID: 36842217 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bornyl acetate (BA), a chemical component of essential oil in the Pinus family, has yet to be actively studies in terms of its therapeutic effect on numerous diseases, including autoimmune diseases. PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of BA on myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35-55)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice in an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), a representative autoimmune disease in central nervous system. METHODS BA (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg) was orally treated to EAE mice once daily for 30 days after immunization for the behavioral test and for the 16th-18th days for the histopathological and molecular analyses, from the onset stage (8th day) of EAE symptoms. RESULTS BA mitigated behavioral dysfunction (motor disability) and demyelination in the spinal cord that were associated with the down-regulation of representative pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha), enzymes (cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase), and chemokines (monocyte chemotactic protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha, and regulated on activation), and decreased infiltration of microglia (CD11b+/CD45+(low)) and macrophages (CD11b+/CD45+(high)). The anti-inflammatory effect of BA was related to the inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor-kappa B pathways. BA also reduced the recruitment/infiltration rates of CD4+ T, Th1, and Th17 cells into the spinal cords of EAE mice, which was related to reduced blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) disruption. CONCLUSION These findings strongly suggest that BA may alleviate EAE due to its anti-inflammatory and BSCB protective activities. This indicates that BA is a potential therapeutic agent for treating autoimmune demyelinating diseases including MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Il Lee
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hee Choi
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Woo Kwon
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Sung Jo
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Geun Kim
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 41068, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Ko
- Korean Medicine-based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyun Jee Song
- Department of Medical Science, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, Gangwon-do 25601, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Institute of Convergence Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Maurya SK, Gupta S, Mishra R. Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of microglia in maintenance of brain homeostasis and neurodegeneration. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 15:1072046. [PMID: 36698776 PMCID: PMC9870594 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1072046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging role of microglia in brain homeostasis, neurodegeneration, and neurodevelopmental disorders has attracted considerable interest. In addition, recent developments in microglial functions and associated pathways have shed new light on their fundamental role in the immunological surveillance of the brain. Understanding the interconnections between microglia, neurons, and non-neuronal cells have opened up additional avenues for research in this evolving field. Furthermore, the study of microglia at the transcriptional and epigenetic levels has enhanced our knowledge of these native brain immune cells. Moreover, exploring various facets of microglia biology will facilitate the early detection, treatment, and management of neurological disorders. Consequently, the present review aimed to provide comprehensive insight on microglia biology and its influence on brain development, homeostasis, management of disease, and highlights microglia as potential therapeutic targets in neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Kumar Maurya
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India,*Correspondence: Shashank Kumar Maurya, ;
| | - Suchi Gupta
- Tech Cell Innovations Private Limited, Centre for Medical Innovation and Entrepreneurship (CMIE), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajnikant Mishra
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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CNS Delivery of Nucleic Acid Therapeutics: Beyond the Blood-Brain Barrier and Towards Specific Cellular Targeting. Pharm Res 2023; 40:77-105. [PMID: 36380168 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03433-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based therapeutic molecules including small interfering RNA (siRNA), microRNA(miRNA), antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), messenger RNA (mRNA), and DNA-based gene therapy have tremendous potential for treating diseases in the central nervous system (CNS). However, achieving clinically meaningful delivery to the brain and particularly to target cells and sub-cellular compartments is typically very challenging. Mediating cell-specific delivery in the CNS would be a crucial advance that mitigates off-target effects and toxicities. In this review, we describe these challenges and provide contemporary evidence of advances in cellular and sub-cellular delivery using a variety of delivery mechanisms and alternative routes of administration, including the nose-to-brain approach. Strategies to achieve subcellular localization, endosomal escape, cytosolic bioavailability, and nuclear transfer are also discussed. Ultimately, there are still many challenges to translating these experimental strategies into effective and clinically viable approaches for treating patients.
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26
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Karimi-Abdolrezaee S, Ziaee S. Emerging role of neuregulin-1beta1 in pathogenesis and progression of multiple sclerosis. Neural Regen Res 2023. [PMID: 35799530 PMCID: PMC9241410 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.343900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Xie L, Zheng L, Chen W, Zhai X, Guo Y, Zhang Y, Li Y, Yu W, Lai Z, Zhu Z, Li P. Trends in perivascular macrophages research from 1997 to 2021: A bibliometric analysis. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 29:816-830. [PMID: 36514189 PMCID: PMC9928555 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Perivascular macrophages (PVMs) play pivotal roles in maintaining the physiological function of the brain. Dysfunction of PVMs is emerging as an important mechanism in various disease conditions in the brain. METHODS In this work, we analyzed recent research advances in PVMs, especially in the brain, from the Web of Science (WoS) core database using bibliometric analysis based on the search terms "perivascular macrophages" and "perivascular macrophage" on October 27, 2021. Visualization and collaboration analysis were performed by Citespace (5.8 R3 mac). RESULTS We found 2384 articles published between 1997 and 2021 in the field of PVMs, which were selected for analysis. PVMs were involved in several physio-pathological fields, in which Neurosciences and Neurology, Neuroscience, Immunology, Pathology, and Cardiovascular System and Cardiology were most reported. The research focuses on PVMs mainly in the central nervous system (CNS), inflammation, macrophage or T-cell, and disease, and highlights the related basic research regarding its activation, oxidative stress, angiotensin II, and insulin resistance. Tumor-associated macrophage, obesity, myeloid cell, and inflammation were relatively recent highlight keywords that attracted increasing attention in recent years. Harvard Univ, Vrije Univ Amsterdam, occupied important positions in the research field of PVMs. Meanwhile, PVM research in China (Peking Univ, Sun Yat Sen Univ, Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, and Shandong Univ) is on the rise. Cluster co-citation analysis revealed that the mechanisms of CNS PVMs and related brain diseases are major specialties associated with PVMs, while PVMs in perivascular adipose tissue and vascular diseases or obesity are another big category of PVMs hotspots. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the research on PVMs continues to deepen, and the hotspots are constantly changing. Future studies of PVMs could have multiple disciplines intersecting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lv Xie
- Department of AnesthesiologyClinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of AnesthesiologyClinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Weijie Chen
- Department of AnesthesiologyClinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaozhu Zhai
- Department of AnesthesiologyClinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yunlu Guo
- Department of AnesthesiologyClinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yueman Zhang
- Department of AnesthesiologyClinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yan Li
- Department of AnesthesiologyClinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Weifeng Yu
- Department of AnesthesiologyClinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Zhongmeng Lai
- Department of AnesthesiologyFujian Medical University Union HospitalFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Ziyu Zhu
- Department of AnesthesiologyClinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Peiying Li
- Department of AnesthesiologyClinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
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Fournier AP, Tastet O, Charabati M, Hoornaert C, Bourbonnière L, Klement W, Larouche S, Tea F, Wang YC, Larochelle C, Arbour N, Ragoussis J, Zandee S, Prat A. Single-Cell Transcriptomics Identifies Brain Endothelium Inflammatory Networks in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2022; 10:10/1/e200046. [PMID: 36446612 PMCID: PMC9709715 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disease characterized by infiltration of immune cells in multifocal areas of the CNS. The specific molecular processes allowing autoreactive immune cells to enter the CNS compartment through the blood-brain barrier remain elusive. METHODS Using endothelial cell (EC) enrichment and single-cell RNA sequencing, we characterized the cells implicated in the neuroinflammatory processes in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of MS. Validations on human MS brain sections of the most differentially expressed genes in venous ECs were performed using immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. RESULTS We found an upregulation of genes associated with antigen presentation and interferon in most populations of CNS-resident cells, including ECs. Interestingly, instead of transcriptionally distinct profiles, a continuous gradient of gene expression separated the arteriovenous zonation of the brain vasculature. However, differential gene expression analysis presented more transcriptomic alterations on the venous side of the axis, suggesting a prominent role of venous ECs in neuroinflammation. Furthermore, analysis of ligand-receptor interactions identified important potential molecular communications between venous ECs and infiltrated immune populations. To confirm the relevance of our observation in the context of human disease, we validated the protein expression of the most upregulated genes (Ackr1 and Lcn2) in MS lesions. DISCUSSION In this study, we provide a landscape of the cellular heterogeneity associated with neuroinflammation. We also present important molecular insights for further exploration of specific cell processes that promote infiltration of immune cells inside the brain of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Philippe Fournier
- From the Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory (A.P.F., O.T., M.C., C.H., L.B., W.K., S.L., F.T., C.L., N.A., S.Z., A.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM); Department of Neurosciences (A.P.F., C.L., N.A., S.Z., A.P.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal; Multiple Sclerosis Clinic (C.L., A.P.), Division of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM); Department of Human Genetics (J.R.), McGill University, Montréal; and McGill Genome Centre (Y.C.W., J.R.), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Olivier Tastet
- From the Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory (A.P.F., O.T., M.C., C.H., L.B., W.K., S.L., F.T., C.L., N.A., S.Z., A.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM); Department of Neurosciences (A.P.F., C.L., N.A., S.Z., A.P.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal; Multiple Sclerosis Clinic (C.L., A.P.), Division of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM); Department of Human Genetics (J.R.), McGill University, Montréal; and McGill Genome Centre (Y.C.W., J.R.), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc Charabati
- From the Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory (A.P.F., O.T., M.C., C.H., L.B., W.K., S.L., F.T., C.L., N.A., S.Z., A.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM); Department of Neurosciences (A.P.F., C.L., N.A., S.Z., A.P.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal; Multiple Sclerosis Clinic (C.L., A.P.), Division of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM); Department of Human Genetics (J.R.), McGill University, Montréal; and McGill Genome Centre (Y.C.W., J.R.), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Chloé Hoornaert
- From the Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory (A.P.F., O.T., M.C., C.H., L.B., W.K., S.L., F.T., C.L., N.A., S.Z., A.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM); Department of Neurosciences (A.P.F., C.L., N.A., S.Z., A.P.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal; Multiple Sclerosis Clinic (C.L., A.P.), Division of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM); Department of Human Genetics (J.R.), McGill University, Montréal; and McGill Genome Centre (Y.C.W., J.R.), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Lyne Bourbonnière
- From the Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory (A.P.F., O.T., M.C., C.H., L.B., W.K., S.L., F.T., C.L., N.A., S.Z., A.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM); Department of Neurosciences (A.P.F., C.L., N.A., S.Z., A.P.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal; Multiple Sclerosis Clinic (C.L., A.P.), Division of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM); Department of Human Genetics (J.R.), McGill University, Montréal; and McGill Genome Centre (Y.C.W., J.R.), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Wendy Klement
- From the Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory (A.P.F., O.T., M.C., C.H., L.B., W.K., S.L., F.T., C.L., N.A., S.Z., A.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM); Department of Neurosciences (A.P.F., C.L., N.A., S.Z., A.P.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal; Multiple Sclerosis Clinic (C.L., A.P.), Division of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM); Department of Human Genetics (J.R.), McGill University, Montréal; and McGill Genome Centre (Y.C.W., J.R.), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sandra Larouche
- From the Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory (A.P.F., O.T., M.C., C.H., L.B., W.K., S.L., F.T., C.L., N.A., S.Z., A.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM); Department of Neurosciences (A.P.F., C.L., N.A., S.Z., A.P.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal; Multiple Sclerosis Clinic (C.L., A.P.), Division of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM); Department of Human Genetics (J.R.), McGill University, Montréal; and McGill Genome Centre (Y.C.W., J.R.), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Fiona Tea
- From the Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory (A.P.F., O.T., M.C., C.H., L.B., W.K., S.L., F.T., C.L., N.A., S.Z., A.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM); Department of Neurosciences (A.P.F., C.L., N.A., S.Z., A.P.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal; Multiple Sclerosis Clinic (C.L., A.P.), Division of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM); Department of Human Genetics (J.R.), McGill University, Montréal; and McGill Genome Centre (Y.C.W., J.R.), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yu Chang Wang
- From the Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory (A.P.F., O.T., M.C., C.H., L.B., W.K., S.L., F.T., C.L., N.A., S.Z., A.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM); Department of Neurosciences (A.P.F., C.L., N.A., S.Z., A.P.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal; Multiple Sclerosis Clinic (C.L., A.P.), Division of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM); Department of Human Genetics (J.R.), McGill University, Montréal; and McGill Genome Centre (Y.C.W., J.R.), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Catherine Larochelle
- From the Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory (A.P.F., O.T., M.C., C.H., L.B., W.K., S.L., F.T., C.L., N.A., S.Z., A.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM); Department of Neurosciences (A.P.F., C.L., N.A., S.Z., A.P.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal; Multiple Sclerosis Clinic (C.L., A.P.), Division of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM); Department of Human Genetics (J.R.), McGill University, Montréal; and McGill Genome Centre (Y.C.W., J.R.), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Arbour
- From the Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory (A.P.F., O.T., M.C., C.H., L.B., W.K., S.L., F.T., C.L., N.A., S.Z., A.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM); Department of Neurosciences (A.P.F., C.L., N.A., S.Z., A.P.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal; Multiple Sclerosis Clinic (C.L., A.P.), Division of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM); Department of Human Genetics (J.R.), McGill University, Montréal; and McGill Genome Centre (Y.C.W., J.R.), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jiannis Ragoussis
- From the Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory (A.P.F., O.T., M.C., C.H., L.B., W.K., S.L., F.T., C.L., N.A., S.Z., A.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM); Department of Neurosciences (A.P.F., C.L., N.A., S.Z., A.P.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal; Multiple Sclerosis Clinic (C.L., A.P.), Division of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM); Department of Human Genetics (J.R.), McGill University, Montréal; and McGill Genome Centre (Y.C.W., J.R.), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Stephanie Zandee
- From the Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory (A.P.F., O.T., M.C., C.H., L.B., W.K., S.L., F.T., C.L., N.A., S.Z., A.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM); Department of Neurosciences (A.P.F., C.L., N.A., S.Z., A.P.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal; Multiple Sclerosis Clinic (C.L., A.P.), Division of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM); Department of Human Genetics (J.R.), McGill University, Montréal; and McGill Genome Centre (Y.C.W., J.R.), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- From the Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory (A.P.F., O.T., M.C., C.H., L.B., W.K., S.L., F.T., C.L., N.A., S.Z., A.P.), Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM); Department of Neurosciences (A.P.F., C.L., N.A., S.Z., A.P.), Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal; Multiple Sclerosis Clinic (C.L., A.P.), Division of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM); Department of Human Genetics (J.R.), McGill University, Montréal; and McGill Genome Centre (Y.C.W., J.R.), Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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29
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Li L, Deng S, Liu M, Yang M, Li J, Liu T, Zhang T, Zhao Y, He M, Wu D, Xu Y. Novel recombinant protein flagellin A N/C attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by suppressing the ROS/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:956402. [PMID: 36452219 PMCID: PMC9702353 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.956402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by demyelination and neurodegeneration, for which traditional treatment offers limited relief. Microglial/macrophage modulation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of MS. Oxygen free radical accumulation can induce axonal and nerve cell damage, and further promote MS development. We created a new recombinant protein based on flagellin from Legionella pneumophila named flagellin A with linked C- and N-terminal ends (FLaAN/C), which is an independent intellectual property of our team. We previously showed that FLaAN/C might mitigate radiation-induced damage by inhibiting inflammatory responses and oxidative stress. However, whether FLaAN/C protects against MS remains unknown. Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of FLaAN/C on mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide 35-55 (MOG35-55). The mice were injected intraperitoneally with FLaAN/C after the onset of clinical symptoms, then clinical behavior scores and changes in body weight were recorded daily. The spinal lumbar spine in model mice was enlarged and accompanied by inflammatory cell infiltration and demyelination that were reversed by FLaAN/C. FLaAN/C also induced microglia/macrophages to generate less pro-inflammatory (CD86, iNOS, and TNF-α), and more anti-inflammatory (CD206, IL-10, and Arginase-1) cytokines. These findings suggesting that FLaAN/C promoted microglial/macrophages polarization from the inflammatory M1 to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. Moreover, FLaAN/C inhibited release of the inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-8, IL-6, IL-17, and IFN-γ. These results indicated that the anti-inflammatory effect of FLaAN/C was associated with the inhibited generation of reactive oxygen species. FLaAN/C downregulated the expression of phosphorylated NF-κB-p65 and prevented downstream NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis. Collectively, these results indicated that FLaAN/C prevents pyroptosis by inhibiting the ROS/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway, and promotes the microglial/macrophage M1/M2 polarization that significantly alleviated inflammation in mouse models of EAE. Our findings suggested that FLaAN/C could be a promising candidate for MS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Shihua Deng
- Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingquan Liu
- Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Yang
- Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Li
- Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Teng Liu
- Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yangyang Zhao
- Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Miao He
- Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongming Wu
- Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
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30
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Hammel G, Zivkovic S, Ayazi M, Ren Y. Consequences and mechanisms of myelin debris uptake and processing by cells in the central nervous system. Cell Immunol 2022; 380:104591. [PMID: 36030093 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) disorders and trauma involving changes to the neuronal myelin sheath have long been a topic of great interest. One common pathological change in these diseases is the generation of myelin debris resulting from the breakdown of the myelin sheath. Myelin debris contains many inflammatory and neurotoxic factors that inhibit remyelination and make its clearance a prerequisite for healing in CNS disorders. Many professional and semiprofessional phagocytes participate in the clearance of myelin debris in the CNS. These cells use various mechanisms for the uptake of myelin debris, and each cell type produces its own unique set of pathologic consequences resulting from the debris uptake. Examining these cells' phagocytosis of myelin debris will contribute to a more complete understanding of CNS disease pathogenesis and help us conceptualize how the necessary clearance of myelin debris must be balanced with the detrimental consequences brought about by its clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Hammel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States.
| | - Sandra Zivkovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States.
| | - Maryam Ayazi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States.
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States.
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31
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Kitzler HH, Wahl H, Kuntke P, Deoni SCL, Ziemssen T, Linn J, Köhler C. Exploring in vivo lesion myelination dynamics: Longitudinal Myelin Water Imaging in early Multiple Sclerosis. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 36:103192. [PMID: 36162236 PMCID: PMC9668603 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple Sclerosis (MS) lesions are pathologically heterogeneous and the temporal behavior in terms of growth and myelination status of individual lesions is highly variable, especially in the early phase of the disease. Thus, monitoring the development of individual lesion myelination by using quantitative magnetic resonance myelin water imaging (MWI) could be valuable to capture the variability of disease pathology and get an individual insight into the subclinical disease activity. OBJECTIVE The goal of this work was (1) to observe the variation and longitudinal change of in vivo lesion myelination by means of MWI and its parameter Myelin Water Fraction (MWF), and, (2) to identify individual lesion myelination patterns in early MS. METHODS In this study n = 12 patients obtained conventional MRI and quantitative MWI derived from multi-component driven equilibrium single pulse observation of T1 and T2 (mcDESPOT) within four weeks after presenting a clinically isolated syndrome and remained within the study if clinically definitive MS was diagnosed within the 12 months study period. Four MRI sessions were acquired at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months. The short-term and long-term variability of MWF maps was evaluated by scan-rescan measures and the coefficient of variation was determined in four healthy controls. Tracking of individual lesions was performed using the Automatic Follow-up of Individual Lesions (AFIL) algorithm. Lesion volume and MWF were evaluated for every individual lesion in all patients. Median lesion MWF change was used to define lesion categories as decreasing, varying, increasing and invariant for MWF variation. RESULTS In total n = 386 T2 lesions were detected with a subset of n = 225 permanent lesions present at all four time-points. Among those, a heterogeneous lesion MWF reduction was found, with the majority of lesions bearing only mild MWF reduction, approximately a third with an intermediate MWF decrease and highest MWF reduction in acute-inflammatory active lesions. A moderate negative correlation was determined between individual lesion volumes and median MWF consistent across all time-points. Permanent lesions featured variable temporal dynamics with the majority of varying MWF (58 %), however decreasing (16 %), increasing (15 %) and invariant (11 %) subgroups could be identified resembling demyelinating activity and post-demyelinating inactivity known from histopathology studies. Inflammatory-active enhancing lesions showed a distinct pattern of MWF reduction followed by partial recovery after 3 months. This was similar in new enhancing lesions and those with a non-enhancing precursor lesion. CONCLUSION This work provides in vivo evidence for an individual evolution of early demyelinated MS lesions measured by means of MWF imaging. Our results support the hypothesis, that MS lesions undergo multiple demyelination and remyelination episodes in the early acute phase. The in vivo MRI surrogate of myelin turnover bears capacity as a novel biomarker to select and potentially monitor personalized MS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagen H Kitzler
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.
| | - Hannes Wahl
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Paul Kuntke
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Sean C L Deoni
- Department of Radiology, and Advanced Baby Imaging Lab, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Tjalf Ziemssen
- Center of Cinical Neuroscience, Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Jennifer Linn
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Caroline Köhler
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
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Zhou K, Han J, Wang Y, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Zhu C. The therapeutic potential of bone marrow-derived macrophages in neurological diseases. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:1942-1952. [PMID: 36066198 PMCID: PMC9627381 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating monocytes are precursors of both tissue macrophages and dendritic cells, and they can infiltrate the central nervous system (CNS) where they transform into bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). BMDMs play essential roles in various CNS diseases, thus modulating BMDMs might be a way to treat these disorders because there are currently no efficient therapeutic methods available for most of these neurological diseases. Moreover, BMDMs can serve as promising gene delivery vehicles following bone marrow transplantation for otherwise incurable genetic CNS diseases. Understanding the distinct roles that BMDMs play in CNS diseases and their potential as gene delivery vehicles may provide new insights and opportunities for using BMDMs as therapeutic targets or delivery vehicles. This review attempts to comprehensively summarize the neurological diseases that might be treated by modulating BMDMs or by delivering gene therapies via BMDMs after bone marrow transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhou
- Henan Neurodevelopment Engineering Research Center for ChildrenChildren's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Jinming Han
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yafeng Wang
- Henan Neurodevelopment Engineering Research Center for ChildrenChildren's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina,Department of Hematology and OncologyChildren's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan, Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's HospitalZhengzhouChina
| | - Yiran Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research CenterThe Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yaodong Zhang
- Henan Neurodevelopment Engineering Research Center for ChildrenChildren's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Changlian Zhu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research CenterThe Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina,Centre for Brain Repair and RehabilitationInstitute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
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33
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Errede M, Annese T, Petrosino V, Longo G, Girolamo F, de Trizio I, d'Amati A, Uccelli A, Kerlero de Rosbo N, Virgintino D. Microglia-derived CCL2 has a prime role in neocortex neuroinflammation. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:68. [PMID: 36042496 PMCID: PMC9429625 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00365-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), several areas of demyelination are detectable in mouse cerebral cortex, where neuroinflammation events are associated with scarce inflammatory infiltrates and blood–brain barrier (BBB) impairment. In this condition, the administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) controls neuroinflammation, attenuating astrogliosis and promoting the acquisition of stem cell traits by astrocytes. To contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of EAE in gray matter and in the reverting effects of MSC treatment, the neocortex of EAE-affected mice was investigated by analyzing the cellular source(s) of chemokine CCL2, a molecule involved in immune cell recruitment and BBB-microvessel leakage. Methods The study was carried out by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and dual RNAscope IHC/in situ hybridization methods, using astrocyte, NG2-glia, macrophage/microglia, and microglia elective markers combined with CCL2. Results The results showed that in EAE-affected mice, hypertrophic microglia are the primary source of CCL2, surround the cortex neurons and the damaged BBB microvessels. In EAE-affected mice treated with MSCs, microgliosis appeared diminished very soon (6 h) after treatment, an observation that was long-lasting (tested after 10 days). This was associated with a reduced CCL2 expression and with apparently preserved/restored BBB features. In conclusion, the hallmark of EAE in the mouse neocortex is a condition of microgliosis characterized by high levels of CCL2 expression. Conclusions This finding supports relevant pathogenetic and clinical aspects of the human disease, while the demonstrated early control of neuroinflammation and BBB permeability exerted by treatment with MSCs may have important therapeutic implications. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12987-022-00365-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Errede
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza Giulio Cesare, Policlinics, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Annese
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza Giulio Cesare, Policlinics, 70124, Bari, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, LUM University, Casamassima Bari, Italy
| | - Valentina Petrosino
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanna Longo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza Giulio Cesare, Policlinics, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Girolamo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza Giulio Cesare, Policlinics, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Ignazio de Trizio
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza Giulio Cesare, Policlinics, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio d'Amati
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza Giulio Cesare, Policlinics, 70124, Bari, Italy.,Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Pathology Section, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Uccelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicole Kerlero de Rosbo
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,TomaLab, Institute of Nanotechnology, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Virgintino
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza Giulio Cesare, Policlinics, 70124, Bari, Italy.
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Vogler M, Oleksy A, Schulze S, Fedorova M, Kojonazarov B, Nijjar S, Patel S, Jossi S, Sawmynaden K, Henry M, Brown R, Matthews D, Offermanns S, Worzfeld T. An antagonistic monoclonal anti-Plexin-B1 antibody exerts therapeutic effects in mouse models of postmenopausal osteoporosis and multiple sclerosis. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102265. [PMID: 35850304 PMCID: PMC9396414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis and multiple sclerosis are highly prevalent diseases with limited treatment options. In light of these unmet medical needs, novel therapeutic approaches are urgently sought. Previously, the activation of the transmembrane receptor Plexin-B1 by its ligand semaphorin 4D (Sema4D) has been shown to suppress bone formation and promote neuroinflammation in mice. However, it is unclear whether inhibition of this receptor–ligand interaction by an anti–Plexin-B1 antibody could represent a viable strategy against diseases related to these processes. Here, we raised and systematically characterized a monoclonal antibody directed against the extracellular domain of human Plexin-B1, which specifically blocks the binding of Sema4D to Plexin-B1. In vitro, we show that this antibody inhibits the suppressive effects of Sema4D on human osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. To test the therapeutic potential of the antibody in vivo, we generated a humanized mouse line, which expresses transgenic human Plexin-B1 instead of endogenous murine Plexin-B1. Employing these mice, we demonstrate that the anti–Plexin-B1 antibody exhibits beneficial effects in mouse models of postmenopausal osteoporosis and multiple sclerosis in vivo. In summary, our data identify an anti–Plexin-B1 antibody as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of osteoporosis and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Vogler
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany; LOEWE Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt 60596, Germany
| | - Arkadiusz Oleksy
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, SG1 2FX, UK
| | - Sabrina Schulze
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany; LOEWE Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt 60596, Germany
| | - Marina Fedorova
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, SG1 2FX, UK
| | - Baktybek Kojonazarov
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Medical Clinic II, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sharandip Nijjar
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, SG1 2FX, UK
| | - Seema Patel
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, SG1 2FX, UK
| | - Sian Jossi
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, SG1 2FX, UK
| | - Kovilen Sawmynaden
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, SG1 2FX, UK
| | - Maud Henry
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, SG1 2FX, UK
| | - Richard Brown
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, SG1 2FX, UK
| | - David Matthews
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, SG1 2FX, UK
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany; LOEWE Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt 60596, Germany; Medical Faculty, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
| | - Thomas Worzfeld
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany; LOEWE Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt 60596, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology, University of Marburg, Marburg 35043, Germany.
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35
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Neurodegeneration in Multiple Sclerosis: The Role of Nrf2-Dependent Pathways. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061146. [PMID: 35740042 PMCID: PMC9219619 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) encompasses a chronic, irreversible, and predominantly immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system that leads to axonal degeneration, neuronal death, and several neurological symptoms. Although various immune therapies have reduced relapse rates and the severity of symptoms in relapsing-remitting MS, there is still no cure for this devastating disease. In this brief review, we discuss the role of mitochondria dysfunction in the progression of MS, focused on the possible role of Nrf2 signaling in orchestrating the impairment of critical cellular and molecular aspects such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) management, under neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in MS. In this scenario, we propose a new potential downstream signaling of Nrf2 pathway, namely the opening of hemichannels and pannexons. These large-pore channels are known to modulate glial/neuronal function and ROS production as they are permeable to extracellular Ca2+ and release potentially harmful transmitters to the synaptic cleft. In this way, the Nrf2 dysfunction impairs not only the bioenergetics and metabolic properties of glial cells but also the proper antioxidant defense and energy supply that they provide to neurons.
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36
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Liu A, Manuel AM, Dai Y, Zhao Z. Prioritization of risk genes in multiple sclerosis by a refined Bayesian framework followed by tissue-specificity and cell type feature assessment. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:362. [PMID: 35545758 PMCID: PMC9092676 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08580-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system that affects over 2 million people worldwide, resulting in a heavy burden to families and entire communities. Understanding the genetic basis underlying MS could help decipher the pathogenesis and shed light on MS treatment. We refined a recently developed Bayesian framework, Integrative Risk Gene Selector (iRIGS), to prioritize risk genes associated with MS by integrating the summary statistics from the largest GWAS to date (n = 115,803), various genomic features, and gene-gene closeness. RESULTS We identified 163 MS-associated prioritized risk genes (MS-PRGenes) through the Bayesian framework. We replicated 35 MS-PRGenes through two-sample Mendelian randomization (2SMR) approach by integrating data from GWAS and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) of 19 tissues. We demonstrated that MS-PRGenes had more substantial deleterious effects and disease risk. Moreover, single-cell enrichment analysis indicated MS-PRGenes were more enriched in activated macrophages and microglia macrophages than non-activated ones in control samples. Biological and drug enrichment analyses highlighted inflammatory signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we predicted and validated a high-confidence MS risk gene set from diverse genomic, epigenomic, eQTL, single-cell, and drug data. The MS-PRGenes could further serve as a benchmark of MS GWAS risk genes for future validation or genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi Liu
- grid.267308.80000 0000 9206 2401Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030 USA ,grid.267308.80000 0000 9206 2401Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Astrid M. Manuel
- grid.267308.80000 0000 9206 2401Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Yulin Dai
- grid.267308.80000 0000 9206 2401Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- grid.267308.80000 0000 9206 2401Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030 USA ,grid.267308.80000 0000 9206 2401Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030 USA ,grid.267308.80000 0000 9206 2401Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030 USA
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Chen WF, Shih YH, Liu HC, Cheng CI, Chang CI, Chen CY, Lin IP, Lin MY, Lee CH. 6-methoxyflavone suppresses neuroinflammation in lipopolysaccharide- stimulated microglia through the inhibition of TLR4/MyD88/p38 MAPK/NF-κB dependent pathways and the activation of HO-1/NQO-1 signaling. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 99:154025. [PMID: 35272244 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia-related neuroinflammation is associated with a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. Flavonoids have demonstrated different pharmacological effects, such as antioxidation, neuroprotection and anti-inflammation However, the effect of flavonoid 6-methoxyflavone (6-MeOF) on microglia-mediated neuroinflammation remain unknown. PURPOSE The current study aim to study the antineuroinflammatory effects of 6-MeOF in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced microglia in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Pretreatment of BV2 microglia cells with 6-MeOF for 1 h then stimulated with LPS (100 ng/ml) for 24 h. The expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors, NO and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were performed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Griess assay and flow cytometry. Western blotting was used to assess MAPK, NF-κB signal transducer and antioxidant enzymes-related proteins. Analysis of ROS and microglial morphology was confirmed in the zebrafish and mice brain, respectively. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that 6-MeOF dose-dependently prevent cell death and decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglia cells. Phosphorylated NF-κB/IκB and TLR4/MyD88/p38 MAPK/JNK proteins after exposure to 6-MeOF was suppressed in LPS-activated BV-2 microglial cells. 6-MeOF also presented antioxidant activity by reduction of NO, ROS, iNOS and COX-2 and the induction of the level of HO-1 and NQO1 expressions in LPS-activated BV2 microglial cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that 6-MeOF inhibited LPS-induced NO generation in an experimental zebrafish model and prevent the LPS-induced microgliosis in the prefrontal cortex and substantia nigra of mice. CONCLUSION These results explored that 6-MeOF possesses potential as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant agents against microglia-associated neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Fu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123 Dapi Road, Niaosong District, Kaohsiung, 83300, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70 Lianhai Road, Gushan District, Kaohsiung City, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Hsiang Shih
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, 100, Tzyou 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung, 80756, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Chih Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Chi Mei medical center, Liouying, Tainan, 73659, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-I Cheng
- Department of Medical Imaging, Sin-Lau Medical Foundation the Presbyterian Church, Tainan, 70142, Taiwan
| | - Chi-I Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan; Research Center for Active Natural Products Development, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yi Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, 83102, Taiwan
| | - In-Pin Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ying Lin
- Community Health Promotion Center, Kaohsiung Municipal Ci-Jin Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsing Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan; Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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38
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Engelhardt B, Comabella M, Chan A. Multiple sclerosis: Immunopathological heterogeneity and its implications. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:869-881. [PMID: 35476319 PMCID: PMC9324211 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
MS is the most common autoimmune demyelinating disease of the CNS. For the past decades, several immunomodulatory disease-modifying treatments with multiple presumed mechanisms of action have been developed, but MS remains an incurable disease. Whereas high efficacy, at least in early disease, corroborates underlying immunopathophysiology, there is profound heterogeneity in clinical presentation as well as immunophenotypes that may also vary over time. In addition, functional plasticity in the immune system as well as in the inflamed CNS further contributes to disease heterogeneity. In this review, we will highlight immune-pathophysiological and associated clinical heterogeneity that may have an implication for more precise immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Comabella
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrew Chan
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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39
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Jansen MI, Thomas Broome S, Castorina A. Exploring the Pro-Phagocytic and Anti-Inflammatory Functions of PACAP and VIP in Microglia: Implications for Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094788. [PMID: 35563181 PMCID: PMC9104531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuroinflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterised by the infiltration of peripheral immune cells, multifocal white-matter lesions, and neurodegeneration. In recent years, microglia have emerged as key contributors to MS pathology, acting as scavengers of toxic myelin/cell debris and modulating the inflammatory microenvironment to promote myelin repair. In this review, we explore the role of two neuropeptides, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), as important regulators of microglial functioning during demyelination, myelin phagocytosis, and remyelination, emphasising the potential of these neuropeptides as therapeutic targets for the treatment of MS.
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40
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Liu KE, Raymond MH, Ravichandran KS, Kucenas S. Clearing Your Mind: Mechanisms of Debris Clearance After Cell Death During Neural Development. Annu Rev Neurosci 2022; 45:177-198. [PMID: 35226828 PMCID: PMC10157384 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-110920-022431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopment and efferocytosis have fascinated scientists for decades. How an organism builds a nervous system that is precisely tuned for efficient behaviors and survival and how it simultaneously manages constant somatic cell turnover are complex questions that have resulted in distinct fields of study. Although neurodevelopment requires the overproduction of cells that are subsequently pruned back, very few studies marry these fields to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive nervous system development through the lens of cell clearance. In this review, we discuss these fields to highlight exciting areas of future synergy. We first review neurodevelopment from the perspective of overproduction and subsequent refinement and then discuss who clears this developmental debris and the mechanisms that control these events. We then end with how a more deliberate merger of neurodevelopment and efferocytosis could reframe our understanding of homeostasis and disease and discuss areas of future study. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Neuroscience, Volume 45 is July 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra E Liu
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; .,Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael H Raymond
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; .,Center for Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Kodi S Ravichandran
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; .,Center for Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research and the Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah Kucenas
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; .,Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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41
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Shen D, Liu K, Wang H, Wang H. Autophagy modulation in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 209:140-150. [PMID: 35641229 PMCID: PMC9390842 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), a white matter demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), is characterized by neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a commonly used animal model for investigating pathogenic mechanisms of MS, representing the destruction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the activation of T cells, and the infiltration of myeloid cells. An increasing number of studies have documented that autophagy plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of both MS and EAE. Autophagy maintains CNS homeostasis by degrading the damaged organelles and abnormal proteins. Furthermore, autophagy is involved in inflammatory responses by regulating the activation of immune cells and the secretion of inflammatory factors. However, the specific mechanisms of autophagy involved in MS and EAE are not completely understood. In this review, we will summarize the complex mechanisms of autophagy in MS and EAE, providing potential therapeutic approaches for the management of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Shen
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266000, Shan Dong Province, China
| | - Kang Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266000, Shan Dong Province, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266000, Shan Dong Province, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Correspondence: Haifeng Wang, Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shan Dong Province, China.
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42
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Chou YY, Chien JY, Ciou JW, Huang SP. The Protective Effects of n-Butylidenephthalide on Retinal Ganglion Cells during Ischemic Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042095. [PMID: 35216208 PMCID: PMC8877670 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinically, acute ischemic symptoms in the eyes are one of the main causes of vision loss, with the associated inflammatory response and oxidative stress being the key factors that cause injury. Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is the most common type of ischemic optic neuropathy (ION); however, there are still no effective or safe treatment options to date. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of n-butylidenephthalide (BP) treatment in an experimental NAION rodent model (rAION). BP (10 mg/kg) or PBS (control group) were administered on seven consecutive days in the rAION model. Rats were evaluated for visual function by flash visual evoked potentials (FVEPs) at 4 weeks after NAION induction. The retina and optic nerve were removed for histological examination after the rats were euthanized. The molecular machinery of BP treatment in the rAION model was analyzed using Western blotting. We discovered that BP effectively improves retinal ganglion cell survival rates by preventing apoptotic processes after AION induction and reducing the inflammatory response through which blood-borne macrophages infiltrate the optic nerve. In addition, BP significantly preserved the integrity of the myelin sheath in the rAION model, demonstrating that BP can prevent the development of demyelination. Our immunoblotting results revealed the molecular mechanism through which BP mitigates the neuroinflammatory response through inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Taken together, these results demonstrate that BP can be used as an exceptional neuroprotective agent for ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yau Chou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (Y.-Y.C.); (J.-W.C.)
| | - Jia-Ying Chien
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan;
| | - Jhih-Wei Ciou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (Y.-Y.C.); (J.-W.C.)
| | - Shun-Ping Huang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (Y.-Y.C.); (J.-W.C.)
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Taichung 472, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-8565-301 (ext. 2664)
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43
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Kamma E, Lasisi W, Libner C, Ng HS, Plemel JR. Central nervous system macrophages in progressive multiple sclerosis: relationship to neurodegeneration and therapeutics. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:45. [PMID: 35144628 PMCID: PMC8830034 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02408-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There are over 15 disease-modifying drugs that have been approved over the last 20 years for the treatment of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), but there are limited treatment options available for progressive MS. The development of new drugs for the treatment of progressive MS remains challenging as the pathophysiology of progressive MS is poorly understood. The progressive phase of MS is dominated by neurodegeneration and a heightened innate immune response with trapped immune cells behind a closed blood–brain barrier in the central nervous system. Here we review microglia and border-associated macrophages, which include perivascular, meningeal, and choroid plexus macrophages, during the progressive phase of MS. These cells are vital and are largely the basis to define lesion types in MS. We will review the evidence that reactive microglia and macrophages upregulate pro-inflammatory genes and downregulate homeostatic genes, that may promote neurodegeneration in progressive MS. We will also review the factors that regulate microglia and macrophage function during progressive MS, as well as potential toxic functions of these cells. Disease-modifying drugs that solely target microglia and macrophage in progressive MS are lacking. The recent treatment successes for progressive MS include include B-cell depletion therapies and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators. We will describe several therapies being evaluated as a potential treatment option for progressive MS, such as immunomodulatory therapies that can target myeloid cells or as a potential neuroprotective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Kamma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Wendy Lasisi
- Recovery and Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Saint John's, NL, Canada
| | - Cole Libner
- Department of Health Sciences and the Office of the Saskatchewan Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Research Chair, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Huah Shin Ng
- Division of Neurology and the Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jason R Plemel
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. .,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. .,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. .,University of Alberta, 5-64 Heritage Medical Research Centre, Edmonton, AB, T6G2S2, Canada.
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44
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Choi S, Hill D, Guo L, Nicholas R, Papadopoulos D, Cordeiro MF. Automated characterisation of microglia in ageing mice using image processing and supervised machine learning algorithms. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1806. [PMID: 35110632 PMCID: PMC8810899 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05815-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The resident macrophages of the central nervous system, microglia, are becoming increasingly implicated as active participants in neuropathology and ageing. Their diverse and changeable morphology is tightly linked with functions they perform, enabling assessment of their activity through image analysis. To better understand the contributions of microglia in health, senescence, and disease, it is necessary to measure morphology with both speed and reliability. A machine learning approach was developed to facilitate automatic classification of images of retinal microglial cells as one of five morphotypes, using a support vector machine (SVM). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for this SVM was between 0.99 and 1, indicating strong performance. The densities of the different microglial morphologies were automatically assessed (using the SVM) within wholemount retinal images. Retinas used in the study were sourced from 28 healthy C57/BL6 mice split over three age points (2, 6, and 28-months). The prevalence of 'activated' microglial morphology was significantly higher at 6- and 28-months compared to 2-months (p < .05 and p < .01 respectively), and 'rod' significantly higher at 6-months than 28-months (p < 0.01). The results of the present study propose a robust cell classification SVM, and further evidence of the dynamic role microglia play in ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Choi
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Daniel Hill
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Li Guo
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Richard Nicholas
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
- Population Data Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Dimitrios Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521, Athens, Greece
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, 2414, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Maria Francesca Cordeiro
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.
- Imperial College Ophthalmology Research Group, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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45
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Targeted drug delivery systems to control neuroinflammation in central nervous system disorders. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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46
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Groppa S, Gonzalez-Escamilla G, Eshaghi A, Meuth SG, Ciccarelli O. Linking immune-mediated damage to neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis: could network-based MRI help? Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab237. [PMID: 34729480 PMCID: PMC8557667 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory demyelination characterizes the initial stages of multiple sclerosis, while progressive axonal and neuronal loss are coexisting and significantly contribute to the long-term physical and cognitive impairment. There is an unmet need for a conceptual shift from a dualistic view of multiple sclerosis pathology, involving either inflammatory demyelination or neurodegeneration, to integrative dynamic models of brain reorganization, where, glia-neuron interactions, synaptic alterations and grey matter pathology are longitudinally envisaged at the whole-brain level. Functional and structural MRI can delineate network hallmarks for relapses, remissions or disease progression, which can be linked to the pathophysiology behind inflammatory attacks, repair and neurodegeneration. Here, we aim to unify recent findings of grey matter circuits dynamics in multiple sclerosis within the framework of molecular and pathophysiological hallmarks combined with disease-related network reorganization, while highlighting advances from animal models (in vivo and ex vivo) and human clinical data (imaging and histological). We propose that MRI-based brain networks characterization is essential for better delineating ongoing pathology and elaboration of particular mechanisms that may serve for accurate modelling and prediction of disease courses throughout disease stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiu Groppa
- Imaging and Neurostimulation, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Gabriel Gonzalez-Escamilla
- Imaging and Neurostimulation, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Arman Eshaghi
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Department of Computer Science, Centre for Medical Image Computing (CMIC), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Olga Ciccarelli
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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47
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Mdivi-1 Modulates Macrophage/Microglial Polarization in Mice with EAE via the Inhibition of the TLR2/4-GSK3β-NF-κB Inflammatory Signaling Axis. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:1-16. [PMID: 34618332 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02552-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage/microglial modulation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), which is an inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system. Dynamin-related protein 1 is a cytoplasmic molecule that regulates mitochondrial fission. It has been proven that mitochondrial fission inhibitor 1 (Mdivi-1), a small molecule inhibitor of Drp1, can relieve experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a preclinical animal model of MS. Whether macrophages/microglia are involved in the pathological process of Mdivi-1-treated EAE remains to be determined. Here, we studied the anti-inflammatory effect of Mdivi-1 on mice with oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide35-55 (MOG35-55)-induced EAE. We found that Drp1 phosphorylation at serine 616 in macrophages/microglia was decreased with Mdivi-1 treatment, which was accompanied by decreased antigen presentation capacity of the macrophages/microglia in the EAE mouse spinal cord. The Mdivi-1 treatment caused macrophage/microglia to produce low levels of proinflammatory molecules, such as CD16/32, iNOS, and TNF-α, and high levels of anti-inflammatory molecules, such as CD206, IL-10, and Arginase-1, suggesting that Mdivi-1 promoted the macrophage/microglia shift from the inflammatory M1 phenotype to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. Moreover, Mdivi-1 was able to downregulate the expression of TRL2, TRL4, GSK-3β, and phosphorylated NF-κB-p65 and prevent NF-κB-mediated IL-1β and IL-6 production. In conclusion, these results indicate that Mdivi-1 significantly alleviates inflammation in mice with EAE by promoting M2 polarization by inhibiting TLR2/4- and GSK3β-mediated NF-κB activation.
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48
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Sgroi S, Romeo E, Fruscia PD, Porceddu PF, Russo D, Realini N, Albanesi E, Bandiera T, Bertozzi F, Reggiani A. Inhibition of N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase reduces T cell infiltration in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Pharmacol Res 2021; 172:105816. [PMID: 34391933 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), in which myeloid cells sustain inflammation, take part in priming, differentiation, and reactivation of myelin-specific T cells, and cause direct myelin damage. N-Acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA) is a proinflammatory enzyme induced by phlogosis and overexpressed in macrophages and microglia of EAE mice. Targeting these cell populations by inhibiting NAAA may be a promising pharmacological strategy to modulate the inflammatory aspect of MS and manage disease progression. To address this goal, we used ARN16186, a small molecule specifically designed and synthesized as a pharmacological tool to inhibit NAAA. We assessed whether enzyme inhibition affected the severity of neurological symptoms and modulated immune cell infiltration into the central nervous system of EAE mice. We found that preventive chronic treatment with ARN16186 was efficacious in slowing disease progression and preserving locomotor activity in EAE mice. Furthermore, NAAA inhibition reduced the number of immune cells infiltrating the spinal cord and modulated the overactivation of NF-kB and STAT3 transcription factors, leading to less expansion of Th17 cells over the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Sgroi
- D3-Validation, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | - Elisa Romeo
- D3-Validation, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | - Paolo Di Fruscia
- D3-PharmaChemistry, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | | | - Debora Russo
- D3-PharmaChemistry, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | - Natalia Realini
- D3-Validation, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | - Ennio Albanesi
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Neurofacility, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | - Tiziano Bandiera
- D3-PharmaChemistry, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | - Fabio Bertozzi
- D3-PharmaChemistry, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | - Angelo Reggiani
- D3-Validation, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy.
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Tahmasebi F, Barati S, Kashani IR. Effect of CSF1R inhibitor on glial cells population and remyelination in the cuprizone model. Neuropeptides 2021; 89:102179. [PMID: 34274854 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2021.102179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a kind of autoimmune and demyelinating disease with pathological symptoms such as inflammation, myelin loss, astrocytosis, and microgliosis. The colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) is an essential factor for the microglial function, and PLX3397 (PLX) is its specific inhibitor. In this wstudy, we assessed the effect of different doses of PLX for microglial ablation on glial cell population and remyelination process. Sixty male C57BL/6 mice (8 weeks old) were divided into 6 groups. The animals were fed with 0.2% cuprizone diet for 12 weeks. For microglial ablation, PLX (290 mg/kg) was added to the animal food for 3, 7, 14 and 21 days. Glial cell population was measured using immunohistochemistry. The rate of remyelination was evaluated using electron microscopy and Luxol Fast Blue staining. The expression levels of all genes were assessed by qRT-PCR method. Data were analysed using GraphPad Prism and SPSS software. The results showed that the administration of different doses of PLX significantly reduced microglial cells (p ≤ .001). PLX administration also significantly increased oligodendrocytes population (p ≤ .001) and remyelination compared to the cuprizone mice, which was aligned with the results of LFB and TEM. Gene results showed that PLX treatment reduced CSF1R expression. According to the results, the administration of PLX for 21 days enhanced remyelination by increasing oligodendrocytes in the chronic demyelination model. These positive effects could be related to the reduction of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Tahmasebi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shirin Barati
- Department of Anatomy, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Iraj Ragerdi Kashani
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Yang G, Van Kaer L. Therapeutic Targeting of Immune Cell Autophagy in Multiple Sclerosis: Russian Roulette or Silver Bullet? Front Immunol 2021; 12:724108. [PMID: 34531871 PMCID: PMC8438236 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.724108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in which the immune system damages the protective insulation surrounding nerve fibers that project from neurons. The pathological hallmark of MS is multiple areas of myelin loss accompanied by inflammation within the CNS, resulting in loss of cognitive function that ultimately leads to paralysis. Recent studies in MS have focused on autophagy, a cellular self-eating process, as a potential target for MS treatment. Here, we review the contribution of immune cell autophagy to the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the prototypic animal model of MS. A better understanding of the role of autophagy in different immune cells to EAE might inform the development of novel therapeutic approaches in MS and other autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Yang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
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