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Bu Z, Li W, Liu X, Liu Y, Gao Y, Pei G, Zhuo R, Cui K, Qin Z, Zheng H, Wu J, Yang Y, Su P, Cao M, Xiong X, Liu X, Zhu Y. The Rice Endophyte-Derived α-Mannosidase ShAM1 Degrades Host Cell Walls To Activate DAMP-Triggered Immunity against Disease. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0482422. [PMID: 37154721 PMCID: PMC10269736 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04824-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophytes play an important role in shaping plant growth and immunity. However, the mechanisms for endophyte-induced disease resistance in host plants remain unclear. Here, we screened and isolated the immunity inducer ShAM1 from the endophyte Streptomyces hygroscopicus OsiSh-2, which strongly antagonizes the pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. Recombinant ShAM1 can trigger rice immune responses and induce hypersensitive responses in various plant species. After infection with M. oryzae, blast resistance was dramatically improved in ShAM1-inoculated rice. In addition, the enhanced disease resistance by ShAM1 was found to occur through a priming strategy and was mainly regulated through the jasmonic acid-ethylene (JA/ET)-dependent signaling pathway. ShAM1 was identified as a novel α-mannosidase, and its induction of immunity is dependent on its enzyme activity. When we incubated ShAM1 with isolated rice cell walls, the release of oligosaccharides was observed. Notably, extracts from the ShAM1-digested cell wall can enhance the disease resistance of the host rice. These results indicated that ShAM1 triggered immune defense against pathogens by damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP)-related mechanisms. Our work provides a representative example of endophyte-mediated modulation of disease resistance in host plants. The effects of ShAM1 indicate the promise of using active components from endophytes as plant defense elicitors for the management of plant disease. IMPORTANCE The specific biological niche inside host plants allows endophytes to regulate plant disease resistance effectively. However, there have been few reports on the role of active metabolites from endophytes in inducing host disease resistance. In this study, we demonstrated that an identified α-mannosidase protein, ShAM1, secreted by the endophyte S. hygroscopicus OsiSh-2 could activate typical plant immunity responses and induce a timely and cost-efficient priming defense against the pathogen M. oryzae in rice. Importantly, we revealed that ShAM1 enhanced plant disease resistance through its hydrolytic enzyme (HE) activity to digest the rice cell wall and release damage-associated molecular patterns. Taken together, these findings provide an example of the interaction mode of endophyte-plant symbionts and suggest that HEs derived from endophytes can be used as environmentally friendly and safe prevention agent for plant disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Bu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Gao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Pei
- Key Laboratory of Modern Research of TCM, Education Department of Hunan Province Hunan, University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhuo
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kunpeng Cui
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziwei Qin
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Heping Zheng
- Bioinformatics Center, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Wu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yutong Yang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pin Su
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meiting Cao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianqiu Xiong
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuanming Liu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yonghua Zhu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
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D’eon JC, Lankadurai BP, Simpson AJ, Reiner EJ, Poirier DG, Vanlerberghe GC, Simpson MJ. Cross-Platform Comparison of Amino Acid Metabolic Profiling in Three Model Organisms Used in Environmental Metabolomics. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030402. [PMID: 36984842 PMCID: PMC10058405 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental metabolomics is a promising approach to study pollutant impacts to target organisms in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. To this end, both nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)- and mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods are used to profile amino acids in different environmental metabolomic studies. However, these two methods have not been compared directly which is an important consideration for broader comparisons in the environmental metabolomics field. We compared the quantification of 18 amino acids in the tissue extracts of Daphnia magna, a common model organism used in both ecotoxicology and ecology, using both 1H NMR spectroscopy and liquid chromatography with tandem MS (LC-MS/MS). 1H NMR quantification of amino acids agreed with the LC-MS/MS quantification for 17 of 18 amino acids measured. We also tested both quantitative methods in a D. magna sub-lethal exposure study to copper and lithium. Again, both NMR and LC-MS/MS measurements showed agreement. We extended our analyses with extracts from the earthworm Eisenia fetida and the plant model Nicotiana tabacum. The concentrations of amino acids by both 1H NMR and LC-MS/MS, agreed and demonstrated the robustness of both techniques for quantitative metabolomics. These findings demonstrate the compatibility of these two analytical platforms for amino acid profiling in environmentally relevant model organisms and emphasizes that data from either method is robust for comparisons across studies to further build the knowledge base related to pollutant exposure impacts and toxic responses of diverse environmental organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C. D’eon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
- Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Brian P. Lankadurai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
- Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - André J. Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
- Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Eric J. Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, ON M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - David G. Poirier
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, ON M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Greg C. Vanlerberghe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Myrna J. Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
- Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-416-287-7234
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Mashabela MD, Tugizimana F, Steenkamp PA, Piater LA, Dubery IA, Terefe T, Mhlongo MI. Metabolomic evaluation of PGPR defence priming in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars infected with Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (stripe rust). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1103413. [PMID: 37123830 PMCID: PMC10132142 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1103413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant-microbe interactions are a phenomenal display of symbiotic/parasitic relationships between living organisms. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are some of the most widely investigated plant-beneficial microbes due to their capabilities in stimulating plant growth and development and conferring protection to plants against biotic and abiotic stresses. As such, PGPR-mediated plant priming/induced systemic resistance (ISR) has become a hot topic among researchers, particularly with prospects of applications in sustainable agriculture. The current study applies untargeted ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high-definition mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HDMS) to investigate PGPR-based metabolic reconfigurations in the metabolome of primed wheat plants against Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tricti (Pst). A seed bio-priming approach was adopted, where seeds were coated with two PGPR strains namely Bacillus subtilis and Paenibacillus alvei (T22) and grown under controlled conditions in a glasshouse. The plants were infected with Pst one-week post-germination, followed by weekly harvesting of leaf material. Subsequent metabolite extraction was carried out for analysis on a UHPLC-HDMS system for data acquisition. The data was chemometrically processed to reveal the underlying trends and data structures as well as potential signatory biomarkers for priming against Pst. Results showed notable metabolic reprogramming in primary and secondary metabolism, where the amino acid and organic acid content of primed-control, primed-challenged and non-primed-challenged plants were differentially reprogrammed. Similar trends were observed from the secondary metabolism, in which primed plants (particularly primed-challenged) showed an up-regulation of phenolic compounds (flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids-HCAs- and HCA amides) compared to the non-primed plants. The metabolomics-based semi-quantitative and qualitative assessment of the plant metabolomes revealed a time-dependent metabolic reprogramming in primed-challenged and primed-unchallenged plants, indicating the metabolic adaptations of the plants to stripe rust infection over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manamele D. Mashabela
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Fidele Tugizimana
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
- International Research and Development Division, Omnia Group, Ltd., Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Paul A. Steenkamp
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lizelle A. Piater
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ian A. Dubery
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tarekegn Terefe
- Division of Small Grain Diseases and Crop Protection, Agricultural Research Council-Small Grains Institute (ARC-SGI), Private Bag X29 Bethlehem, Free State, Bethlehem, South Africa
| | - Msizi I. Mhlongo
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Msizi I. Mhlongo,
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Mashabela MD, Tugizimana F, Steenkamp PA, Piater LA, Dubery IA, Mhlongo MI. Untargeted metabolite profiling to elucidate rhizosphere and leaf metabolome changes of wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) treated with the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria Paenibacillus alvei (T22) and Bacillus subtilis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:971836. [PMID: 36090115 PMCID: PMC9453603 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.971836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The rhizosphere is a highly complex and biochemically diverse environment that facilitates plant–microbe and microbe–microbe interactions, and this region is found between plant roots and the bulk soil. Several studies have reported plant root exudation and metabolite secretion by rhizosphere-inhabiting microbes, suggesting that these metabolites play a vital role in plant–microbe interactions. However, the biochemical constellation of the rhizosphere soil is yet to be fully elucidated and thus remains extremely elusive. In this regard, the effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)–plant interactions on the rhizosphere chemistry and above ground tissues are not fully understood. The current study applies an untargeted metabolomics approach to profile the rhizosphere exo-metabolome of wheat cultivars generated from seed inoculated (bio-primed) with Paenibacillus (T22) and Bacillus subtilis strains and to elucidate the effects of PGPR treatment on the metabolism of above-ground tissues. Chemometrics and molecular networking tools were used to process, mine and interpret the acquired mass spectrometry (MS) data. Global metabolome profiling of the rhizosphere soil of PGPR-bio-primed plants revealed differential accumulation of compounds from several classes of metabolites including phenylpropanoids, organic acids, lipids, organoheterocyclic compounds, and benzenoids. Of these, some have been reported to function in plant–microbe interactions, chemotaxis, biocontrol, and plant growth promotion. Metabolic perturbations associated with the primary and secondary metabolism were observed from the profiled leaf tissue of PGPR-bio-primed plants, suggesting a distal metabolic reprograming induced by PGPR seed bio-priming. These observations gave insights into the hypothetical framework which suggests that PGPR seed bio-priming can induce metabolic changes in plants leading to induced systemic response for adaptation to biotic and abiotic stress. Thus, this study contributes knowledge to ongoing efforts to decipher the rhizosphere metabolome and mechanistic nature of biochemical plant–microbe interactions, which could lead to metabolome engineering strategies for improved plant growth, priming for defense and sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manamele D. Mashabela
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Fidele Tugizimana
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
- International Research and Development Division, Omnia Group, Ltd., Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Paul A. Steenkamp
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lizelle A. Piater
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ian A. Dubery
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Msizi I. Mhlongo
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Msizi I. Mhlongo,
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Mashabela MD, Piater LA, Steenkamp PA, Dubery IA, Tugizimana F, Mhlongo MI. Comparative Metabolite Profiling of Wheat Cultivars (Triticum aestivum) Reveals Signatory Markers for Resistance and Susceptibility to Stripe Rust and Aluminium (Al3+) Toxicity. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12020098. [PMID: 35208172 PMCID: PMC8877665 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12020098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants continuously produce essential metabolites that regulate their growth and development. The enrichment of specific metabolites determines plant interactions with the immediate environment, and some metabolites become critical in defence responses against biotic and abiotic stresses. Here, an untargeted UHPLC-qTOF-MS approach was employed to profile metabolites of wheat cultivars resistant or susceptible to the pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) and Aluminium (Al3+) toxicity. Multivariate statistical analysis (MVDA) tools, viz. principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HiCA) were used to qualify the correlation between the identified metabolites and the designated traits. A total of 100 metabolites were identified from primary and secondary metabolisms, including phenolic compounds, such as flavonoid glycosides and hydroxycinnamic acid (HCA) derivatives, fatty acids, amino acids, and organic acids. All metabolites were significantly variable among the five wheat cultivars. The Pst susceptible cultivars demonstrated elevated concentrations of HCAs compared to their resistant counterparts. In contrast, ‘Koonap’ displayed higher levels of flavonoid glycosides, which could point to its resistant phenotype to Pst and Al3+ toxicity. The data provides an insight into the metabolomic profiles and thus the genetic background of Pst- and Al3+-resistant and susceptible wheat varieties. This study demonstrates the prospects of applied metabolomics for chemotaxonomic classification, phenotyping, and potential use in plant breeding and crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manamele D. Mashabela
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (M.D.M.); (L.A.P.); (P.A.S.); (I.A.D.); (F.T.)
| | - Lizelle A. Piater
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (M.D.M.); (L.A.P.); (P.A.S.); (I.A.D.); (F.T.)
| | - Paul A. Steenkamp
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (M.D.M.); (L.A.P.); (P.A.S.); (I.A.D.); (F.T.)
| | - Ian A. Dubery
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (M.D.M.); (L.A.P.); (P.A.S.); (I.A.D.); (F.T.)
| | - Fidele Tugizimana
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (M.D.M.); (L.A.P.); (P.A.S.); (I.A.D.); (F.T.)
- International Research and Development Division, Omnia Group, Ltd., Johannesburg 2021, South Africa
| | - Msizi I. Mhlongo
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (M.D.M.); (L.A.P.); (P.A.S.); (I.A.D.); (F.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-11-559-4573
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Desmedt W, Jonckheere W, Nguyen VH, Ameye M, De Zutter N, De Kock K, Debode J, Van Leeuwen T, Audenaert K, Vanholme B, Kyndt T. The phenylpropanoid pathway inhibitor piperonylic acid induces broad-spectrum pest and disease resistance in plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:3122-3139. [PMID: 34053100 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Although many phenylpropanoid pathway-derived molecules act as physical and chemical barriers to pests and pathogens, comparatively little is known about their role in regulating plant immunity. To explore this research field, we transiently perturbed the phenylpropanoid pathway through application of the CINNAMIC ACID-4-HYDROXYLASE (C4H) inhibitor piperonylic acid (PA). Using bioassays involving diverse pests and pathogens, we show that transient C4H inhibition triggers systemic, broad-spectrum resistance in higher plants without affecting growth. PA treatment enhances tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) resistance in field and laboratory conditions, thereby illustrating the potential of phenylpropanoid pathway perturbation in crop protection. At the molecular level, transcriptome and metabolome analyses reveal that transient C4H inhibition in tomato reprograms phenylpropanoid and flavonoid metabolism, systemically induces immune signalling and pathogenesis-related genes, and locally affects reactive oxygen species metabolism. Furthermore, C4H inhibition primes cell wall modification and phenolic compound accumulation in response to root-knot nematode infection. Although PA treatment induces local accumulation of the phytohormone salicylic acid, the PA resistance phenotype is preserved in tomato plants expressing the salicylic acid-degrading NahG construct. Together, our results demonstrate that transient phenylpropanoid pathway perturbation is a conserved inducer of plant resistance and thus highlight the crucial regulatory role of this pathway in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Desmedt
- Epigenetics and Defence Group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Jonckheere
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Viet Ha Nguyen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maarten Ameye
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Noémie De Zutter
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karen De Kock
- Epigenetics and Defence Group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jane Debode
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bartel Vanholme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Epigenetics and Defence Group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Mhlongo MI, Piater LA, Steenkamp PA, Labuschagne N, Dubery IA. Metabolomic Evaluation of Tissue-Specific Defense Responses in Tomato Plants Modulated by PGPR-Priming against Phytophthora capsici Infection. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081530. [PMID: 34451575 PMCID: PMC8400099 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can stimulate disease suppression through the induction of an enhanced state of defense readiness. Here, untargeted ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS) and targeted ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC–QqQ-MS) were used to investigate metabolic reprogramming in tomato plant tissues in response to priming by Pseudomonas fluorescens N04 and Paenibacillus alvei T22 against Phytophthora capsici. Roots were treated with the two PGPR strains prior to stem inoculation with Ph. capsici. Metabolites were methanol-extracted from roots, stems and leaves at two–eight days post-inoculation. Targeted analysis by UHPLC–QqQ-MS allowed quantification of aromatic amino acids and phytohormones. For untargeted analysis, UHPLC–MS data were chemometrically processed to determine signatory biomarkers related to priming against Ph. capsici. The aromatic amino acid content was differentially reprogrammed in Ps. fluorescens and Pa. alvei primed plants responding to Ph. capsici. Furthermore, abscisic acid and methyl salicylic acid were found to be major signaling molecules in the tripartite interaction. LC–MS metabolomics analysis showed time-dependent metabolic changes in the primed-unchallenged vs. primed-challenged tissues. The annotated metabolites included phenylpropanoids, benzoic acids, glycoalkaloids, flavonoids, amino acids, organic acids, as well as oxygenated fatty acids. Tissue-specific reprogramming across diverse metabolic networks in roots, stems and leaves was also observed, which demonstrated that PGPR priming resulted in modulation of the defense response to Ph. capsici infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Msizi I. Mhlongo
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (M.I.M.); (L.A.P.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Lizelle A. Piater
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (M.I.M.); (L.A.P.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Paul A. Steenkamp
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (M.I.M.); (L.A.P.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Nico Labuschagne
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa;
| | - Ian A. Dubery
- Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (M.I.M.); (L.A.P.); (P.A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-11-559-2401
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Lephatsi MM, Meyer V, Piater LA, Dubery IA, Tugizimana F. Plant Responses to Abiotic Stresses and Rhizobacterial Biostimulants: Metabolomics and Epigenetics Perspectives. Metabolites 2021; 11:457. [PMID: 34357351 PMCID: PMC8305699 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11070457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to abiotic stresses, plants mount comprehensive stress-specific responses which mediate signal transduction cascades, transcription of relevant responsive genes and the accumulation of numerous different stress-specific transcripts and metabolites, as well as coordinated stress-specific biochemical and physiological readjustments. These natural mechanisms employed by plants are however not always sufficient to ensure plant survival under abiotic stress conditions. Biostimulants such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) formulation are emerging as novel strategies for improving crop quality, yield and resilience against adverse environmental conditions. However, to successfully formulate these microbial-based biostimulants and design efficient application programs, the understanding of molecular and physiological mechanisms that govern biostimulant-plant interactions is imperatively required. Systems biology approaches, such as metabolomics, can unravel insights on the complex network of plant-PGPR interactions allowing for the identification of molecular targets responsible for improved growth and crop quality. Thus, this review highlights the current models on plant defence responses to abiotic stresses, from perception to the activation of cellular and molecular events. It further highlights the current knowledge on the application of microbial biostimulants and the use of epigenetics and metabolomics approaches to elucidate mechanisms of action of microbial biostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motseoa M. Lephatsi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (M.M.L.); (L.A.P.); (I.A.D.)
| | - Vanessa Meyer
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa;
| | - Lizelle A. Piater
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (M.M.L.); (L.A.P.); (I.A.D.)
| | - Ian A. Dubery
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (M.M.L.); (L.A.P.); (I.A.D.)
| | - Fidele Tugizimana
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (M.M.L.); (L.A.P.); (I.A.D.)
- International Research and Development Division, Omnia Group, Ltd., Johannesburg 2021, South Africa
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9
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Yin S, Cui H, Zhang L, Yan J, Qian L, Ruan S. Transcriptome and Metabolome Integrated Analysis of Two Ecotypes of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Reveals Candidate Genes Involved in Chlorogenic Acid Accumulation. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10071288. [PMID: 34202839 PMCID: PMC8309080 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
T. hemsleyanum plants with different geographical origins contain enormous genetic variability, which causes different composition and content of flavonoids. In this research, integrated analysis of transcriptome and metabolome were performed in two ecotypes of T. hemsleyanum. There were 5428 different expressed transcripts and 236 differentially accumulated metabolites, phenylpropane and flavonoid biosynthesis were most predominantly enriched. A regulatory network of 9 transcripts and 11 compounds up-regulated in RG was formed, and chlorogenic acid was a core component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Yin
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (S.Y.); (H.C.)
- Institute of Biotechnology, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Hairui Cui
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (S.Y.); (H.C.)
| | - Le Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Jianli Yan
- Institute of Biotechnology, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (L.Q.); (S.R.)
| | - Lihua Qian
- Institute of Biotechnology, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (L.Q.); (S.R.)
| | - Songlin Ruan
- Institute of Crops, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (L.Q.); (S.R.)
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10
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Negrel J, Klinguer A, Adrian M. In vitro inhibition of shikimate hydroxycinnamoyltransferase by acibenzolar acid, the first metabolite of the plant defence inducer acibenzolar-S-methyl. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 163:119-127. [PMID: 33836466 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Acibenzolar acid, the first metabolite formed in planta from the defence inducer acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), has been shown to be an inhibitor of the enzyme shikimate hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (HST), extracted from grapevine or tobacco cell suspension cultures. Using a purified recombinant Arabidopsis thaliana HST, the inhibition was found to be competitive, acibenzolar acid binding reversibly to the shikimate binding site of the HST:p-coumaroyl-CoA complex, with a Ki value of 250 μM. The other hydroxycinnamoyltransferases tested in the course of this study, using either hydroxypalmitic acid, putrescine, tyramine, or quinic acid as acyl acceptors were not, or only slightly, inhibited by acibenzolar acid. To understand the specificity of the interaction of acibenzolar acid with HST, we analyzed the structure-activity relationship of a series of benzoic or acibenzolar acid analogues, tested either as AtHST substrates or as inhibitors. This analysis confirmed previously published data on the substrate flexibility of HST and demonstrated that both the carboxyl group and the thiadiazole moiety of acibenzolar acid are playing an important role in the interaction with the shikimate binding site. Acibenzolar acid, which cannot form an ester bond with p-coumaric acid, was however a less potent inhibitor than protocatechuic or 3-hydroxybenzoic acids, which are used as acyl acceptors by HST. Our results show that the interaction of acibenzolar acid with HST, which is probably directly linked to the substrate promiscuity of HST, is unlikely to play a direct role in the defence-inducing properties of ASM in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Negrel
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche- Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Agnès Klinguer
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche- Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Marielle Adrian
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche- Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France.
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11
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Seong SH, Jung HA, Choi JS. Discovery of Flazin, an Alkaloid Isolated from Cherry Tomato Juice, As a Novel Non-Enzymatic Protein Glycation Inhibitor via in Vitro and in Silico Studies. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:3647-3657. [PMID: 33739098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Both overproduced reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species and hyperglycemic conditions accompany a significant increase in protein glycation and nitration that contribute to the initiation and progression of diabetic complications and neuronal disorders. In this study, 19 compounds, including steroidal saponins, alkaloids, cerebroside, phenolic compounds, sterols, and nucleosides, were isolated from cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) juice, of which flazin showed good inhibition on monosaccharide-induced non-enzymatic bovine pancreas insulin and bovine serum albumin (BSA) glycation. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that flazin continuously interacts with Phe1, Val2, Tyr26, and Lys29 insulin residues, which play a key role in insulin glycation/dimerization. In addition, depending upon the flazin dose, this blocked the tyrosine nitration of BSA via scavenging peroxynitrite anions. Taken together, our novel findings suggest that flazin could be a lead compound for the treatment of diabetes and neuronal disorders via the inhibition of non-enzymatic protein glycation and the elimination of peroxynitrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Hui Seong
- Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 46041, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ah Jung
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sue Choi
- Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 46041, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
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12
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Szatmári Á, Móricz ÁM, Schwarczinger I, Kolozsváriné Nagy J, Alberti Á, Pogány M, Bozsó Z. A pattern-triggered immunity-related phenolic, acetosyringone, boosts rapid inhibition of a diverse set of plant pathogenic bacteria. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:153. [PMID: 33765920 PMCID: PMC7992983 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02928-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetosyringone (3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyacetophenone, AS) is a syringyl-type phenolic compound rarely found in plants in free form. It has been shown earlier to inhibit the growth of Pseudomonas bacteria in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and peroxidase (AS mix). RESULTS We detected elevated levels of free AS in Nicotiana tabacum and N. benthamiana plants after inducing pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) by injecting bacterial elicitor flg22, or pathogenicity-mutant Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae 61 hrcC- bacteria; but not after inoculations with compatible or incompatible pathogens at the time of PTI onset. In this study, we demonstrate that the antibacterial effect of the AS mix is general, as growth of several Gram-negative and -positive phytopathogenic bacteria was characteristically inhibited. The inhibition of bacterial metabolism by the AS mix was rapid, shown by the immediate drop of luminescence intensity of P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 lx strain after addition of AS mix. The mechanism of the bacteriostatic effect was investigated using fluorescent reporter dye assays. SYTOX Green experiments supported others' previous findings that the AS mix does not result in membrane permeabilization. Moreover, we observed that the mode of action could be depolarization of the bacterial cell membrane, as shown by assays carried out with the voltage sensitive dye DIBAC4(3). CONCLUSIONS Level of free acetosyringone is elevated during plant PTI responses in tobacco leaves (N. tabacum and N. benthamiana). When combined with hydrogen peroxide and peroxidase (AS mix), components of the mix act synergistically to inhibit bacterial metabolism and proliferation rapidly in a wide range of plant pathogens. This effect is related to depolarization rather than to permeabilization of the bacterial cell membrane. Similar AS mixture to the in vivo model might form locally at sites of invading bacterial attachment to the plant cells and the presence of acetosyringone might have an important role in the inhibition of bacterial proliferation during PTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Szatmári
- Plant Protection Institute, ELKH Centre for Agricultural Research, Herman Ottó St. 15, Budapest, 1022, Hungary.
- Present address: Chemical Biology Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, ELKH Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
| | - Ágnes M Móricz
- Plant Protection Institute, ELKH Centre for Agricultural Research, Herman Ottó St. 15, Budapest, 1022, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Schwarczinger
- Plant Protection Institute, ELKH Centre for Agricultural Research, Herman Ottó St. 15, Budapest, 1022, Hungary
| | - Judit Kolozsváriné Nagy
- Plant Protection Institute, ELKH Centre for Agricultural Research, Herman Ottó St. 15, Budapest, 1022, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Alberti
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Üllői St. 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Miklós Pogány
- Plant Protection Institute, ELKH Centre for Agricultural Research, Herman Ottó St. 15, Budapest, 1022, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Bozsó
- Plant Protection Institute, ELKH Centre for Agricultural Research, Herman Ottó St. 15, Budapest, 1022, Hungary.
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Dos Santos Araújo G, de Oliveira Paula-Marinho S, de Paiva Pinheiro SK, de Castro Miguel E, de Sousa Lopes L, Camelo Marques E, de Carvalho HH, Gomes-Filho E. H 2O 2 priming promotes salt tolerance in maize by protecting chloroplasts ultrastructure and primary metabolites modulation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 303:110774. [PMID: 33487358 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide priming has emerged as a powerful strategy to trigger multiple responses involved in plant acclimation that reinforce tolerance to abiotic stresses, including salt stress. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the impact of foliar H2O2 priming on the physiological, biochemical, and ultrastructural traits related to photosynthesis of salt-stressed plants. Besides, we provided comparative leaf metabolomic profiles of Zea mays plants under such conditions. For this, H2O or H2O2 pretreated plants were grown under saline conditions for 12-days. Salinity drastically affected photosynthetic parameters and structural chloroplasts integrity, also increased reactive oxygen species contents promoting disturbance in the plant metabolism when compared to non-saline conditions. Our results suggest that H2O2-pretreated plants improved photosynthetic performance avoiding salinity-induced energy excess and ultrastructural damage by preserving stacking thylakoids. It displayed modulation of some metabolites, as arabitol, glucose, asparagine, and tyrosine, which may contribute to the maintenance of osmotic balance and reduced oxidative stress. Hence, our study brings new insights into an understanding of plant acclimation to salinity by H2O2 priming based on photosynthesis maintenance and metabolite modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emílio de Castro Miguel
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering and Analytical Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.
| | | | - Elton Camelo Marques
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil.
| | | | - Enéas Gomes-Filho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and National Institute of Science and Technology in Salinity (INCTSal/CNPq), Federal University of Ceará, Pici Campus St., 60455-760, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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14
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Concurrent Metabolic Profiling and Quantification of Aromatic Amino Acids and Phytohormones in Solanum lycopersicum Plants Responding to Phytophthora capsici. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10110466. [PMID: 33207638 PMCID: PMC7696014 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10110466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic microorganisms account for large production losses in the agricultural sector. Phytophthora capsici is an oomycete that causes blight and fruit rot in important crops, especially those in the Solanaceae family. P. capsici infection is difficult to control due to genetic diversity, arising from sexual reproduction, and resistant spores that remain dormant in soil. In this study, the metabolomics of tomato plants responding to infection by P. capsici were investigated. Non-targeted metabolomics, based on liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS), were used with multivariate data analyses to investigate time-dependent metabolic reprogramming in the roots, stems, and leaves of stem-infected plants, over an 8 day period. In addition, phytohormones and amino acids were determined using quantitative LC-MS. Methyl salicylate and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate were detected as major signalling molecules in the defensive response to P. capsici. As aromatic amino acid precursors of secondary metabolic pathways, both phenylalanine and tryptophan showed a continuous increase over time in all tissues, whereas tyrosine peaked at day 4. Non-targeted metabolomic analysis revealed phenylpropanoids, benzoic acids, glycoalkaloids, flavonoids, amino acids, organic acids, and fatty acids as the major classes of reprogrammed metabolites. Correlation analysis showed that metabolites derived from the same pathway, or synthesised by different pathways, could either have a positive or negative correlation. Furthermore, roots, stems, and leaves showed contrasting time-dependent metabolic reprogramming, possibly related to the biotrophic vs. necrotrophic life-stages of the pathogen, and overlapping biotic and abiotic stress signaling. As such, the targeted and untargeted approaches complemented each other, to provide a detailed view of key time-dependent metabolic changes, occurring in both the asymptomatic and symptomatic stages of infection.
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15
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Secondary Metabolite Profiling Via LC-HRMS Q-TOF of Foleyola Billotii, an Endemic Brassicaceae Plant of North-Western Sahara. Pharm Chem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-020-02264-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Ramabulana AT, Steenkamp PA, Madala NE, Dubery IA. Profiling of Altered Metabolomic States in Bidens pilosa Leaves in Response to Treatment by Methyl Jasmonate and Methyl Salicylate. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9101275. [PMID: 32992670 PMCID: PMC7601133 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bidens pilosa (Asteraceae) is an edible medicinal plant with many bioactivities reported to have a health-beneficial role in controling various diseases. Though B. pilosa contain a diverse array of natural products, these are produced in relatively low concentrations. A possible way to enhance secondary metabolite production can be through the use of elicitors. Here, the effects of exogenous treatments with two signal molecules—methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and methyl salicylate (MeSA)—on the metabolomic profiles of B. pilosa leaves were investigated. Plants were treated with 0.5 mM of MeJA or MeSA and harvested at 12 h and 24 h. Metabolites were extracted with methanol and separated on an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography system hyphenated to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry detection. Data was subjected to multivariate statistical analysis and modeling for annotation of metabolites. Hydroxycinnamic acid (HCA) derivatives, such as caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs), tartaric acid esters (chicoric acid and caftaric acid), chalcones, and flavonoids were identified as differentially regulated. The altered metabolomes in response to MeSA and MeJA overlapped to a certain extent, suggestive of a cross-talk between signaling and metabolic pathway activation. Moreover, the perturbation of isomeric molecules, especially the cis geometrical isomers of HCA derivatives by both treatments, further point to the biological significance of these molecules during physiological responses to stress. The results highlight the possibility of using phytohormones to enhance the accumulation of bioactive secondary metabolites in this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anza-Tshilidzi Ramabulana
- Department of Biochemistry, Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (A.-T.R.); (P.A.S.); (N.E.M.)
| | - Paul A. Steenkamp
- Department of Biochemistry, Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (A.-T.R.); (P.A.S.); (N.E.M.)
| | - Ntakadzeni E. Madala
- Department of Biochemistry, Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (A.-T.R.); (P.A.S.); (N.E.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa
| | - Ian A. Dubery
- Department of Biochemistry, Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (A.-T.R.); (P.A.S.); (N.E.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-11-5592401
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Metabolic Profiling of PGPR-Treated Tomato Plants Reveal Priming-Related Adaptations of Secondary Metabolites and Aromatic Amino Acids. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10050210. [PMID: 32443694 PMCID: PMC7281251 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10050210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are beneficial microbes in the rhizosphere that can directly or indirectly stimulate plant growth. In addition, some can prime plants for enhanced defense against a broad range of pathogens and insect herbivores. In this study, four PGPR strains (Pseudomonas fluorescens N04, P. koreensis N19, Paenibacillus alvei T19, and Lysinibacillus sphaericus T22) were used to induce priming in Solanum lycopersicum (cv. Moneymaker) plants. Plants were inoculated with each of the four PGPRs, and plant tissues (roots, stems, and leaves) were harvested at 24 h and 48 h post-inoculation. Methanol-extracted metabolites were analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS). Chemometric methods were applied to mine the data and characterize the differential metabolic profiles induced by the PGPR. The results revealed that all four strains induced defense-related metabolic reprogramming in the plants, characterized by dynamic changes to the metabolomes involving hydroxycinnamates, benzoates, flavonoids, and glycoalkaloids. In addition, targeted analysis of aromatic amino acids indicated differential quantitative increases or decreases over a two-day period in response to the four PGPR strains. The metabolic alterations point to an altered or preconditioned state that renders the plants primed for enhanced defense responses. The results contribute to ongoing efforts in investigating and unraveling the biochemical processes that define the PGPR priming phenomenon.
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18
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Mass Spectrometric Approaches to Study the Metabolism of Jasmonates: Biotransformation of Exogenously Supplemented Methyl Jasmonate by Cell Suspension Cultures of Moringa oleifera. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31734928 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0142-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Jasmonic acid (JA) and derivatives play a crucial role in plant adaptation to environmental stress. The exogenous application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) results in activation of stress-related genes and subsequent production of secondary metabolites. This implies the biotransformation of the hormone into a more active form. In this study, Moringa oleifera cell suspension cultures were treated with 100 μM MeJA. Methanolic cell extracts were analyzed with reverse phase ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to a quadrupole time-of-flight high definition mass spectrometer (QTOF-HDMS, with MSE data acquisition). Using a targeted approach for jasmonate profiling, extracted ion chromatograms were generated. MS fragmentation patterns were subsequently derived and molecular formulae calculated from the MS data of each ion. Furthermore, triple quadrupole (QqQ) MS, operated in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode, was employed to target masses of interest. In addition to MeJA and JA, three jasmonoyl-amino acids were annotated: jasmonoyl-valine (JA-Val), jasmonoyl-isoleucine/leucine (JA-Ile/Leu), and jasmonoyl-phenylalanine (JA-Phe), based on characteristic precursor and product ions. Furthermore, JA conjugated to a hexose was observed, as well as hydroxylated and carboxylated derivatives of JA-amino acid conjugates. The data point to active metabolism of the externally added MeJA by the M. oleifera cells through biotransformation and bioconversion reactions that can be investigated in depth using advanced mass spectrometric analyses.
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19
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Sun G, Strebl M, Merz M, Blamberg R, Huang FC, McGraphery K, Hoffmann T, Schwab W. Glucosylation of the phytoalexin N-feruloyl tyramine modulates the levels of pathogen-responsive metabolites in Nicotiana benthamiana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:20-37. [PMID: 31124249 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme promiscuity, a common property of many uridine diphosphate sugar-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs) that convert small molecules, significantly hinders the identification of natural substrates and therefore the characterization of the physiological role of enzymes. In this paper we present a simple but effective strategy to identify endogenous substrates of plant UGTs using LC-MS-guided targeted glycoside analysis of transgenic plants. We successfully identified natural substrates of two promiscuous Nicotiana benthamiana UGTs (NbUGT73A24 and NbUGT73A25), orthologues of pathogen-induced tobacco UGT (TOGT) from Nicotiana tabacum, which is involved in the hypersensitive reaction. While in N. tabacum, TOGT glucosylated scopoletin after treatment with salicylate, fungal elicitors and the tobacco mosaic virus, NbUGT73A24 and NbUGT73A25 produced glucosides of phytoalexin N-feruloyl tyramine, which may strengthen cell walls to prevent the intrusion of pathogens, and flavonols after agroinfiltration of the corresponding genes in N. benthamiana. Enzymatic glucosylation of fractions of a physiological aglycone library confirmed the biological substrates of UGTs. In addition, overexpression of both genes in N. benthamiana produced clear lesions on the leaves and led to a significantly reduced content of pathogen-induced plant metabolites such as phenylalanine and tryptophan. Our results revealed some additional biological functions of TOGT enzymes and indicated a multifunctional role of UGTs in plant resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxin Sun
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Strebl
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Maximilian Merz
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Robert Blamberg
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Fong-Chin Huang
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Kate McGraphery
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Hoffmann
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354, Freising, Germany
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Unravelling the Metabolic Reconfiguration of the Post-Challenge Primed State in Sorghum bicolor Responding to Colletotrichum sublineolum Infection. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9100194. [PMID: 31547091 PMCID: PMC6835684 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9100194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Priming is a natural phenomenon that pre-conditions plants for enhanced defence against a wide range of pathogens. It represents a complementary strategy, or sustainable alternative that can provide protection against disease. However, a comprehensive functional and mechanistic understanding of the various layers of priming events is still limited. A non-targeted metabolomics approach was used to investigate metabolic changes in plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)-primed Sorghum bicolor seedlings infected with the anthracnose-causing fungal pathogen, Colletotrichum sublineolum, with a focus on the post-challenge primed state phase. At the 4-leaf growth stage, the plants were treated with a strain of Paenibacillus alvei at 108 cfu mL−1. Following a 24 h PGPR application, the plants were inoculated with a C. sublineolum spore suspension (106 spores mL−1), and the infection monitored over time: 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 days post-inoculation. Non-infected plants served as negative controls. Intracellular metabolites from both inoculated and non-inoculated plants were extracted with 80% methanol-water. The extracts were chromatographically and spectrometrically analysed on an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) system coupled to high-definition mass spectrometry. The acquired multidimensional data were processed to create data matrices for chemometric modelling. The computed models indicated time-related metabolic perturbations that reflect primed responses to the fungal infection. Evaluation of orthogonal projection to latent structure-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) loading shared and unique structures (SUS)-plots uncovered the differential stronger defence responses against the fungal infection observed in primed plants. These involved enhanced levels of amino acids (tyrosine, tryptophan), phytohormones (jasmonic acid and salicylic acid conjugates, and zeatin), and defence-related components of the lipidome. Furthermore, other defence responses in both naïve and primed plants were characterised by a complex mobilisation of phenolic compounds and de novo biosynthesis of the flavones, apigenin and luteolin and the 3-deoxyanthocyanidin phytoalexins, apigeninidin and luteolinidin, as well as some related conjugates.
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21
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Metabolomic Profiling of the Host Response of Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum) Following Infection by Ralstonia solanacearum. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163945. [PMID: 31416118 PMCID: PMC6720392 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an important dietary source of bioactive phytochemicals and active breeding programs constantly produce new cultivars possessing superior and desirable traits. The phytopathogenic Ralstonia solanacearum, the causal agent of bacterial wilt, is a highly destructive bacterial disease with a high economic impact on tomato production. This study followed an untargeted metabolomic approach involving four tomato cultivars and aimed at the identification of secondary metabolites involved in plant defense after infection with R. solanacearum. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in combination with multivariate data analysis and chemometric modelling were utilized for the identification of discriminant secondary metabolites. The total of 81 statistically selected features were annotated belonging to the metabolite classes of amino acids, organic acids, fatty acids, various derivatives of cinnamic acid and benzoic acids, flavonoids and steroidal glycoalkaloids. The results indicate that the phenylpropanoid pathway, represented by flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids, is of prime importance in the tomato defense response. The hydroxycinnamic acids esters of quinic acid, hexoses and glucaric acids were identified as signatory biomarkers, as well as the hydroxycinnamic acid amides to polyamines and tyramine. Interestingly, the rapid and differential accumulation of putrescine, dopamine, and tyramine derivatives, along with the presence of a newly documented metabolite, feruloyl serotonin, were documented in the infected plants. Metabolite concentration variability in the different cultivar tissues point to cultivar-specific variation in the speed and manner of resource redistribution between the host tissues. These metabolic phenotypes provide insights into the differential metabolic signatures underlying the defense metabolism of the four cultivars, defining their defensive capabilities to R. solanacearum.
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Mayo-Prieto S, Marra R, Vinale F, Rodríguez-González Á, Woo SL, Lorito M, Gutiérrez S, Casquero PA. Effect of Trichoderma velutinum and Rhizoctonia solani on the Metabolome of Bean Plants ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E549. [PMID: 30696057 PMCID: PMC6387467 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the most important food legume crops worldwide that is affected by phytopathogenic fungi such as Rhizoctonia solani. Biological control represents an effective alternative method for the use of conventional synthetic chemical pesticides for crop protection. Trichoderma spp. have been successfully used in agriculture both to control fungal diseases and to promote plant growth. The response of the plant to the invasion of fungi activates defensive resistance responses by inducing the expression of genes and producing secondary metabolites. The purpose of this work was to analyze the changes in the bean metabolome that occur during its interaction with pathogenic (R. solani) and antagonistic (T. velutinum) fungi. In this work, 216 compounds were characterized by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis but only 36 were noted as significantly different in the interaction in comparison to control plants and they were tentatively characterized. These compounds were classified as: two amino acids, three peptides, one carbohydrate, one glycoside, one fatty acid, two lipids, 17 flavonoids, four phenols and four terpenes. This work is the first attempt to determine how the presence of T. velutinum and/or R. solani affect the defense response of bean plants using untargeted metabolomics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mayo-Prieto
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad, Universidad de León, Avenida Portugal 41, 24071 León, Spain.
| | - Roberta Marra
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy.
| | - Francesco Vinale
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy.
| | - Álvaro Rodríguez-González
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad, Universidad de León, Avenida Portugal 41, 24071 León, Spain.
| | - Sheridan Lewis Woo
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy.
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano, 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Matteo Lorito
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy.
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Università 133, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy.
| | - Santiago Gutiérrez
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Área de Microbiología, Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria y Forestal, Universidad de León, Campus de Ponferrada, Avenida Astorga s/n, 24401 Ponferrada, Spain.
| | - Pedro A Casquero
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad, Universidad de León, Avenida Portugal 41, 24071 León, Spain.
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Piasecka A, Kachlicki P, Stobiecki M. Analytical Methods for Detection of Plant Metabolomes Changes in Response to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E379. [PMID: 30658398 PMCID: PMC6358739 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abiotic and biotic stresses are the main reasons of substantial crop yield losses worldwide. Research devoted to reveal mechanisms of plant reactions during their interactions with the environment are conducted on the level of genome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome. Data obtained during these studies would permit to define biochemical and physiological mechanisms of plant resistance or susceptibility to affecting factors/stresses. Metabolomics based on mass spectrometric techniques is an important part of research conducted in the direction of breeding new varieties of crop plants tolerant to the affecting stresses and possessing good agronomical features. Studies of this kind are carried out on model, crop and resurrection plants. Metabolites profiling yields large sets of data and due to this fact numerous advanced statistical and bioinformatic methods permitting to obtain qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the results have been developed. Moreover, advanced integration of metabolomics data with these obtained on other omics levels: genome, transcriptome and proteome should be carried out. Such a holistic approach would bring us closer to understanding biochemical and physiological processes of the cell and whole plant interacting with the environment and further apply these observations in successful breeding of stress tolerant or resistant crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Piasecka
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Piotr Kachlicki
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Maciej Stobiecki
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
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Mareya CR, Tugizimana F, Piater LA, Madala NE, Steenkamp PA, Dubery IA. Untargeted Metabolomics Reveal Defensome-Related Metabolic Reprogramming in Sorghum bicolor against Infection by Burkholderia andropogonis. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9010008. [PMID: 30609758 PMCID: PMC6359421 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia andropogonis is the causal agent of bacterial leaf stripe, one of the three major bacterial diseases affecting Sorghum bicolor. However, the biochemical aspects of the pathophysiological host responses are not well understood. An untargeted metabolomics approach was designed to understand molecular mechanisms underlying S. bicolor⁻B. andropogonis interactions. At the 4-leaf stage, two sorghum cultivars (NS 5511 and NS 5655) differing in disease tolerance, were infected with B. andropogonis and the metabolic changes monitored over time. The NS 5511 cultivar displayed delayed signs of wilting and lesion progression compared to the NS 5655 cultivar, indicative of enhanced resistance. The metabolomics results identified statistically significant metabolites as biomarkers associated with the sorghum defence. These include the phytohormones salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and zeatin. Moreover, metabolic reprogramming in an array of chemically diverse metabolites that span a wide range of metabolic pathways was associated with the defence response. Signatory biomarkers included aromatic amino acids, shikimic acid, metabolites from the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways, as well as fatty acids. Enhanced synthesis and accumulation of apigenin and derivatives thereof was a prominent feature of the altered metabolomes. The analyses revealed an intricate and dynamic network of the sorghum defence arsenal towards B. andropogonis in establishing an enhanced defensive capacity in support of resistance and disease suppression. The results pave the way for future analysis of the biosynthesis of signatory biomarkers and regulation of relevant metabolic pathways in sorghum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charity R Mareya
- Centre for Plant Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Fidele Tugizimana
- Centre for Plant Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Lizelle A Piater
- Centre for Plant Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Ntakadzeni E Madala
- Centre for Plant Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Paul A Steenkamp
- Centre for Plant Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Ian A Dubery
- Centre for Plant Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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25
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Comparative Metabolic Phenotyping of Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum) for the Identification of Metabolic Signatures in Cultivars Differing in Resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092558. [PMID: 30158424 PMCID: PMC6163672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an important dietary source which contains numerous bioactive phytochemicals. Active breeding programs constantly produce new cultivars possessing superior and desirable traits. However, the underlying molecular signatures that functionally describe these traits are yet to be elucidated. Thus, in this study we used an untargeted metabolomic approach to describe differential metabolic profiles of four cultivars described as having high to intermediate resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum. Metabolites were methanol-extracted from leaves, stems and root tissues and analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with high definition mass spectrometry. Multivariate data analysis revealed cultivar-related differential metabolic phenotypes. A total of 41 metabolites were statistically selected and annotated, consisting of amino acids, organic acids, lipids, derivatives of cinnamic acid and benzoic acids, flavonoids and steroidal glycoalkaloids which were especially prominent in the two highly resistant cultivars. Interestingly, the less resistant cultivars had various fatty acid derivatives in root extracts that contributed to the differentiated metabolic signatures. Moreover, the metabolic phenotype of the STAR9008 (8SC) cultivar with intermediate resistance, was characterized by derivatives of cinnamic acids and flavonoids but at lower levels compared to the resistant cultivars. The 8SC cultivar also exhibited a lack of hydroxybenzoic acid biomarkers, which may be attributed to its lower resistance. These metabolic phenotypes provide insights into the differential metabolic signatures underlying the metabolism of these four cultivars, defining their respective phenotypic traits such as their resistance, tolerance or susceptibility to Ralstonia solanacearum.
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González-Bosch C. Priming plant resistance by activation of redox-sensitive genes. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 122:171-180. [PMID: 29277443 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Priming by natural compounds is an interesting alternative for sustainable agriculture, which also contributes to explore the molecular mechanisms associated with stress tolerance. Although hosts and stress types eventually determine the mode of action of plant-priming agents, it highlights that many of them act on redox signalling. These include vitamins thiamine, riboflavin and quercetin; organic acids like pipecolic, azelaic and hexanoic; volatile organic compounds such as methyl jasmonate; cell wall components like chitosans and oligogalacturonides; H2O2, etc. This review provides data on how priming inducers promote stronger and faster responses to stress by modulating the oxidative environment, and interacting with signalling pathways mediated by salycilic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene. The histone modifications involved in priming that affect the transcription of defence-related genes are also discussed. Despite the evolutionary distance between plants and animals, and the fact that the plant innate immunity takes place in each plant cell, they show many similarities in the molecular mechanisms that underlie pathogen perception and further signalling to activate defence responses. This review highlights the similarities between priming through redox signalling in plants and in mammalian cells. The strategies used by pathogens to manipulate the host´s recognition and the further activation of defences also show similarities in both kingdoms. Moreover, phytochemicals like sulforaphane and 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid prime both plant and mammalian responses by activating redox-sensitive genes. Hence research data into the priming of plant defences can provide additional information and a new viewpoint for priming mammalian defence, and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen González-Bosch
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universitat de València, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA/CSIC), Avenida Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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Tugizimana F, Mhlongo MI, Piater LA, Dubery IA. Metabolomics in Plant Priming Research: The Way Forward? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061759. [PMID: 29899301 PMCID: PMC6032392 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A new era of plant biochemistry at the systems level is emerging, providing detailed descriptions of biochemical phenomena at the cellular and organismal level. This new era is marked by the advent of metabolomics—the qualitative and quantitative investigation of the entire metabolome (in a dynamic equilibrium) of a biological system. This field has developed as an indispensable methodological approach to study cellular biochemistry at a global level. For protection and survival in a constantly-changing environment, plants rely on a complex and multi-layered innate immune system. This involves surveillance of ‘self’ and ‘non-self,’ molecule-based systemic signalling and metabolic adaptations involving primary and secondary metabolites as well as epigenetic modulation mechanisms. Establishment of a pre-conditioned or primed state can sensitise or enhance aspects of innate immunity for faster and stronger responses. Comprehensive elucidation of the molecular and biochemical processes associated with the phenotypic defence state is vital for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that define the metabolism of plant–pathogen interactions. Such insights are essential for translational research and applications. Thus, this review highlights the prospects of metabolomics and addresses current challenges that hinder the realisation of the full potential of the field. Such limitations include partial coverage of the metabolome and maximising the value of metabolomics data (extraction of information and interpretation). Furthermore, the review points out key features that characterise both the plant innate immune system and enhancement of the latter, thus underlining insights from metabolomic studies in plant priming. Future perspectives in this inspiring area are included, with the aim of stimulating further studies leading to a better understanding of plant immunity at the metabolome level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidele Tugizimana
- Department of Biochemistry, Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa.
| | - Msizi I Mhlongo
- Department of Biochemistry, Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa.
| | - Lizelle A Piater
- Department of Biochemistry, Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa.
| | - Ian A Dubery
- Department of Biochemistry, Research Centre for Plant Metabolomics, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa.
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28
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Mudau SP, Steenkamp PA, Piater LA, De Palma M, Tucci M, Madala NE, Dubery IA. Metabolomics-guided investigations of unintended effects of the expression of the hydroxycinnamoyl quinate hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (hqt1) gene from Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus in Nicotiana tabacum cell cultures. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 127:287-298. [PMID: 29649745 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chlorogenic acids (CGAs) are phenolic compounds biosynthesized in the phenylpropanoid pathway, with hydroxycinnamoyl quinate hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (HQT) as the key enzyme. Variation of CGAs has been noted in different plants, with globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus L.) producing high amounts and a diverse spectrum of CGAs in its leaves. In the current study, the effect of overexpression of the hqt1 transgene from globe artichoke in tobacco was evaluated at the metabolome level. Here, metabolomic approaches based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, together with chemometric models such as principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis, were employed to evaluate altered metabolic changes due to hqt1 overexpression. CGA profiles (caffeoylquinic acids: 3-CQA, 4-CQA and 5-CQA; p-coumaroylquinic acids: 4-pCoQA and 5-pCoQA; and 4,5-di-caffeoylquinic acid) of transgenic tobacco cell cultures were detected at lower concentrations than in the wild type. Interestingly, the cells were found to rather accumulate, as an unintended effect, abscisic acid - and benzoic acid derivatives. The results suggest that insertion of hqt1 in tobacco, and overexpression in undifferentiated cells, led to rechannelling of the phenylpropanoid pathway to accumulate benzoic acids. These findings proved to be contrary to the results shown elsewhere in leaf tissues, thus indicating differential metabolic control and regulation in the undifferentiated cell culture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Mudau
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa
| | - P A Steenkamp
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa
| | - L A Piater
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa
| | - M De Palma
- CNR - Istituto di Bioscienze e BioRisorse via Università 133, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - M Tucci
- CNR - Istituto di Bioscienze e BioRisorse via Università 133, 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - N E Madala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa.
| | - I A Dubery
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa.
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29
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Mhlongo MI, Piater LA, Madala NE, Labuschagne N, Dubery IA. The Chemistry of Plant-Microbe Interactions in the Rhizosphere and the Potential for Metabolomics to Reveal Signaling Related to Defense Priming and Induced Systemic Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:112. [PMID: 29479360 PMCID: PMC5811519 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots communicate with microbes in a sophisticated manner through chemical communication within the rhizosphere, thereby leading to biofilm formation of beneficial microbes and, in the case of plant growth-promoting rhizomicrobes/-bacteria (PGPR), resulting in priming of defense, or induced resistance in the plant host. The knowledge of plant-plant and plant-microbe interactions have been greatly extended over recent years; however, the chemical communication leading to priming is far from being well understood. Furthermore, linkage between below- and above-ground plant physiological processes adds to the complexity. In metabolomics studies, the main aim is to profile and annotate all exo- and endo-metabolites in a biological system that drive and participate in physiological processes. Recent advances in this field has enabled researchers to analyze 100s of compounds in one sample over a short time period. Here, from a metabolomics viewpoint, we review the interactions within the rhizosphere and subsequent above-ground 'signalomics', and emphasize the contributions that mass spectrometric-based metabolomic approaches can bring to the study of plant-beneficial - and priming events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Msizi I. Mhlongo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lizelle A. Piater
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ntakadzeni E. Madala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nico Labuschagne
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ian A. Dubery
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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30
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Djami-Tchatchou AT, Ncube EN, Steenkamp PA, Dubery IA. Similar, but different: structurally related azelaic acid and hexanoic acid trigger differential metabolomic and transcriptomic responses in tobacco cells. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:227. [PMID: 29187153 PMCID: PMC5706331 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants respond to various stress stimuli by activating an enhanced broad-spectrum defensive ability. The development of novel resistance inducers represents an attractive, alternative crop protection strategy. In this regard, hexanoic acid (Hxa, a chemical elicitor) and azelaic acid (Aza, a natural signaling compound) have been proposed as inducers of plant defense, by means of a priming mechanism. Here, we investigated both the mode of action and the complementarity of Aza and Hxa as priming agents in Nicotiana tabacum cells in support of enhanced defense. RESULTS Metabolomic analyses identified signatory biomarkers involved in the establishment of a pre-conditioned state following Aza and Hxa treatment. Both inducers affected the metabolomes in a similar manner and generated common biomarkers: caffeoylputrescine glycoside, cis-5-caffeoylquinic acid, feruloylglycoside, feruloyl-3-methoxytyramine glycoside and feruloyl-3-methoxytyramine conjugate. Subsequently, quantitative real time-PCR was used to investigate the expression of inducible defense response genes: phenylalanine ammonia lyase, hydroxycinnamoyl CoA quinate transferase and hydroxycinnamoyl transferase to monitor activation of the early phenylpropanoid pathway and chlorogenic acids metabolism, while ethylene response element-binding protein, small sar1 GTPase, heat shock protein 90, RAR1, SGT1, non-expressor of PR genes 1 and thioredoxin were analyzed to report on signal transduction events. Pathogenesis-related protein 1a and defensin were quantified to investigate the activation of defenses regulated by salicylic acid and jasmonic acid respectively. The qPCR results revealed differential expression kinetics and, in general (except for NPR1, Thionin and PR1a), the relative gene expression ratios observed in the Hxa-treated cells were significantly greater than the expression observed in the cells treated with Aza. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that Aza and Hxa have a similar priming effect through activation of genes involved in the establishment of systemic acquired resistance, associated with enhanced synthesis of hydroxycinnamic acids and related conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Efficient N. Ncube
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006 South Africa
| | - Paul A. Steenkamp
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006 South Africa
| | - Ian A. Dubery
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006 South Africa
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31
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Mhlongo MI, Tugizimana F, Piater LA, Steenkamp PA, Madala NE, Dubery IA. Untargeted metabolomics analysis reveals dynamic changes in azelaic acid- and salicylic acid derivatives in LPS-treated Nicotiana tabacum cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 482:1498-1503. [PMID: 27956183 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To counteract biotic stress factors, plants employ multilayered defense mechanisms responsive to pathogen-derived elicitor molecules, and regulated by different phytohormones and signaling molecules. Here, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) molecule, was used to induce defense responses in Nicotiana tabacum cell suspensions. Intracellular metabolites were extracted with methanol and analyzed using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-qTOF-MS/MS) platform. The generated data were processed and examined with multivariate and univariate statistical tools. The results show time-dependent dynamic changes and accumulation of glycosylated signaling molecules, specifically those of azelaic acid, salicylic acid and methyl-salicylate as contributors to the altered metabolomic state in LPS-treated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Mhlongo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa
| | - F Tugizimana
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa
| | - L A Piater
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa
| | - P A Steenkamp
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa; CSIR Biosciences, Natural Products Group, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - N E Madala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa
| | - I A Dubery
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa.
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32
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Clifford M, Jaganath IB, Ludwig IA, Crozier A. Chlorogenic acids and the acyl-quinic acids: discovery, biosynthesis, bioavailability and bioactivity. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 34:1391-1421. [DOI: 10.1039/c7np00030h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review is focussed upon the acyl-quinic acids, the most studied group within theca.400 chlorogenic acids so far reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N. Clifford
- School of Biosciences and Medicine
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
- University of Surrey
- Guildford
- UK
| | - Indu B. Jaganath
- Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute
- Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - Iziar A. Ludwig
- Department of Food Technology
- University of Lleida
- Lleida
- Spain
| | - Alan Crozier
- Department of Nutrition
- University of California
- Davis
- USA
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