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Lee CC, Suttikhana I, Ashaolu TJ. Techno-Functions and Safety Concerns of Plant-Based Peptides in Food Matrices. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38797944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Plant-based peptides (PBPs) benefit functional food development and environmental sustainability. Proteolysis remains the primary method of peptide production because it is a mild and nontoxic technique. However, potential safety concerns still emanate from toxic or allergenic sequences, amino acid racemization, iso-peptide bond formation, Maillard reaction, dose usage, and frequency. The main aim of this review is to investigate the techno-functions of PBPs in food matrices, as well as their safety concerns. The distinctive characteristics of PBPs exhibit their techno-functions for improving food quality and functionality by contributing to several crucial food formulations and processing. The techno-functions of PBPs include solubility, hydrophobicity, bitterness, foaming, oil-binding, and water-holding capacities, which subsequently affect food matrices. The safety and quality of foodstuff containing PBPs depend on the proper source of plant proteins, the selection of processing approaches, and compliance with legal regulations for allergen labeling and safety evaluations. The safety concerns in allergenicity and toxicity were discussed. The conclusion is that food technologists must apply safe limits and consider potential allergenic components generated during the development of food products with PBPs. Therefore, functional food products containing PBPs can be a promising strategy to provide consumers with wholesome health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ching Lee
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Halkalı Avenue No: 28, Halkalı, Küçükçekmece, Istanbul 34303, Türkiye
| | - Itthanan Suttikhana
- Department of Multifunctional Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Branišovská 1645/31a, 370 05 České Budějovice 2, Czechia
| | - Tolulope Joshua Ashaolu
- Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam
- Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam
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Iglesias R, Citores L, Gay CC, Ferreras JM. Antifungal Activity of Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:192. [PMID: 38668617 PMCID: PMC11054410 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16040192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The control of crop diseases caused by fungi remains a major problem and there is a need to find effective fungicides that are environmentally friendly. Plants are an excellent source for this purpose because they have developed defense mechanisms to cope with fungal infections. Among the plant proteins that play a role in defense are ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), enzymes obtained mainly from angiosperms that, in addition to inactivating ribosomes, have been studied as antiviral, fungicidal, and insecticidal proteins. In this review, we summarize and discuss the potential use of RIPs (and other proteins with similar activity) as antifungal agents, with special emphasis on RIP/fungus specificity, possible mechanisms of antifungal action, and the use of RIP genes to obtain fungus-resistant transgenic plants. It also highlights the fact that these proteins also have antiviral and insecticidal activity, which makes them very versatile tools for crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Iglesias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (R.I.); (L.C.)
| | - Lucía Citores
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (R.I.); (L.C.)
| | - Claudia C. Gay
- Laboratory of Protein Research, Institute of Basic and Applied Chemistry of Northeast Argentina (UNNE-CONICET), Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences and Surveying, Av. Libertad 5470, Corrientes 3400, Argentina;
| | - José M. Ferreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (R.I.); (L.C.)
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Citores L, Ragucci S, Gay CC, Russo R, Chambery A, Di Maro A, Iglesias R, Ferreras JM. Edodin: A New Type of Toxin from Shiitake Mushroom ( Lentinula edodes) That Inactivates Mammalian Ribosomes. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:185. [PMID: 38668610 PMCID: PMC11053714 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16040185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are a group of proteins with rRNA N-glycosylase activity that irreversibly inhibit protein synthesis and consequently cause cell death. Recently, an RIP called ledodin has been found in shiitake; it is cytotoxic, strongly inhibits protein synthesis, and shows rRNA N-glycosylase activity. In this work, we isolated and characterized a 50 kDa cytotoxic protein from shiitake that we named edodin. Edodin inhibits protein synthesis in a mammalian cell-free system, but not in insect-, yeast-, and bacteria-derived systems. It exhibits rRNA N-glycosylase and DNA-nicking activities, which relate it to plant RIPs. It was also shown to be toxic to HeLa and COLO 320 cells. Its structure is not related to other RIPs found in plants, bacteria, or fungi, but, instead, it presents the characteristic structure of the fold type I of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes. Homologous sequences have been found in other fungi of the class Agaricomycetes; thus, edodin could be a new type of toxin present in many fungi, some of them edible, which makes them of great interest in health, both for their involvement in food safety and for their potential biomedical and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Citores
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Sara Ragucci
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (S.R.); (R.R.); (A.C.); (A.D.M.)
| | - Claudia C. Gay
- Laboratory of Protein Research, Institute of Basic and Applied Chemistry of Northeast Argentina (UNNE-CONICET), Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences and Surveying, Av. Libertad 5470, Corrientes 3400, Argentina;
| | - Rosita Russo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (S.R.); (R.R.); (A.C.); (A.D.M.)
| | - Angela Chambery
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (S.R.); (R.R.); (A.C.); (A.D.M.)
| | - Antimo Di Maro
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (S.R.); (R.R.); (A.C.); (A.D.M.)
| | - Rosario Iglesias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - José M. Ferreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain;
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4
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Ragucci S, Russo V, Clemente A, Campanile MG, Oliva MA, Landi N, Pedone PV, Arcella A, Di Maro A. Hortensins, Type 1 Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins from Seeds of Red Mountain Spinach: Isolation, Characterization, and Their Effect on Glioblastoma Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:135. [PMID: 38535801 PMCID: PMC10975204 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16030135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) are specific N-β-glycosylases that are well-characterized in plants. Their enzymatic action is to damage ribosomes, thereby blocking protein translation. Recently, several research groups have been working on the screening for these toxins in edible plants to facilitate the use of RIPs as biotechnological tools and biopesticides and to overcome public prejudice. Here, four novel monomeric (type 1) RIPs have been isolated from the seeds of Atriplex hortensis L. var. rubra, which is commonly known as edible red mountain spinach. These enzymes, named hortensins 1, 2, 4, and 5, are able to release the β-fragment and, like many other RIPs, adenines from salmon sperm DNA, thus, acting as polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidases. Structurally, hortensins have a different molecular weight and are purified with different yields (hortensin 1, ~29.5 kDa, 0.28 mg per 100 g; hortensin 2, ~29 kDa, 0.29 mg per 100 g; hortensin 4, ~28.5 kDa, 0.71 mg per 100 g; and hortensin 5, ~30 kDa, 0.65 mg per 100 g); only hortensins 2 and 4 are glycosylated. Furthermore, the major isoforms (hortensins 4 and 5) are cytotoxic toward human continuous glioblastoma U87MG cell line. In addition, the morphological change in U87MG cells in the presence of these toxins is indicative of cell death triggered by the apoptotic pathway, as revealed by nuclear DNA fragmentation (TUNEL assay).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ragucci
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Veronica Russo
- IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo 'NEUROMED', Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Angela Clemente
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Maria Giuseppina Campanile
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Oliva
- IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo 'NEUROMED', Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Nicola Landi
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council of Italy, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Paolo Vincenzo Pedone
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Antonietta Arcella
- IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo 'NEUROMED', Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Antimo Di Maro
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
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Arai H, Legeai F, Kageyama D, Sugio A, Simon JC. Genomic insights into Spiroplasma endosymbionts that induce male-killing and protective phenotypes in the pea aphid. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2024; 371:fnae027. [PMID: 38632047 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnae027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The endosymbiotic bacteria Spiroplasma (Mollicutes) infect diverse plants and arthropods, and some of which induce male killing, where male hosts are killed during development. Male-killing Spiroplasma strains belong to either the phylogenetically distant Citri-Poulsonii or Ixodetis groups. In Drosophila flies, Spiroplasma poulsonii induces male killing via the Spaid toxin. While Spiroplasma ixodetis infects a wide range of insects and arachnids, little is known about the genetic basis of S. ixodetis-induced male killing. Here, we analyzed the genome of S. ixodetis strains in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Aphididae, Hemiptera). Genome sequencing constructed a complete genome of a male-killing strain, sAp269, consisting of a 1.5 Mb circular chromosome and an 80 Kb plasmid. sAp269 encoded putative virulence factors containing either ankyrin repeat, ovarian tumor-like deubiquitinase, or ribosome inactivating protein domains, but lacked the Spaid toxin. Further comparative genomics of Spiroplasma strains in A. pisum biotypes adapted to different host plants revealed their phylogenetic associations and the diversity of putative virulence factors. Although the mechanisms of S. ixodetis-induced male killing in pea aphids remain elusive, this study underlines the dynamic genome evolution of S. ixodetis and proposes independent acquisition events of male-killing mechanisms in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Arai
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0851, Japan
| | - Fabrice Legeai
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, 35653, Le Rheu, France
| | - Daisuke Kageyama
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0851, Japan
| | - Akiko Sugio
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, 35653, Le Rheu, France
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Mogila I, Tamulaitiene G, Keda K, Timinskas A, Ruksenaite A, Sasnauskas G, Venclovas Č, Siksnys V, Tamulaitis G. Ribosomal stalk-captured CARF-RelE ribonuclease inhibits translation following CRISPR signaling. Science 2023; 382:1036-1041. [PMID: 38033086 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj2107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Prokaryotic type III CRISPR-Cas antiviral systems employ cyclic oligoadenylate (cAn) signaling to activate a diverse range of auxiliary proteins that reinforce the CRISPR-Cas defense. Here we characterize a class of cAn-dependent effector proteins named CRISPR-Cas-associated messenger RNA (mRNA) interferase 1 (Cami1) consisting of a CRISPR-associated Rossmann fold sensor domain fused to winged helix-turn-helix and a RelE-family mRNA interferase domain. Upon activation by cyclic tetra-adenylate (cA4), Cami1 cleaves mRNA exposed at the ribosomal A-site thereby depleting mRNA and leading to cell growth arrest. The structures of apo-Cami1 and the ribosome-bound Cami1-cA4 complex delineate the conformational changes that lead to Cami1 activation and the mechanism of Cami1 binding to a bacterial ribosome, revealing unexpected parallels with eukaryotic ribosome-inactivating proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irmantas Mogila
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Giedre Tamulaitiene
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Konstanty Keda
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Albertas Timinskas
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Audrone Ruksenaite
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Giedrius Sasnauskas
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Česlovas Venclovas
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Virginijus Siksnys
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gintautas Tamulaitis
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Rakesh V, Kalia VK, Ghosh A. Diversity of transgenes in sustainable management of insect pests. Transgenic Res 2023; 32:351-381. [PMID: 37573273 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-023-00362-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Insecticidal transgenes, when incorporated and expressed in plants, confer resistance against insects by producing several products having insecticidal properties. Protease inhibitors, lectins, amylase inhibitors, and chitinase genes are associated with the natural defenses developed by plants to counter insect attacks. Several toxin genes are also derived from spiders and scorpions for protection against insects. Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner is a microbial source of insecticidal toxins. Several methods have facilitated the large-scale production of transgenic plants. Bt-derived cry, cyt, vip, and sip genes, plant-derived genes such as lectins, protease inhibitors, and alpha-amylase inhibitors, insect cell wall-degrading enzymes like chitinase and some proteins like arcelins, plant defensins, and ribosome-inactivating proteins have been successfully utilized to impart resistance to insects. Besides, transgenic plants expressing double-stranded RNA have been developed with enhanced resistance. However, the long-term effects of transgenes on insect resistance, the environment, and human health must be thoroughly investigated before they are made available for commercial planting. In this chapter, the present status, prospects, and future scope of transgenes for insect pest management have been summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Rakesh
- Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Insect Vector Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Vinay K Kalia
- Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Amalendu Ghosh
- Insect Vector Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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Yang YX, Wang XY, Lin T, Sun Y, Yu YC, Zhu ZH. Opportunities and challenges for ribosome-inactivating proteins in traditional Chinese medicine plants. Toxicon 2023; 234:107278. [PMID: 37683701 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are a class of cytotoxic rRNA N-glycosylase, which widely exist in higher plants in different taxonomy, including many traditional Chinese medicinal materials and vegetables and fruits. In this paper, the traditional Chinese medicinal plants containing RIPs protein were sorted out, and their pharmacological effects and clinical applications were analyzed. Since many RIPs in traditional Chinese medicine plants exhibit antiviral and antitumor activities and show great clinical application potential, people's interest in these proteins is on the rise. This paper summarizes the possible mechanism of RIPs's anti-virus and anti-tumor effects, and discusses its potential problems and risks, laying a foundation for subsequent research on how to exert its anti-virus and anti-tumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xuan Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin-Yi Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tong Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi-Cheng Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen-Hong Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
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Ragucci S, Castaldi S, Landi N, Isticato R, Di Maro A. Antifungal Activity of Ageritin, a Ribotoxin-like Protein from Cyclocybe aegerita Edible Mushroom, against Phytopathogenic Fungi. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:578. [PMID: 37756004 PMCID: PMC10535218 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ageritin from poplar mushrooms is a specific endonuclease that hydrolyzes a single phosphodiester bond located in the sarcin-ricin loop (SRL) of the large rRNA, thereby blocking protein synthesis. Considering the possible biotechnological use of this enzyme, here we report its antifungal activity against virulent fungi affecting crops of economic interest. Our results show that ageritin (200 µg/plug; ~13.5 nmole) inhibits the growth of Botrytis cinerea (57%), Colletotrichum truncatum (42%), and Alternaria alternata (57%), when tested on potato dextrose agar plates. At the same time, no effect was observed against Trichoderma harzianum (a fungus promoting beneficial effects in plants). To verify whether the antifungal action of ageritin against B. cinerea and T. harzianum was due to ribosome damage, we tested ageritin in vitro on partially isolated B. cinerea and T. harzianum ribosomes. Interestingly, ageritin was able to release the Endo's fragment from both tested fungal ribosomes. We therefore decided to test the antifungal effect of ageritin on B. cinerea and T. harzianum using a different growth condition (liquid medium). Differently from the result in solid medium, ageritin can inhibit both B. cinerea and T. harzianum fungal growth in liquid medium in a concentration-dependent manner up to 35.7% and 38.7%, respectively, at the highest concentration tested (~200 µg/mL; 12 µM), and the analysis of RNA isolated from ageritin-treated cells revealed the presence of Endo's fragment, highlighting its ability to cross the fungal cell wall and reach the ribosomes. Overall, these data highlight that the efficacy of antifungal treatment to prevent or treat a potential fungal disease may depend not only on the fungal species but also on the conditions of toxin application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ragucci
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (S.R.); (N.L.)
| | - Stefany Castaldi
- Department of Biology, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy;
| | - Nicola Landi
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (S.R.); (N.L.)
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council of Italy, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Rachele Isticato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy;
| | - Antimo Di Maro
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (S.R.); (N.L.)
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10
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Damough S, Bayat E, Oghabi Bakhshaiesh T, Barkhordari F, Esmaeili R, Nematollahi L, Talebkhan Y. Recombinant anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 single-chain variable fragment-alpha-luffin fusion protein as a putative immunotoxin against human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2-positive breast cancer cells: an experimental research. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2023; 85:4348-4354. [PMID: 37663730 PMCID: PMC10473382 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000000731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is one of the most frequent causes of cancer death in women. The application of immunotoxins to target overexpressed biomarkers on the surface of cancer cells and delivery of the toxin molecules into these cells has attracted too much attention during the last decade. Objectives This study was conducted to investigate the possible in-vitro cytotoxic and apoptotic activity of previously designed recombinant immunotoxin compromising anti-HER2 single-chain variable fragment (scFv) and alpha-luffin protein in human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2)-positive and HER2-negative breast cancer cell lines. Materials and methods The previously designed recombinant immunotoxin and alpha-luffin protein were expressed in E. coli host cells and purified using Ni-affinity chromatography. The cytotoxicity of the proteins was tested through MTT and apoptosis studies on HER2-positive and HER2-negative breast cancer cell lines. Results Treatment of SKBR3 and MDA-MB-468 cells with the immunotoxin caused differential cytotoxicity and apoptotic events. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that the immunotoxin could arrest SKBR3 cells at the G0/G1 phase and induce apoptosis and cell death which were not observed in HER2-negative MDA-MB-468 cells. Annexin V/PI staining revealed late apoptotic events in SKBR3 cells treated with the immunotoxin which was different from the early apoptosis induced by the alpha-luffin protein alone. Conclusions This immunotoxin could be a promising tool in developing new targeted therapeutic agents against HER2-positive cancer cells. Animal experiments are needed before making firmed conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Damough
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran
| | - Elham Bayat
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran
| | | | | | - Rezvan Esmaeili
- Department of Genetic, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Yang Z, Wang C, Liu J, Xiao L, Guo L, Xie J. In Silico-Ex Vitro Iteration Strategy for Affinity Maturation of Anti-Ricin Peptides and the SPR Biosensing Application. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:490. [PMID: 37624247 PMCID: PMC10467137 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly toxic plant toxin ricin is one of the most known threatening toxins. Accurate and sensitive biosensing methods for the first emergency response and intoxication treatment, are always pursued in the biodefense field. Screening affinity molecules is the fundamental mainstream approach for developing biosensing methods. Compared with common affinity molecules such as antibodies and oligonucleotide aptamers, peptides have great potential as biosensing modules with more accessible chemical synthesis capability and better batch-to-batch stability than antibodies, more abundant interaction sites, and robust sensing performance towards complex environments. However, anti-ricin peptides are so scant to be screened and discovered, and an advanced screening strategy is the utmost to tackle this issue. Here, we present a new in silico-in vitro iteration-assisted affinity maturation strategy of anti-ricin peptides. We first obtained affinity peptides targeting ricin through phage display with five panning rounds of "coating-elution-amplification-enrichment" procedures. The binding affinity and kinetic parameters characterized by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) showed that we had obtained four peptides owning dissociation constants (KD) around 2~35 μM, in which peptide PD-2-R5 has the lower KD of 4.7 μM and higher stable posture to interact with ricin. We then constructed a new strategy for affinity maturity, composing two rounds of in silico-in vitro iterations. Firstly, towards the single-site alanine scanning mutation peptide library, the molecular docking predictions match the SPR evaluation results well, laying a solid foundation for designing a full saturation mutated peptide library. Secondly, plenty of in silico saturation mutation prediction results guided the discovery of peptides PD2-R5-T3 and PD-2-R5-T4 with higher affinity from only a limited number of SPR evaluation experiments. Both evolved peptides had increased affinity by about 5~20 times, i.e., KD of 230 nM and 900 nM. A primary cellular toxicity assay indicated that both peptides could protect cells against ricin damage. We further established an SPR assay based on PD-2-R5-T3 and PD-2-R5-T4 elongated with an antifouling peptide linkage and achieved good linearity with a sensitivity of 1 nM and 0.5 nM, respectively. We hope this new affinity-mature strategy will find its favorable position in relevant peptide evolution, biosensing, and medical countermeasures for biotoxins to protect society's security and human life better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine Ministry of Education (Minzu University of China), School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
- College of Pharmacy, Hebei Science and Technology University, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Lan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine Ministry of Education (Minzu University of China), School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jianwei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
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12
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Waldo BD, Branham SE, Levi A, Wechter WP, Rutter WB. Distinct Genomic Loci Underlie Quantitative Resistance to Meloidogyne enterolobii Galling and Reproduction in Citrullus amarus. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:2126-2132. [PMID: 36548923 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-22-2228-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Meloidogyne enterolobii is a virulent species of root-knot nematode that threatens watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) production in the southeastern United States. There are no known sources of root-knot nematode resistance in cultivated C. lanatus. Specific genotypes of a wild watermelon relative, C. amarus, are resistant against M. incognita but the genetics that underly this resistance are still unknown and it is not clear that this same resistance will be effective against M. enterolobii. To identify and characterize new sources of resistance to M. enterolobii, we screened 108 diverse C. amarus lines alongside a susceptible C. lanatus cultivar (Charleston Gray) for resistance against M. enterolobii. Different C. amarus genotypes ranged from resistant to susceptible for the three resistance phenotypes measured; mean percent root system galled ranged from 10 to 73%, mean egg mass counts ranged from 0.3 to 64.5, and mean eggs per gram of root ranged from 326 to 146,160. We used each of these three resistance phenotypes combined with whole-genome resequencing data to conduct a genome-wide association scan that identified significant associations between M. enterolobii resistance and 11 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the C. amarus genome. Interestingly, SNPs associated with reduced galling and egg masses were located within a single quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome Ca03, while reductions in nematode eggs per gram of root were associated with separate QTL on chromosomes Ca04 and Ca08. The results of this study suggest that multiple genes are involved with M. enterolobii resistance in C. amarus and the SNPs identified will assist with efforts to breed for M. enterolobii resistance in watermelon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Waldo
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Sandra E Branham
- Coastal Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Charleston, SC 29414
| | - Amnon Levi
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29414
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13
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Lapadula WJ, Juri Ayub M. Ribosome Inactivating Proteins in Insects: HGT, gene expression, and functional implications. Gene 2023:147547. [PMID: 37286020 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are RNA N-glycosidases that depurinate an adenine residue in the conserved alpha-sarcin/ricin loop (SRL) of rRNA, inhibiting protein synthesis. Previously, we reported the existence of these toxins in insects, whose presence is restricted to mosquitoes from the Culicinae subfamily (e.g., Aedes aegypti) and whiteflies from the Aleyrodidae family (e.g., Bemisia tabaci). Both groups of genes are derived from two independent horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events and are evolved under purifying selection. Here, we report and characterize the occurrence of a third HGT event in the Sciaroidea superfamily, which supports the recurrent acquisition of RIP genes by insects. Transcriptomic experiments, available in databases, allowed us to describe the temporal and spatial expression profiles for these foreign genes in these organisms. Furthermore, we found that RIP expression is induced after infection with pathogens and provided, for the first time, transcriptomic evidence of parasite SRL depurination. This evidence suggests a possible role of these foreign genes as immune effectors in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Lapadula
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis, IMIBIO-SL-CONICET and Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Ejército de Los Andes, 950, D5700HHW San Luis, Argentina.
| | - Maximiliano Juri Ayub
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis, IMIBIO-SL-CONICET and Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Ejército de Los Andes, 950, D5700HHW San Luis, Argentina
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14
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Kocyigit E, Kocaadam-Bozkurt B, Bozkurt O, Ağagündüz D, Capasso R. Plant Toxic Proteins: Their Biological Activities, Mechanism of Action and Removal Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:356. [PMID: 37368657 PMCID: PMC10303728 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15060356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants evolve to synthesize various natural metabolites to protect themselves against threats, such as insects, predators, microorganisms, and environmental conditions (such as temperature, pH, humidity, salt, and drought). Plant-derived toxic proteins are often secondary metabolites generated by plants. These proteins, including ribosome-inactivating proteins, lectins, protease inhibitors, α-amylase inhibitors, canatoxin-like proteins and ureases, arcelins, antimicrobial peptides, and pore-forming toxins, are found in different plant parts, such as the roots, tubers, stems, fruits, buds, and foliage. Several investigations have been conducted to explore the potential applications of these plant proteins by analyzing their toxic effects and modes of action. In biomedical applications, such as crop protection, drug development, cancer therapy, and genetic engineering, toxic plant proteins have been utilized as potentially useful instruments due to their biological activities. However, these noxious metabolites can be detrimental to human health and cause problems when consumed in high amounts. This review focuses on different plant toxic proteins, their biological activities, and their mechanisms of action. Furthermore, possible usage and removal strategies for these proteins are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Kocyigit
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ordu University, Cumhuriyet Yerleşkesi, 52200 Ordu, Turkey;
| | - Betul Kocaadam-Bozkurt
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Erzurum Technical University, Yakutiye, 25100 Erzurum, Turkey; (B.K.-B.); (O.B.)
| | - Osman Bozkurt
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Erzurum Technical University, Yakutiye, 25100 Erzurum, Turkey; (B.K.-B.); (O.B.)
| | - Duygu Ağagündüz
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gazi University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Emek, 06490 Ankara, Turkey;
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
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15
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Narayanan Z, Glick BR. Biotechnologically Engineered Plants. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040601. [PMID: 37106801 PMCID: PMC10135915 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The development of recombinant DNA technology during the past thirty years has enabled scientists to isolate, characterize, and manipulate a myriad of different animal, bacterial, and plant genes. This has, in turn, led to the commercialization of hundreds of useful products that have significantly improved human health and well-being. Commercially, these products have been mostly produced in bacterial, fungal, or animal cells grown in culture. More recently, scientists have begun to develop a wide range of transgenic plants that produce numerous useful compounds. The perceived advantage of producing foreign compounds in plants is that compared to other methods of producing these compounds, plants seemingly provide a much less expensive means of production. A few plant-produced compounds are already commercially available; however, many more are in the production pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zareen Narayanan
- Division of Biological Sciences, School of STEM, University of Washington, Bothell, WA 98011, USA
| | - Bernard R Glick
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada
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16
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Khan M, Diop A, Gbodossou E, Xiao P, Coleman M, De Barros K, Duong H, Bond VC, Floyd V, Kondwani K, Rice VM, Harris-Hooker S, Villinger F, Powell MD. Anti-human immunodeficiency virus-1 activity of MoMo30 protein isolated from the traditional African medicinal plant Momordica balsamina. Virol J 2023; 20:50. [PMID: 36949470 PMCID: PMC10035133 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants are used in traditional healing practices of many cultures worldwide. Momordica balsamina is a plant commonly used by traditional African healers as a part of a treatment for HIV/AIDS. It is typically given as a tea to patients with HIV/AIDS. Water-soluble extracts of this plant were found to contain anti-HIV activity. METHODS We employed cell-based infectivity assays, surface plasmon resonance, and a molecular-cell model of the gp120-CD4 interaction to study the mechanism of action of the MoMo30-plant protein. Using Edman degradation results of the 15 N-terminal amino acids, we determined the gene sequence of the MoMo30-plant protein from an RNAseq library from total RNA extracted from Momordica balsamina. RESULTS Here, we identify the active ingredient of water extracts of the leaves of Momordica balsamina as a 30 kDa protein we call MoMo30-plant. We have identified the gene for MoMo30 and found it is homologous to a group of plant lectins known as Hevamine A-like proteins. MoMo30-plant is distinct from other proteins previously reported agents from the Momordica species, such as ribosome-inactivating proteins such as MAP30 and Balsamin. MoMo30-plant binds to gp120 through its glycan groups and functions as a lectin or carbohydrate-binding agent (CBA). It inhibits HIV-1 at nanomolar levels and has minimal cellular toxicity at inhibitory levels. CONCLUSIONS CBAs like MoMo30 can bind to glycans on the surface of the enveloped glycoprotein of HIV (gp120) and block entry. Exposure to CBAs has two effects on the virus. First, it blocks infection of susceptible cells. Secondly, MoMo30 drives the selection of viruses with altered glycosylation patterns, potentially altering their immunogenicity. Such an agent could represent a change in the treatment strategy for HIV/AIDS that allows a rapid reduction in viral loads while selecting for an underglycosylated virus, potentially facilitating the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahfuz Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr. SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Amad Diop
- Malango Traditional Healers Association, Fatick, Senegal
| | | | - Peng Xiao
- Department of Biology Director, New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 4401 W Admiral Doyle Drive, New Iberia, LA, 70560, USA
| | - Morgan Coleman
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr. SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Kenya De Barros
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr. SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Hao Duong
- Department of Pharmacology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr. SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Vincent C Bond
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr. SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Virginia Floyd
- Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr. SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Kofi Kondwani
- Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr. SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Valerie Montgomery Rice
- Office of the President, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr. SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Sandra Harris-Hooker
- Department of Pathology Senior Vice President for External Affairs and Innovation, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr. SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Francois Villinger
- Department of Biology Director, New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 4401 W Admiral Doyle Drive, New Iberia, LA, 70560, USA
| | - Michael D Powell
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr. SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA.
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17
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Reducing the Immunogenicity of Pulchellin A-Chain, Ribosome-Inactivating Protein Type 2, by Computational Protein Engineering for Potential New Immunotoxins. J 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/j6010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulchellin is a plant biotoxin categorized as a type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein (RIPs) which potentially kills cells at very low concentrations. Biotoxins serve as targeting immunotoxins (IT), consisting of antibodies conjugated to toxins. ITs have two independent protein components, a human antibody and a toxin with a bacterial or plant source; therefore, they pose unique setbacks in immunogenicity. To overcome this issue, the engineering of epitopes is one of the beneficial methods to elicit an immunological response. Here, we predicted the tertiary structure of the pulchellin A-chain (PAC) using five common powerful servers and adopted the best model after refining. Then, predicted structure using four distinct computational approaches identified conformational B-cell epitopes. This approach identified some amino acids as a potential for lowering immunogenicity by point mutation. All mutations were then applied to generate a model of pulchellin containing all mutations (so-called PAM). Mutants’ immunogenicity was assessed and compared to the wild type as well as other mutant characteristics, including stability and compactness, were computationally examined in addition to immunogenicity. The findings revealed a reduction in immunogenicity in all mutants and significantly in N146V and R149A. Furthermore, all mutants demonstrated remarkable stability and validity in Molecular Dynamic (MD) simulations. During docking and simulations, the most homologous toxin to pulchellin, Abrin-A was applied as a control. In addition, the toxin candidate containing all mutations (PAM) disclosed a high level of stability, making it a potential model for experimental deployment. In conclusion, by eliminating B-cell epitopes, our computational approach provides a potential less immunogenic IT based on PAC.
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18
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Landi N, Ciaramella V, Ragucci S, Chambery A, Ciardiello F, Pedone PV, Troiani T, Di Maro A. A Novel EGFR Targeted Immunotoxin Based on Cetuximab and Type 1 RIP Quinoin Overcomes the Cetuximab Resistance in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:57. [PMID: 36668877 PMCID: PMC9867398 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cetuximab is a monoclonal antibody blocking the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). However, cetuximab treatment has no clinical benefits in patients affected by mCRC with KRAS mutation or in the presence of constitutive activation of signalling pathways acting downstream of the EGFR. The aim of this study was to improve cetuximab's therapeutic action by conjugating cetuximab with the type 1 ribosome inactivating protein (RIP) quinoin isolated from quinoa seeds. A chemical conjugation strategy based on the use of heterobifunctional reagent succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate (SPDP) was applied to obtain the antibody-type 1 RIP chimeric immunoconjugate. The immunotoxin was then purified by chromatographic technique, and its enzymatic action was evaluated compared to quinoin alone. Functional assays were performed to test the cytotoxic action of the quinoin cetuximab immunoconjugate against the cetuximab-resistant GEO-CR cells. The novel quinoin cetuximab immunoconjugate showed a significant dose-dependent cytotoxicity towards GEO-CR cells, achieving IC50 values of 27.7 nM (~5.0 μg/mL) at 72 h compared to cetuximab (IC50 = 176.7 nM) or quinoin (IC50 = 149.3 nM) alone assayed in equimolar amounts. These results support the therapeutic potential of quinoin cetuximab immunoconjugate for the EGFR targeted therapy, providing a promising candidate for further development towards clinical use in the treatment of cetuximab-resistant metastatic colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Landi
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Vincenza Ciaramella
- Medical Oncology, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Sara Ragucci
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Angela Chambery
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Fortunato Ciardiello
- Medical Oncology, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Paolo V. Pedone
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Teresa Troiani
- Medical Oncology, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antimo Di Maro
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
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19
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Dougherty K, Hudak KA. Phylogeny and domain architecture of plant ribosome inactivating proteins. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 202:113337. [PMID: 35934106 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) are rRNA N-glycosylases (EC 3.2.2.22) best known for hydrolyzing an adenine base from the conserved sarcin/ricin loop of ribosomal RNA. Protein translation is inhibited by ribosome depurination; therefore, RIPs are generally considered toxic to cells. The expression of some RIPs is upregulated by biotic and abiotic stress, though the connection between RNA depurination and defense response is not well understood. Despite their prevalence in approximately one-third of flowering plant orders, our knowledge of RIPs stems primarily from biochemical analyses of individuals or genomics-scale analyses of small datasets from a limited number of species. Here, we performed an unbiased search for proteins with RIP domains and identified several-fold more RIPs than previously known - more than 800 from 120 species, many with novel associated domains and physicochemical characteristics. Based on protein domain configuration, we established 15 distinct groups, suggesting diverse functionality. Surprisingly, most of these RIPs lacked a signal peptide, indicating they may be localized to the nucleocytoplasm of cells, raising questions regarding their toxicity against conspecific ribosomes. Our phylogenetic analysis significantly extends previous models for RIP evolution in plants, predicting an original single-domain RIP that later evolved to acquire a signal peptide and different protein domains. We show that RIPs are distributed throughout 21 plant orders with many species maintaining genes for more than one RIP group. Our analyses provide the foundation for further characterization of these new RIP types, to understand how these enzymes function in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra Dougherty
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada.
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20
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Conformational stability of ageritin, a metal binding ribotoxin-like protein of fungal origin. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 221:1012-1021. [PMID: 36113585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ageritin is a ribotoxin-like protein of biotechnological interest, belonging to a family of ribonucleases from edible mushrooms. Its enzymatic activity is explicated through the hydrolysis of a single phosphodiester bond, located in the sarcin/ricin loop of ribosomes. Unlike other ribotoxins, ageritin activity requires divalent cations (Zn2+). Here we investigated the conformational stability of ageritin in the pH range 4.0-7.4, using calorimetric and spectroscopic techniques. We observed a high protein thermal stability at all pHs with a denaturation temperature of 78 °C. At pH 5.0 we calculated a value of 36 kJ mol-1 for the unfolding Gibbs energy at 25 °C. We also analysed the thermodynamic and catalytic behaviour of S-pyridylethylated form, obtained by alkylating the single Cys18 residue, which is predicted to bind Zn2+. We show that this form possesses the same activity and structure of ageritin, but lower stability. In fact, the corresponding values of 52 °C and 14 kJ mol-1 were found. Conservation of activity is consistent with the location of alkylation site on the opposite site of the catalytic site cleft. Inasmuch as Cys18 is part of a structurally stabilizing zinc-binding site, disrupted by cysteine alkylation, our results point to an important role of metal ions in ageritin stability.
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21
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Iglesias R, Russo R, Landi N, Valletta M, Chambery A, Di Maro A, Bolognesi A, Ferreras JM, Citores L. Structure and Biological Properties of Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins and Lectins from Elder (Sambucus nigra L.) Leaves. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090611. [PMID: 36136551 PMCID: PMC9503024 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are a group of proteins with rRNA N-glycosylase activity that catalyze the removal of a specific adenine located in the sarcin–ricin loop of the large ribosomal RNA, which leads to the irreversible inhibition of protein synthesis and, consequently, cell death. The case of elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) is unique, since more than 20 RIPs and related lectins have been isolated and characterized from the flowers, seeds, fruits, and bark of this plant. However, these kinds of proteins have never been isolated from elderberry leaves. In this work, we have purified RIPs and lectins from the leaves of this shrub, studying their main physicochemical characteristics, sequences, and biological properties. In elderberry leaves, we found one type 2 RIP and two related lectins that are specific for galactose, four type 2 RIPs that fail to agglutinate erythrocytes, and one type 1 RIP. Several of these proteins are homologous to others found elsewhere in the plant. The diversity of RIPs and lectins in the different elderberry tissues, and the different biological activities of these proteins, which have a high degree of homology with each other, constitute an excellent source of proteins that are of great interest in diagnostics, experimental therapy, and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Iglesias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Rosita Russo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Nicola Landi
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Mariangela Valletta
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Angela Chambery
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Antimo Di Maro
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Andrea Bolognesi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - José M. Ferreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.F.); (L.C.)
| | - Lucía Citores
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.F.); (L.C.)
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22
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Ribosome-Directed Therapies in Cancer. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092088. [PMID: 36140189 PMCID: PMC9495564 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The human ribosomes are the cellular machines that participate in protein synthesis, which is deeply affected during cancer transformation by different oncoproteins and is shown to provide cancer cell proliferation and therefore biomass. Cancer diseases are associated with an increase in ribosome biogenesis and mutation of ribosomal proteins. The ribosome represents an attractive anti-cancer therapy target and several strategies are used to identify specific drugs. Here we review the role of different drugs that may decrease ribosome biogenesis and cancer cell proliferation.
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23
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Integrated Transcriptome and Proteome Analysis Provides Insight into the Ribosome Inactivating Proteins in Plukenetia volubilis Seeds. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179562. [PMID: 36076961 PMCID: PMC9455912 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plukenetia volubilis is a highly promising plant with high nutritional and economic values. In our previous studies, the expression levels of ricin encoded transcripts were the highest in the maturation stage of P. volubilis seeds. The present study investigated the transcriptome and proteome profiles of seeds at two developmental stages (Pv-1 and Pv-2) using RNA-Seq and iTRAQ technologies. A total of 53,224 unigenes and 6026 proteins were identified, with functional enrichment analyses, including GO, KEGG, and KOG annotations. At two development stages of P. volubilis seeds, 8815 unique differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 4983 unique differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were identified. Omics-based association analysis showed that ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) transcripts had the highest expression and abundance levels in Pv-2, and those DEGs/DAPs of RIPs in the GO category were involved in hydrolase activity. Furthermore, 21 RIP genes and their corresponding amino acid sequences were obtained from libraries produced with transcriptome analysis. The analysis of physicochemical properties showed that 21 RIPs of P. volubilis contained ricin, the ricin_B_lectin domain, or RIP domains and could be divided into three subfamilies, with the largest number for type II RIPs. The expression patterns of 10 RIP genes indicated that they were mostly highly expressed in Pv-2 and 4 transcripts encoding ricin_B_like lectins had very low expression levels during the seed development of P. volubilis. This finding would represent valuable evidence for the safety of oil production from P. volubilis for human consumption. It is also notable that the expression level of the Unigene0030485 encoding type I RIP was the highest in roots, which would be related to the antiviral activity of RIPs. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the physicochemical properties and expression patterns of RIPs in different organs of P. volubilis and lays a theoretical foundation for further research and utilization of RIPs in P. volubilis.
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24
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Landi N, Ragucci S, Citores L, Clemente A, Hussain HZF, Iglesias R, Ferreras JM, Di Maro A. Isolation, Characterization and Biological Action of Type-1 Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins from Tissues of Salsola soda L. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080566. [PMID: 36006228 PMCID: PMC9412391 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are known as RNA N-glycosylases. They depurinate the major rRNA, damaging ribosomes and inhibiting protein synthesis. Here, new single-chain (type-1) RIPs named sodins were isolated from the seeds (five proteins), edible leaves (one protein) and roots (one protein) of Salsola soda L. Sodins are able to release Endo's fragment when incubated with rabbit and yeast ribosomes and inhibit protein synthesis in cell-free systems (IC50 = 4.83-79.31 pM). In addition, sodin 5, the major form isolated from seeds, as well as sodin eL and sodin R, isolated from edible leaves and roots, respectively, display polynucleotide:adenosine glycosylase activity and are cytotoxic towards the Hela and COLO 320 cell lines (IC50 = 0.41-1200 nM), inducing apoptosis. The further characterization of sodin 5 reveals that this enzyme shows a secondary structure similar to other type-1 RIPs and a higher melting temperature (Tm = 76.03 ± 0.30 °C) and is non-glycosylated, as other sodins are. Finally, we proved that sodin 5 possesses antifungal activity against Penicillium digitatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Landi
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Sara Ragucci
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Lucía Citores
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Angela Clemente
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Hafiza Z. F. Hussain
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Rosario Iglesias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - José M. Ferreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Antimo Di Maro
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
- Correspondence:
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25
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Silva AL, Bezerra LP, Freitas CDT, Silva AFB, Mesquita FP, Neto NAS, Oliveira JPB, Aguiar TKB, Nagano CS, Carneiro RF, Oliveira JTA, Albuquerque CC, Souza PFN. Luffa operculata seed proteins: Identification by LC-ESI-MS/MS and biotechnological potential against Candida albicans and C. krusei. Anal Biochem 2022; 655:114851. [PMID: 35977597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
L: operculata is a plant commonly found in the North and Northeast of Brazil. Although the regional population knows its medicinal potential, there are few scientific studies about its antimicrobial potential. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the proteins from L. operculata seeds extracted using different solutions and evaluate their antimicrobial potentials. The protein extracts obtained with NaCl and sodium acetate buffer presented the best inhibitory activities against Candida albicans and C. krusei. The study of the mechanism of action revealed proteins from L. operculata seeds induced pore formation on the membrane and ROS overaccumulation. Scanning Electron Microscopy images also showed severe morphological changes in Candida albicans and C. krusei. Proteins from L.operculata seeds did not show antibacterial activity. The enzymatic assays revealed the presence of proteolytic enzymes, serine and cysteine protease inhibitors, and chitinases in both protein extracts. Proteomic analysis by LC-ESI-MS/MS identified 57 proteins related to many biological processes, such as defense to (a)biotic stress, energetic metabolism, protein folding, and nucleotide metabolism. In conclusion, the L. operculata seed proteins have biotechnological potential against the human pathogenic yeasts Candida albicans and C. krusei.
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Affiliation(s)
- André L Silva
- Plant Biochemistry and Physiology Laboratory, State University of Rio Grande of North, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Leandro P Bezerra
- Plant Biochemistry and Physiology Laboratory, State University of Rio Grande of North, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Plant Defense Proteins, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Cleverson D T Freitas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Plant Defense Proteins, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Ayrles F B Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Plant Defense Proteins, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Felipe P Mesquita
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | - Nilton A S Neto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Plant Defense Proteins, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - João P B Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Plant Defense Proteins, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Tawanny K B Aguiar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Plant Defense Proteins, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Celso S Nagano
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | - Rômulo F Carneiro
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Brazil
| | - Jose T A Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Plant Defense Proteins, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Cynthia C Albuquerque
- Plant Biochemistry and Physiology Laboratory, State University of Rio Grande of North, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Pedro F N Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Plant Defense Proteins, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Department of Fishing Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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26
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Yamashiro T, Shiraishi A, Nakayama K, Satake H. Draft Genome of Tanacetum Coccineum: Genomic Comparison of Closely Related Tanacetum-Family Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137039. [PMID: 35806039 PMCID: PMC9267051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant Tanacetum coccineum (painted daisy) is closely related to Tanacetum cinerariifolium (pyrethrum daisy). However, T. cinerariifolium produces large amounts of pyrethrins, a class of natural insecticides, whereas T. coccineum produces much smaller amounts of these compounds. Thus, comparative genomic analysis is expected to contribute a great deal to investigating the differences in biological defense systems, including pyrethrin biosynthesis. Here, we elucidated the 9.4 Gb draft genome of T. coccineum, consisting of 2,836,647 scaffolds and 103,680 genes. Comparative analyses of the draft genome of T. coccineum and that of T. cinerariifolium, generated in our previous study, revealed distinct features of T. coccineum genes. While the T. coccineum genome contains more numerous ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP)-encoding genes, the number of higher-toxicity type-II RIP-encoding genes is larger in T. cinerariifolium. Furthermore, the number of histidine kinases encoded by the T. coccineum genome is smaller than that of T. cinerariifolium, suggesting a biological correlation with pyrethrin biosynthesis. Moreover, the flanking regions of pyrethrin biosynthesis-related genes are also distinct between these two plants. These results provide clues to the elucidation of species-specific biodefense systems, including the regulatory mechanisms underlying pyrethrin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Yamashiro
- Dainihon Jochugiku Co., Ltd., 1-1-11 Daikoku-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0827, Japan; (T.Y.); (K.N.)
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Akira Shiraishi
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Souraku, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan;
| | - Koji Nakayama
- Dainihon Jochugiku Co., Ltd., 1-1-11 Daikoku-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0827, Japan; (T.Y.); (K.N.)
| | - Honoo Satake
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Souraku, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-5031820704
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27
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Ribotoxic Proteins, Known as Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis, from Mushrooms and Other Fungi According to Endo's Fragment Detection. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14060403. [PMID: 35737065 PMCID: PMC9227437 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14060403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
rRNA N-glycosylases (EC 3.2.2.22) remove a specific adenine (A4324, rat 28S rRNA) in the sarcin ricin loop (SRL) involved into ribosome interaction with elongation factors, causing the inhibition of translation, for which they are known as plant 'ribosome inactivating proteins' (RIPs). However, protein synthesis inactivation could be the result of other enzymes, which often have rRNA as the target. In this scenario, Endo's assay is the most used method to detect the enzymes that are able to hydrolyze a phosphodiester bond or cleave a single N-glycosidic bond (rRNA N-glycosylases). Indeed, the detection of a diagnostic fragment from rRNA after enzymatic action, with or without acid aniline, allows one to discriminate between the N-glycosylases or hydrolases, which release the β-fragment after acid aniline treatment or α-fragment without acid aniline treatment, respectively. This assay is of great importance in the mushroom kingdom, considering the presence of enzymes that are able to hydrolyze phosphodiester bonds (e.g., ribonucleases, ribotoxins and ribotoxin-like proteins) or to remove a specific adenine (rRNA N-glycosylases). Thus, here we used the β-fragment experimentally detected by Endo's assay as a hallmark to revise the literature available on enzymes from mushrooms and other fungi, whose action consists of protein biosynthesis inhibition.
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28
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Hedayati A, Naseri F, Nourozi E, Hosseini B, Honari H, Hemmaty S. Response of Saponaria officinalis L. hairy roots to the application of TiO 2 nanoparticles in terms of production of valuable polyphenolic compounds and SO6 protein. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 178:80-92. [PMID: 35276598 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Saponaria officinalis L. is a perennial plant from the Caryophyllaceae family whose various parts are used in traditional medicine as the treatment agent of skin diseases, blood purifier, diuretic, sudorific, and bile purifier. The cultivation system of hairy roots is a proper alternative for improving the valuable pharmaceutical compounds production compared to other in-vitro methods. The extensive nanotechnology applications in hairy roots cultivation is a sustainable production foundation to produce such active elements. In this study, the effect of various concentrations of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) (0, 10, 20, 30, 50 mg L-1) with two treatments (24 and 48 h) was examined on the growth level, antioxidant capacity, total phenol and flavonoid contents, antioxidant enzyme activities, certain polyphenol compounds and SO6 protein in hairy roots of S. officinalis. According to the results, the maximum (3.09 g) and minimum (0.96 g) fresh weight (FW) of hairy roots were observed in treated culture media with 10 and 20 mg L-1 of TiO2 NPs after 24 and 48 h of exposure times, respectively. The highest rate of total phenol (9.79 mg GLA g-1 FW) and total flavonoid contents (1.06 mg QE g-1 FW) were obtained in the treated hairy roots with 50 and 30 mg L-1 of nano elicitor in 24 and 48 h of treatments, respectively. The maximum level of most polyphenols, such as rosmarinic acid, cinnamic acid, and rutin, was produced in 24 h of treatment. The use of TiO2 NP for 48 h with 50 mg L-1 concentration showed the highest production level of SO6 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahad Hedayati
- Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), West Azarbayjan Branch, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Naseri
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Elnaz Nourozi
- Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), West Azarbayjan Branch, Urmia, Iran
| | - Bahman Hosseini
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hossein Honari
- Biology Science and Technology Center, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Syavash Hemmaty
- Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), West Azarbayjan Branch, Urmia, Iran
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29
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Oyelere SF, Ajayi OH, Ayoade TE, Santana Pereira GB, Dayo Owoyemi BC, Ilesanmi AO, Akinyemi OA. A detailed review on the phytochemical profiles and anti-diabetic mechanisms of Momordica charantia. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09253. [PMID: 35434401 PMCID: PMC9010624 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is the most well-known endocrine dilemma suffered by hundreds of million people globally, with an annual mortality of more than one million people. This high mortality rate highlights the need for in-depth study of anti-diabetic agents. This review explores the phytochemical contents and anti-diabetic mechanisms of M. charantia (cucurbitaceae). Studies show that M. charantia contains several phytochemicals that have hypoglycemic effects, thus, the plant may be effective in the treatment/management of diabetes mellitus. Also, the biochemical and physiological basis of M. charantia anti-diabetic actions is explained. M. charantia exhibits its anti-diabetic effects via the suppression of MAPKs and NF-κβin pancreatic cells, promoting glucose and fatty acids catabolism, stimulating fatty acids absorption, inducing insulin production, ameliorating insulin resistance, activating AMPK pathway, and inhibiting glucose metabolism enzymes (fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and glucose-6-phosphatase). Reviewed literature was obtained from credible sources such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science.
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30
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Citores L, Valletta M, Singh VP, Pedone PV, Iglesias R, Ferreras JM, Chambery A, Russo R. Deciphering Molecular Determinants Underlying Penicillium digitatum's Response to Biological and Chemical Antifungal Agents by Tandem Mass Tag (TMT)-Based High-Resolution LC-MS/MS. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:680. [PMID: 35054864 PMCID: PMC8775614 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Penicillium digitatum is a widespread pathogen responsible for the postharvest decay of citrus, one of the most economically important crops worldwide. Currently, chemical fungicides are still the main strategy to control the green mould disease caused by the fungus. However, the increasing selection and proliferation of fungicide-resistant strains require more efforts to explore new alternatives acting via new or unexplored mechanisms for postharvest disease management. To date, several non-chemical compounds have been investigated for the control of fungal pathogens. In this scenario, understanding the molecular determinants underlying P. digitatum's response to biological and chemical antifungals may help in the development of safer and more effective non-chemical control methods. In this work, a proteomic approach based on isobaric labelling and a nanoLC tandem mass spectrometry approach was used to investigate molecular changes associated with P. digitatum's response to treatments with α-sarcin and beetin 27 (BE27), two proteins endowed with antifungal activity. The outcomes of treatments with these biological agents were then compared with those triggered by the commonly used chemical fungicide thiabendazole (TBZ). Our results showed that differentially expressed proteins mainly include cell wall-degrading enzymes, proteins involved in stress response, antioxidant and detoxification mechanisms and metabolic processes such as thiamine biosynthesis. Interestingly, specific modulations in response to protein toxins treatments were observed for a subset of proteins. Deciphering the inhibitory mechanisms of biofungicides and chemical compounds, together with understanding their effects on the fungal physiology, will provide a new direction for improving the efficacy of novel antifungal formulations and developing new control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Citores
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (L.C.); (R.I.); (J.M.F.)
| | - Mariangela Valletta
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (M.V.); (V.P.S.); (P.V.P.)
| | - Vikram Pratap Singh
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (M.V.); (V.P.S.); (P.V.P.)
| | - Paolo Vincenzo Pedone
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (M.V.); (V.P.S.); (P.V.P.)
| | - Rosario Iglesias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (L.C.); (R.I.); (J.M.F.)
| | - José Miguel Ferreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (L.C.); (R.I.); (J.M.F.)
| | - Angela Chambery
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (M.V.); (V.P.S.); (P.V.P.)
| | - Rosita Russo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (M.V.); (V.P.S.); (P.V.P.)
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Yap KM, Sekar M, Fuloria S, Wu YS, Gan SH, Mat Rani NNI, Subramaniyan V, Kokare C, Lum PT, Begum MY, Mani S, Meenakshi DU, Sathasivam KV, Fuloria NK. Drug Delivery of Natural Products Through Nanocarriers for Effective Breast Cancer Therapy: A Comprehensive Review of Literature. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:7891-7941. [PMID: 34880614 PMCID: PMC8648329 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s328135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer (BC), it remains a global health issue affecting millions of women annually. Poor prognosis in BC patients is often linked to drug resistance as well as the lack of effective therapeutic options for metastatic and triple-negative BC. In response to these unmet needs, extensive research efforts have been devoted to exploring the anti-BC potentials of natural products owing to their multi-target mechanisms of action and good safety profiles. Various medicinal plant extracts/essential oils and natural bioactive compounds have demonstrated anti-cancer activities in preclinical BC models. Despite the promising preclinical results, however, the clinical translation of natural products has often been hindered by their poor stability, aqueous solubility and bioavailability. There have been attempts to overcome these limitations, particularly via the use of nano-based drug delivery systems (NDDSs). This review highlights the tumour targeting mechanisms of NDDSs, the advantages and disadvantages of the major classes of NDDSs and their current clinical status in BC treatment. Besides, it also discusses the proposed anti-BC mechanisms and nanoformulations of nine medicinal plants' extracts/essential oils and nine natural bioactive compounds; selected via the screening of various scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar, based on the following keywords: "Natural Product AND Nanoparticle AND Breast Cancer". Overall, these nanoformulations exhibit improved anti-cancer efficacy against preclinical BC models, with some demonstrating biocompatibility with normal cell lines and mouse models. Further clinical studies are, however, warranted to ascertain their efficacy and biocompatibility in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Min Yap
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Perak, 30450, Malaysia
| | - Mahendran Sekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Perak, 30450, Malaysia
| | | | - Yuan Seng Wu
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Siew Hua Gan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Nur Najihah Izzati Mat Rani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Perak, 30450, Malaysia
| | | | - Chandrakant Kokare
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sinhgad Technical Education Society’s, Sinhgad Institute of Pharmacy, Narhe, Pune, 411041, India
| | - Pei Teng Lum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Perak, 30450, Malaysia
| | - M Yasmin Begum
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University (KKU), Asir-Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shankar Mani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, Mandya, Karnataka, 571418, India
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Lu JQ, Shi WW, Xiao MJ, Tang YS, Zheng YT, Shaw PC. Lyophyllin, a Mushroom Protein from the Peptidase M35 Superfamily Is an RNA N-Glycosidase. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111598. [PMID: 34769028 PMCID: PMC8584072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) hydrolyze the N-glycosidic bond and depurinate a specific adenine residue (A-4324 in rat 28S ribosomal RNA, rRNA) in the conserved α-sarcin/ricin loop (α-SRL) of rRNA. In this study, we have purified and characterized lyophyllin, an unconventional RIP from Lyophyllum shimeji, an edible mushroom. The protein resembles peptidase M35 domain of peptidyl-Lys metalloendopeptidases. Nevertheless, protein either from the mushroom or in recombinant form possessed N-glycosidase and protein synthesis inhibitory activities. A homology model of lyophyllin was constructed. It was found that the zinc binding pocket of this protein resembles the catalytic cleft of a classical RIP, with key amino acids that interact with the adenine substrate in the appropriate positions. Mutational studies showed that E122 may play a role in stabilizing the positively charged oxocarbenium ion and H121 for protonating N-3 of adenine. The tyrosine residues Y137 and Y104 may be used for stacking the target adenine ring. This work first shows a protein in the peptidase M35 superfamily based on conserved domain search possessing N-glycosidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Lu
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.-Q.L.); (M.-J.X.); (Y.-S.T.)
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei-Wei Shi
- BayRay Innovation Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518107, China;
| | - Meng-Jie Xiao
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.-Q.L.); (M.-J.X.); (Y.-S.T.)
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yun-Sang Tang
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.-Q.L.); (M.-J.X.); (Y.-S.T.)
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, National Kunming High Level Biosafety Research Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China;
| | - Pang-Chui Shaw
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.-Q.L.); (M.-J.X.); (Y.-S.T.)
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence:
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Cytotoxicity Effect of Quinoin, Type 1 Ribosome-Inactivating Protein from Quinoa Seeds, on Glioblastoma Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13100684. [PMID: 34678977 PMCID: PMC8537469 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are found in several edible plants and are well characterized. Many studies highlight their use in cancer therapy, alone or as immunoconjugates, linked to monoclonal antibodies directed against target cancer cells. In this context, we investigate the cytotoxicity of quinoin, a novel type 1 RIP from quinoa seeds, on human continuous and primary glioblastoma cell lines. The cytotoxic effect of quinoin was assayed on human continuous glioblastoma U87Mg cells. Moreover, considering that common conventional glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell lines are genetically different from the tumors from which they derive, the cytotoxicity of quinoin was subsequently tested towards primary cells NULU and ZAR (two cell lines established from patients’ gliomas), also in combination with the chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide (TMZ), currently used in glioblastoma treatment. The present study demonstrated that quinoin (2.5 and 5.0 nM) strongly reduced glioblastoma cells’ growth. The mechanisms responsible for the inhibitory action of quinoin are different in the tested primary cell lines, reproducing the heterogeneous response of glioblastoma cells. Interestingly, primary cells treated with quinoin in combination with TMZ were more sensitive to the treatment. Overall, our data highlight that quinoin could represent a novel tool for glioblastoma therapy and a possible adjuvant for the treatment of the disease in combination with TMZ, alone or as possible immunoconjugates/nanoconstructs.
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Chung SH, Bigham M, Lappe RR, Chan B, Nagalakshmi U, Whitham SA, Dinesh‐Kumar SP, Jander G. A sugarcane mosaic virus vector for rapid in planta screening of proteins that inhibit the growth of insect herbivores. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:1713-1724. [PMID: 33763921 PMCID: PMC8428830 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) is a notorious pest that threatens maize production worldwide. Current control measures involve the use of chemical insecticides and transgenic maize expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins. Although additional transgenes have confirmed insecticidal activity, limited research has been conducted in maize, at least partially due to the technical difficulty of maize transformation. Here, we describe implementation of a sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) vector for rapidly testing the efficacy of both endogenous maize genes and heterologous genes from other organisms for the control of S. frugiperda in maize. Four categories of proteins were tested using the SCMV vector: (i) maize defence signalling proteins: peptide elicitors (Pep1 and Pep3) and jasmonate acid conjugating enzymes (JAR1a and JAR1b); (ii) maize defensive proteins: the previously identified ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP2) and maize proteinase inhibitor (MPI), and two proteins with predicted but unconfirmed anti-insect activities, an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) and a lectin (JAC1); (iii) lectins from other plant species: Allium cepa agglutinin (ACA) and Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA); and (iv) scorpion and spider toxins: peptides from Urodacus yaschenkoi (UyCT3 and UyCT5) and Hadronyche versuta (Hvt). In most cases, S. frugiperda larval growth was reduced by transient SCMV-mediated overexpression of genes encoding these proteins. Additionally, experiments with a subset of the SCMV-expressed genes showed effectiveness against two aphid species, Rhopalosiphum maidis (corn leaf aphid) and Myzus persicae (green peach aphid). Together, these results demonstrate that SCMV vectors are a rapid screening method for testing the efficacy and insecticidal activity of candidate genes in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ryan R. Lappe
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIAUSA
| | - Barry Chan
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome CenterCollege of Biological SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA
| | - Ugrappa Nagalakshmi
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome CenterCollege of Biological SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA
| | - Steven A. Whitham
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIAUSA
| | - Savithramma P. Dinesh‐Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome CenterCollege of Biological SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant ResearchIthacaNYUSA
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The Structural Characterization and Antipathogenic Activities of Quinoin, a Type 1 Ribosome-Inactivating Protein from Quinoa Seeds. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168964. [PMID: 34445686 PMCID: PMC8396469 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinoin is a type 1 ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) we previously isolated from the seeds of pseudocereal quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) and is known as a functional food for its beneficial effects on human health. As the presence of RIPs in edible plants could be potentially risky, here we further characterised biochemically the protein (complete amino acid sequence, homologies/differences with other RIPs and three-dimensional homology modeling) and explored its possible defensive role against pathogens. Quinoin consists of 254 amino acid residues, without cysteinyl residues. As demonstrated by similarities and homology modeling, quinoin preserves the amino acid residues of the active site (Tyr75, Tyr122, Glu177, Arg180, Phe181 and Trp206; quinoin numbering) and the RIP-fold characteristic of RIPs. The polypeptide chain of quinoin contains two N-glycosylation sites at Asn115 and Asp231, the second of which appears to be linked to sugars. Moreover, by comparative MALDI-TOF tryptic peptide mapping, two differently glycosylated forms of quinoin, named pre-quinoin-1 and pre-quinoin-2 (~0.11 mg/100 g and ~0.85 mg/100 g of seeds, respectively) were characterised. Finally, quinoin possesses: (i) strong antiviral activity, both in vitro and in vivo towards Tobacco Necrosis Virus (TNV); (ii) a growth inhibition effect on the bacterial pathogens of plants; and (iii) a slight antifungal effect against two Cryphonectria parasitica strains.
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Martínez C, Valenzuela JL, Jamilena M. Genetic and Pre- and Postharvest Factors Influencing the Content of Antioxidants in Cucurbit Crops. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060894. [PMID: 34199481 PMCID: PMC8228042 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cucurbitaceae is one of the most economically important plant families, and includes some worldwide cultivated species like cucumber, melons, and squashes, and some regionally cultivated and feral species that contribute to the human diet. For centuries, cucurbits have been appreciated because of their nutritional value and, in traditional medicine, because of their ability to alleviate certain ailments. Several studies have demonstrated the remarkable contents of valuable compounds in cucurbits, including antioxidants such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and carotenoids, but also tannins and terpenoids, which are abundant. This antioxidant power is beneficial for human health, but also in facing plant diseases and abiotic stresses. This review brings together data on the antioxidant properties of cucurbit species, addressing the genetic and pre- and postharvest factors that regulate the antioxidant content in different plant organs. Environmental conditions, management, storage, and pre- and postharvest treatments influencing the biosynthesis and activity of antioxidants, together with the biodiversity of this family, are determinant in improving the antioxidant potential of this group of species. Plant breeding, as well as the development of innovative biotechnological approaches, is also leading to new possibilities for exploiting cucurbits as functional products.
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Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins of Bougainvillea glabra Uncovered Polymorphism and Active Site Divergence. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13050331. [PMID: 34064406 PMCID: PMC8147849 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are toxic proteins that can inhibit protein synthesis. RIPs purified from Bougainvillea have low nonspecific toxicity, showing promise for processing applications in the agricultural and medical fields. However, systematic research on the polymorphism of Bougainvillea RIPs is lacking, and it is worth exploring whether different isoforms differ in their active characteristics. The transcriptional and translational expression of type I RIPs in Bougainvillea glabra leaves was investigated in this study. Seven RIPs exhibited seasonal variation at both the mRNA and protein levels. The isoforms BI4 and BI6 showed the highest transcriptional expression in both the summer and autumn samples. Interestingly, BI6 was not detected in the protein level in any of the samples. However, the bioinformatics analysis showed that RIPs derived from the same species were gathered in a different cluster, and that the active sites changed among the isoforms during evolution. The significant discrepancy in Bougainvillea RIPs mainly locates at both termini of the amino acid sequence, particularly at the C terminus. Post-translational modifications may also exist in Bougainvillea RIPs. It is concluded that the reason for the polymorphism of Bougainvillea RIPs may be that these proteins are encoded by multiple genes due to genetic processes such as gene duplication and mutation. According to the results of sequence analysis, the possible functional differences of B. glabra RIP isoforms are discussed with regard to the observed discrepancy in both active sites and structures.
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Schröpfer S, Vogt I, Broggini GAL, Dahl A, Richter K, Hanke MV, Flachowsky H, Peil A. Transcriptional profile of AvrRpt2 EA-mediated resistance and susceptibility response to Erwinia amylovora in apple. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8685. [PMID: 33888770 PMCID: PMC8062453 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the commercial apple cultivars are highly susceptible to fire blight, which is the most devastating bacterial disease affecting pome fruits. Resistance to fire blight is described especially in wild Malus accessions such as M. × robusta 5 (Mr5), but the molecular basis of host resistance response to the pathogen Erwinia amylovora is still largely unknown. The bacterial effector protein AvrRpt2EA was found to be the key determinant of resistance response in Mr5. A wild type E. amylovora strain and the corresponding avrRpt2EA deletion mutant were used for inoculation of Mr5 to induce resistance or susceptible response, respectively. By comparison of the transcriptome of both responses, 211 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. We found that heat-shock response including heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and heat-shock transcription factors (HSFs) are activated in apple specifically in the susceptible response, independent of AvrRpt2EA. Further analysis on the expression progress of 81 DEGs by high-throughput real-time qPCR resulted in the identification of genes that were activated after inoculation with E. amylovora. Hence, a potential role of these genes in the resistance to the pathogen is postulated, including genes coding for enzymes involved in formation of flavonoids and terpenoids, ribosome-inactivating enzymes (RIPs) and a squamosa promoter binding-like (SPL) transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Schröpfer
- Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326, Dresden, Germany
| | - Isabelle Vogt
- Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Dahl
- DRESDEN-Concept Genome Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Richter
- Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Erwin-Baur-Strasse 27, 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Magda-Viola Hanke
- Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henryk Flachowsky
- Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Peil
- Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326, Dresden, Germany.
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Kimberlin A, Holtsclaw RE, Koo AJ. Differential Regulation of the Ribosomal Association of mRNA Transcripts in an Arabidopsis Mutant Defective in Jasmonate-Dependent Wound Response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:637959. [PMID: 33777072 PMCID: PMC7990880 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.637959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile) is a powerful oxylipin responsible for the genome-wide transcriptional reprogramming in plants that results in major physiological shifts from growth to defense. The double T-DNA insertion Arabidopsis mutant, cyp94b1cyp94b3 (b1b3), defective in cytochrome p450s, CYP94B1 and CYP94B3, which are responsible for oxidizing JA-Ile, accumulates several fold higher levels of JA-Ile yet displays dampened JA-Ile-dependent wound responses-the opposite of what is expected. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses showed that while the transcriptional response to wounding was largely unchanged in b1b3 compared to wild type (WT), many proteins were found to be significantly reduced in the mutant, which was verified by immunoblot analyses of marker proteins. To understand this protein phenotype and their hypothesized contribution to the b1b3 phenotypes, wounded rosette leaf samples from both WT and b1b3 were subject to a translating ribosome affinity purification RNA sequencing analysis. More than 1,600 genes whose transcripts do not change in abundance by wounding changed their association with the ribosomes after wounding in WT leaves. Consistent with previous observations, the total pool of mRNA transcripts was similar between WT and b1b3; however, the ribosome-associated pool of transcripts was changed significantly. Most notably, fewer transcripts were associated with the ribosome pool in b1b3 than in WT, potentially explaining the reduction of many proteins in the mutant. Among those genes with fewer ribosome-associated transcripts in b1b3 were genes relating to stress response, specialized metabolism, protein metabolism, ribosomal subunits, and transcription factors, consistent with the biochemical phenotypes of the mutant. These results show previously unrecognized regulations at the translational level that are affected by misregulation of JA homeostasis during the wound response in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athen Kimberlin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Rebekah E. Holtsclaw
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Abraham J. Koo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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Moin M, Saha A, Bakshi A, D. D, M.S. M, P.B. K. Study on Transcriptional Responses and Identification of Ribosomal Protein Genes for Potential Resistance against Brown Planthopper and Gall Midge Pests in Rice. Curr Genomics 2021; 22:98-110. [PMID: 34220297 PMCID: PMC8188583 DOI: 10.2174/1389202922666210219113220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous studies have revealed the roles of ribosomal protein (RP) genes in the abiotic stress responses of rice. METHODS In the current investigation, we examine the possible involvement of these genes in insect stress responses. We have characterized the RP genes that included both Ribosomal Protein Large (RPL) and Ribosomal Protein Small (RPS) subunit genes in response to infestation by two economically important insect pests, the brown planthopper (BPH) and the Asian rice gall midge (GM) in rice. Differential transcript patterns of seventy selected RP genes were studied in a susceptible and a resistant genotype of indica rice: BPT5204 and RPNF05, respectively. An in silico analyses of the upstream regions of these genes also revealed the presence of cis-elements that are associated with wound signaling. RESULTS We identified the genes that were up or downregulated in either one of the genotypes, or both of them after pest infestation. The transcript patterns of a majority of the genes were found to be temporally-regulated by both the pests. In the resistant RPNF05, BPH infestation activated RPL15, L51 and RPS5a genes while GM infestation induced RPL15, L18a, L22, L36.2, L38, RPS5, S9.2 and S25a at a certain point of time. These genes that were particularly upregulated in the resistant genotype, RPNF05, but not in BPT5204 suggest their potential involvement in plant resistance against either of the two pests studied. CONCLUSION Taken together, RPL15, L51, L18a, RPS5, S5a, S9.2, and S25a appear to be the genes with possible roles in insect resistance in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazahar Moin
- Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research (IIRR), Hyderabad-500030, India
| | - Anusree Saha
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500046, India
| | - Achala Bakshi
- Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research (IIRR), Hyderabad-500030, India
| | - Divya D.
- Agri-Biotech Foundation, PJTS Agricultural University, Hyderabad-500030, India
| | - Madhav M.S.
- Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research (IIRR), Hyderabad-500030, India
| | - Kirti P.B.
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500046, India
- Agri-Biotech Foundation, PJTS Agricultural University, Hyderabad-500030, India
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Bortolotti M, Maiello S, Ferreras JM, Iglesias R, Polito L, Bolognesi A. Kirkiin: A New Toxic Type 2 Ribosome-Inactivating Protein from the Caudex of Adenia kirkii. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020081. [PMID: 33499082 PMCID: PMC7912562 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are plant toxins that irreversibly damage ribosomes and other substrates, thus causing cell death. RIPs are classified in type 1 RIPs, single-chain enzymatic proteins, and type 2 RIPs, consisting of active A chains, similar to type 1 RIPs, linked to lectin B chains, which enable the rapid internalization of the toxin into the cell. For this reason, many type 2 RIPs are very cytotoxic, ricin, volkensin and stenodactylin being the most toxic ones. From the caudex of Adenia kirkii (Mast.) Engl., a new type 2 RIP, named kirkiin, was purified by affinity chromatography on acid-treated Sepharose CL-6B and gel filtration. The lectin, with molecular weight of about 58 kDa, agglutinated erythrocytes and inhibited protein synthesis in a cell-free system at very low concentrations. Moreover, kirkiin was able to depurinate mammalian and yeast ribosomes, but it showed little or no activity on other nucleotide substrates. In neuroblastoma cells, kirkiin inhibited protein synthesis and induced apoptosis at doses in the pM range. The biological characteristics of kirkiin make this protein a potential candidate for several experimental pharmacological applications both alone for local treatments and as component of immunoconjugates for systemic targeting in neurodegenerative studies and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bortolotti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, General Pathology Section, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.B.); (S.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Stefania Maiello
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, General Pathology Section, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.B.); (S.M.); (A.B.)
| | - José M. Ferreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (J.M.F.); (R.I.)
| | - Rosario Iglesias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (J.M.F.); (R.I.)
| | - Letizia Polito
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, General Pathology Section, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.B.); (S.M.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrea Bolognesi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, General Pathology Section, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.B.); (S.M.); (A.B.)
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Preparation of a novel EGFR specific immunotoxin and its efficacy of anti-colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo. Clin Transl Oncol 2021; 23:1549-1560. [PMID: 33474678 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-020-02548-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR), as a malignancy marker, is overly expressed in multiple solid tumors including colorectal neoplasms, one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide. The main objective of this study is to enhance the efficacy of anti-tumor therapy targeting EGFR by constructing a novel EGFR-specific immunotoxin (C-CUS245C) based on Cetuximab and recombinant Cucurmosin (CUS245C). METHODS E. coli BL21 (DE3) PlysS (E. coli) was used to express CUS245C with a cysteine residue inserting to the C-terminus of Cucurmosin. Then immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) was used to purify CUS245C. The chemical conjugation method was used for the preparation of C-CUS245C. Then dialysis and IMAC were used to purify C-CUS245C. Western blot as well as SDS-PAGE was carried out to characterize the formation of C-CUS245C. At last the anti-colorectal cancer activity of C-CUS245C was investigated in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS CUS245C with high purity could be obtained from the prokaryotic system. C-CUS245C was successfully constructed and highly purified. The cytotoxicity assays in vitro showed a significant proliferation inhibition of C-CUS245C on EGFR-positive cells for 120 h with IC50 values less than 0.1 pM. Besides, the anti-tumor efficacy of C-CUS245C was remarkably more potent than that of Cetuximab, CUS245C, and C + CUS245C (P < 0.001). Whereas the cytotoxicity of C-CUS245C could hardly be detected on EGFR-null cell line. Our results also showed that C-CUS245C had efficacy of anti-colorectal cancer in mouse xenograft model, indicating the therapeutic potential of C-CUS245C for the targeted therapy of colorectal neoplasms. CONCLUSIONS C-CUS245C exhibits potent and EGFR-specific cytotoxicity. Insertional mutagenesis technique is worthy to be adopted in the preparation of immunotoxin. Immunotoxin can be highly purified through dialysis followed by IMAC.
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Näsvall K, Wiklund C, Mrazek V, Künstner A, Talla V, Busch H, Vila R, Backström N. Host plant diet affects growth and induces altered gene expression and microbiome composition in the wood white (Leptidea sinapis) butterfly. Mol Ecol 2020; 30:499-516. [PMID: 33219534 PMCID: PMC7839524 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In a time with decreasing biodiversity, especially among insects, a detailed understanding about specific resource utilization strategies is crucial. The physiological and behavioural responses to host switches in phytophagous insects are poorly understood. Earlier studies indicate that a host plant switch might be associated with distinctive molecular and physiological responses in different lineages. Expanding the assessment of such associations across Lepidoptera will reveal if there are general patterns in adaptive responses, or if each switch event is more of a unique character. We investigated host plant preference, fitness consequences, effects on expression profiles and gut microbiome composition in two common wood white (Leptidea sinapis) populations with different host plant preferences from the extremes of the species distribution area (Sweden and Catalonia). Our results show that female Catalonian wood whites lack preference for either host plant (Lotus corniculatus or L. dorycnium), while Swedish females laid significantly more eggs on L. corniculatus. Individuals from both populations reared on L. dorycnium had longer developmental times and smaller body size as adults. This indicates that both environmental and genetic factors determine the choice to use a specific host plant. Gene expression analysis revealed a more pronounced response to host plant in the Catalonian compared to the Swedish population. In addition, host plant treatment resulted in a significant shift in microbiome community structure in the Catalonian population. Together, this suggests that population specific plasticity associated with local conditions underlies host plant utilisation in wood whites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Näsvall
- Evolutionary Biology Program, Department of Ecology and Genetics (IEG), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christer Wiklund
- Department of Zoology: Division of Ecology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Veronika Mrazek
- Evolutionary Biology Program, Department of Ecology and Genetics (IEG), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Axel Künstner
- Medical Systems Biology Group, Lübeck Institute for Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Venkat Talla
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hauke Busch
- Medical Systems Biology Group, Lübeck Institute for Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Roger Vila
- Butterfly Diversity and Evolution Lab, Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Niclas Backström
- Evolutionary Biology Program, Department of Ecology and Genetics (IEG), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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44
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Choudhary N, Lodha ML, Baranwal VK. The role of enzymatic activities of antiviral proteins from plants for action against plant pathogens. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:505. [PMID: 33184592 PMCID: PMC7642053 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02495-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiviral proteins (AVPs) from plants possess multiple activities, such as N-glycosidase, RNase, DNase enzymatic activity, and induce pathogenesis-related proteins, salicylic acid, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase. The N-glycosidase activity releases the adenine residues from sarcin/ricin (S/R) loop of large subunit of ribosomes and interfere the host protein synthesis process and this activity has been attributed for antiviral activity in plant. It has been shown that AVP binds directly to viral genome-linked protein of plant viruses and interfere with protein synthesis of virus. AVPs also possess the RNase and DNase like activity and may be targeting nucleic acid of viruses directly. Recently, the antifungal, antibacterial, and antiinsect properties of AVPs have also been demonstrated. Gene encoding for AVPs has been used for the development of transgenic resistant crops to a broad range of plant pathogens and insect pests. However, the cytotoxicity has been observed in transgenic crops using AVP gene in some cases which can be a limiting factor for its application in agriculture. In this review, we have reviewed various aspects of AVPs particularly their characteristics, possible mode of action and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandlal Choudhary
- Amity Institute of Virology & Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313 India
| | - M. L. Lodha
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - V. K. Baranwal
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, 110012 India
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Urquidi-Camacho RA, Lokdarshi A, von Arnim AG. Translational gene regulation in plants: A green new deal. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2020; 11:e1597. [PMID: 32367681 PMCID: PMC9258721 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The molecular machinery for protein synthesis is profoundly similar between plants and other eukaryotes. Mechanisms of translational gene regulation are embedded into the broader network of RNA-level processes including RNA quality control and RNA turnover. However, over eons of their separate history, plants acquired new components, dropped others, and generally evolved an alternate way of making the parts list of protein synthesis work. Research over the past 5 years has unveiled how plants utilize translational control to defend themselves against viruses, regulate translation in response to metabolites, and reversibly adjust translation to a wide variety of environmental parameters. Moreover, during seed and pollen development plants make use of RNA granules and other translational controls to underpin developmental transitions between quiescent and metabolically active stages. The economics of resource allocation over the daily light-dark cycle also include controls over cellular protein synthesis. Important new insights into translational control on cytosolic ribosomes continue to emerge from studies of translational control mechanisms in viruses. Finally, sketches of coherent signaling pathways that connect external stimuli with a translational response are emerging, anchored in part around TOR and GCN2 kinase signaling networks. These again reveal some mechanisms that are familiar and others that are different from other eukaryotes, motivating deeper studies on translational control in plants. This article is categorized under: Translation > Translation Regulation RNA Structure and Dynamics > Influence of RNA Structure in Biological Systems RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein-RNA Interactions: Functional Implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A. Urquidi-Camacho
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Ansul Lokdarshi
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Albrecht G von Arnim
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology and UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
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46
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Landi N, Ruocco MR, Ragucci S, Aliotta F, Nasso R, Pedone PV, Di Maro A. Quinoa as source of type 1 ribosome inactivating proteins: A novel knowledge for a revision of its consumption. Food Chem 2020; 342:128337. [PMID: 33077288 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates on the presence of toxic proteins in quinoa seeds. To this aim, a plethora of biochemical approaches were adopted for the purification and characterization of quinoin, a type 1 ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) contained in quinoa seeds. We determined its melting temperature (68.2 ± 0.6 °C) and thermostability (loss of activity after 10-min incubation at 70 °C). Considering that quinoa seeds are used as a food, we found that quinoin is cytotoxic against BJ-5ta (human fibroblasts) and HaCaT (human keratinocytes) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, in an in vitro digestive pepsin-trypsin treatment, 30% of quinoin is resistant to enzymatic cleavage. This toxin was found in seeds (0.23 mg/g of seeds) and in sprouted seeds obtained after 24-h (0.12 mg/g of sprout) and 48-h (0.09 mg/g of sprout). We suggest a thermal treatment of quinoa seeds before consumption in order to inactivate the toxin, particularly in sprouts, generally consumed raw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Landi
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Ruocco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Ragucci
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Federica Aliotta
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosarita Nasso
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellness, University of Naples 'Parthenope', Via F. Acton 38, 80133 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo V Pedone
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Antimo Di Maro
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy.
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Zhu F, Zhu P, Xu F, Che Y, Ma Y, Ji Z. Alpha-momorcharin enhances Nicotiana benthamiana resistance to tobacco mosaic virus infection through modulation of reactive oxygen species. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1212-1226. [PMID: 32713165 PMCID: PMC7411664 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-momorcharin (α-MMC), a member of the plant ribosomal inactivating proteins (RIPs) family, has been proven to exhibit important biological properties in animals, including antiviral, antimicrobial, and antitumour activities. However, the mechanism by which α-MMC increases plant resistance to viral infections remains unclear. To study the effect of α-MMC on plant viral defence and how α-MMC increases plant resistance to viruses, recombinant DNA and transgenic technologies were employed to investigate the role of α-MMC in Nicotiana benthamiana resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection. Treatment with α-MMC produced through DNA recombinant technology or overexpression of α-MMC mediated by transgenic technology alleviated TMV-induced oxidative damage and reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during TMV-green fluorescent protein infection of N. benthamiana. There was a significant decrease in TMV replication in the upper leaves following local α-MMC treatment and in α-MMC-overexpressing plants relative to control plants. These results suggest that application or overexpression of α-MMC in N. benthamiana increases resistance to TMV infection. Finally, our results showed that overexpression of α-MMC up-regulated the expression of ROS scavenging-related genes. α-MMC confers resistance to TMV infection by means of modulating ROS homeostasis through controlling the expression of antioxidant enzyme-encoding genes. Overall, our study revealed a new crosstalk mechanism between α-MMC and ROS during resistance to viral infection and provides a framework to understand the molecular mechanisms of α-MMC in plant defence against viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- College of Horticulture and Plant ProtectionJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of ChinaYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Peng‐Xiang Zhu
- College of Horticulture and Plant ProtectionJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of ChinaYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Fei Xu
- Applied Biotechnology CenterWuhan Institute of BioengineeringWuhanChina
| | - Yan‐Ping Che
- College of Horticulture and Plant ProtectionJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of ChinaYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Yi‐Ming Ma
- College of Horticulture and Plant ProtectionJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of ChinaYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Zhao‐Lin Ji
- College of Horticulture and Plant ProtectionJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri‐Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of ChinaYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
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Antiviral Activity of PD-L1 and PD-L4, Type 1 Ribosome Inactivating Proteins from Leaves of Phytolacca dioica L. in the Pathosystem Phaseolus vulgaris-Tobacco Necrosis Virus (TNV). Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12080524. [PMID: 32824023 PMCID: PMC7472211 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Using the pathosystem Phaseolus vulgaris-tobacco necrosis virus (TNV), we demonstrated that PD-L1 and PD-L4, type-1 ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) from leaves of Phytolacca dioica L., possess a strong antiviral activity. This activity was exerted both when the RIPs and the virus were inoculated together in the same leaf and when they were inoculated or applied separately in the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces. This suggests that virus inhibition would mainly occur inside plant cells at the onset of infection. Histochemical studies showed that both PD-L1 and PD-L4 were not able to induce oxidative burst and cell death in treated leaves, which were instead elicited by inoculation of the virus alone. Furthermore, when RIPs and TNV were inoculated together, no sign of H2O2 deposits and cell death were detectable, indicating that the virus could have been inactivated in a very early stage of infection, before the elicitation of a hypersensitivity reaction. In conclusion, the strong antiviral activity is likely exerted inside host cells as soon the virus disassembles to start translation of the viral genome. This activity is likely directed towards both viral and ribosomal RNA, explaining the almost complete abolition of infection when virus and RIP enter together into the cells.
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Garrido-Jurado I, Montes-Moreno D, Sanz-Barrionuevo P, Quesada-Moraga E. Delving into the Causes and Effects of Entomopathogenic Endophytic Metarhizium brunneum Foliar Application-Related Mortality in Spodoptera littoralis Larvae. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11070429. [PMID: 32660021 PMCID: PMC7412302 DOI: 10.3390/insects11070429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to delve into the causes of mortality of Spodoptera littoralis larvae feeding on Metarhizium-colonized plants in the absence of fungal outgrowth on the cadavers as previous studies reported and to elucidate the possible indirect effects of this fungus-colonized diet. The effect was evaluated in experiments conducted using leaf discs of colonized plants and in planta using fungus-colonized whole plants. The mortality rates of larvae fed on Metarhizium-colonized melon leaves were 45.0% and 87.5%, and the average survival times were 6.6 and 3.1 days in experiments performed with discs and in planta, respectively. Notably, these mortality levels were not associated with observed apoptosis mediated by caspases 1, 3-7 and 8; thus, further investigation into the possible immune system reaction of the insect after the ingestion of colonized plants is required. The leaf consumption of S. littoralis larvae fed on melon-colonized leaves was lower than that on control plants in the disc experiments but not in experiments conducted in planta. In this regard, in experiments performed in planta, plant damage increased larval mortality in both fungally challenged and control larvae. There was also a meaningful effect of exposure to Metarhizium-colonized melon leaf discs on S. littoralis fitness, with significant reductions in 39.0% and 22.0% in female fecundity and egg fertility, respectively, detected in females emerging from pupae developing from larvae surviving exposure to colonized plant discs; all larvae died in the in planta experiments. Hence, the present work presents new findings revealing the high potential of endophytic entomopathogenic fungi to improve the outcome of foliar applications against chewing insects in the short, mid- and long term, by the reduction of the reproductive potential of surviving adults and reveals new insights into the development of bioassays with whole plants for more detailed evaluation of the impact of these fungi as endophytes used for plant protection.
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50
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Lapadula WJ, Marcet PL, Taracena ML, Lenhart A, Juri Ayub M. Characterization of horizontally acquired ribotoxin encoding genes and their transcripts in Aedes aegypti. Gene 2020; 754:144857. [PMID: 32512159 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Ribosome Inactivating Proteins (RIPs) are RNA N-glycosidases that depurinate a specific adenine residue in the conserved sarcin/ricin loop of the 28S rRNA. The occurrence of RIP genes has been described in a wide range of plant taxa, as well as in several species of bacteria and fungi. A remarkable case is the presence of these genes in metazoans belonging to the Culicinae subfamily. We reported that these genes are derived from a single horizontal gene transfer event, most likely from a bacterial donor species. Moreover, we have shown evidence that mosquito RIP genes are evolving under purifying selection, suggesting that these toxins have acquired a functional role in these organisms. In the present work, we characterized the intra-specific sequence variability of Aedes aegypti RIP genes (RIPAe1, RIPAe2, and RIPAe3) and tested their expression at the mRNA level. Our results show that RIPAe2 and RIPAe3 are transcribed and polyadenylated, and their expression levels are modulated across the developmental stages. Varibility among genes was observed, including the existence of null alleles for RIPAe1 and RIPAe2, with variants showing partial deletions. These results further support the existence of a physiological function for these foreign genes in mosquitoes. The possible nature of this functionality is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Lapadula
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis, IMIBIO-SL-CONICET and Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Ejercito de Los Andes, 950, D5700HHW San Luis, Argentina
| | - Paula L Marcet
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Entomology Branch. 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Mabel L Taracena
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Entomology Branch. 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Entomology Branch. 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Maximiliano Juri Ayub
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis, IMIBIO-SL-CONICET and Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Ejercito de Los Andes, 950, D5700HHW San Luis, Argentina.
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