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Batterson PM, McGowan EM, Stierwalt HD, Ehrlicher SE, Newsom SA, Robinson MM. Two weeks of high-intensity interval training increases skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration via complex-specific remodeling in sedentary humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:339-355. [PMID: 36603044 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00467.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerobic training remodels the quantity and quality (function per unit) of skeletal muscle mitochondria to promote substrate oxidation, however, there remain key gaps in understanding the underlying mechanisms during initial training adaptations. We used short-term high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to determine changes to mitochondrial respiration and regulatory pathways that occur early in remodeling. Fifteen normal-weight sedentary adults started seven sessions of HIIT over 14 days and 14 participants completed the intervention. We collected vastus lateralis biopsies before and 48 h after HIIT to determine mitochondrial respiration, RNA sequencing, and Western blotting for proteins of mitochondrial respiration and degradation via autophagy. HIIT increased respiration per mitochondrial protein for lipid (+23% P = 0.020), complex I (+18%, P = 0.0015), complex I + II (+14%, P < 0.0001), and complex II (+24% P < 0.0001). Transcripts that increased with HIIT identified several gene sets of mitochondrial respiration, particularly for complex I, whereas transcripts that decreased identified pathways of DNA and chromatin remodeling. HIIT lowered protein abundance of autophagy markers for p62 (-19%, P = 0.012) and LC3 II/I (-20%, P = 0.004) in whole tissue lysates but not isolated mitochondria. Meal tolerance testing revealed HIIT increased the change in whole body respiratory exchange ratio and lowered cumulative plasma insulin concentrations. Gene transcripts and respiratory function indicate remodeling of mitochondria within 2 wk of HIIT. Overall changes are consistent with increased protein quality driving rapid improvements in substrate oxidation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Aerobic training stimulates mitochondrial metabolism in skeletal muscle that is linked to improvements to whole body fuel metabolism. The mechanisms driving changes to the quantity and quality (function per unit) of mitochondria are less known. We used seven sessions of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to determine functional changes and mechanisms of mitochondrial remodeling in skeletal muscle. HIIT increased mitochondrial respiration per mass for fatty acids, complex I, and complex II substrates. HIIT-induced remodeling pathways including gene transcripts for mitochondrial respiration (via RNA sequencing of muscle tissue) and proteins related to complex I respiration. We conclude that an early feature of aerobic training is increased mitochondrial protein quality via improved respiration and induction of mitochondrial transcriptional patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Batterson
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Erin M McGowan
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Harrison D Stierwalt
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Sarah E Ehrlicher
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Sean A Newsom
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Matthew M Robinson
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
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Thomas C, Delfour‐Peyrethon R, Lambert K, Granata C, Hobbs T, Hanon C, Bishop DJ. The effect of pre-exercise alkalosis on lactate/pH regulation and mitochondrial respiration following sprint-interval exercise in humans. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1073407. [PMID: 36776968 PMCID: PMC9911540 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1073407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of pre-exercise alkalosis, induced via ingestion of sodium bicarbonate, on changes to lactate/pH regulatory proteins and mitochondrial function induced by a sprint-interval exercise session in humans. Methods: On two occasions separated by 1 week, eight active men performed a 3 × 30-s all-out cycling test, interspersed with 20 min of recovery, following either placebo (PLA) or sodium bicarbonate (BIC) ingestion. Results: Blood bicarbonate and pH were elevated at all time points after ingestion in BIC vs PLA (p < 0.05). The protein content of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) and basigin (CD147), at 6 h and 24 h post-exercise, and sodium/hydrogen exchanger 1 (NHE1) 24 h post-exercise, were significantly greater in BIC compared to PLA (p < 0.05), whereas monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4), sodium/bicarbonate cotransporter (NBC), and carbonic anhydrase isoform II (CAII) content was unchanged. These increases in protein content in BIC vs. PLA after acute sprint-interval exercise may be associated with altered physiological responses to exercise, such as the higher blood pH and bicarbonate concentration values, and lower exercise-induced oxidative stress observed during recovery (p < 0.05). Additionally, mitochondrial respiration decreased after 24 h of recovery in the BIC condition only, with no changes in oxidative protein content in either condition. Conclusion: These data demonstrate that metabolic alkalosis induces post-exercise increases in several lactate/pH regulatory proteins, and reveal an unexpected role for acidosis in mitigating the loss of mitochondrial respiration caused by exercise in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Thomas
- LBEPS, Univ Evry, IRBA, University Paris Saclay, Evry, France,French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise, and Performance, Paris, France,*Correspondence: Claire Thomas,
| | - Rémi Delfour‐Peyrethon
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise, and Performance, Paris, France,Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Karen Lambert
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, Montpellier, France
| | - Cesare Granata
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise, and Performance, Paris, France,Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany,German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hobbs
- LBEPS, Univ Evry, IRBA, University Paris Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Christine Hanon
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise, and Performance, Paris, France,French Athletics Federation, Paris, France
| | - David J. Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Eken Ö, Kafkas ME. Effects of low and high intensity interval training exercises on VO 2max and components of neuromuscular and vascular system in male volunteers. JOURNAL OF MUSCULOSKELETAL & NEURONAL INTERACTIONS 2022; 22:352-363. [PMID: 36046991 PMCID: PMC9438513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of different intensity exercises on maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max and levels of components, namely brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrKB), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma coactivator (PGC-1α), and irisin. METHODS Thirty-six male participants were divided into control (CNT), low-intensity (LIIT), and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) groups. LIIT and HIIT groups consisted of 8 exercises (20 s work and rest in each repetition, respectively) conducted for 4 weeks. VO2max and protein component levels were determined pre- and post-training. VO2max capacity was also determined using the Yo Yo Intermittent Recovery Test-1 (Yo Yo IR-1). Statistical analysis was conducted to determine significance of the differences observed. RESULTS According to the YoYo IR-1, VO2max, serum BDNF, VEGF, PGC1α, irisin, and TrkB data obtained in the study, a statistically significant difference between the groups was observed (p<0.05). While the interaction effect was found to be statistically significant in the study using PGC1α, VEGF, and TrkB data (p<0.05), it was not found to be statistically significant using YoYo IR-1, VO2max, serum BDNF, or irisin data (p>0.05). CONCLUSION HIIT and LIIT improved all study parameters, while HIIT showed a greater effect than LIIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özgür Eken
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Teaching, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Inonu University, Turkey,Corresponding author: Özgür EKEN, PhD., Department of Physical Education and Sport Teaching, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Inonu University, 44280, Malatya, Turkey E-mail:
| | - Muhammed Emin Kafkas
- Department of Movement and Training Sciences, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Inonu University, Turkey
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Jassim AH, Fan Y, Pappenhagen N, Nsiah NY, Inman DM. Oxidative Stress and Hypoxia Modify Mitochondrial Homeostasis During Glaucoma. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:1341-1357. [PMID: 33736457 PMCID: PMC8817702 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Cellular response to hypoxia can include transition from respiration to glycolysis via upregulation of glycolytic enzymes and transporters, as well as mitophagy induction to eliminate surplus mitochondria. Our purpose was to evaluate the impact of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) stabilization on mitochondrial homeostasis and oxidative stress in a chronic model of glaucoma. Results: Retina and optic nerve (ON) were evaluated from young and aged DBA/2J (D2) glaucoma model mice and the control strain, the DBA/2-Gpnmb+. Hypoxic retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were observed in young and aged D2 retina, with a significant increase in HIF-1α protein in the aged D2 retina. Reactive oxygen species observed in young D2 retina and ON were followed by significant decreases in antioxidant capacity in aged D2 retina and ON. HIF-1α targets such as neuron-specific glucose transporter-3 and lactate dehydrogenase were decreased or unchanged, respectively, in aged D2 retina despite an increased hypoxia response in RGCs. Mitochondrial mass was decreased in aged D2 retina concomitant with decreased mitochondrially encoded electron transport chain transcripts despite a stable nuclear-encoded TFAM (mitochondrial transcription factor), suggesting a breakdown in the nuclear-mitochondrial communication. Decreased mitophagy-associated proteins p62 and Rheb were observed in aged D2 retina, although p62 was significantly increased in the aged D2 ON. Innovation and Conclusion: The increased reactive oxygen species concomitant with HIF-1α upregulation despite reduced glucose transporters, mis-match of nuclear- and mitochondrial-encoded transcripts, and signs of reduced mitophagy suggest that retinas from D2 mice with chronic intraocular pressure elevation transition to pseudohypoxia without consistent metabolic reprogramming before significant RGC loss. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 1341-1357.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assraa Hassan Jassim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Yan Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Nathaniel Pappenhagen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
- Kent State University School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Nana Yaa Nsiah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Denise M. Inman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Denise M. Inman, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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Alvarez Villela M, Chinnadurai T, Salkey K, Furlani A, Yanamandala M, Vukelic S, Sims DB, Shin JJ, Saeed O, Jorde UP, Patel SR. Feasibility of high-intensity interval training in patients with left ventricular assist devices: a pilot study. ESC Heart Fail 2020; 8:498-507. [PMID: 33205573 PMCID: PMC7835573 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.13106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Patients with left ventricular assist device (LVAD) suffer from persistent exercise limitation despite improvement of their heart failure syndrome. Exercise training (ET) programmes to improve aerobic capacity have shown modest efficacy. High‐intensity interval training (HIIT), as an alternative to moderate continuous training, has not been systematically tested in this population. We examine the feasibility of a short, personalized HIIT programme in patients with LVAD and describe its effects on aerobic capacity and left ventricular remodelling. Methods and results Patients on durable LVAD support were prospectively enrolled in a 15‐session, 5 week HIIT programme. Turndown echocardiogram, Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire, and cardiopulmonary exercise test were performed before and after HIIT. Training workloads for each subject were based on pretraining peak cardiopulmonary exercise test work rate (W). Percentage of prescribed training workload completed and adverse events were recorded for each subject. Fifteen subjects were enrolled [10 men, age = 51 (29–71) years, HeartMate II = 12, HeartMate 3 = 3, and time on LVAD = 18 (3–64) months]. Twelve completed post‐training testing. HIIT was well tolerated, and 90% (inter‐quartile range: 78, 99%) of the prescribed workload (W) was completed with no major adverse events. Improvements were seen in aV̇O2 at ventilatory threshold [7.1 (6.5, 9.1) to 8.5 (7.7, 9.3) mL/kg/min, P = 0.04], work rate at ventilatory threshold [44 (14, 54) to 55 (21, 66) W, P = 0.05], and left ventricular end‐diastolic volume [168 (144, 216) to 159 (124, 212) mL, n = 7, P = 0.02]. HIIT had no effect on maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2peak) or Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire score. Conclusions Cardiopulmonary exercise test‐guided HIIT is feasible and can improve submaximal aerobic capacity in stable patients with chronic LVAD support. Further studies are needed on its effects on the myocardium and its potential role in cardiac rehabilitation programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Alvarez Villela
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care, New York, NY, USA.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thiru Chinnadurai
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kalil Salkey
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Furlani
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mounica Yanamandala
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sasha Vukelic
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel B Sims
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jooyoung J Shin
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care, New York, NY, USA
| | - Omar Saeed
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ulrich P Jorde
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care, New York, NY, USA
| | - Snehal R Patel
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Einstein Center for Heart and Vascular Care, New York, NY, USA
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MitoQ and CoQ10 supplementation mildly suppresses skeletal muscle mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide levels without impacting mitochondrial function in middle-aged men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1657-1669. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04396-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Ramos JS, Dalleck LC, Keith CE, Fennell M, Lee Z, Drummond C, Keating SE, Fassett RG, Coombes JS. Optimizing the Interaction of Exercise Volume and Metformin to Induce a Clinically Significant Reduction in Metabolic Syndrome Severity: A Randomised Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17103695. [PMID: 32456272 PMCID: PMC7277162 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a central mediating factor of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), with exercise training and metformin proven antidotes to insulin resistance. However, when the two therapies are combined there is conflicting data regarding whether metformin blunts or improves exercise training-induced adaptations. The volume of exercise (duration, intensity, and frequency) on the interaction of exercise training and metformin has yet to be investigated. The aim of this study is therefore to explore the impact of a combination of different exercise volumes and metformin on MetS severity. This is a secondary analysis of data from one of the sites of the ‘Exercise in Prevention of Metabolic Syndrome’ (EX-MET) study. Ninety-nine adults with MetS were randomized into a 16-week exercise program completing either: (i) moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) at 60–70% of peak heart rate (HRpeak) for 30 min/session (n = 34, 150 min/week); (ii) high-volume high-intensity interval training (HIIT) consisting of 4 × 4 min bouts at 85–95% HRpeak, interspersed with 3 min of active recovery at 50–70% HRpeak (n = 34, 38 min/session, 114 min/week); or (iii) low volume HIIT, 1 × 4 min bout of HIIT at 85–95% HRpeak (n = 31, 17 min/session, 51 min/week). Metformin intake was monitored and recorded throughout the trial. MetS severity was calculated as z-scores derived from MetS risk factors assessed at pre- and post-intervention. Sixty-five participants had complete pre- and post-intervention data for MetS z-score, of which 18 participants (28%) were taking metformin. Over the 16-week intervention, a similar proportion of participants clinically improved MetS severity (Δ ≥ −0.87) with metformin (8/18, 44%) or without metformin (23/47, 49%) (p = 0.75). While there were no between-group differences (p = 0.24), in those who did not take metformin low-volume HIIT had more likely responders (10/15, 67%) compared to MICT (6/16, 38%) and high-volume HIIT (7/16, 44%). In those taking metformin, there was a lower proportion of participants who clinically improved MetS severity following high-volume HIIT (1/6, 17%) compared to MICT (2/4, 50%) and low-volume HIIT (5/8, 63%), but with no between-group difference (p = 0.23). Moreover, in those who performed high-volume HIIT, there was a statistically significantly higher proportion (p = 0.03) of likely non-responders with improved MetS severity in participants taking metformin (4/6, 67%) compared to those not taking metformin (3/16, 19%). In individuals with MetS, the effect of high volume HIIT on MetS severity may be blunted in those taking metformin. These findings need to be confirmed in a larger study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce S. Ramos
- Caring Futures Institute & SHAPE Research Centre, Exercise Science and Clinical Exercise Physiology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Room S268, South Wing, Sturt Building, Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, South Australia, Australia; (L.C.D.); (C.E.K.); (M.F.); (Z.L.); (C.D.)
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia; (S.E.K.); (R.G.F.); (J.S.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-435-942-505
| | - Lance C. Dalleck
- Caring Futures Institute & SHAPE Research Centre, Exercise Science and Clinical Exercise Physiology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Room S268, South Wing, Sturt Building, Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, South Australia, Australia; (L.C.D.); (C.E.K.); (M.F.); (Z.L.); (C.D.)
- Recreation, Exercise, and Sport Science Department, Western Colorado University, Gunnison, CO 81231, USA
| | - Caitlin E. Keith
- Caring Futures Institute & SHAPE Research Centre, Exercise Science and Clinical Exercise Physiology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Room S268, South Wing, Sturt Building, Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, South Australia, Australia; (L.C.D.); (C.E.K.); (M.F.); (Z.L.); (C.D.)
| | - Mackenzie Fennell
- Caring Futures Institute & SHAPE Research Centre, Exercise Science and Clinical Exercise Physiology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Room S268, South Wing, Sturt Building, Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, South Australia, Australia; (L.C.D.); (C.E.K.); (M.F.); (Z.L.); (C.D.)
| | - Zoe Lee
- Caring Futures Institute & SHAPE Research Centre, Exercise Science and Clinical Exercise Physiology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Room S268, South Wing, Sturt Building, Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, South Australia, Australia; (L.C.D.); (C.E.K.); (M.F.); (Z.L.); (C.D.)
| | - Claire Drummond
- Caring Futures Institute & SHAPE Research Centre, Exercise Science and Clinical Exercise Physiology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Room S268, South Wing, Sturt Building, Bedford Park, Adelaide 5042, South Australia, Australia; (L.C.D.); (C.E.K.); (M.F.); (Z.L.); (C.D.)
| | - Shelley E. Keating
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia; (S.E.K.); (R.G.F.); (J.S.C.)
| | - Robert G. Fassett
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia; (S.E.K.); (R.G.F.); (J.S.C.)
| | - Jeff S. Coombes
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia; (S.E.K.); (R.G.F.); (J.S.C.)
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Marillier M, Bernard AC, Vergès S, Neder JA. Locomotor Muscles in COPD: The Rationale for Rehabilitative Exercise Training. Front Physiol 2020; 10:1590. [PMID: 31992992 PMCID: PMC6971045 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training as part of pulmonary rehabilitation is arguably the most effective intervention to improve tolerance to physical exertion in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Owing to the fact that exercise training has modest effects on exertional ventilation, operating lung volumes and respiratory muscle performance, improving locomotor muscle structure and function are key targets for pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD. In the current concise review, we initially discuss whether patients’ muscles are exposed to deleterious factors. After presenting corroboratory evidence on this regard (e.g., oxidative stress, inflammation, hypoxemia, inactivity, and medications), we outline their effects on muscle macro- and micro-structure and related functional properties. We then finalize by addressing the potential beneficial consequences of different training strategies on these muscle-centered outcomes. This review provides, therefore, an up-to-date outline of the rationale for rehabilitative exercise training approaches focusing on the locomotor muscles in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Marillier
- Laboratory of Clinical Exercise Physiology, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Anne-Catherine Bernard
- Laboratory of Clinical Exercise Physiology, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Samuel Vergès
- HP2 Laboratory, INSERM, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - J Alberto Neder
- Laboratory of Clinical Exercise Physiology, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Jacques M, Kuang J, Bishop DJ, Yan X, Alvarez-Romero J, Munson F, Garnham A, Papadimitriou I, Voisin S, Eynon N. Mitochondrial respiration variability and simulations in human skeletal muscle: The Gene SMART study. FASEB J 2020; 34:2978-2986. [PMID: 31919888 PMCID: PMC7384122 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901997rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial respiration using the oxygraph‐2k respirometer (Oroboros) is widely used to estimate mitochondrial capacity in human skeletal muscle. Here, we measured mitochondrial respiration variability, in a relatively large sample, and for the first time, using statistical simulations, we provide the sample size required to detect meaningful respiration changes following lifestyle intervention. Muscle biopsies were taken from healthy, young men from the Gene SMART cohort, at multiple time points. We utilized samples for each measurement with two technical repeats using two respirometer chambers (n = 160 pairs of same muscle after removal of low‐quality samples). We measured the Technical Error of measurement (TEM) and the coefficient of variation (CV) for each mitochondrial complex. There was a high correlation between measurements from the two chambers (R > 0.7 P < .001) for all complexes, but the TEM was large (7.9‐27 pmol s−1 mg−1; complex dependent), and the CV was >15% for all complexes. We performed statistical simulations of a range of effect sizes at 80% power and found that 75 participants (with duplicate measurements) are required to detect a 6% change in mitochondrial respiration after an intervention, while for interventions with 11% effect size, ~24 participants are sufficient. The high variability in respiration suggests that the typical sample sizes in exercise studies may not be sufficient to capture exercise‐induced changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macsue Jacques
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jujiao Kuang
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Javier Alvarez-Romero
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona Munson
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Garnham
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ioannis Papadimitriou
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Effekte eines achtwöchigen progressiven Rope-Trainings auf die Leistungsfähigkeit der oberen Extremitäten. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-019-00587-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Hyatt JPK, Brown EA, Deacon HM, McCall GE. Muscle-Specific Sensitivity to Voluntary Physical Activity and Detraining. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1328. [PMID: 31708796 PMCID: PMC6819312 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic physical activity triggers adaptations in skeletal muscle including a fast-to-slow shift in myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms, an enhanced capillary network, and mitochondrial biogenesis to meet increased demands placed upon this tissue. Although the magnitude of these responses appears to be dependent on muscle phenotype as well as training volume and/or intensity, the whole-muscle response to detraining remains mostly unexplored. Here, we hypothesized that the shifts toward slower MHC phentotype and the increased capillarity and mitochondrial oxidative markers induced with training would return toward sedentary (SED) control levels sooner in the fast plantaris than in the slow soleus muscle as a result of detraining. Soleus and plantaris muscles from 8-week (TR 8wk) voluntarily running adult female Sprague–Dawley rats were compared to muscles from SED and detrained rats (DETR) (4 weeks voluntary running followed by 4 weeks of reduced activity), which were subdivided into low- (DETR Lo) and high-running-distance (DETR Hi) groups. We show that maintaining the fast-to-slow MHC isoform shift required consistent aerobic training in the soleus and plantaris muscles: detraining clearly abolished any fast-to-slow gains in the plantaris, whereas the training volume in DETR Hi rats appeared to influence the MHC return to basal levels in the soleus. Total capillary number (per mm2) in the plantaris increased in all groups compared to SED levels, but, in the soleus, this enhancement was observed only in the TR 8wk rats. Generally, increased mitochondrial markers for aerobicitiy were observed in TR 8wk plantaris, but not soleus, muscles. In a second experiment, we show that the muscle-specific adaptations were similar after 4 weeks of voluntary exercise (TR 4wk) as in 4 weeks (TR 8wk). Taken together, our findings suggest that the plantaris muscle is more sensitive to voluntary physical activity and detraining than the soleus muscle; these results also demonstrate that the soleus muscle requires a greater aerobic challenge (i.e., intensity, duration) to trigger phenotypic, angiogenic, or aerobic enzyme adaptations. Our findings generally suggest that muscular aerobic fitness to voluntary running, or its loss during detraining, manifests as changes occurring primarily within fast, rather than slow, muscle phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon-Philippe K Hyatt
- College of Integrative Sciences and Arts, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Emily A Brown
- Department of Exercise Science, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA, United States
| | - Hannah M Deacon
- College of Integrative Sciences and Arts, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Gary E McCall
- Department of Exercise Science, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA, United States
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12
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vanLieshout TL, Bonafiglia JT, Gurd BJ, Ljubicic V. Protein arginine methyltransferase biology in humans during acute and chronic skeletal muscle plasticity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:867-880. [PMID: 31369333 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00142.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) are a family of enzymes that catalyze the methylation of arginine residues on target proteins. While dysregulation of PRMTs has been documented in a number of the most prevalent diseases, our understanding of PRMT biology in human skeletal muscle is limited. This study served to address this knowledge gap by exploring PRMT expression and function in human skeletal muscle in vivo and characterizing PRMT biology in response to acute and chronic stimuli for muscle plasticity. Fourteen untrained, healthy men performed one session of sprint interval exercise (SIE) before completing four bouts of SIE per week for 6 wk as part of a sprint interval training (SIT) program. Throughout this time course, multiple muscle biopsies were collected. We found that at basal, resting conditions PRMT1, PRMT4, PRMT5, and PRMT7 were the most abundantly expressed PRMT mRNAs in human quadriceps muscle. Additionally, the broad subcellular distribution pattern of PRMTs suggests methyltransferase activity throughout human myofibers. A spectrum of PRMT-specific inductions, and decrements, in expression and activity were observed in response to acute and chronic cues for muscle plasticity. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that PRMTs are present and active in human skeletal muscle in vivo and that there are distinct, enzyme-specific responses and adaptations in PRMT biology to acute and chronic stimuli for muscle plasticity. This work advances our understanding of this critical family of enzymes in humans.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first report of protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) biology in human skeletal muscle in vivo. We observed that PRMT1, -4, -5, and -7 were the most abundant PRMT mRNAs in human muscle and that PRMT proteins exhibited a broad subcellular localization that included myonuclear, cytosolic, and sarcolemmal compartments. Acute exercise and chronic training evoked PRMT-specific alterations in expression and activity. This study reveals a hitherto unknown complexity to PRMT biology in human muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Birchmount Park Collegiate Institute, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vladimir Ljubicic
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Birchmount Park Collegiate Institute, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Dela F, Ingersen A, Andersen NB, Nielsen MB, Petersen HHH, Hansen CN, Larsen S, Wojtaszewski J, Helge JW. Effects of one-legged high-intensity interval training on insulin-mediated skeletal muscle glucose homeostasis in patients with type 2 diabetes. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 226:e13245. [PMID: 30585698 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on glucose clearance rates in skeletal muscle and explore the mechanism within the muscle. METHODS Ten males with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and ten matched healthy subjects performed 2 weeks of one-legged HIIT (total of eight sessions, each comprised of 10 × 1 minute ergometer bicycle exercise at >80% of maximal heart rate, interspersed with one min of rest). Insulin sensitivity was assessed by an isoglycaemic, hyperinsulinaemic clamp combined with arteriovenous leg balance technique of the trained (T) and the untrained (UT) leg and muscle biopsies of both legs. RESULTS Insulin-stimulated glucose clearance in T legs was ~30% higher compared with UT legs in both groups due to increased blood flow in T vs UT legs and maintained glucose extraction. With each training session, muscle glycogen content decreased only in the training leg, and after the training, glycogen synthase and citrate synthase activities were higher in T vs UT legs. No major changes occurred in the expression of proteins in the insulin signalling cascade. Mitochondrial respiratory capacity was similar in T2DM and healthy subjects, and unchanged by HIIT. CONCLUSION HIIT improves skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity. With HIIT, the skeletal muscle of patients with T2DM becomes just as insulin sensitive as untrained muscle in healthy subjects. The mechanism includes oscillations in muscle glycogen stores and a maintained ability to extract glucose from the blood in the face of increased blood flow in the trained leg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flemming Dela
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Geriatrics Bispebjerg University Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Arthur Ingersen
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Nynne B. Andersen
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Maria B. Nielsen
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Helga H. H. Petersen
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Christina N. Hansen
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Steen Larsen
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Clinical Research Centre Medical University of Bialystok Bialystok Poland
| | - Jørgen Wojtaszewski
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jørn Wulff Helge
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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14
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Fiorenza M, Lemminger AK, Marker M, Eibye K, Iaia FM, Bangsbo J, Hostrup M. High-intensity exercise training enhances mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation efficiency in a temperature-dependent manner in human skeletal muscle: implications for exercise performance. FASEB J 2019; 33:8976-8989. [PMID: 31136218 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900106rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether exercise training-induced adaptations in human skeletal muscle mitochondrial bioenergetics are magnified under thermal conditions resembling sustained intense contractile activity and whether training-induced changes in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) efficiency influence exercise efficiency. Twenty healthy men performed 6 wk of high-intensity exercise training [i.e., speed endurance training (SET; n = 10)], or maintained their usual lifestyle (n = 10). Before and after the intervention, mitochondrial respiratory function was determined ex vivo in permeabilized muscle fibers under experimentally-induced normothermia (35°C) and hyperthermia (40°C) mimicking in vivo muscle temperature at rest and during intense exercise, respectively. In addition, activity and content of muscle mitochondrial enzymes and proteins were quantified. Exercising muscle efficiency was determined in vivo by measurements of leg hemodynamics and blood parameters during one-legged knee-extensor exercise. SET enhanced maximal OXPHOS capacity and OXPHOS efficiency at 40°C, but not at 35°C, and attenuated hyperthermia-induced decline in OXPHOS efficiency. Furthermore, SET increased expression of markers of mitochondrial content and up-regulated content of MFN2, DRP1, and ANT1. Also, SET improved exercise efficiency and capacity. These findings indicate that muscle mitochondrial bioenergetics adapts to high-intensity exercise training in a temperature-dependent manner and that enhancements in mitochondrial OXPHOS efficiency may contribute to improving exercise performance.-Fiorenza, M., Lemminger, A. K., Marker, M., Eibye, K., Iaia, F. M., Bangsbo, J., Hostrup, M. High-intensity exercise training enhances mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation efficiency in a temperature-dependent manner in human skeletal muscle: implications for exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Fiorenza
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Anders K Lemminger
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mathias Marker
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Eibye
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - F Marcello Iaia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Hostrup
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Hedges CP, Woodhead JST, Wang HW, Mitchell CJ, Cameron-Smith D, Hickey AJR, Merry TL. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells do not reflect skeletal muscle mitochondrial function or adaptation to high-intensity interval training in healthy young men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:454-461. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00777.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Measurement of skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration requires invasive biopsy to obtain a muscle sample. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) mitochondrial protein content appears to reflect training status in young men; however, no studies have investigated whether there are training-induced changes in PBMC mitochondrial respiration. Therefore, we determined whether PBMC mitochondrial respiration could be used as a marker of skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration in young healthy men and whether PBMC mitochondrial respiration responds to short-term training. Skeletal muscle and PBMC samples from 10 healthy young (18–35 yr) male participants were taken before and after a 2-wk high-intensity interval training protocol. High-resolution respirometry was used to determine mitochondrial respiration from muscle and PBMCs, and Western blotting and quantitative PCR were used to assess mitochondrial biogenesis in PBMCs. PBMC mitochondrial respiration was not correlated with muscle mitochondrial respiration at baseline ( R2 = 0.012–0.364, P > 0.05). While muscle mitochondrial respiration increased in response to training (32.1–61.5%, P < 0.05), PBMC respiration was not affected by training. Consequently, PBMCs did not predict training effect on muscle mitochondrial respiration ( R2 = 0.024–0.283, P > 0.05). Similarly, gene and protein markers of mitochondrial biogenesis did not increase in PBMCs following training. This suggests PBMC mitochondrial function does not reflect that of skeletal muscle and does not increase following short-term high-intensity training. PBMCs are therefore not a suitable biomarker for muscle mitochondrial function in young healthy men. It may be useful to study PBMC mitochondrial function as a biomarker of muscle mitochondrial function in pathological populations with different respiration capacities. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Research in primates has suggested that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) may provide a less-invasive alternative to a muscle biopsy for measuring muscle mitochondrial function. Furthermore, trained individuals appear to have greater mitochondrial content in PBMCs. Here we show that in healthy young men, PBMCs do not reflect skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and do not adapt in response to a training intervention that increases muscle mitochondrial function, suggesting PBMCs are a poor marker of muscle mitochondrial function in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. P. Hedges
- Discipline of Nutrition, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J. S. T. Woodhead
- Discipline of Nutrition, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - H. W. Wang
- Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - C. J. Mitchell
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - D. Cameron-Smith
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - A. J. R. Hickey
- Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - T. L. Merry
- Discipline of Nutrition, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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16
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Raleigh JP, Giles MD, Islam H, Nelms M, Bentley RF, Jones JH, Neder JA, Boonstra K, Quadrilatero J, Simpson CA, Tschakovsky ME, Gurd BJ. Contribution of central and peripheral adaptations to changes in maximal oxygen uptake following 4 weeks of sprint interval training. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 43:1059-1068. [PMID: 29733694 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined the contribution of central and peripheral adaptations to changes in maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) following sprint interval training (SIT). Twenty-three males completed 4 weekly SIT sessions (8 × 20-s cycling bouts at ∼170% of work rate at V̇O2max, 10-s recovery) for 4 weeks. Following completion of training, the relationship between changes in V̇O2max and changes in central (cardiac output) and peripheral (arterial-mixed venous oxygen difference (a-vO2diff), muscle capillary density, oxidative capacity, fibre-type distribution) adaptations was determined in all participants using correlation analysis. Participants were then divided into tertiles on the basis of the magnitude of their individual V̇O2max responses, and differences in central and peripheral adaptations were examined in the top (HI; ∼10 mL·kg-1·min-1 increase in V̇O2max, p < 0.05) and bottom (LO; no change in V̇O2max, p > 0.05) tertiles (n = 8 each). Training had no impact on maximal cardiac output, and no differences were observed between the LO group and the HI group (p > 0.05). The a-vO2diff increased in the HI group only (p < 0.05) and correlated significantly (r = 0.71, p < 0.01) with changes in V̇O2max across all participants. Muscle capillary density (p < 0.02) and β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase maximal activity (p < 0.05) increased in both groups, with no between-group differences (p > 0.05). Citrate synthase maximal activity (p < 0.01) and type IIA fibre composition (p < 0.05) increased in the LO group only. Collectively, although the heterogeneity in the observed V̇O2max response following 4 weeks of SIT appears to be attributable to individual differences in systemic vascular and/or muscular adaptations, the markers examined in the current study were unable to explain the divergent V̇O2max responses in the LO and HI groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Raleigh
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Matthew D Giles
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Hashim Islam
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Matthew Nelms
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Robert F Bentley
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Joshua H Jones
- b Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - J Alberto Neder
- b Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Kristen Boonstra
- c Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Joe Quadrilatero
- c Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Craig A Simpson
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Michael E Tschakovsky
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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17
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Kolahdouzi S, Talebi-Garakani E, Hamidian G, Safarzade A. Exercise training prevents high-fat diet-induced adipose tissue remodeling by promoting capillary density and macrophage polarization. Life Sci 2019; 220:32-43. [PMID: 30690082 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Increasing adipose tissue capillarization is beneficial to metabolic health. The present study examined the effects of continuous training (CT) and aerobic-interval training (AIT) coinciding with a high-fat diet (HFD) on capillary density, macrophage polarization in mesenteric (mAT) and subcutaneous (sAT) adipose tissue. MAIN METHODS 48 male Wistar rats were divided into HFD and normal diet (ND) groups. After 10 weeks, each group was divided into sedentary, CT, and AIT. The animals in training groups performed 10-week matched distances of CT and AIT on a motorized treadmill (5 times/week). KEY FINDINGS The results showed that HFD significantly reduced the capillary density of adipose tissue (sAT: 54% vs. mAT:49%) and increased systemic insulin resistance, mean adipocyte size, crown-like structure (CLs), and M1-macrophages with no change in the total number of adipocytes in either tissue. Exercise training reversed the HFD induced adipose tissue dysfunction. Compared to CT, AIT was more effective on increasing the capillary density of sAT (170 vs. 87%) and mAT (140 vs. 100%). Likewise, AIT increased the capillary density of both tissues even in comparison to the ND sedentary group (~25%). Compared with CT as well, AIT more significantly increased the number of M2 macrophages (181 vs. 122%) and decreased CLs (60 vs. 38%) in mAT. SIGNIFICANCE The findings suggest that hypertrophy is a major contributor to adipose tissue expansion in obesity. Furthermore, exercise training largely demonstrated beneficial effects on adipose tissue remodeling, where AIT is more effective than CT in reducing HFD-induced adipose tissue dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarkawt Kolahdouzi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.
| | - Elahe Talebi-Garakani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hamidian
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Safarzade
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
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18
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Principles of Exercise Prescription, and How They Influence Exercise-Induced Changes of Transcription Factors and Other Regulators of Mitochondrial Biogenesis. Sports Med 2019; 48:1541-1559. [PMID: 29675670 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0894-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Physical inactivity represents the fourth leading risk factor for mortality, and it has been linked with a series of chronic disorders, the treatment of which absorbs ~ 85% of healthcare costs in developed countries. Conversely, physical activity promotes many health benefits; endurance exercise in particular represents a powerful stimulus to induce mitochondrial biogenesis, and it is routinely used to prevent and treat chronic metabolic disorders linked with sub-optimal mitochondrial characteristics. Given the importance of maintaining a healthy mitochondrial pool, it is vital to better characterize how manipulating the endurance exercise dose affects cellular mechanisms of exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis. Herein, we propose a definition of mitochondrial biogenesis and the techniques available to assess it, and we emphasize the importance of standardizing biopsy timing and the determination of relative exercise intensity when comparing different studies. We report an intensity-dependent regulation of exercise-induced increases in nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) protein content, nuclear phosphorylation of p53 (serine 15), and PGC-1α messenger RNA (mRNA), as well as training-induced increases in PGC-1α and p53 protein content. Despite evidence that PGC-1α protein content plateaus within a few exercise sessions, we demonstrate that greater training volumes induce further increases in PGC-1α (and p53) protein content, and that short-term reductions in training volume decrease the content of both proteins, suggesting training volume is still a factor affecting training-induced mitochondrial biogenesis. Finally, training-induced changes in mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) protein content are regulated in a training volume-dependent manner and have been linked with training-induced changes in mitochondrial content.
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19
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Small Molecule Oligopeptides Isolated from Walnut ( Juglans regia L.) and Their Anti-Fatigue Effects in Mice. Molecules 2018; 24:molecules24010045. [PMID: 30583565 PMCID: PMC6337178 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is unique for its extensive biological activities and pharmaceutical properties. There are few studies on walnut oligopeptides (WOPs), which are small molecule peptides extracted from walnuts. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-fatigue effects of WOPs on ICR mice and explore the possible underlying mechanism. Mice were randomly divided into four experimental sets and each set of mice were then randomly divided into four groups. The vehicle group was administered distilled water, and the three WOP intervention groups were orally administered WOP solution at a dose of 110, 220, and 440 mg/kg of body weight, respectively. After 30 days of WOP intervention, the anti-fatigue activity of WOPs were evaluated using the weight-loaded swimming test and by measuring the change of biochemical parameters, glycogen storage and energy metabolism enzymes, anti-oxidative capacity and mitochondrial function. It was observed that WOPs could significantly prolong the swimming time, decrease the accumulation of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and blood lactic acid (BLA), and increased the glycogen storage of liver and gastrocnemius muscle. WOPs also markedly inhibited fatigue induced oxidative stress by increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and decreasing the content malondialdehyde (MDA). Notably, WOPs improved the activity of pyruvate kinase (PK), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), Na+-K+-ATPase, and enhanced the mRNA expression of mitochondrial biogenesis factors and mitochondrial DNA content in skeletal muscles of mice. These results suggest that WOPs have beneficial anti-fatigue effects, which may be attributed to their positive effects on increasing glycogen storage, improving energy metabolism, inhibiting oxidative stress, enhancing mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle, and ameliorating the cell damage and the muscular injury.
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20
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da Silva Machado DG, Costa EC, Ray H, Beale L, Chatzisarantis NLD, de Farias-Junior LF, Hardcastle SJ. Short-Term Psychological and Physiological Effects of Varying the Volume of High-Intensity Interval Training in Healthy Men. Percept Mot Skills 2018; 126:119-142. [DOI: 10.1177/0031512518809734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the short-term effects of varying the volume of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on psychological and physiological responses of 23 healthy adult males ( M = 21 years; M peak oxygen uptake [VO2peak] = 47.2 ml·kg−1·min−1). Participants were randomly assigned to low- and very-low-volume HIIT groups and engaged in nine supervised exercise sessions over three weeks. The low-volume HIIT group performed 8-12 60-second work bouts on a cycle ergometer at the peak power output achieved during the incremental test, interspersed by 75 seconds of low-intensity active recovery. The very-low-volume HIIT performed 4-6 work bouts with the same intensity, duration, and rest intervals. During training, participants’ ratings of perceived exertion (Borg Category Ratio-10 scale) and their affective responses (Feeling Scale −5/+5) during the last 15 seconds of each work bout were recorded. Physiological data were VO2peak, endurance, and anaerobic performance before and after the intervention. Throughout training, participants in the very-low-volume group (relative to the low-volume group) reported lower ratings of perceived exertion in Week 1 ( M = 4.1 vs. M = 6.3; p < .01) and Week 3 ( M = 4.0 vs. M = 6.2; p < .01), and higher affective response in these same two weeks (Week 1: M = 1.9 vs. M = 0.3; p = .04; Week 3: M = 2.1 vs. M = 0.9; p = .06). Regarding physical fitness, Wingate peak power increased significantly after training in the very-low-volume HIIT group ( M = 1,049 W vs. M = 1,222 W; p < .05), but not in the low-volume HIIT group ( M = 1,050 W vs. M = 1,076 W). No significant change was found after training in physiological variables of peak power output, VO2peak, and endurance performance. In summary, in this short-term training period, the very-low-volume HIIT enhanced anaerobic capacity and was perceived as less strenuous and more pleasurable than low-volume HIIT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo C. Costa
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Hannah Ray
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Louisa Beale
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Nikos L. D. Chatzisarantis
- Health Psychology and Behavioural Medicine Research Group, School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Luiz F de Farias-Junior
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Sarah J. Hardcastle
- Health Psychology and Behavioural Medicine Research Group, School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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21
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Training-Induced Changes in Mitochondrial Content and Respiratory Function in Human Skeletal Muscle. Sports Med 2018; 48:1809-1828. [PMID: 29934848 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0936-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A sedentary lifestyle has been linked to a number of metabolic disorders that have been associated with sub-optimal mitochondrial characteristics and an increased risk of premature death. Endurance training can induce an increase in mitochondrial content and/or mitochondrial functional qualities, which are associated with improved health and well-being and longer life expectancy. It is therefore important to better define how manipulating key parameters of an endurance training intervention can influence the content and functionality of the mitochondrial pool. This review focuses on mitochondrial changes taking place following a series of exercise sessions (training-induced mitochondrial adaptations), providing an in-depth analysis of the effects of exercise intensity and training volume on changes in mitochondrial protein synthesis, mitochondrial content and mitochondrial respiratory function. We provide evidence that manipulation of different exercise training variables promotes specific and diverse mitochondrial adaptations. Specifically, we report that training volume may be a critical factor affecting changes in mitochondrial content, whereas relative exercise intensity is an important determinant of changes in mitochondrial respiratory function. As a consequence, a dissociation between training-induced changes in mitochondrial content and mitochondrial respiratory function is often observed. We also provide evidence that exercise-induced changes are not necessarily predictive of training-induced adaptations, we propose possible explanations for the above discrepancies and suggestions for future research.
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22
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Russo E, Nguyen H, Lippert T, Tuazon J, Borlongan CV, Napoli E. Mitochondrial targeting as a novel therapy for stroke. Brain Circ 2018; 4:84-94. [PMID: 30450413 PMCID: PMC6187947 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_14_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a main cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Despite the increasing development of innovative treatments for stroke, most are unsuccessful in clinical trials. In recent years, an encouraging strategy for stroke therapy has been identified in stem cells transplantation. In particular, grafting cells and their secretion products are leading with functional recovery in stroke patients by promoting the growth and function of the neurovascular unit – a communication framework between neurons, their supply microvessels along with glial cells – underlying stroke pathology and recovery. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been recently recognized as a hallmark in ischemia/reperfusion neural damage. Emerging evidence of mitochondria transfer from stem cells to ischemic-injured cells points to transfer of healthy mitochondria as a viable novel therapeutic strategy for ischemic diseases. Hence, a more in-depth understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in mitochondrial impairment may lead to new tools for stroke treatment. In this review, we focus on the current evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in stroke, investigating favorable approaches of healthy mitochondria transfer in ischemic neurons, and exploring the potential of mitochondria-based cellular therapy for clinical applications. This paper is a review article. Referred literature in this paper has been listed in the references section. The data sets supporting the conclusions of this article are available online by searching various databases, including PubMed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Russo
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Hung Nguyen
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Trenton Lippert
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Julian Tuazon
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Eleonora Napoli
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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23
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Pileggi CA, Hedges CP, D'Souza RF, Durainayagam BR, Markworth JF, Hickey AJR, Mitchell CJ, Cameron-Smith D. Exercise recovery increases skeletal muscle H 2O 2 emission and mitochondrial respiratory capacity following two-weeks of limb immobilization. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 124:241-248. [PMID: 29909291 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Extended periods of skeletal muscle disuse result in muscle atrophy. Following limb immobilization, increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production may contribute to atrophy through increases in skeletal muscle protein degradation. However, the effect of skeletal muscle disuse on mitochondrial ROS production remains unclear. This study investigated the effect of immobilization, followed by two subsequent periods of restored physical activity, on mitochondrial H2O2 emissions in adult male skeletal muscle. Middle-aged men (n = 30, 49.7 ± 3.84 y) completed two weeks of unilateral lower-limb immobilization, followed by two weeks of baseline-matched activity, consisting of 10,000 steps a day, then completed two weeks of three times weekly supervised resistance training. Vastus lateralis biopsies were taken at baseline, post-immobilization, post-ambulatory recovery, and post-resistance-training. High-resolution respirometry was used simultaneously with fluorometry to determine mitochondrial respiration and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production in permeabilized muscle fibres. Mitochondrial H2O2 emission with complex I and II substrates, in the absence of ADP, was greater following immobilization, however, there was no effect on mitochondrial respiration. Both ambulatory recovery and resistance training, following the period of immobilization, increased in mitochondrial H2O2 emissions. These data demonstrated that 2 weeks of immobilization increases mitochondrial H2O2 emissions, but subsequent retraining periods of ambulatory recovery and resistance training also led to in robust increases in mitochondrial H2O2 emissions in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal A Pileggi
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christopher P Hedges
- College of Sport and Exercise Science, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Randall F D'Souza
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - James F Markworth
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anthony J R Hickey
- Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - David Cameron-Smith
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand; Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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24
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Cardinale DA, Larsen FJ, Schiffer TA, Morales-Alamo D, Ekblom B, Calbet JAL, Holmberg HC, Boushel R. Superior Intrinsic Mitochondrial Respiration in Women Than in Men. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1133. [PMID: 30174617 PMCID: PMC6108574 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism is apparent in humans, however, to date no studies have investigated mitochondrial function focusing on intrinsic mitochondrial respiration (i.e., mitochondrial respiration for a given amount of mitochondrial protein) and mitochondrial oxygen affinity (p50mito) in relation to biological sex in human. A skeletal muscle biopsy was donated by nine active women, and ten men matched for maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and by nine endurance trained men. Intrinsic mitochondrial respiration, assessed in isolated mitochondria, was higher in women compared to men when activating complex I (CIP) and complex I+II (CI+IIP) (p < 0.05), and was similar to trained men (CIP, p = 0.053; CI+IIP, p = 0.066). Proton leak and p50mito were higher in women compared to men independent of VO2max. In conclusion, significant novel differences in mitochondrial oxidative function, intrinsic mitochondrial respiration and p50mito exist between women and men. These findings may represent an adaptation in the oxygen cascade in women to optimize muscle oxygen uptake to compensate for a lower oxygen delivery during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele A Cardinale
- Åstrand Laboratory, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Filip J Larsen
- Åstrand Laboratory, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas A Schiffer
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Morales-Alamo
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Björn Ekblom
- Åstrand Laboratory, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jose A L Calbet
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain.,Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain.,School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hans-Christer Holmberg
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Robert Boushel
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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25
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Understanding the Role of Dysfunctional and Healthy Mitochondria in Stroke Pathology and Its Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072127. [PMID: 30037107 PMCID: PMC6073421 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains a major cause of death and disability in the United States and around the world. Solid safety and efficacy profiles of novel stroke therapeutics have been generated in the laboratory, but most failed in clinical trials. Investigations into the pathology and treatment of the disease remain a key research endeavor in advancing scientific understanding and clinical applications. In particular, cell-based regenerative medicine, specifically stem cell transplantation, may hold promise as a stroke therapy, because grafted cells and their components may recapitulate the growth and function of the neurovascular unit, which arguably represents the alpha and omega of stroke brain pathology and recovery. Recent evidence has implicated mitochondria, organelles with a central role in energy metabolism and stress response, in stroke progression. Recognizing that stem cells offer a source of healthy mitochondria—one that is potentially transferrable into ischemic cells—may provide a new therapeutic tool. To this end, deciphering cellular and molecular processes underlying dysfunctional mitochondria may reveal innovative strategies for stroke therapy. Here, we review recent studies capturing the intimate participation of mitochondrial impairment in stroke pathology, and showcase promising methods of healthy mitochondria transfer into ischemic cells to critically evaluate the potential of mitochondria-based stem cell therapy for stroke patients.
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26
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Thompson C, Vanhatalo A, Kadach S, Wylie LJ, Fulford J, Ferguson SK, Blackwell JR, Bailey SJ, Jones AM. Discrete physiological effects of beetroot juice and potassium nitrate supplementation following 4-wk sprint interval training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 124:1519-1528. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00047.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological and exercise performance adaptations to sprint interval training (SIT) may be modified by dietary nitrate ([Formula: see text]) supplementation. However, it is possible that different types of [Formula: see text] supplementation evoke divergent physiological and performance adaptations to SIT. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 4-wk SIT with and without concurrent dietary [Formula: see text] supplementation administered as either [Formula: see text]-rich beetroot juice (BR) or potassium [Formula: see text] (KNO3). Thirty recreationally active subjects completed a battery of exercise tests before and after a 4-wk intervention in which they were allocated to one of three groups: 1) SIT undertaken without dietary [Formula: see text] supplementation (SIT); 2) SIT accompanied by concurrent BR supplementation (SIT + BR); or 3) SIT accompanied by concurrent KNO3 supplementation (SIT + KNO3). During severe-intensity exercise, V̇o2peak and time to task failure were improved to a greater extent with SIT + BR than SIT and SIT + KNO3 ( P < 0.05). There was also a greater reduction in the accumulation of muscle lactate at 3 min of severe-intensity exercise in SIT + BR compared with SIT + KNO3 ( P < 0.05). Plasma [Formula: see text] concentration fell to a greater extent during severe-intensity exercise in SIT + BR compared with SIT and SIT + KNO3 ( P < 0.05). There were no differences between groups in the reduction in the muscle phosphocreatine recovery time constant from pre- to postintervention ( P > 0.05). These findings indicate that 4-wk SIT with concurrent BR supplementation results in greater exercise capacity adaptations compared with SIT alone and SIT with concurrent KNO3 supplementation. This may be the result of greater NO-mediated signaling in SIT + BR compared with SIT + KNO3. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We compared the influence of different forms of dietary nitrate supplementation on the physiological and performance adaptations to sprint interval training (SIT). Compared with SIT alone, supplementation with nitrate-rich beetroot juice, but not potassium [Formula: see text], enhanced some physiological adaptations to training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anni Vanhatalo
- Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Kadach
- Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Lee J. Wylie
- Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Fulford
- University of Exeter Medical School and National Institute for Health Research, Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Scott K. Ferguson
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Stephen J. Bailey
- Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M. Jones
- Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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27
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Burtscher M, Gatterer H, Burtscher J, Mairbäurl H. Extreme Terrestrial Environments: Life in Thermal Stress and Hypoxia. A Narrative Review. Front Physiol 2018; 9:572. [PMID: 29867589 PMCID: PMC5964295 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Living, working and exercising in extreme terrestrial environments are challenging tasks even for healthy humans of the modern new age. The issue is not just survival in remote environments but rather the achievement of optimal performance in everyday life, occupation, and sports. Various adaptive biological processes can take place to cope with the specific stressors of extreme terrestrial environments like cold, heat, and hypoxia (high altitude). This review provides an overview of the physiological and morphological aspects of adaptive responses in these environmental stressors at the level of organs, tissues, and cells. Furthermore, adjustments existing in native people living in such extreme conditions on the earth as well as acute adaptive responses in newcomers are discussed. These insights into general adaptability of humans are complemented by outcomes of specific acclimatization/acclimation studies adding important information how to cope appropriately with extreme environmental temperatures and hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Austrian Society for Alpine and Mountain Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hannes Gatterer
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, EURAC Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Johannes Burtscher
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Heimo Mairbäurl
- Medical Clinic VII, Sports Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL/TLRC-H), Heidelberg, Germany
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28
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Tan R, Nederveen JP, Gillen JB, Joanisse S, Parise G, Tarnopolsky MA, Gibala MJ. Skeletal muscle fiber-type-specific changes in markers of capillary and mitochondrial content after low-volume interval training in overweight women. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13597. [PMID: 29484852 PMCID: PMC5827496 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) enhances skeletal muscle oxygen delivery and utilization but data are limited regarding fiber-specific adaptations in humans. We examined the effect of 18 sessions of HIIT (10 × 60-sec cycling intervals at ~90% HRmax , interspersed by 60-sec of recovery) over 6 weeks on markers of microvascular density and oxidative capacity in type I and II fibers in healthy but sedentary young women (Age: 26 ± 7 years; BMI: 30 ± 4 kg·m-2 ; VO2peak : 2.16 ± 0.45 L·m-1 ). Immunohistochemical analyses of muscle cross sections revealed a training-induced increase in capillary contacts per fiber in type I fibers (PRE: 4.38 ± 0.37 vs. POST: 5.17 ± 0.80; main effect, P < 0.05) and type II fibers (PRE: 4.24 ± 0.55 vs. POST: 4.92 ± 0.54; main effect, P < 0.05). The capillary-to-fiber ratio also increased after training in type I fibers (PRE: 1.53 ± 1.44 vs. POST: 1.88 ± 0.38; main effect, P < 0.05) and type II fibers (PRE: 1.45 ± 0.19 vs. POST: 1.76 ± 0.27; main effect, P < 0.05). Muscle oxidative capacity as reflected by the protein content of cytochrome oxidase IV also increased after training in type I fibers (PRE: 3500 ± 858 vs. POST: 4442 ± 1377 arbitrary units; main effect, P < 0.01) and type II fibers (PRE: 2632 ± 629 vs. POST: 3863 ± 1307 arbitrary units; main effect, P < 0.01). We conclude that short-term HIIT in previously inactive women similarly increases markers of capillary density and mitochondrial content in type I and type II fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tan
- Department of KinesiologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | | | - Jenna B. Gillen
- Department of KinesiologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | - Sophie Joanisse
- Department of KinesiologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
| | - Gianni Parise
- Department of KinesiologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada
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29
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Cardinale DA, Lilja M, Mandić M, Gustafsson T, Larsen FJ, Lundberg TR. Resistance Training with Co-ingestion of Anti-inflammatory Drugs Attenuates Mitochondrial Function. Front Physiol 2017; 8:1074. [PMID: 29311990 PMCID: PMC5742251 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The current study aimed to examine the effects of resistance exercise with concomitant consumption of high vs. low daily doses of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in skeletal muscle. As a secondary aim, we compared the effects of eccentric overload with conventional training. Methods: Twenty participants were randomized to either a group taking high doses (3 × 400 mg/day) of ibuprofen (IBU; 27 ± 5 year; n = 11) or a group ingesting a low dose (1 × 75 mg/day) of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA; 26 ± 4 year; n = 9) during 8 weeks of supervised knee extensor resistance training. Each of the subject's legs were randomized to complete the training program using either a flywheel (FW) device emphasizing eccentric overload, or a traditional weight stack machine (WS). Maximal mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (CI+IIP) from permeabilized skeletal muscle bundles was assessed using high-resolution respirometry. Citrate synthase (CS) activity was assessed using spectrophotometric techniques and mitochondrial protein content using western blotting. Results: After training, CI+IIP decreased (P < 0.05) in both IBU (23%) and ASA (29%) with no difference across medical treatments. Although CI+IIP decreased in both legs, the decrease was greater (interaction p = 0.015) in WS (33%, p = 0.001) compared with FW (19%, p = 0.078). CS activity increased (p = 0.027) with resistance training, with no interactions with medical treatment or training modality. Protein expression of ULK1 increased with training in both groups (p < 0.001). The increase in quadriceps muscle volume was not correlated with changes in CI+IIP (R = 0.16). Conclusion: These results suggest that 8 weeks of resistance training with co-ingestion of anti-inflammatory drugs reduces mitochondrial function but increases mitochondrial content. The observed changes were not affected by higher doses of NSAIDs consumption, suggesting that the resistance training intervention was the prime mediator of the decreased mitochondrial phosphorylation. Finally, we noted that flywheel resistance training, emphasizing eccentric overload, rescued some of the reduction in mitochondrial function seen with conventional resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele A Cardinale
- Åstrand Laboratory, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.,Elite Performance Centre, Bosön-Swedish Sports Confederation, Lidingö, Sweden
| | - Mats Lilja
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mirko Mandić
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Gustafsson
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Filip J Larsen
- Åstrand Laboratory, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tommy R Lundberg
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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30
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Changes in fat oxidation in response to various regimes of high intensity interval training (HIIT). Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 118:51-63. [PMID: 29124325 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3756-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Increased whole-body fat oxidation (FOx) has been consistently demonstrated in response to moderate intensity continuous exercise training. Completion of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and its more intense form, sprint interval training (SIT), has also been reported to increase FOx in different populations. An explanation for this increase in FOx is primarily peripheral adaptations via improvements in mitochondrial content and function. However, studies examining changes in FOx are less common in response to HIIT or SIT than those determining increases in maximal oxygen uptake which is concerning, considering that FOx has been identified as a predictor of weight gain and glycemic control. In this review, we explored physiological and methodological issues underpinning existing literature concerning changes in FOx in response to HIIT and SIT. Our results show that completion of interval training increases FOx in approximately 50% of studies, with the frequency of increased FOx higher in response to studies using HIIT compared to SIT. Significant increases in β-HAD, citrate synthase, fatty acid binding protein, or FAT/CD36 are likely responsible for the greater FOx seen in these studies. We encourage scientists to adopt strict methodological procedures to attenuate day-to-day variability in FOx, which is dramatic, and develop standardized procedures for assessing FOx, which may improve detection of changes in FOx in response to HIIT.
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Edgett BA, Bonafiglia JT, Baechler BL, Quadrilatero J, Gurd BJ. The effect of acute and chronic sprint-interval training on LRP130, SIRT3, and PGC-1α expression in human skeletal muscle. Physiol Rep 2017; 4:4/17/e12879. [PMID: 27604398 PMCID: PMC5027339 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined changes in LRP130 gene and protein expression in response to an acute bout of sprint‐interval training (SIT) and 6 weeks of SIT in human skeletal muscle. In addition, we investigated the relationships between changes in LRP130, SIRT3, and PGC‐1α gene or protein expression. Fourteen recreationally active men (age: 22.0 ± 2.4 years) performed a single bout of SIT (eight, 20‐sec intervals at ~170% of VO2peak work rate, separated by 10 sec of rest). Muscle biopsies were obtained at rest (PRE) and 3 h post‐exercise. The same participants then underwent a 6 week SIT program with biopsies after 2 (MID) and 6 (POST) weeks of training. In response to an acute bout of SIT, PGC‐1α mRNA expression increased (284%, P < 0.001); however, LRP130 and SIRT3 remained unchanged. VO2peak and fiber‐specific SDH activity increased in response to training (P < 0.01). LRP130, SIRT3, and PGC‐1α protein expression were also unaltered following 2 and 6 weeks of SIT. There were no significant correlations between LRP130, SIRT3, or PGC‐1α mRNA expression in response to acute SIT. However, changes in protein expression of LRP130, SIRT3, and PGC‐1α were positively correlated at several time points with large effect sizes, which suggest that the regulation of these proteins may be coordinated in human skeletal muscle. Future studies should investigate other exercise protocols known to increase PGC‐1α and SIRT3 protein, like longer duration steady‐state exercise, to identify if LRP130 expression can be altered in response to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Edgett
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | - Joe Quadrilatero
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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32
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Physiological responses to incremental, interval, and continuous counterweighted single-leg and double-leg cycling at the same relative intensities. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:1423-1435. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3635-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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33
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Ishida Y, Kiyokawa Y, Asai T, Oku N. Ameliorating Effects of Sphingomyelin-Based Liposomes on Sarcopenia in Senescence-Accelerated Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 39:786-93. [PMID: 27150148 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of orally administered sphingomyelin-based liposomes (SM-lipo) on muscle function were investigated in senescence-accelerated mice prone 1 (SAMP1) for the purpose of protection against or treatment of sarcopenia. SM-lipo were prepared by thin lipid-film hydration followed by extrusion. Their spherical shape was observed by transmission electron microscopy. The obtained liposomes were stable in gastric liquid and intestinal fluid models as well as in water. In in vitro tests liposomalization of sphingomyelin significantly increased its transport into human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells. In addition, SM-lipo upregulated the proliferation of murine C2C12 myoblasts compared with free sphingomyelin or phosphatidylcholine-based liposomes (PC-lipo). Finally, SM-lipo orally administered to SAMP1 for 10 weeks significantly increased quadriceps femoris weight and extended swimming time until fatigue compared with PC-lipo. In conclusion, these findings indicate that SM-lipo are well absorbed into the body and improve muscle weakness caused by senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Ishida
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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Hyatt HW, Smuder AJ, Sollanek KJ, Morton AB, Roberts MD, Kavazis AN. Comparative changes in antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress in cardiac, fast twitch and slow twitch skeletal muscles following endurance exercise training. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 8:160-168. [PMID: 28078055 PMCID: PMC5209445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate exercise-induced transcriptional and protein responses of heart, soleus (slow oxidative), and plantaris (fast glycolytic) muscle in response to ten days of endurance exercise training. Four-month old female Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to either a sedentary (SED) or endurance exercise-training (EXE) group (n=8 per group). The heart, plantaris, and soleus were excised and used for biochemical analyses. Our results show that heart and plantaris from EXE animals had higher protein levels of superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) compared to SED animals (P<0.05). Also, the protein levels of catalase were higher in plantaris of EXE animals compared to SED animals (P<0.05). No significant differences existed for 4 hydroxynonenal (4HNE) conjugated proteins (index of oxidative damage) in the three tissues between SED and EXE animals. mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) were higher in plantaris of EXE animals compared to SED animals (P<0.05), and mRNA levels of estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα) were lower in the heart of EXE animals compared to SED animals. In conclusion, heart and plantaris are responsive to ten days of treadmill training, while greater exercise intensities or durations may be needed to elicit alterations in soleus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashley J Smuder
- Department of Applied Physiology & Kinesiology, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kurt J Sollanek
- Department of Applied Physiology & Kinesiology, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Aaron B Morton
- Department of Applied Physiology & Kinesiology, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
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Licker M, Karenovics W, Diaper J, Frésard I, Triponez F, Ellenberger C, Schorer R, Kayser B, Bridevaux PO. Short-Term Preoperative High-Intensity Interval Training in Patients Awaiting Lung Cancer Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Thorac Oncol 2016; 12:323-333. [PMID: 27771425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2016.09.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Impairment in aerobic fitness is a potential modifiable risk factor for postoperative complications. In this randomized controlled trial, we hypothesized that a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program enhances cardiorespiratory fitness before lung cancer surgery and therefore reduces the risk of postoperative complications. METHODS Patients with operable lung cancer were randomly assigned to usual care (UC) (n = 77) or preoperative rehabilitation based on HIIT (Rehab) (n = 74). Maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing and the 6-minute walk test were performed twice before surgery. The primary outcome measure was a composite of death and in-hospital postoperative complications. RESULTS The groups were well balanced in terms of patient characteristics. During the preoperative waiting period (median 25 days), the peak oxygen consumption and the 6-minute walking distance increased (median +15%, interquartile range, 25th to 75 percentile [IQR25%-75%, %] = +9% to +22%, p = 0.003 and +15%, IQR25%-75% = +8% to +28%, p < 0.001, respectively) in the Rehab group, whereas peak oxygen consumption declined in the UC group (median -8%, IQR25%-75% = -16% to 0%], p = 0.005). The primary end point did not differ significantly between the two groups: at least one postoperative complication developed in 27 of the 74 patients (35.5%) in the Rehab group and 39 of 77 patients (50.6%) in the UC group (p = 0.080). Notably, the incidence of pulmonary complications was lower in the Rehab compared with in the UC group (23% versus 44%, p = 0.018), owing to a significant reduction in atelectasis (12.2% versus 36.4%, p < 0.001), and this decrease was accompanied by a shorter length of stay in the postanesthesia care unit (median -7 hours, IQR25%-75% = -4 to -10). CONCLUSIONS In this randomized controlled trial, preoperative HIIT resulted in significant improvement in aerobic performances but failed to reduce early complications after lung cancer resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Licker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Wolfram Karenovics
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - John Diaper
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Frésard
- Division of Internal Medicine, Hopital La Tour in Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Triponez
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Ellenberger
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Raoul Schorer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bengt Kayser
- Institute of Sports Science and Department of Physiology at the Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Olivier Bridevaux
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Pneumology, Hospital du Valais in Sion, Sion, Switzerland
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Zinner C, Morales-Alamo D, Ørtenblad N, Larsen FJ, Schiffer TA, Willis SJ, Gelabert-Rebato M, Perez-Valera M, Boushel R, Calbet JAL, Holmberg HC. The Physiological Mechanisms of Performance Enhancement with Sprint Interval Training Differ between the Upper and Lower Extremities in Humans. Front Physiol 2016; 7:426. [PMID: 27746738 PMCID: PMC5043010 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the differences in adaptation of arm and leg muscles to sprint training, over a period of 11 days 16 untrained men performed six sessions of 4–6 × 30-s all-out sprints (SIT) with the legs and arms, separately, with a 1-h interval of recovery. Limb-specific VO2peak, sprint performance (two 30-s Wingate tests with 4-min recovery), muscle efficiency and time-trial performance (TT, 5-min all-out) were assessed and biopsies from the m. vastus lateralis and m. triceps brachii taken before and after training. VO2peak and Wmax increased 3–11% after training, with a more pronounced change in the arms (P < 0.05). Gross efficiency improved for the arms (+8.8%, P < 0.05), but not the legs (−0.6%). Wingate peak and mean power outputs improved similarly for the arms and legs, as did TT performance. After training, VO2 during the two Wingate tests was increased by 52 and 6% for the arms and legs, respectively (P < 0.001). In the case of the arms, VO2 was higher during the first than second Wingate test (64 vs. 44%, P < 0.05). During the TT, relative exercise intensity, HR, VO2, VCO2, VE, and Vt were all lower during arm-cranking than leg-pedaling, and oxidation of fat was minimal, remaining so after training. Despite the higher relative intensity, fat oxidation was 70% greater during leg-pedaling (P = 0.017). The aerobic energy contribution in the legs was larger than for the arms during the Wingate tests, although VO2 for the arms was enhanced more by training, reducing the O2 deficit after SIT. The levels of muscle glycogen, as well as the myosin heavy chain composition were unchanged in both cases, while the activities of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase and citrate synthase were elevated only in the legs and capillarization enhanced in both limbs. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the variables that predict TT performance differ for the arms and legs. The primary mechanism of adaptation to SIT by both the arms and legs is enhancement of aerobic energy production. However, with their higher proportion of fast muscle fibers, the arms exhibit greater plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Zinner
- Department of Sport Science, Julius Maximilians University WürzburgWürzburg, Germany; Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden UniversityÖstersund, Sweden
| | - David Morales-Alamo
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS) and Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Niels Ørtenblad
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden UniversityÖstersund, Sweden; Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern DenmarkOdense, Denmark
| | - Filip J Larsen
- Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas A Schiffer
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sarah J Willis
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University Östersund, Sweden
| | - Miriam Gelabert-Rebato
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS) and Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Mario Perez-Valera
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS) and Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Robert Boushel
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jose A L Calbet
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS) and Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas, Spain; School of Kinesiology, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hans-Christer Holmberg
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden UniversityÖstersund, Sweden; School of Kinesiology, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada; School of Sport Sciences, UiT Arctic University of NorwayTromsø, Norway
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MacInnis MJ, Zacharewicz E, Martin BJ, Haikalis ME, Skelly LE, Tarnopolsky MA, Murphy RM, Gibala MJ. Superior mitochondrial adaptations in human skeletal muscle after interval compared to continuous single-leg cycling matched for total work. J Physiol 2016; 595:2955-2968. [PMID: 27396440 DOI: 10.1113/jp272570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS A classic unresolved issue in human integrative physiology involves the role of exercise intensity, duration and volume in regulating skeletal muscle adaptations to training. We employed counterweighted single-leg cycling as a unique within-subject model to investigate the role of exercise intensity in promoting training-induced increases in skeletal muscle mitochondrial content. Six sessions of high-intensity interval training performed over 2 weeks elicited greater increases in citrate synthase maximal activity and mitochondrial respiration compared to moderate-intensity continuous training matched for total work and session duration. These data suggest that exercise intensity, and/or the pattern of contraction, is an important determinant of exercise-induced skeletal muscle remodelling in humans. ABSTRACT We employed counterweighted single-leg cycling as a unique model to investigate the role of exercise intensity in human skeletal muscle remodelling. Ten young active men performed unilateral graded-exercise tests to measure single-leg V̇O2, peak and peak power (Wpeak ). Each leg was randomly assigned to complete six sessions of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) [4 × (5 min at 65% Wpeak and 2.5 min at 20% Wpeak )] or moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) (30 min at 50% Wpeak ), which were performed 10 min apart on each day, in an alternating order. The work performed per session was matched for MICT (143 ± 8.4 kJ) and HIIT (144 ± 8.5 kJ, P > 0.05). Post-training, citrate synthase (CS) maximal activity (10.2 ± 0.8 vs. 8.4 ± 0.9 mmol kg protein-1 min-1 ) and mass-specific [pmol O2 •(s•mg wet weight)-1 ] oxidative phosphorylation capacities (complex I: 23.4 ± 3.2 vs. 17.1 ± 2.8; complexes I and II: 58.2 ± 7.5 vs. 42.2 ± 5.3) were greater in HIIT relative to MICT (interaction effects, P < 0.05); however, mitochondrial function [i.e. pmol O2 •(s•CS maximal activity)-1 ] measured under various conditions was unaffected by training (P > 0.05). In whole muscle, the protein content of COXIV (24%), NDUFA9 (11%) and mitofusin 2 (MFN2) (16%) increased similarly across groups (training effects, P < 0.05). Cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV (COXIV) and NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A9 (NDUFA9) were more abundant in type I than type II fibres (P < 0.05) but training did not increase the content of COXIV, NDUFA9 or MFN2 in either fibre type (P > 0.05). Single-leg V̇O2, peak was also unaffected by training (P > 0.05). In summary, single-leg cycling performed in an interval compared to a continuous manner elicited superior mitochondrial adaptations in human skeletal muscle despite equal total work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J MacInnis
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evelyn Zacharewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brian J Martin
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria E Haikalis
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren E Skelly
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark A Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robyn M Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martin J Gibala
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Granata C, Oliveira RSF, Little JP, Renner K, Bishop DJ. Mitochondrial adaptations to high-volume exercise training are rapidly reversed after a reduction in training volume in human skeletal muscle. FASEB J 2016; 30:3413-3423. [PMID: 27402675 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500100r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Increased mitochondrial content and respiration have both been reported after exercise training. However, no study has directly compared how different training volumes influence mitochondrial respiration and markers of mitochondrial biogenesis. Ten healthy men performed high-intensity interval cycling during 3 consecutive training phases; 4 wk of normal-volume training (NVT; 3/wk), followed by 20 d of high-volume training (HVT; 2/d) and 2 wk of reduced-volume training (RVT; 5 sessions). Resting biopsy samples (vastus lateralis) were obtained at baseline and after each phase. No mitochondrial parameter changed after NVT. After HVT, mitochondrial respiration and citrate synthase activity (∼40-50%), as well as the protein content of electron transport system (ETS) subunits (∼10-40%), and that of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), NRF1, mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), PHF20, and p53 (∼65-170%) all increased compared to baseline; mitochondrial specific respiration remained unchanged. After RVT, all the mitochondrial parameters measured except citrate synthase activity (∼36% above initial) were not significantly different compared to baseline (all P > 0.05). Our findings demonstrate that training volume is an important determinant of training-induced mitochondrial adaptations and highlight the rapid reversibility of human skeletal muscle to a reduction in training volume.-Granata, C., Oliveira, R. S. F., Little, J. P., Renner, K., Bishop, D. J. Mitochondrial adaptations to high-volume exercise training are rapidly reversed after a reduction in training volume in human skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Granata
- Institute of Sport, Exercise, and Active Living, College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rodrigo S F Oliveira
- Institute of Sport, Exercise, and Active Living, College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan P Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Kathrin Renner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute of Sport, Exercise, and Active Living, College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;
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Fallahi AA, Shekarfroush S, Rahimi M, Jalali A, Khoshbaten A. Alteration in cardiac uncoupling proteins and eNOS gene expression following high-intensity interval training in favor of increasing mechanical efficiency. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 19:258-64. [PMID: 27114795 PMCID: PMC4834115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES High-intensity interval training (HIIT) increases energy expenditure and mechanical energy efficiency. Although both uncoupling proteins (UCPs) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) affect the mechanical efficiency and antioxidant capacity, their effects are inverse. The aim of this study was to determine whether the alterations of cardiac UCP2, UCP3, and eNOS mRNA expression following HIIT are in favor of increased mechanical efficiency or decreased oxidative stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar rats were divided into five groups: control group (n=12), HIIT for an acute bout (AT1), short term HIIT for 3 and 5 sessions (ST3 and ST5), long-term training for 8 weeks (LT) (6 in each group). The rats of the training groups were made to run on a treadmill for 60 min in three stages: 6 min running for warm-up, 7 intervals of 7 min running on treadmill with a slope of 5° to 20° (4 min with an intensity of 80-110% VO2max and 3 min at 50-60% VO2max), and 5-min running for cool-down. The control group did not participate in any exercise program. Rats were sacrificed and the hearts were extracted to analyze the levels of UCP2, UCP3 and eNOS mRNA by RT-PCR. RESULTS UCP3 expression was increased significantly following an acute training bout. Repeated HIIT for 8 weeks resulted in a significant decrease in UCPs mRNA and a significant increase in eNOS expression in cardiac muscle. CONCLUSION This study indicates that Long term HIIT through decreasing UCPs mRNA and increasing eNOS mRNA expression may enhance energy efficiency and physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shahnaz Shekarfroush
- Department of Physiology, Arsanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran,Corresponding author: Shahnaz Shekarforoush. Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan, Iran, Fars. Tel: 09173376859; Fax 071-43522483; ;
| | - Mostafa Rahimi
- Department of Physical Education, University of Kashan, Iran
| | - Amirhossain Jalali
- Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Khoshbaten
- Sport Physiology Research Center, Baghiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Granata C, Oliveira RSF, Little JP, Renner K, Bishop DJ. Training intensity modulates changes in PGC-1α and p53 protein content and mitochondrial respiration, but not markers of mitochondrial content in human skeletal muscle. FASEB J 2015; 30:959-70. [PMID: 26572168 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-276907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training has been associated with increased mitochondrial content and respiration. However, no study to date has compared in parallel how training at different intensities affects mitochondrial respiration and markers of mitochondrial biogenesis. Twenty-nine healthy men performed 4 wk (12 cycling sessions) of either sprint interval training [SIT; 4-10 × 30-s all-out bouts at ∼200% of peak power output (WPeak)], high-intensity interval training (HIIT; 4-7 × 4-min intervals at ∼90% WPeak), or sublactate threshold continuous training (STCT; 20-36 min at ∼65% WPeak). The STCT and HIIT groups were matched for total work. Resting biopsy samples (vastus lateralis) were obtained before and after training. The maximal mitochondrial respiration in permeabilized muscle fibers increased significantly only after SIT (25%). Similarly, the protein content of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator (PGC)-1α, p53, and plant homeodomain finger-containing protein 20 (PHF20) increased only after SIT (60-90%). Conversely, citrate synthase activity, and the protein content of TFAM and subunits of the electron transport system complexes remained unchanged throughout. Our findings suggest that training intensity is an important factor that regulates training-induced changes in mitochondrial respiration and that there is an apparent dissociation between training-induced changes in mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial content. Moreover, changes in the protein content of PGC-1α, p53, and PHF20 are more strongly associated with training-induced changes in mitochondrial respiration than mitochondrial content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Granata
- *Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada; and Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rodrigo S F Oliveira
- *Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada; and Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan P Little
- *Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada; and Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Renner
- *Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada; and Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - David J Bishop
- *Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada; and Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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