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Jagadeesan Y, Meenakshisundaram S, Pichaimuthu S, Balaiah A. A scientific version of understanding "Why did the chickens cross the road"? - A guided journey through Bacillus spp. towards sustainable agriculture, circular economy and biofortification. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 244:117907. [PMID: 38109965 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The world, a famished planet with an overgrowing population, requires enormous food crops. This scenario compelled the farmers to use a high quantity of synthetic fertilizers for high food crop productivity. However, prolonged usage of chemical fertilizers results in severe adverse effects on soil and water quality. On the other hand, the growing population significantly consumes large quantities of poultry meats. Eventually, this produces a mammoth amount of poultry waste, chicken feathers. Owing to the protein value of the chicken feathers, these wastes are converted into protein hydrolysate and further extend their application as biostimulants for sustained agriculture. The protein profile of chicken feather protein hydrolysate (CFPH) produced through Bacillus spp. was the maximum compared to physical and chemical protein extraction methods. Several studies proved that the application of CFPH and active Bacillus spp. culture to soil and plants results in enhanced plant growth, phytochemical constituents, crop yield, soil nutrients, fertility, microbiome and resistance against diverse abiotic and biotic stresses. Overall, "CFPH - Jack of all trades" and "Bacillus spp. - an active camouflage to the surroundings where they applied showed profound and significant benefits to the plant growth under the most adverse conditions. In addition, Bacillus spp. coheres the biofortification process in plants through the breakdown of metals into metal ions that eventually increase the nutrient value of the food crops. However, detailed information on them is missing. This can be overcome by further real-world studies on rhizoengineering through a multi-omics approach and their interaction with plants. This review has explored the best possible and efficient strategy for managing chicken feather wastes into protein-rich CFPH through Bacillus spp. bioconversion and utilizing the CFPH and Bacillus spp. as biostimulants, biofertilizers, biopesticides and biofortificants. This paper is an excellent report on organic waste management, circular economy and sustainable agriculture research frontier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogeswaran Jagadeesan
- Department of Biotechnology, University College of Engineering, Anna University - BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, 620 024, India.
| | - Shanmugapriya Meenakshisundaram
- Department of Biotechnology, University College of Engineering, Anna University - BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, 620 024, India.
| | - Suthakaran Pichaimuthu
- Genprotic Biopharma Private Limited, SPIC Bioprocess Laboratory, Anna University, Taramani Campus, Taramani, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600113, India.
| | - Anandaraj Balaiah
- Department of Biotechnology, University College of Engineering, Anna University - BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, 620 024, India.
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Jia Y, Kang L, Wu Y, Zhou C, Cai R, Zhang H, Li J, Chen Z, Kang D, Zhang L, Pan C. Nano-selenium foliar intervention-induced resistance of cucumber to Botrytis cinerea by activating jasmonic acid biosynthesis and regulating phenolic acid and cucurbitacin. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:554-568. [PMID: 37733166 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE AND METHODS Botrytis cinerea is the primary disease affecting cucumber production. It can be managed by applying pesticides and cultivating disease-resistant cucumber strains. However, challenges, such as drug resistance in pathogenic bacteria and changes in physiological strains, are obstacles in the effective management of B. cinerea. Nano-selenium (Nano-Se) has potential in enhancing crop resistance to biological stress, but the exact mechanism for boosting disease resistance remains unclear. Here, we used metabolomics and transcriptomics to examine how Nano-Se, as an immune activator, induces plant resistance. RESULT Compared with the control group, the application of 10.0 mg/L Nano-Se on the cucumber plant's leaf surface resulted in increased levels of chlorophyll, catalase (10.2%), glutathione (326.6%), glutathione peroxidase (52.2%), cucurbitacin (41.40%), and metabolites associated with the phenylpropane synthesis pathway, as well as the total antioxidant capacity (21.3%). Additionally, the expression levels of jasmonic acid (14.8 times) and related synthetic genes, namely LOX (264.1%), LOX4 (224.1%), and AOC2 (309.2%), were up-regulated. A transcription analysis revealed that the CsaV3_4G002860 gene was up-regulated in the KEGG enrichment pathway in response to B. cinerea infection following the 10.0 mg/L Nano-Se treatment. DISCUSSION In conclusion, the activation of the phenylpropane biosynthesis and branched-chain fatty acid pathways by Nano-Se promotes the accumulation of jasmonic acid and cucurbitacin in cucumber plants. This enhancement enables the plants to exhibit resistance against B. cinerea infections. Additionally, this study identified a potential candidate gene for cucumber resistance to B. cinerea induced by Nano-Se, thereby laying a theoretical foundation for further research in this area. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Jia
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Pest Chemical Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Kang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Pest Chemical Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Yangliu Wu
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Pest Chemical Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunran Zhou
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Pest Chemical Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Runze Cai
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Pest Chemical Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Pest Chemical Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhendong Chen
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Dexian Kang
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Canping Pan
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Pest Chemical Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Yang Y, Wei Y, Yin M, Liu E, Du X, Shen J, Dong M, Yan S. Efficient Polyamine-Based Nanodelivery System for Proline: Enhanced Uptake Improves the Drought Tolerance of Tobacco. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:1550-1560. [PMID: 38207102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Drought stress is one of the most unfavorable factors affecting plant growth and productivity among various environmental stresses. Nanotechnology is expected to enhance the effectiveness of conventional biostimulants. Herein, the current study constructed an efficient proline (Pro) nanodelivery system based on a star polyamine (SPc). The hydroxyl groups of Pro could assemble with carbonyl groups of SPc, and the self-assembly of Pro with SPc formed the nanoscale particles of the Pro/SPc complex. Compared to Pro alone, the contact angle of SPc-loaded Pro decreased, and its retentivity and plant uptake increased. Importantly, the tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) seeds and seedlings treated with Pro/SPc complex exhibited stronger drought tolerance. RNA-Seq analysis indicated that the SPc-loaded Pro could further upregulate photosynthesis-related genes and endocytosis-related genes. The current study constructed an efficient nanodelivery system for improving the bioactivity of biostimulants, which has broad application prospects in the agricultural field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiao Yang
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Ying Wei
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Meizhen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Lab of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Enliang Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xiangge Du
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Min Dong
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Yan
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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Bhatla SC, Ranjan P, Singh N, Gogna M. Pure biochemicals and nanomaterials as next generation biostimulants for sustainable agriculture under abiotic stress - recent advances and future scope. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2023; 18:2290336. [PMID: 38050377 PMCID: PMC10732687 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2023.2290336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable agriculture faces major challenges under abiotic stress conditions owing to extensive application of chemical fertilizers which pollute water, soil and atmosphere. Biostimulants (BSs), comprising of naturally derived complex mixtures of uncharacterized biomolecules, pure biochemicals and nanomaterials, enhance nutrient use efficiency (NUE) and trigger crop's natural defense mechanisms. While it is difficult to specify the metabolic effects of uncharacterized natural mixtures (seaweed extract, protein hydrolyzates, etc.), exogenous application of pure biochemicals and nanomaterials offers an edge as BSs since their physiological roles and mechanisms of action are decipherable. Foliar application or seed treatment of some amino acids, polyamines and biopolymers (chitosan, lipochitin oligosaccharides and thuricin 17) enable plants to overcome drought and salinity stress via activation of mechanisms for reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, osmolyte regulation and chlorophyll accumulation. Interaction of nitric oxide (NO) with some vitamins and melatonin exhibits potential significance as BSs for mitigating stress by ROS scavenging and maintenance of intracellular ionic balance and membrane integrity. Near future is likely to see wide applications of nanoparticles (NPs) and nanomaterials (NMs) as BSs in view of their biphasic mode of action (bio-physical activation of membrane receptors followed by gradual release of BS into the plant cells).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Priya Ranjan
- Department of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi, India
| | - Neha Singh
- Department of Botany, Gargi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Mansi Gogna
- Department of Botany, Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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Bouranis DL, Chorianopoulou SN. Foliar Application of Sulfur-Containing Compounds-Pros and Cons. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3794. [PMID: 38005690 PMCID: PMC10674314 DOI: 10.3390/plants12223794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Sulfate is taken up from the soil solution by the root system; and inside the plant, it is assimilated to hydrogen sulfide, which in turn is converted to cysteine. Sulfate is also taken up by the leaves, when foliage is sprayed with solutions containing sulfate fertilizers. Moreover, several other sulfur (S)-containing compounds are provided through foliar application, including the S metabolites hydrogen sulfide, glutathione, cysteine, methionine, S-methylmethionine, and lipoic acid. However, S compounds that are not metabolites, such as thiourea and lignosulfonates, along with dimethyl sulfoxide and S-containing adjuvants, are provided by foliar application-these are the S-containing agrochemicals. In this review, we elaborate on the fate of these compounds after spraying foliage and on the rationale and the efficiency of such foliar applications. The foliar application of S-compounds in various combinations is an emerging area of agricultural usefulness. In the agricultural practice, the S-containing compounds are not applied alone in spray solutions and the need for proper combinations is of prime importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris L. Bouranis
- Plant Physiology and Morphology Laboratory, Crop Science Department, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece;
- PlanTerra Institute for Plant Nutrition and Soil Quality, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Styliani N. Chorianopoulou
- Plant Physiology and Morphology Laboratory, Crop Science Department, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece;
- PlanTerra Institute for Plant Nutrition and Soil Quality, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
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García-García AL, Hernández D, Santana-Mayor Á, Jiménez-Arias D, Boto A. TBS-pyrrole as an "universal" reference to quantify artemisinin and structurally-diverse natural products in plants extracts by NMR. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1255512. [PMID: 37841619 PMCID: PMC10570554 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1255512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The commercial production of artemisinin and other valuable bioactive natural products depends on their plant sources, which may provide variable amounts of the compound depending on plant variety, the period of the year, abiotic stress and other factors. Therefore, it requires a method for large-scale, low-cost natural product quantification. The standard HPLC and UHPLC methods are accurate but the analysis are costly and require different optimization for structurally-diverse products. An alternative method using NMR with TBS-pyrrole as a novel "universal" reference affords a simple, fast method to quantify many different products. The method is shown with antimalarial artemisinin, whose yield using conventional and novel extraction procedures was determined by standard UHPLC-MS procedures and by our NMR protocol, with similar quantification results. The novel reference compound does not interfere with artemisinin or extract signals, only needs a small amount of the extract, is accurate and operationally simple, and a large volume of samples can be processed in little time. Moreover, bioactive terpenes, steroids, alkaloids, aromatic compounds, and quinones, among others, were quantified in a model vegetal extract with this "universal" reference with excellent accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L. García-García
- Grupo de Síntesis de Fármacos y Compuestos Bioactivos, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), La Laguna, Spain
- Programa de Doctorado de Química e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Dácil Hernández
- Grupo de Síntesis de Fármacos y Compuestos Bioactivos, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), La Laguna, Spain
| | - Álvaro Santana-Mayor
- Fundación Canaria General de la Universidad de La Laguna, Edificio Servicios Generales de Apoyo a la Investigación (SEGAI), San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - David Jiménez-Arias
- Isoplexis-Centro de Agricultura Sustentável e Tecnologia Alimentar, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
- Instituto Canario de Investigaciones Agrarias, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Alicia Boto
- Grupo de Síntesis de Fármacos y Compuestos Bioactivos, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), La Laguna, Spain
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Naamala J, Subramanian S, Msimbira LA, Smith DL. Effect of NaCl stress on exoproteome profiles of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens EB2003A and Lactobacillus helveticus EL2006H. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1206152. [PMID: 37700863 PMCID: PMC10493332 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1206152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt stress can affect survival, multiplication and ability of plant growth promoting microorganisms to enhance plant growth. Changes in a microbe's proteome profile is one of the mechanisms employed by PGPM to enhance tolerance of salt stress. This study was focused on understanding changes in the exoproteome profile of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens EB2003A and Lactobacillus helveticus EL2006H when exposed to salt stress. The strains were cultured in 100 mL M13 (B. amyloliquefaciens) and 100 mL De man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) (L. helveticus) media, supplemented with 200 and 0 mM NaCl (control), at pH 7.0. The strains were then incubated for 48 h (late exponential growth phase), at 120 rpm and 30 (B. amyloliquefaciens) and 37 (L. helveticus) °C. The microbial cultures were then centrifuged and filtered sterilized, to obtain cell free supernatants whose proteome profiles were studied using LC-MS/MS analysis and quantified using scaffold. Results of the study revealed that treatment with 200 mM NaCl negatively affected the quantity of identified proteins in comparison to the control, for both strains. There was upregulation and downregulation of some proteins, even up to 100%, which resulted in identification of proteins significantly unique between the control or 200 mM NaCl (p ≤ 0.05), for both microbial species. Proteins unique to 200 mM NaCl were mostly those involved in cell wall metabolism, substrate transport, oxidative stress tolerance, gene expression and DNA replication and repair. Some of the identified unique proteins have also been reported to enhance plant growth. In conclusion, based on the results of the work described here, PGPM alter their exoproteome profile when exposed to salt stress, potentially upregulating proteins that enhance their tolerance to this stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Donald L. Smith
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Jiménez-Arias D, Morales-Sierra S, Suárez E, Lozano-Juste J, Coego A, Estevez JC, Borges AA, Rodriguez PL. Abscisic acid mimic-fluorine derivative 4 alleviates water deficit stress by regulating ABA-responsive genes, proline accumulation, CO2 assimilation, water use efficiency and better nutrient uptake in tomato plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1191967. [PMID: 37360737 PMCID: PMC10285300 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1191967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Water deficit represents a serious limitation for agriculture and both genetic and chemical approaches are being used to cope with this stress and maintain plant yield. Next-generation agrochemicals that control stomatal aperture are promising for controlling water use efficiency. For example, chemical control of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling through ABA-receptor agonists is a powerful method to activate plant adaptation to water deficit. Such agonists are molecules able to bind and activate ABA receptors and, although their development has experienced significant advances in the last decade, few translational studies have been performed in crops. Here, we describe protection by the ABA mimic-fluorine derivative 4 (AMF4) agonist of the vegetative growth in tomato plants subjected to water restriction. Photosynthesis in mock-treated plants is markedly impaired under water deficit conditions, whereas AMF4 treatment notably improves CO2 assimilation, the relative plant water content and growth. As expected for an antitranspirant molecule, AMF4 treatment diminishes stomatal conductance and transpiration in the first phase of the experiment; however, when photosynthesis declines in mock-treated plants as stress persists, higher photosynthetic and transpiration parameters are recorded in agonist-treated plants. Additionally, AMF4 increases proline levels over those achieved in mock-treated plants in response to water deficit. Thus water deficit and AMF4 cooperate to upregulate P5CS1 through both ABA-independent and ABA-dependent pathways, and therefore, higher proline levels are produced Finally, analysis of macronutrients reveals higher levels of Ca, K and Mg in AMF4- compared to mock-treated plants subjected to water deficit. Overall, these physiological analyses reveal a protective effect of AMF4 over photosynthesis under water deficit and enhanced water use efficiency after agonist treatment. In summary, AMF4 treatment is a promising approach for farmers to protect the vegetative growth of tomatoes under water deficit stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jiménez-Arias
- ISOPlexis, Center for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, Madeira University, Madeira, Portugal
- Chemical Plant Defence Activators Group, Department of Life Science & Earth, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología-CSIC, Avda Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Sarai Morales-Sierra
- Grupo de Biología Vegetal Aplicada, Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda, Astrofisico Francisco Sánchez, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Emma Suárez
- Grupo de Biología Vegetal Aplicada, Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda, Astrofisico Francisco Sánchez, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Jorge Lozano-Juste
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Coego
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan C. Estevez
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química e Bioloxía Molecular (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Andrés A. Borges
- Chemical Plant Defence Activators Group, Department of Life Science & Earth, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología-CSIC, Avda Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Pedro L. Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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García-García AL, Matos AR, Feijão E, Cruz de Carvalho R, Boto A, Marques da Silva J, Jiménez-Arias D. The use of chitosan oligosaccharide to improve artemisinin yield in well-watered and drought-stressed plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1200898. [PMID: 37332721 PMCID: PMC10272596 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1200898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Artemisinin is a secondary metabolite well-known for its use in the treatment of malaria. It also displays other antimicrobial activities which further increase its interest. At present, Artemisia annua is the sole commercial source of the substance, and its production is limited, leading to a global deficit in supply. Furthermore, the cultivation of A. annua is being threatened by climate change. Specifically, drought stress is a major concern for plant development and productivity, but, on the other hand, moderate stress levels can elicit the production of secondary metabolites, with a putative synergistic interaction with elicitors such as chitosan oligosaccharides (COS). Therefore, the development of strategies to increase yield has prompted much interest. With this aim, the effects on artemisinin production under drought stress and treatment with COS, as well as physiological changes in A. annua plants are presented in this study. Methods Plants were separated into two groups, well-watered (WW) and drought-stressed (DS) plants, and in each group, four concentrations of COS were applied (0, 50,100 and 200 mg•L-1). Afterwards, water stress was imposed by withholding irrigation for 9 days. Results Therefore, when A. annua was well watered, COS did not improve plant growth, and the upregulation of antioxidant enzymes hindered the production of artemisinin. On the other hand, during drought stress, COS treatment did not alleviate the decline in growth at any concentration tested. However, higher doses improved the water status since leaf water potential (YL) improved by 50.64% and relative water content (RWC) by 33.84% compared to DS plants without COS treatment. Moreover, the combination of COS and drought stress caused damage to the plant's antioxidant enzyme defence, particularly APX and GR, and reduced the amount of phenols and flavonoids. This resulted in increased ROS production and enhanced artemisinin content by 34.40% in DS plants treated with 200 mg•L-1 COS, compared to control plants. Conclusion These findings underscore the critical role of ROS in artemisinin biosynthesis and suggest that COS treatment may boost artemisinin yield in crop production, even under drought conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L. García-García
- Grupo Síntesis de Fármacos y Compuestos Bioactivos, Departamento de Química de Productos Naturales y Sintéticos Bioactivos, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
- Programa de Doctorado de Química e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Ana Rita Matos
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Plant Functional Genomics Group, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Feijão
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre and ARNET – Aquatic Research Infrastructure Network Associate Laboratory, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Cruz de Carvalho
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre and ARNET – Aquatic Research Infrastructure Network Associate Laboratory, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alicia Boto
- Grupo Síntesis de Fármacos y Compuestos Bioactivos, Departamento de Química de Productos Naturales y Sintéticos Bioactivos, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Jorge Marques da Silva
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Plant Functional Genomics Group, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - David Jiménez-Arias
- ISOPlexis—Center for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, Madeira University, Funchal, Portugal
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Tran TLC, Callahan DL, Islam MT, Wang Y, Arioli T, Cahill D. Comparative metabolomic profiling of Arabidopsis thaliana roots and leaves reveals complex response mechanisms induced by a seaweed extract. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1114172. [PMID: 36968386 PMCID: PMC10035662 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1114172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Seaweed extracts are a prominent class of biostimulants that enhance plant health and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses due to their unique bioactive components. However, the mechanisms of action of biostimulants are still unknown. Here, we have used a metabolomic approach, a UHPLC-MS method, to uncover the mechanisms induced following application to Arabidopsis thaliana of a seaweed extract derived from Durvillaea potatorum and Ascophyllum nodosum. We have identified, following the application of the extract, key metabolites and systemic responses in roots and leaves across 3 timepoints (0, 3, 5 days). Significant alterations in metabolite accumulation or reduction were found for those belonging to broad groups of compounds such as lipids, amino acids, and phytohormones; and secondary metabolites such as phenylpropanoids, glucosinolates, and organic acids. Strong accumulations of TCA cycle and N-containing and defensive metabolites such as glucosinolates were also found revealing the enhancement of carbon and nitrogen metabolism and defence systems. Our study has demonstrated that application of seaweed extract dramatically altered the metabolomic profiles of Arabidopsis and revealed differences in roots and leaves that varied across the timepoints tested. We also show clear evidence of systemic responses that were initiated in the roots and resulted in metabolic alterations in the leaves. Collectively, our results suggest that this seaweed extract promotes plant growth and activates defence systems by altering various physiological processes at the individual metabolite level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Linh Chi Tran
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Damien L. Callahan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Md Tohidul Islam
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Yichao Wang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Tony Arioli
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- Seasol International R&D Department, Bayswater, VIC, Australia
| | - David Cahill
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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11
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Rezaei-Chiyaneh E, Mahdavikia H, Alipour H, Dolatabadian A, Battaglia ML, Maitra S, Harrison MT. Biostimulants alleviate water deficit stress and enhance essential oil productivity: a case study with savory. Sci Rep 2023; 13:720. [PMID: 36639680 PMCID: PMC9839748 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27338-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Water deficit stress exposure frequently constrains plant and agri-food production globally. Biostimulants (BSs) can be considered a new tool in mitigating water deficit stress. This study aimed to understand how BSs influence water deficit stress perceived by savory plants (Satureja hortensis L.), an important herb used for nutritional and herbal purposes in the Middle East. Three BS treatments, including bio-fertilizers, humic acid and foliar application of amino acid (AA), were implemented. Each treatment was applied to savory plants using three irrigation regimes (low, moderate and severe water deficit stress FC100, FC75 and FC50, respectively). Foliar application of AA increased dry matter yield, essential oil (EO) content and EO yield by 22%, 31% and 57%, respectively. The greatest EO yields resulted from the moderate (FC75) and severe water deficit stress (FC50) treatments treated with AA. Primary EO constituents included carvacrol (39-43%), gamma-terpinene (27-37%), alpha-terpinene (4-7%) and p-cymene (2-5%). Foliar application of AA enhanced carvacrol, gamma-terpinene, alpha-terpinene and p-cymene content by 6%, 19%, 46% and 18%, respectively. Physiological characteristics were increased with increasing water shortage and application of AA. Moreover, the maximum activities of superoxide dismutase (3.17 unit mg-1 min-1), peroxidase (2.60 unit mg-1 min-1) and catalase (3.08 unit mg-1 min-1) were obtained from plants subjected to severe water deficit stress (FC50) and treated with AA. We conclude that foliar application of AA under water deficit stress conditions would improve EO quantity and quality in savory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Rezaei-Chiyaneh
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hassan Mahdavikia
- Department of Medicinal Plants, Shahid Bakeri Higher Education Center of Miandoab, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Hadi Alipour
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Aria Dolatabadian
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | | | - Sagar Maitra
- Centurion University of Technology and Management, Sitapur, Odisha, 761211, India
| | - Matthew Tom Harrison
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Newnham, Launceston, 7248, Australia
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12
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Jíménez-Arias D, Morales-Sierra S, Silva P, Carrêlo H, Gonçalves A, Ganança JFT, Nunes N, Gouveia CSS, Alves S, Borges JP, Pinheiro de Carvalho MÂA. Encapsulation with Natural Polymers to Improve the Properties of Biostimulants in Agriculture. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:plants12010055. [PMID: 36616183 PMCID: PMC9823467 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulation in agriculture today is practically focused on agrochemicals such as pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, or fertilizers to enhance the protective or nutritive aspects of the entrapped active ingredients. However, one of the most promising and environmentally friendly technologies, biostimulants, is hardly explored in this field. Encapsulation of biostimulants could indeed be an excellent means of counteracting the problems posed by their nature: they are easily biodegradable, and most of them run off through the soil, losing most of the compounds, thus becoming inaccessible to plants. In this respect, encapsulation seems to be a practical and profitable way to increase the stability and durability of biostimulants under field conditions. This review paper aims to provide researchers working on plant biostimulants with a quick overview of how to get started with encapsulation. Here we describe different techniques and offer protocols and suggestions for introduction to polymer science to improve the properties of biostimulants for future agricultural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jíménez-Arias
- ISOPlexis, Center for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, University of Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Sarai Morales-Sierra
- Grupo de Biología Vegetal Aplicada, Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal-Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida, Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38071 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Patrícia Silva
- ISOPlexis, Center for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, University of Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- Faculty of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Henrique Carrêlo
- CENIMAT|i3N, Department of Materials Science, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon and CEMOP/UNINOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Adriana Gonçalves
- CENIMAT|i3N, Department of Materials Science, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon and CEMOP/UNINOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - José Filipe Teixeira Ganança
- ISOPlexis, Center for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, University of Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Nuno Nunes
- ISOPlexis, Center for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, University of Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- CiTAB, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carla S. S. Gouveia
- ISOPlexis, Center for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, University of Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- CiTAB, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Sónia Alves
- ISOPlexis, Center for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, University of Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Borges
- CENIMAT|i3N, Department of Materials Science, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon and CEMOP/UNINOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Miguel Â. A. Pinheiro de Carvalho
- ISOPlexis, Center for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, University of Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- CiTAB, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
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Ma Q, Wu E, Wang H, Yuan Y, Feng Y, Liu J, Zhao L, Feng B. Exogenous 24-epibrassinolide boosts plant growth under alkaline stress from physiological and transcriptomic perspectives: The case of broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 248:114298. [PMID: 36403299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Land alkalization is an abiotic stress that affects global sustainable agricultural development and the balance of natural ecosystems. In this study, two broomcorn millet cultivars, T289 (alkaline-tolerant) and S223 (alkaline-sensitive), were selected to investigate the response of broomcorn millet to alkaline stress and the role of brassinolide (BR) in alkaline tolerance. Phenotypes, physiologies, and transcriptomes of T289 and S223 plants under only alkaline stress (AS) and alkaline stress with BR (AB) were compared. The results showed that alkaline stress inhibited growth, promoted the accumulation of soluble sugars and malondialdehyde, enhanced electrolyte leakage, and destroyed the integrity of broomcorn millet stomata. In contrast, BR lessened the negative effects of alkaline stress on plants. Transcriptome sequencing analysis showed that relative to control groups (CK, nutrient solution), in AS groups, 21,113 and 12,151 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in S223 and T289, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) revealed various terms and pathways related to metabolism. Compared to S223, alkaline stress strongly activated the brassinosteroid biosynthesis pathway in T289. Conversely, ARF, TF, and TCH4, associated with cell growth and elongation, were inhibited by alkaline stress in S223. Moreover, alkaline stress induced the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, the abscisic acid signaling pathway that initiates stomatal closure, as well as the starch and sucrose metabolism. The EG and BGL genes, which are associated with cellulose degradation, were notably activated. BR enhanced alkaline tolerance, thereby alleviating the transcriptional responses of the two cultivars. Cultivar T289 is better in alkalized regions. Taken together, these results reveal how broomcorn millet responds to alkaline stress and BR mitigates alkaline stress, thus promoting agriculture in alkalized regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ma
- College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Enguo Wu
- College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Honglu Wang
- College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Yuhao Yuan
- College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Yu Feng
- College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Jiajia Liu
- College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Lin Zhao
- Shaanxi Provincial Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Xi'an 710000, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Baili Feng
- College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
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14
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Lin Y, Li D, Zhou C, Wu Y, Miao P, Dong Q, Zhu S, Pan C. Application of insecticides on peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.) induces lignin accumulation in leaves by consuming phenolic acids and thus potentially deteriorates quality. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 279:153836. [PMID: 36244262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Irrational use of pesticides may lead to physiological and metabolic disorders in different crops. However, there are limited investigations on impacts of insecticides on physiology and biochemistry, secondary metabolic pathways, and associated quality of medicinal plants such as peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.). In this study, target metabolites in peppermint were monitored following foliar spraying of five insecticides: imidacloprid, pyriproxyfen, acetamiprid, chlorantraniliprole, and chlorfenapyr. Compared with the control, all insecticide treatments caused a significant loss of soluble protein (decreased by 22.3-38.7%) in peppermint leaves. Insecticides induced an increase in the levels of phytohormones jasmonic acid and abscisic acid in response to these chemical stresses. Among them, imidacloprid increased jasmonic acid by 388.3%, and pyriproxyfen increased abscisic acid by 98.8%. The contents of phenylpropanoid metabolites, including rutin, quercetin, apigenin, caffeic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid, syringic acid, and sinapic acid showed a decreasing trend, with pyriproxyfen decreasing the levels of quercetin and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid by 78.8% and 72.6%, respectively. Combined with correlation analysis, the content of lignin in leaves shows different degrees of negative correlations with several phenolic acids. It could be inferred that insecticides may trigger plant defense mechanisms that accumulate lignin (increased by 24.6-49.1%) in leaves by consuming phenolic acids to barricade absorption of insecticides. Through constructing networks between phytohormones and secondary metabolites, peppermint may regulate the contents of caffeic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and sinapic acid by the antagonistic effect between salicylic acid and abscisic acid in response to insecticidal stresses. Principal component analysis and systemic cluster analysis revealed that the most pronounced changes in physiological indexes and metabolites were caused by the pyriproxyfen treatment. In conclusion, this study improves our understanding of the mechanism by which insecticides affect plant physiological and metabolic processes, thus potentially altering the quality and therapeutic value of peppermint as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxi Lin
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dong Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Chunran Zhou
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yangliu Wu
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Peijuan Miao
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qinyong Dong
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shusheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunan, 650201, China
| | - Canping Pan
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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15
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Navarro‐León E, López‐Moreno FJ, Borda E, Marín C, Sierras N, Blasco B, Ruiz JM. Effect of l-amino acid-based biostimulants on nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in lettuce plants. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:7098-7106. [PMID: 35778944 PMCID: PMC9796150 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biostimulants are increasingly integrated into production systems with the goal of modifying physiological processes in plants to optimize productivity. Specifically, l-α-amino acid-based biostimulants enhance plant productivity through improved photosynthesis and increased assimilation of essential nutrients such as nitrogen (N). This element is a major component of fertilizers, which usually are applied in excess. Thus, the inefficient use of N fertilizers has generated a serious environmental pollution issue. The use of biostimulants has the potential to address problems related to N fertilization. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze whether two biostimulants based on l-α-amino acid (Terra Sorb® radicular and Terramin® Pro) designed by Bioiberica, S.A.U company can compensate deficient N fertilization and test its effect on lettuce plants. Growth, photosynthetic, N accumulation, and N use efficiency (NUE) parameters were analyzed on lettuce leaves. RESULTS Results showed that regardless of N fertilization, the use of both biostimulants, especially Terramin® Pro, increased biomass production. Moreover, both biostimulants enhanced photosynthetic, NO3 - and total N accumulations as well as NUE parameters. CONCLUSION Therefore, Terra Sorb® radicular and Terramin® Pro constitute a useful tool for crops development in N-limiting areas, and in intensive agricultural areas without N deficiency allowing the reduction of N inputs without impairing crop yields and reducing environmental impact. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloy Navarro‐León
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
| | | | | | | | | | - Begoña Blasco
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
| | - Juan Manuel Ruiz
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
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16
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Ambrosini S, Prinsi B, Zamboni A, Espen L, Zanzoni S, Santi C, Varanini Z, Pandolfini T. Chemical Characterization of a Collagen-Derived Protein Hydrolysate and Biostimulant Activity Assessment of Its Peptidic Components. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:11201-11211. [PMID: 36039940 PMCID: PMC9479078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Protein hydrolysates (PHs) are plant biostimulants consisting of oligopeptides and free amino acids exploited in agriculture to increase crop productivity. This work aimed to fractionate a commercial collagen-derived protein hydrolysate (CDPH) according to the molecular mass of the peptides and evaluate the bioactivity of different components. First, the CDPH was dialyzed and/or filtrated and analyzed on maize, showing that smaller compounds were particularly active in stimulating lateral root growth. The CDPH was then fractionated through fast protein liquid chromatography and tested on in vitro grown tomatoes proving that all the fractions were bioactive. Furthermore, these fractions were characterized by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry revealing a consensus sequence shared among the identified peptides. Based on this sequence, a synthetic peptide was produced. We assessed its structural similarity with the CDPH, the collagen, and polyproline type II helix by comparing the respective circular dichroism spectra and for the first time, we proved that a signature peptide was as bioactive as the whole CDPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Ambrosini
- Department
of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Bhakti Prinsi
- Department
of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape,
Agroenergy, Università degli Studi
di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Anita Zamboni
- Department
of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Luca Espen
- Department
of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape,
Agroenergy, Università degli Studi
di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Serena Zanzoni
- Centro
Piattaforme Tecnologiche, University of
Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Chiara Santi
- Department
of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Zeno Varanini
- Department
of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
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17
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Multiomics Molecular Research into the Recalcitrant and Orphan Quercus ilex Tree Species: Why, What for, and How. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179980. [PMID: 36077370 PMCID: PMC9456323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) is the dominant tree species of the Mediterranean forest and the Spanish agrosilvopastoral ecosystem, “dehesa.” It has been, since the prehistoric period, an important part of the Iberian population from a social, cultural, and religious point of view, providing an ample variety of goods and services, and forming the basis of the economy in rural areas. Currently, there is renewed interest in its use for dietary diversification and sustainable food production. It is part of cultural richness, both economically (tangible) and environmentally (intangible), and must be preserved for future generations. However, a worrisome degradation of the species and associated ecosystems is occurring, observed in an increase in tree decline and mortality, which requires urgent action. Breeding programs based on the selection of elite genotypes by molecular markers is the only plausible biotechnological approach. To this end, the authors’ group started, in 2004, a research line aimed at characterizing the molecular biology of Q. ilex. It has been a challenging task due to its biological characteristics (long life cycle, allogamous, high phenotypic variability) and recalcitrant nature. The biology of this species has been characterized following the central dogma of molecular biology using the omics cascade. Molecular responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, as well as seed maturation and germination, are the two main objectives of our research. The contributions of the group to the knowledge of the species at the level of DNA-based markers, genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics are discussed here. Moreover, data are compared with those reported for Quercus spp. All omics data generated, and the genome of Q. ilex available, will be integrated with morphological and physiological data in the systems biology direction. Thus, we will propose possible molecular markers related to resilient and productive genotypes to be used in reforestation programs. In addition, possible markers related to the nutritional value of acorn and derivate products, as well as bioactive compounds (peptides and phenolics) and allergens, will be suggested. Subsequently, the selected molecular markers will be validated by both genome-wide association and functional genomic analyses.
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18
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Hernandiz AE, Jiménez-Arias D, Morales-Sierra S, Borges AA, De Diego N. Addressing the contribution of small molecule-based biostimulants to the biofortification of maize in a water restriction scenario. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:944066. [PMID: 36119580 PMCID: PMC9471082 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.944066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biostimulants have become an asset for agriculture since they are a greener alternative to traditionally used plant protection products. Also, they have gained the farmers' acceptance due to their effect on enhancing the plant's natural defense system against abiotic stresses. Besides commercially available complex products, small molecule-based biostimulants are useful for industry and research. Among them, polyamines (PAs) are well-studied natural compounds that can elicit numerous positive responses in drought-stressed plants. However, the studies are merely focused on the vegetative development of the plant. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate how drenching with putrescine (Put) and spermidine (Spd) modified the maize production and the yield quality parameters. First, a dosage optimization was performed, and then the best PA concentrations were applied by drenching the maize plants grown under well-watered (WW) conditions or water deficit (WD). Different mechanisms of action were observed for Put and Spd regarding maize production, including when both PAs similarly improved the water balance of the plants. The application of Put enhanced the quality and quantity of the yield under WW and Spd under WD. Regarding the nutritional quality of the grains, both PAs increased the carbohydrates content, whereas the contribution to the protein content changed by the interaction between compound and growth conditions. The mineral content of the grains was also greatly affected by the water condition and the PA application, with the most relevant results observed when Spd was applied, ending with flour richer in Zn, Cu, and Ca minerals that are considered important for human health. We showed that the exogenous PA application could be a highly efficient biofortification approach. Our findings open a new exciting use to be studied deep in the biostimulant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba E. Hernandiz
- Laboratory of Plant Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
- Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - David Jiménez-Arias
- ISOPlexis, Centro de Agricultura Sustentável e Tecnologia Alimentar, Campus Universitário da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
- Chemical Plant Defence Activators Group, Department of Life and Earth Science, IPNA-CSIC, Campus de Anchieta, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Sarai Morales-Sierra
- Grupo de Biología Vegetal Aplicada, Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal-Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Andres A. Borges
- Chemical Plant Defence Activators Group, Department of Life and Earth Science, IPNA-CSIC, Campus de Anchieta, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Nuria De Diego
- Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
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Bellotti G, Taskin E, Guerrieri MC, Beone GM, Menta C, Remelli S, Bandini F, Tabaglio V, Fiorini A, Capra F, Bortolaso R, Sello S, Sudiro C, Cocconcelli PS, Vuolo F, Puglisi E. Agronomical valorization of eluates from the industrial production of microorganisms: Chemical, microbiological, and ecotoxicological assessment of a novel putative biostimulant. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:907349. [PMID: 35941943 PMCID: PMC9356291 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.907349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant Biostimulants (BSs) are a valid supplement to be considered for the integration of conventional fertilization practices. Research in the BS field keeps providing alternative products of various origin, which can be employed in organic and conventional agriculture. In this study, we investigated the biostimulant activity of the eluate obtained as a by-product from the industrial production of lactic acid bacteria on bare agricultural soil. Eluates utilization is in line with the circular economy principle, creating economical value for an industrial waste product. The research focused on the study of physical, chemical, biochemical, and microbiological changes occurring in agricultural soil treated with the biowaste eluate, applied at three different dosages. The final aim was to demonstrate if, and to what extent, the application of the eluate improved soil quality parameters and enhanced the presence of beneficial soil-borne microbial communities. Results indicate that a single application at the two lower dosages does not have a pronounced effect on the soil chemical parameters tested, and neither on the biochemical proprieties. Only the higher dosage applied reported an improvement in the enzymatic activities of β-glucosidase and urease and in the chemical composition, showing a higher content of total, nitric and ammonia N, total K, and higher humification rate. On the other hand, microbial communities were strongly influenced at all dosages, showing a decrease in the bacterial biodiversity and an increase in the fungal biodiversity. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that some Operative Taxonomic Units (OTUs) promoted by the eluate application, belong to known plant growth promoting microbes. Some other OTUs, negatively influenced were attributed to known plant pathogens, mainly Fusarium spp. Finally, the ecotoxicological parameters were also determined and allowed to establish that no toxic effect occurred upon eluate applications onto soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Bellotti
- Department for Sustainable Food Process (DiSTAS), Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Eren Taskin
- Department for Sustainable Food Process (DiSTAS), Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Guerrieri
- Department for Sustainable Food Process (DiSTAS), Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Beone
- Department for Sustainable Food Process (DiSTAS), Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Cristina Menta
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Sara Remelli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Tabaglio
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production (DI.PRO.VE.S.), Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Andrea Fiorini
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production (DI.PRO.VE.S.), Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Federico Capra
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production (DI.PRO.VE.S.), Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Pier Sandro Cocconcelli
- Department for Sustainable Food Process (DiSTAS), Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | | | - Edoardo Puglisi
- Department for Sustainable Food Process (DiSTAS), Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
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Li J, Evon P, Ballas S, Trinh HK, Xu L, Van Poucke C, Van Droogenbroeck B, Motti P, Mangelinckx S, Ramirez A, Van Gerrewey T, Geelen D. Sunflower Bark Extract as a Biostimulant Suppresses Reactive Oxygen Species in Salt-Stressed Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:837441. [PMID: 35845677 PMCID: PMC9285015 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.837441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A survey of plant-based wastes identified sunflower (Helianthus annuus) bark extract (SBE), produced via twin-screw extrusion, as a potential biostimulant. The addition of SBE to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings cultured in vitro showed a dose-dependent response, with high concentrations causing severe growth inhibition. However, when priming seeds with SBE, a small but significant increase in leaf area was observed at a dose of 0.5 g of lyophilized powder per liter. This optimal concentration of SBE in the culturing medium alleviated the growth inhibition caused by 100 mM NaCl. The recovery in shoot growth was accompanied by a pronounced increase in photosynthetic pigment levels and a stabilization of osmotic homeostasis. SBE-primed leaf discs also showed a similar protective effect. SBE mitigated salt stress by reducing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (e.g., hydrogen peroxide) by about 30% and developing more expanded true leaves. This reduction in ROS levels was due to the presence of antioxidative agents in SBE and by activating ROS-eliminating enzymes. Polyphenols, carbohydrates, proteins, and other bioactive compounds detected in SBE may have contributed to the cellular redox homeostasis in salt-stressed plants, thus promoting early leaf development by relieving shoot apical meristem arrest. Sunflower stalks from which SBE is prepared can therefore potentially be valorized as a source to produce biostimulants for improving salt stress tolerance in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- HortiCell, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philippe Evon
- Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-Industrielle, Université de Toulouse, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), École Nationale Supérieure des Ingénieurs en Arts Chimiques et Technologiques (ENSIACET), Toulouse, France
| | | | - Hoang Khai Trinh
- HortiCell, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Biotechnology Research and Development Institute (BiRDI), Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Lin Xu
- HortiCell, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christof Van Poucke
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | | | - Pierfrancesco Motti
- SynBioC, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sven Mangelinckx
- SynBioC, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aldana Ramirez
- HortiCell, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thijs Van Gerrewey
- HortiCell, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Danny Geelen
- HortiCell, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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21
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Popa DG, Lupu C, Constantinescu-Aruxandei D, Oancea F. Humic Substances as Microalgal Biostimulants—Implications for Microalgal Biotechnology. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20050327. [PMID: 35621978 PMCID: PMC9143693 DOI: 10.3390/md20050327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Humic substances (HS) act as biostimulants for terrestrial photosynthetic organisms. Their effects on plants are related to specific HS features: pH and redox buffering activities, (pseudo)emulsifying and surfactant characteristics, capacity to bind metallic ions and to encapsulate labile hydrophobic molecules, ability to adsorb to the wall structures of cells. The specific properties of HS result from the complexity of their supramolecular structure. This structure is more dynamic in aqueous solutions/suspensions than in soil, which enhances the specific characteristics of HS. Therefore, HS effects on microalgae are more pronounced than on terrestrial plants. The reported HS effects on microalgae include increased ionic nutrient availability, improved protection against abiotic stress, including against various chemical pollutants and ionic species of potentially toxic elements, higher accumulation of value-added ingredients, and enhanced bio-flocculation. These HS effects are similar to those on terrestrial plants and could be considered microalgal biostimulant effects. Such biostimulant effects are underutilized in current microalgal biotechnology. This review presents knowledge related to interactions between microalgae and humic substances and analyzes the potential of HS to enhance the productivity and profitability of microalgal biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Gabriela Popa
- Faculty of Biotechnologies, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Mărăști Blv, No. 59, Sector 1, 011464 Bucharest, Romania;
- Bioproducts Team, Bioresources Department, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, Splaiul Independenței No. 202, Sector 6, 060021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Carmen Lupu
- Bioproducts Team, Bioresources Department, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, Splaiul Independenței No. 202, Sector 6, 060021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Diana Constantinescu-Aruxandei
- Bioproducts Team, Bioresources Department, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, Splaiul Independenței No. 202, Sector 6, 060021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: (D.C.-A.); (F.O.)
| | - Florin Oancea
- Faculty of Biotechnologies, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Mărăști Blv, No. 59, Sector 1, 011464 Bucharest, Romania;
- Bioproducts Team, Bioresources Department, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, Splaiul Independenței No. 202, Sector 6, 060021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: (D.C.-A.); (F.O.)
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22
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Priming with Small Molecule-Based Biostimulants to Improve Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11101287. [PMID: 35631712 PMCID: PMC9144751 DOI: 10.3390/plants11101287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Biostimulants became a hotspot in the fight to alleviate the consequences of abiotic stresses in crops. Due to their complex nature, it is challenging to obtain stable and reproducible final products and more challenging to define their mechanism of action. As an alternative, small molecule-based biostimulants, such as polyamines have promoted plant growth and improved stress tolerance. However, profound research about their mechanisms of action is still missing. To go further, we tested the effect of putrescine (Put) and its precursor ornithine (Orn) and degradation product 1,3-diaminopropane (DAP) at two different concentrations (0.1 and 1 mM) as a seed priming on in vitro Arabidopsis seedlings grown under optimal growth conditions, osmotic or salt stress. None of the primings affected the growth of the seedlings in optimal conditions but altered the metabolism of the plants. Under stress conditions, almost all primed plants grew better and improved their greenness. Only Orn-primed plants showed different plant responses. Interestingly, the metabolic analysis revealed the implication of the N- acetylornithine and Orn and polyamine conjugation as the leading player regulating growth and development under control and stress conditions. We corroborated polyamines as very powerful small molecule-based biostimulants to alleviate the adverse abiotic stress effects.
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23
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Li J, Van Gerrewey T, Geelen D. A Meta-Analysis of Biostimulant Yield Effectiveness in Field Trials. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:836702. [PMID: 35498677 PMCID: PMC9047501 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.836702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Today's agriculture faces many concerns in maintaining crop yield while adapting to climate change and transitioning to more sustainable cultivation practices. The application of plant biostimulants (PBs) is one of the methods that step forward to address these challenges. The advantages of PBs have been reported numerous times. Yet, there is a general lack of quantitative assessment of the overall impact of PBs on crop production. Here we report a comprehensive meta-analysis on biostimulants (focus on non-microbial PBs) of over one thousand pairs of open-field data in a total of 180 qualified studies worldwide. Yield gains in open-field cultivation upon biostimulant application were compared across different parameters: biostimulant category, application method, crop species, climate condition, and soil property. The overall results showed that (1) the add-on yield benefit among all biostimulant categories is on average 17.9% and reached the highest potential via soil treatment; (2) biostimulant applied in arid climates and vegetable cultivation had the highest impact on crop yield; and (3) biostimulants were more efficient in low soil organic matter content, non-neutral, saline, nutrient-insufficient, and sandy soils. This systematic review provides general biostimulant application guidelines and gives consultants and growers insights into achieving an optimal benefit from biostimulant application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Danny Geelen
- HortiCell, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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24
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Farhat F, Arfan M, Wang X, Tariq A, Kamran M, Tabassum HN, Tariq I, Mora-Poblete F, Iqbal R, El-Sabrout AM, Elansary HO. The Impact of Bio-Stimulants on Cd-Stressed Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.): Insights Into Growth, Chlorophyll Fluorescence, Cd Accumulation, and Osmolyte Regulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:850567. [PMID: 35251114 PMCID: PMC8895758 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.850567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
It has been established that wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has a higher Cd absorption capacity than other cereal crops causing an excess daily Cd intake and a huge threat for public health. Therefore, the reduction of Cd accumulation in wheat from the soil is a crucial food-security issue. A pot trial was performed on Cd-stressed wheat seedlings to evaluate the morphological and physio-biochemical responses via foliage spray of two different bio-stimulants, i.e., ascorbic acid (AsA) and moringa leaf extract (MLE). Two wheat cultivars (Fsd-08 and Glxy-13) were exposed to cadmium (CdCl2.5H2O) stress (0, 500, and 1,000 μM), along with foliar spray of AsA (0 and 50 mM) and MLE (0 and 3%). The most observable growth reduction was documented in plants that are exposed to a higher Cd concentration (1,000 μM), followed by the lower Cd level (500 μM). The wheat growth attributes, such as number of leaves per plant, number of tillers per plant, biomass yield, shoot/root length, and leaf area, were greatly depressed under the Cd stress, irrespective of the cultivar. Under the increasing Cd stress, a significant diminution was observed in maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), photochemical quenching (qP), and electron transport rate (ETR) accompanied with reduced gas exchange attributes. However, Cd-induced phytotoxicity enhanced the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and internal carbon dioxide concentration (Ci), which was confirmed by their significant positive correlation with Cd contents in shoot and root tissues of both cultivars. The contents of proline, AsA, glycine betaine (GB), tocopherol, total free amino acid (TFAA), and total soluble sugar (TSS) were greatly decreased with Cd stress (1,000 μM), while MLE and AsA significantly enhanced the osmolytes accumulation under both Cd levels (especially 500 μM level). The Cd accumulation was predominantly found in the root as compared to shoots in both cultivars, which has declined after the application of MLE and AsA. Conclusively, MLE was found to be more effective to mitigate Cd-induced phytotoxicity up to 500 μM Cd concentration, compared with the AsA amendment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fozia Farhat
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture (UAF), Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Department of Botany, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arfan
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture (UAF), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Xiukang Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
| | - Arneeb Tariq
- Department of Botany, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Ifra Tariq
- Institute of Home and Food Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Rashid Iqbal
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed M. El-Sabrout
- Department of Applied Entomology and Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture (EL-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hosam O. Elansary
- Plant Production Department, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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25
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Naamala J, Msimbira LA, Antar M, Subramanian S, Smith DL. Cell-Free Supernatant Obtained From a Salt Tolerant Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Strain Enhances Germination and Radicle Length Under NaCl Stressed and Optimal Conditions. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.788939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Seed germination and early plant growth are key stages in plant development that are, susceptible to salinity stress. Plant growth promoting microorganisms (PGPMs) produce substances, in their growth media, that could enhance plant growth under more optimal conditions, and or mitigate abiotic stresses, such as salinity. This study was carried out to elucidate the ability of a NaCl tolerant Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain's cell-free supernatant to enhance germination and radicle length of corn and soybean, under optimal and NaCl stressed growth conditions. Three NaCl levels (0, 50, and 75 mM) and four cell-free supernatant concentrations (1.0, 0.2, 0.13, and 0.1% v/v) were used to formulate treatments that were used in the study. There were observed variations in the effect of treatments on mean radicle length and mean percentage germination of corn and soybean. Overall, the study showed that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BA) EB2003 cell-free supernatant could enhance mean percentage germination and or mean radicle length of corn and soybean. At optimal conditions (0 mM NaCl), 0.2% BA, 0.13% BA, and 0.1% BA concentrations resulted in 36.4, 39.70, and 39.91%, increase in mean radicle length of soybean, respectively. No significant observations were observed in mean radicle length of corn, and mean percentage germination of both corn and soybean. At 50 mM NaCl, 1.0% BA resulted in 48.65% increase in mean percentage germination of soybean, at 24 h. There was no observed effect of the cell-free supernatant on mean radicle length and mean percentage germination, at 72 and 48 h, in soybean. In corn however, at 50 mM NaCl, treatment with 0.2% BA and 0.13% BA enhanced mean radicle length by 23.73 and 37.5%, respectively. The resulting radicle lengths (43.675 and 49.7125 cm) were not significantly different from that of the 0 mM control. There was no observed significant effect of the cell-free supernatant on mean germination percentage of corn, at 50 mM NaCl. At 75 mM NaCl, none of the treatments enhanced mean radicle length or mean percentage germination to levels significantly higher than the 75 mM NaCl. Treatment with 1.0% BA, however, enhanced mean percentage germination to a level not significantly different from that of the 0 mM control, at 72 h. Likewise, in corn, none of the treatments enhanced radicle length to lengths significantly higher than the 75 mM control, although treatment with 1.0% BA, 0.13% BA, and 0.1% BA elongated radicles to lengths not significantly different from the 0 mM NaCl control. Treatment with 0.2% BA, 0.13% BA, and 0.1% BA resulted in mean percentage germination significantly higher than the 75 mM NaCl by 25.3% (in all 3), not significantly different from that of the 0 mM NaCl. In conclusion, concentration of cell-free supernatant and NaCl level influence the effect of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain EB2003A cell-free supernatant on mean percentage germination and mean radicle length of corn and soybean.
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Bhupenchandra I, Chongtham SK, Devi EL, R. R, Choudhary AK, Salam MD, Sahoo MR, Bhutia TL, Devi SH, Thounaojam AS, Behera C, M. N. H, Kumar A, Dasgupta M, Devi YP, Singh D, Bhagowati S, Devi CP, Singh HR, Khaba CI. Role of biostimulants in mitigating the effects of climate change on crop performance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:967665. [PMID: 36340395 PMCID: PMC9634556 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.967665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is a critical yield-limiting factor that has threatened the entire global crop production system in the present scenario. The use of biostimulants in agriculture has shown tremendous potential in combating climate change-induced stresses such as drought, salinity, temperature stress, etc. Biostimulants are organic compounds, microbes, or amalgamation of both that could regulate plant growth behavior through molecular alteration and physiological, biochemical, and anatomical modulations. Their nature is diverse due to the varying composition of bioactive compounds, and they function through various modes of action. To generate a successful biostimulatory action on crops under different parameters, a multi-omics approach would be beneficial to identify or predict its outcome comprehensively. The 'omics' approach has greatly helped us to understand the mode of action of biostimulants on plants at cellular levels. Biostimulants acting as a messenger in signal transduction resembling phytohormones and other chemical compounds and their cross-talk in various abiotic stresses help us design future crop management under changing climate, thus, sustaining food security with finite natural resources. This review article elucidates the strategic potential and prospects of biostimulants in mitigating the adverse impacts of harsh environmental conditions on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingudam Bhupenchandra
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)–Krishi Vigyan Kendra Tamenglong, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Research Complex for NorthEastern Hill (NEH) Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal, Manipur, India
- *Correspondence: Anil Kumar Choudhary, ; Harish. M. N., ; Ingudam Bhupenchandra,
| | - Sunil Kumar Chongtham
- Multi Technology Testing Centre and Vocational Training Centre, College of Agricultural Engineering and Post Harvest Technology (CAEPHT), Central Agricultural University (CAU), Ranipool, Sikkim, India
| | - Elangbam Lamalakshmi Devi
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Research Complex (RC) for North Eastern Hill (NEH) Region, Sikkim Centre, Tadong, Sikkim, India
| | - Ramesh R.
- Division of Plant Physiology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)–Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Kumar Choudhary
- Division of Agronomy, Indian Council of Agricultural Research - Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- Division of Crop Production, Indian Council of Agricultural Research - Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, India
- *Correspondence: Anil Kumar Choudhary, ; Harish. M. N., ; Ingudam Bhupenchandra,
| | | | - Manas Ranjan Sahoo
- Central Horticultural Experiment Station, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)–Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Tshering Lhamu Bhutia
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Research Complex (RC) for North Eastern Hill (NEH) Region, Sikkim Centre, Tadong, Sikkim, India
| | - Soibam Helena Devi
- Department of Crop Physiology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Amarjit Singh Thounaojam
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Station, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Chandana Behera
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, OUAT, Bhawanipatna, India
| | - Harish. M. N.
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)–Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Farm Science Centre, Gonikoppal, Karnataka, India
- *Correspondence: Anil Kumar Choudhary, ; Harish. M. N., ; Ingudam Bhupenchandra,
| | - Adarsh Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research: National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganism, Mau, India
| | - Madhumita Dasgupta
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)–Research Complex for NorthEastern Hill (NEH) Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal, Manipur, India
| | - Yumnam Prabhabati Devi
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Chandel, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Research Complex for NorthEastern Hill (NEH) Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal, Manipur, India
| | - Deepak Singh
- Krishi Vigyan Kendra Bhopal, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Seema Bhagowati
- Department of Soil Science, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Chingakham Premabati Devi
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)–Research Complex for NorthEastern Hill (NEH) Region, Manipur Centre, Imphal, Manipur, India
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27
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Koh YS, Wong SK, Ismail NH, Zengin G, Duangjai A, Saokaew S, Phisalprapa P, Tan KW, Goh BH, Tang SY. Mitigation of Environmental Stress-Impacts in Plants: Role of Sole and Combinatory Exogenous Application of Glutathione. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:791205. [PMID: 35003181 PMCID: PMC8728365 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.791205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH; γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine), a low-molecular-weight thiol, is the most pivotal metabolite involved in the antioxidative defense system of plants. The modulation of GSH on the plant in response to environmental stresses could be illustrated through key pathways such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and signaling, methylglyoxal (MG) detoxification and signaling, upregulation of gene expression for antioxidant enzymes, and metal chelation and xenobiotic detoxification. However, under extreme stresses, the biosynthesis of GSH may get inhibited, causing an excess accumulation of ROS that induces oxidative damage on plants. Hence, this gives rise to the idea of exploring the use of exogenous GSH in mitigating various abiotic stresses. Extensive studies conducted borne positive results in plant growth with the integration of exogenous GSH. The same is being observed in terms of crop yield index and correlated intrinsic properties. Though, the improvement in plant growth and yield contributed by exogenous GSH is limited and subjected to the glutathione pool [GSH/GSSG; the ratio of reduced glutathione (GSH) to oxidized glutathione (GSSG)] homeostasis. Therefore, recent studies focused on the sequenced application of GSH was performed in order to complement the existing limitation. Along with various innovative approaches in combinatory use with different bioactive compounds (proline, citric acid, ascorbic acid, melatonin), biostimulants (putrescine, Moringa leaf extract, selenium, humic acid), and microorganisms (cyanobacteria) have resulted in significant improvements when compared to the individual application of GSH. In this review, we reinforced our understanding of biosynthesis, metabolism and consolidated different roles of exogenous GSH in response to environmental stresses. Strategy was also taken by focusing on the recent progress of research in this niche area by covering on its individualized and combinatory applications of GSH prominently in response to the abiotic stresses. In short, the review provides a holistic overview of GSH and may shed light on future studies and its uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sze Koh
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - See Kiat Wong
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Nor Hadiani Ismail
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, Malaysia
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Product Discovery (AuRIns), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam, Malaysia
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Acharaporn Duangjai
- Unit of Excellence in Research and Product Development of Coffee, Division of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Mae Ka, Thailand
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Mae Ka, Thailand
- Unit of Excellence on Clinical Outcomes Research and IntegratioN (UNICORN), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Mae Ka, Thailand
- Unit of Excellence on Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Mae Ka, Thailand
| | - Surasak Saokaew
- Unit of Excellence in Research and Product Development of Coffee, Division of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Mae Ka, Thailand
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Mae Ka, Thailand
- Unit of Excellence on Clinical Outcomes Research and IntegratioN (UNICORN), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Mae Ka, Thailand
- Unit of Excellence on Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Mae Ka, Thailand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Division of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Mae Ka, Thailand
| | - Pochamana Phisalprapa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Ambulatory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
| | - Khang Wei Tan
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - Bey Hing Goh
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siah Ying Tang
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- Tropical Medicine and Biology Platform, School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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Naamala J, Smith DL. Microbial Derived Compounds Are a Promising Approach to Mitigating Salinity Stress in Agricultural Crops. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:765320. [PMID: 34867895 PMCID: PMC8640360 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.765320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of microbial derived compounds is a technological approach currently gaining popularity among researchers, with hopes of complementing, supplementing and addressing key issues associated with use of microbial cells for enhancing plant growth. The new technology is a promising approach to mitigating effects of salinity stress in agricultural crops, given that these compounds could be less prone to effects of salt stress, are required in small quantities and are easier to store and handle than microbial cells. Microorganism derived compounds such as thuricin17, lipochitooligosaccharides, phytohormones and volatile organic compounds have been reported to mitigate the effects of salt stress in agricultural crops such as soybean and wheat. This mini-review compiles current knowledge regarding the use of microbe derived compounds in mitigating salinity stress in crops, the mechanisms they employ as well as future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Naamala
- Smith Laboratory, Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Donald L Smith
- Smith Laboratory, Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Nanoselenium transformation and inhibition of cadmium accumulation by regulating the lignin biosynthetic pathway and plant hormone signal transduction in pepper plants. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:316. [PMID: 34641908 PMCID: PMC8507250 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium (Se) can promote the growth and resistance of agricultural crops as fertilizers, while the role of nano-selenium (nano-Se) against Cd remains unclear in pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.). Biofortification with nano-Se observably restored Cd stress by decreasing the level of Cd in plant tissues and boosting the accumulation in biomass. The Se compounds transformed by nano-Se were primarily in the form of SeMet and MeSeCys in pepper tissues. Differential metabolites and the genes of plant signal transduction and lignin biosynthesis were measured by employing transcriptomics and determining target metabolites. The number of lignin-related genes (PAL, CAD, 4CL, and COMT) and contents of metabolites (sinapyl alcohol, phenylalanine, p-coumaryl alcohol, caffeyl alcohol, and coniferaldehyde) were remarkably enhanced by treatment with Cd1Se0.2, thus, maintaining the integrity of cell walls in the roots. It also enhanced signal transduction by plant hormones and responsive resistance by inducing the biosynthesis of genes (BZR1, LOX3, and NCDE1) and metabolites (brassinolide, abscisic acid, and jasmonic acid) in the roots and leaves. In general, this study can enable a better understanding of the protective mechanism of nano-Se in improving the capacity of plants to resist environmental stress. ![]()
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Jiménez-Arias D, García-Machado FJ, Morales-Sierra S, García-García AL, Herrera AJ, Valdés F, Luis JC, Borges AA. A Beginner's Guide to Osmoprotection by Biostimulants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10020363. [PMID: 33668668 PMCID: PMC7917748 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Water is indispensable for the life of any organism on Earth. Consequently, osmotic stress due to salinity and drought is the greatest threat to crop productivity. Ongoing climate change includes rising temperatures and less precipitation over large areas of the planet. This is leading to increased vulnerability to the drought conditions that habitually threaten food security in many countries. Such a scenario poses a daunting challenge for scientists: the search for innovative solutions to save water and cultivate under water deficit. A search for formulations including biostimulants capable of improving tolerance to this stress is a promising specific approach. This review updates the most recent state of the art in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jiménez-Arias
- Chemical Plant Defence Activators Group, Department of Agrobiology, IPNA-CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; (F.J.G.-M.); (A.L.G.-G.); (A.J.H.)
- Correspondence: (D.J.-A.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Francisco J. García-Machado
- Chemical Plant Defence Activators Group, Department of Agrobiology, IPNA-CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; (F.J.G.-M.); (A.L.G.-G.); (A.J.H.)
- Applied Plant Biology Group (GBVA), Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology–Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; (S.M.-S.); (F.V.); (J.C.L.)
| | - Sarai Morales-Sierra
- Applied Plant Biology Group (GBVA), Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology–Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; (S.M.-S.); (F.V.); (J.C.L.)
| | - Ana L. García-García
- Chemical Plant Defence Activators Group, Department of Agrobiology, IPNA-CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; (F.J.G.-M.); (A.L.G.-G.); (A.J.H.)
- Applied Plant Biology Group (GBVA), Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology–Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; (S.M.-S.); (F.V.); (J.C.L.)
| | - Antonio J. Herrera
- Chemical Plant Defence Activators Group, Department of Agrobiology, IPNA-CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; (F.J.G.-M.); (A.L.G.-G.); (A.J.H.)
| | - Francisco Valdés
- Applied Plant Biology Group (GBVA), Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology–Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; (S.M.-S.); (F.V.); (J.C.L.)
| | - Juan C. Luis
- Applied Plant Biology Group (GBVA), Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology–Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; (S.M.-S.); (F.V.); (J.C.L.)
| | - Andrés A. Borges
- Chemical Plant Defence Activators Group, Department of Agrobiology, IPNA-CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; (F.J.G.-M.); (A.L.G.-G.); (A.J.H.)
- Correspondence: (D.J.-A.); (A.A.B.)
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