1
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Xiang Y, Naik S, Zhao L, Shi J, Ke H. Emerging phosphodiesterase inhibitors for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:1404-1445. [PMID: 38279990 DOI: 10.1002/med.22017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) cause progressive loss of neuron structure and ultimately lead to neuronal cell death. Since the available drugs show only limited symptomatic relief, NDs are currently considered as incurable. This review will illustrate the principal roles of the signaling systems of cyclic adenosine and guanosine 3',5'-monophosphates (cAMP and cGMP) in the neuronal functions, and summarize expression/activity changes of the associated enzymes in the ND patients, including cyclases, protein kinases, and phosphodiesterases (PDEs). As the sole enzymes hydrolyzing cAMP and cGMP, PDEs are logical targets for modification of neurodegeneration. We will focus on PDE inhibitors and their potentials as disease-modifying therapeutics for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. For the overlapped but distinct contributions of cAMP and cGMP to NDs, we hypothesize that dual PDE inhibitors, which simultaneously regulate both cAMP and cGMP signaling pathways, may have complementary and synergistic effects on modifying neurodegeneration and thus represent a new direction on the discovery of ND drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Swapna Naik
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Liyun Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hengming Ke
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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2
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Ednacot EMQ, Nabhani A, Dinh DM, Morehouse BR. Pharmacological potential of cyclic nucleotide signaling in immunity. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 258:108653. [PMID: 38679204 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotides are important signaling molecules that play many critical physiological roles including controlling cell fate and development, regulation of metabolic processes, and responding to changes in the environment. Cyclic nucleotides are also pivotal regulators in immune signaling, orchestrating intricate processes that maintain homeostasis and defend against pathogenic threats. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the pharmacological potential of cyclic nucleotide signaling pathways within the realm of immunity. Beginning with an overview of the fundamental roles of cAMP and cGMP as ubiquitous second messengers, this review delves into the complexities of their involvement in immune responses. Special attention is given to the challenges associated with modulating these signaling pathways for therapeutic purposes, emphasizing the necessity for achieving cell-type specificity to avert unintended consequences. A major focus of the review is on the recent paradigm-shifting discoveries regarding specialized cyclic nucleotide signals in the innate immune system, notably the cGAS-STING pathway. The significance of cyclic dinucleotides, exemplified by 2'3'-cGAMP, in controlling immune responses against pathogens and cancer, is explored. The evolutionarily conserved nature of cyclic dinucleotides as antiviral agents, spanning across diverse organisms, underscores their potential as targets for innovative immunotherapies. Findings from the last several years have revealed a striking diversity of novel bacterial cyclic nucleotide second messengers which are involved in antiviral responses. Knowledge of the existence and precise identity of these molecules coupled with accurate descriptions of their associated immune defense pathways will be essential to the future development of novel antibacterial therapeutic strategies. The insights presented herein may help researchers navigate the evolving landscape of immunopharmacology as it pertains to cyclic nucleotides and point toward new avenues or lines of thinking about development of therapeutics against the pathways they regulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirene Marie Q Ednacot
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ali Nabhani
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - David M Dinh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Benjamin R Morehouse
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Center for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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3
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Mardjuki R, Wang S, Carozza J, Zirak B, Subramanyam V, Abhiraman G, Lyu X, Goodarzi H, Li L. Identification of the extracellular membrane protein ENPP3 as a major cGAMP hydrolase and innate immune checkpoint. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114209. [PMID: 38749434 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
2'3'-Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP (cGAMP) is a second messenger synthesized upon detection of cytosolic double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and passed between cells to facilitate downstream immune signaling. Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase I (ENPP1), an extracellular enzyme, was the only metazoan hydrolase known to regulate cGAMP levels to dampen anti-cancer immunity. Here, we uncover ENPP3 as the second and likely the only other metazoan cGAMP hydrolase under homeostatic conditions. ENPP3 has a tissue expression pattern distinct from ENPP1's and accounts for all cGAMP hydrolysis activity in ENPP1-deficient mice. Importantly, we also show that, as with ENPP1, selectively abolishing ENPP3's cGAMP hydrolysis activity results in diminished cancer growth and metastasis of certain tumor types in a stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-dependent manner. Both ENPP1 and ENPP3 are extracellular enzymes, suggesting the dominant role that extracellular cGAMP must play as a mediator of cell-cell innate immune communication. Our work demonstrates that ENPP1 and ENPP3 non-redundantly dampen extracellular cGAMP-STING signaling, pointing to ENPP3 as a target for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Mardjuki
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Arc Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Songnan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Arc Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | | | - Bahar Zirak
- Arc Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Biophysics & Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Baker Computational Health Science Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Vishvak Subramanyam
- Arc Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Biophysics & Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Baker Computational Health Science Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Gita Abhiraman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xuchao Lyu
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hani Goodarzi
- Arc Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Biophysics & Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Baker Computational Health Science Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lingyin Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Arc Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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4
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Giorgi M, Pellegrini M, Massimi M. Role of Phosphodiesterases in Biology and Pathology 2.0. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5339. [PMID: 38791377 PMCID: PMC11121124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are ubiquitous enzymes that hydrolyse cAMP and cGMP second messengers temporally, spatially, and integratedly according to their expression and compartmentalization inside the cell [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Giorgi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Manuela Pellegrini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, IBBC-CNR, Via E. Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo (RM), Italy
| | - Mara Massimi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
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5
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Li Q, Liao Q, Qi S, Huang H, He S, Lyu W, Liang J, Qin H, Cheng Z, Yu F, Dong X, Wang Z, Han L, Han Y. Opportunities and perspectives of small molecular phosphodiesterase inhibitors in neurodegenerative diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116386. [PMID: 38614063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase (PDE) is a superfamily of enzymes that are responsible for the hydrolysis of two second messengers: cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). PDE inhibition promotes the gene transcription by activating cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB), initiating gene transcription of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The procedure exerts neuroprotective profile, and motor and cognitive improving efficacy. From this point of view, PDE inhibition will provide a promising therapeutic strategy for treating neurodegenerative disorders. Herein, we summarized the PDE inhibitors that have entered the clinical trials or been discovered in recent five years. Well-designed clinical or preclinical investigations have confirmed the effectiveness of PDE inhibitors, such as decreasing Aβ oligomerization and tau phosphorylation, alleviating neuro-inflammation and oxidative stress, modulating neuronal plasticity and improving long-term cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Qinghong Liao
- Shandong Kangqiao Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Qingdao, 266033, Shandong, PR China
| | - Shulei Qi
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China
| | - Siyu He
- Guizhou Province Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Weiping Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Jinxin Liang
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China
| | - Huan Qin
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zimeng Cheng
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China
| | - Fan Yu
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xue Dong
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China
| | - Ziming Wang
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 256699, Shandong, PR China
| | - Lingfei Han
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yantao Han
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China.
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6
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Nongthombam PD, Haobam R. Targeting phosphodiesterase 4 as a potential therapy for Parkinson's disease: a review. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:510. [PMID: 38622307 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09484-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) have become a promising therapeutic target for various disorders. PDEs are a vast and diversified family of enzymes that degrade cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which have several biochemical and physiological functions. Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) is the most abundant PDE in the central nervous system (CNS) and is extensively expressed in the mammalian brain, where it catalyzes the hydrolysis of intracellular cAMP. An alteration in the balance of PDE4 and cAMP results in the dysregulation of different biological mechanisms involved in neurodegenerative diseases. By inhibiting PDE4 with drugs, the levels of cAMP inside the cells could be stabilized, which may improve the symptoms of mental and neurological disorders such as memory loss, depression, and Parkinson's disease (PD). Though numerous studies have shown that phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors (PDE4Is) are beneficial in PD, there are presently no approved PDE4I drugs for PD. This review presents an overview of PDE4Is and their effects on PD, their possible underlying mechanism in the restoration/protection of dopaminergic cell death, which holds promise for developing PDE4Is as a treatment strategy for PD. Methods on how these drugs could be effectively delivered to develop as a promising treatment for PD have been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reena Haobam
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal, 795003, India.
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7
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Padovan-Neto FE, Cerveira AJDO, da Silva A, Ribeiro DL. Beyond traditional pharmacology: evaluating phosphodiesterase inhibitors in autism spectrum disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024:10.1038/s41386-024-01860-z. [PMID: 38605185 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-024-01860-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando E Padovan-Neto
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Júlia de Oliveira Cerveira
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline da Silva
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Danilo Leandro Ribeiro
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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8
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Fu Q, Wang Y, Yan C, Xiang YK. Phosphodiesterase in heart and vessels: from physiology to diseases. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:765-834. [PMID: 37971403 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00015.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a superfamily of enzymes that hydrolyze cyclic nucleotides, including cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Both cyclic nucleotides are critical secondary messengers in the neurohormonal regulation in the cardiovascular system. PDEs precisely control spatiotemporal subcellular distribution of cyclic nucleotides in a cell- and tissue-specific manner, playing critical roles in physiological responses to hormone stimulation in the heart and vessels. Dysregulation of PDEs has been linked to the development of several cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension, aneurysm, atherosclerosis, arrhythmia, and heart failure. Targeting these enzymes has been proven effective in treating cardiovascular diseases and is an attractive and promising strategy for the development of new drugs. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the complex regulation of PDE isoforms in cardiovascular function, highlighting the divergent and even opposing roles of PDE isoforms in different pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chen Yan
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Yang K Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs Northern California Healthcare System, Mather, California, United States
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9
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Mansilla-Polo M, Gimeno E, Morgado-Carrasco D. Topical and Oral Roflumilast in Dermatology: A Narrative Review. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2024; 115:265-279. [PMID: 37709133 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral roflumilast is a phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor approved for the prevention of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic bronchitis. In dermatology, topical roflumilast is authorized by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of plaque psoriasis and mild to moderate seborrheic dermatitis. Several studies have described the off-label use of roflumilast in dermatology, including a randomized controlled trial showing its usefulness in the treatment of psoriasis; case reports and small series have also reported successful outcomes in hidradenitis suppurativa, recurrent oral aphthosis, nummular eczema, lichen planus, and Behçet disease. Roflumilast has a favorable safety profile, similar to that of apremilast, and it is considerably cheaper than new generation drugs and even some conventional immunosuppressants. We review the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of topical and oral roflumilast and discuss potential adverse effects and both approved and off-label uses in dermatology. Roflumilast is a promising agent to consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mansilla-Polo
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, España; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, España
| | - E Gimeno
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | - D Morgado-Carrasco
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, España; Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital de Figueres, Fundació Salut Empordà, Figueres, Girona, España.
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10
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Mansilla-Polo M, Gimeno E, Morgado-Carrasco D. [Translated aticle] Topical and Oral Roflumilast in Dermatology: A Narrative Review. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2024; 115:T265-T279. [PMID: 38224734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral roflumilast is a phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor approved for the prevention of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic bronchitis. In dermatology, topical roflumilast is authorized by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of plaque psoriasis and mild to moderate seborrheic dermatitis. Several studies have described the off-label use of roflumilast in dermatology, including a randomized controlled trial showing its usefulness in the treatment of psoriasis; case reports and small series have also reported successful outcomes in hidradenitis suppurativa, recurrent oral aphthosis, nummular eczema, lichen planus, and Behçet disease. Roflumilast has a favorable safety profile, similar to that of apremilast, and it is considerably cheaper than new generation drugs and even some conventional immunosuppressants. We review the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of topical and oral roflumilast and discuss potential adverse effects and both approved and off-label uses in dermatology. Roflumilast is a promising agent to consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mansilla-Polo
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - E Gimeno
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Morgado-Carrasco
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital de Figueres, Fundació Salut Empordà, Figueres, Girona, Spain.
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11
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Yeh CY, Cai HY, Kuo HH, Lin YY, He ZJ, Cheng HC, Yang CJ, Huang CYF, Chang YC. ALDOA coordinates PDE3A through the β-catenin/ID3 axis to stimulate cancer metastasis and M2 polarization in lung cancer with EGFR mutations. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 696:149489. [PMID: 38244313 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Lung cancer has a high incidence rate and requires more effective treatment strategies and drug options for clinical patients. EGFR is a common genetic alteration event in lung cancer that affects patient survival and drug strategy. Our study discovered aberrant aldolase A (ALDOA) expression and dysfunction in lung cancer patients with EGFR mutations. In addition to investigating relevant metabolic processes like glucose uptake, lactate production, and ATPase activity, we examined multi-omics profiles (transcriptomics, proteomics, and pull-down assays). It was observed that phosphodiesterase 3A (PDE3A) enzyme and ALDOA exhibit correlation, and furthermore, they impact M2 macrophage polarization through β-catenin and downstream ID3. In addition to demonstrating the aforementioned mechanism of action, our experiments discovered that the PDE3 inhibitor trequinsin has a substantial impact on lung cancer cell lines with EGFR mutants. The trequinsin medication was found to decrease the M2 macrophage polarization status and several cancer phenotypes, in addition to transduction. These findings have potential prognostic and therapeutic applications for clinical patients with EGFR mutation and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ying Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huei Yu Cai
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-His Kuo
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - You-Yu Lin
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zhao-Jing He
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chen Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jen Yang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ying F Huang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chan Chang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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12
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Mardjuki R, Wang S, Carozza JA, Abhiraman GC, Lyu X, Li L. Identification of extracellular membrane protein ENPP3 as a major cGAMP hydrolase, cementing cGAMP's role as an immunotransmitter. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.12.575449. [PMID: 38260585 PMCID: PMC10802559 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.12.575449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
cGAMP is a second messenger that is synthesized in the cytosol upon detection of cytosolic dsDNA and passed between cells to facilitate downstream immune signaling. ENPP1, an extracellular enzyme, was the only metazoan cGAMP hydrolase known to regulate cGAMP levels to dampen anti-cancer immunity. Here, we uncover ENPP3 as the second and only other metazoan cGAMP hydrolase under homeostatic conditions. ENPP3 has a tissue expression pattern distinct from that of ENPP1 and accounts for all remaining cGAMP hydrolysis activity in mice lacking ENPP1. Importantly, we also show that as with ENPP1, selectively abolishing ENPP3's cGAMP hydrolase activity results in diminished cancer growth and metastasis of certain tumor types. Both ENPP1 and ENPP3 are extracellular enzymes, suggesting the dominant role that extracellular cGAMP must play as a mediator of cell-cell innate immune communication. Our work clearly shows that ENPP1 and ENPP3 non-redundantly dampen extracellular cGAMP-STING signaling, pointing to ENPP3 as a new target for cancer immunotherapy.
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Puertas-Umbert L, Alonso J, Hove-Madsen L, Martínez-González J, Rodríguez C. PDE4 Phosphodiesterases in Cardiovascular Diseases: Key Pathophysiological Players and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17017. [PMID: 38069339 PMCID: PMC10707411 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a second messenger critically involved in the control of a myriad of processes with significant implications for vascular and cardiac cell function. The temporal and spatial compartmentalization of cAMP is governed by the activity of phosphodiesterases (PDEs), a superfamily of enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of cyclic nucleotides. Through the fine-tuning of cAMP signaling, PDE4 enzymes could play an important role in cardiac hypertrophy and arrhythmogenesis, while it decisively influences vascular homeostasis through the control of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration, differentiation and contraction, as well as regulating endothelial permeability, angiogenesis, monocyte/macrophage activation and cardiomyocyte function. This review summarizes the current knowledge and recent advances in understanding the contribution of the PDE4 subfamily to cardiovascular function and underscores the intricate challenges associated with targeting PDE4 enzymes as a therapeutic strategy for the management of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lídia Puertas-Umbert
- Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (L.P.-U.); (J.A.); (L.H.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Judith Alonso
- Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (L.P.-U.); (J.A.); (L.H.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leif Hove-Madsen
- Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (L.P.-U.); (J.A.); (L.H.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Martínez-González
- Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (L.P.-U.); (J.A.); (L.H.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodríguez
- Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (L.P.-U.); (J.A.); (L.H.-M.)
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Namiot ED, Smirnovová D, Sokolov AV, Chubarev VN, Tarasov VV, Schiöth HB. The international clinical trials registry platform (ICTRP): data integrity and the trends in clinical trials, diseases, and drugs. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1228148. [PMID: 37790806 PMCID: PMC10544909 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1228148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Clinical trials are the gold standard for testing new therapies. Databases like ClinicalTrials.gov provide access to trial information, mainly covering the US and Europe. In 2006, WHO introduced the global ICTRP, aggregating data from ClinicalTrials.gov and 17 other national registers, making it the largest clinical trial platform by June 2019. This study conducts a comprehensive global analysis of the ICTRP database and provides framework for large-scale data analysis, data preparation, curation, and filtering. Materials and methods: The trends in 689,793 records from the ICTRP database (covering trials registered from 1990 to 2020) were analyzed. Records were adjusted for duplicates and mapping of agents to drug classes was performed. Several databases, including DrugBank, MESH, and the NIH Drug Information Portal were used to investigate trends in agent classes. Results: Our novel approach unveiled that 0.5% of the trials we identified were hidden duplicates, primarily originating from the EUCTR database, which accounted for 82.9% of these duplicates. However, the overall number of hidden duplicates within the ICTRP seems to be decreasing. In total, 689 793 trials (478 345 interventional) were registered in the ICTRP between 1990 and 2020, surpassing the count of trials in ClinicalTrials.gov (362 500 trials by the end of 2020). We identified 4 865 unique agents in trials with DrugBank, whereas 2 633 agents were identified with NIH Drug Information Portal data. After the ClinicalTrials.gov, EUCTR had the most trials in the ICTRP, followed by CTRI, IRCT, CHiCTR, and ISRCTN. CHiCTR displayed a significant surge in trial registration around 2015, while CTRI experienced rapid growth starting in 2016. Conclusion: This study highlights both the strengths and weaknesses of using the ICTRP as a data source for analyzing trends in clinical trials, and emphasizes the value of utilizing multiple registries for a comprehensive analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia D. Namiot
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Diana Smirnovová
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aleksandr V. Sokolov
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Vadim V. Tarasov
- Advanced Molecular Technology, Limited Liable Company (LLC), Moscow, Russia
| | - Helgi B. Schiöth
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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15
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Nguyen HO, Tiberio L, Facchinetti F, Ripari G, Violi V, Villetti G, Salvi V, Bosisio D. Modulation of Human Dendritic Cell Functions by Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitors: Potential Relevance for the Treatment of Respiratory Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2254. [PMID: 37765223 PMCID: PMC10535230 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) are small-molecule drugs that, by increasing the intracellular levels of cAMP in immune cells, elicit a broad spectrum of anti-inflammatory effects. As such, PDE4 inhibitors are actively studied as therapeutic options in a variety of human diseases characterized by an underlying inflammatory pathogenesis. Dendritic cells (DCs) are checkpoints of the inflammatory and immune responses, being responsible for both activation and dampening depending on their activation status. This review shows evidence that PDE4 inhibitors modulate inflammatory DC activation by decreasing the secretion of inflammatory and Th1/Th17-polarizing cytokines, although preserving the expression of costimulatory molecules and the CD4+ T cell-activating potential. In addition, DCs activated in the presence of PDE4 inhibitors induce a preferential Th2 skewing of effector T cells, retain the secretion of Th2-attracting chemokines and increase the production of T cell regulatory mediators, such as IDO1, TSP-1, VEGF-A and Amphiregulin. Finally, PDE4 inhibitors selectively induce the expression of the surface molecule CD141/Thrombomodulin/BDCA-3. The result of such fine-tuning is immunomodulatory DCs that are distinct from those induced by classical anti-inflammatory drugs, such as corticosteroids. The possible implications for the treatment of respiratory disorders (such as COPD, asthma and COVID-19) by PDE4 inhibitors will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Oanh Nguyen
- ImmunoConcEpT, CNRS UMR 5164, University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France;
| | - Laura Tiberio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (L.T.); (G.R.); (V.V.)
| | - Fabrizio Facchinetti
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Translational Science, Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., 43122 Parma, Italy; (F.F.); (G.V.)
| | - Giulia Ripari
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (L.T.); (G.R.); (V.V.)
| | - Valentina Violi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (L.T.); (G.R.); (V.V.)
| | - Gino Villetti
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Translational Science, Corporate Pre-Clinical R&D, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., 43122 Parma, Italy; (F.F.); (G.V.)
| | - Valentina Salvi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (L.T.); (G.R.); (V.V.)
| | - Daniela Bosisio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (L.T.); (G.R.); (V.V.)
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16
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Camela E, Potestio L, Fabbrocini G, Pallotta S, Megna M. The holistic approach to psoriasis patients with comorbidities: the role of investigational drugs. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2023. [PMID: 37243611 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2219387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Psoriasis is a high-burden syndrome characterized by cutaneous and extracutaneous manifestations that profoundly reduce patients' quality of life. The presence of concomitant comorbidities often represents a limit to the most appropriate psoriasis treatment that will be overcome by the development of drugs effective for diseases with common pathogenetic pathways. AREAS COVERED The current review summarizes the latest findings on investigational drugs for psoriasis and their role on potentially concomitant diseases that share similar pathogenetic pathways. EXPERT OPINION The development of novel drugs that target key-molecules in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including psoriasis, will impact on the reduction of polypharmacy and drug interaction with increased patients' compliance to treatment, wellbeing and quality of life. Certainly, the efficacy and safety profile of each novel agent must be defined and evaluated in real-life, since the performance may vary according to comorbidities and their severity. Anyway, future is now, and research must continue in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Camela
- Dermatology Unit, Istituto Dermopatico Dell'Immacolata IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Potestio
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Fabbrocini
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sabatino Pallotta
- Dermatology Unit, Istituto Dermopatico Dell'Immacolata IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Megna
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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17
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Sadeghi MA, Nassireslami E, Yousefi Zoshk M, Hosseini Y, Abbasian K, Chamanara M. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors in psychiatric disorders. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:1201-1219. [PMID: 37060470 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06361-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Challenges in drug development for psychiatric disorders have left much room for the introduction of novel treatments with better therapeutic efficacies and indices. As a result, intense research has focused on identifying new targets for developing such pharmacotherapies. One of these targets may be the phosphodiesterase (PDE) class of enzymes, which play important roles in intracellular signaling. Due to their critical roles in cellular pathways, these enzymes affect diverse neurobiological functions from learning and memory formation to neuroinflammation. OBJECTIVES In this paper, we reviewed studies on the use of PDE inhibitors (PDEIs) in preclinical models and clinical trials of psychiatric disorders including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), bipolar disorder (BP), sexual dysfunction, and feeding disorders. RESULTS PDEIs are able to improve symptoms of psychiatric disorders in preclinical models through activating the cAMP-PKA-CREB and cGMP-PKG pathways, attenuating neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, and stimulating neural plasticity. The most promising therapeutic candidates to emerge from these preclinical studies are PDE2 and PDE4 inhibitors for depression and anxiety and PDE1 and PDE10 inhibitors for schizophrenia. Furthermore, PDE3 and 4 inhibitors have shown promising results in clinical trials in patients with depression and schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS Larger and better designed clinical studies of PDEIs in schizophrenia, depression, and anxiety are warranted to facilitate their translation into the clinic. Regarding the other conditions discussed in this review (most notably PTSD and BP), better characterization of the effects of PDEIs in preclinical models is required before clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Sadeghi
- Toxicology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Nassireslami
- Toxicology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Yousefi Zoshk
- Trauma Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pediatrics, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasaman Hosseini
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kourosh Abbasian
- Management and Health Economics Department, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Chamanara
- Toxicology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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18
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Treffers EE, Tas A, Scholte FEM, de Ru AH, Snijder EJ, van Veelen PA, van Hemert MJ. The alphavirus nonstructural protein 2 NTPase induces a host translational shut-off through phosphorylation of eEF2 via cAMP-PKA-eEF2K signaling. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011179. [PMID: 36848386 PMCID: PMC9997916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a reemerging alphavirus. Since 2005, it has infected millions of people during outbreaks in Africa, Asia, and South/Central America. CHIKV replication depends on host cell factors at many levels and is expected to have a profound effect on cellular physiology. To obtain more insight into host responses to infection, stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry were used to assess temporal changes in the cellular phosphoproteome during CHIKV infection. Among the ~3,000 unique phosphorylation sites analyzed, the largest change in phosphorylation status was measured on residue T56 of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2), which showed a >50-fold increase at 8 and 12 h p.i. Infection with other alphaviruses (Semliki Forest, Sindbis and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV)) triggered a similarly strong eEF2 phosphorylation. Expression of a truncated form of CHIKV or VEEV nsP2, containing only the N-terminal and NTPase/helicase domains (nsP2-NTD-Hel), sufficed to induce eEF2 phosphorylation, which could be prevented by mutating key residues in the Walker A and B motifs of the NTPase domain. Alphavirus infection or expression of nsP2-NTD-Hel resulted in decreased cellular ATP levels and increased cAMP levels. This did not occur when catalytically inactive NTPase mutants were expressed. The wild-type nsP2-NTD-Hel inhibited cellular translation independent of the C-terminal nsP2 domain, which was previously implicated in directing the virus-induced host shut-off for Old World alphaviruses. We hypothesize that the alphavirus NTPase activates a cellular adenylyl cyclase resulting in increased cAMP levels, thus activating PKA and subsequently eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase. This in turn triggers eEF2 phosphorylation and translational inhibition. We conclude that the nsP2-driven increase of cAMP levels contributes to the alphavirus-induced shut-off of cellular protein synthesis that is shared between Old and New World alphaviruses. MS Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD009381.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmely E. Treffers
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Center for Proteomics & Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ali Tas
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Florine E. M. Scholte
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arnoud H. de Ru
- Center for Proteomics & Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eric J. Snijder
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A. van Veelen
- Center for Proteomics & Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn J. van Hemert
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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