Antioxidant Barrier, Redox Status, and Oxidative Damage to Biomolecules in Patients with Colorectal Cancer. Can Malondialdehyde and Catalase Be Markers of Colorectal Cancer Advancement?

Causal link between dietary antioxidant vitamins intake, oxidative stress injury biomarkers and colorectal cancer: A Mendelian randomization study

Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species play a pivotal role in carcinogenesis. Recent studies have indicated a potential reduction in cancer incidence associated with antioxidant intake; however, these results remain controversial. We performed 2-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to explore the causal relationship between dietary antioxidant vitamins (retinol, carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E), oxidative stress injury biomarkers (GST, CAT, SOD, and GPX), and the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). The genetic instrumental variants (IVs) that had previously shown significant association with dietary antioxidant vitamins and oxidative stress injury biomarkers were screened from the UK Biobank and relevant published studies. The genome-wide association study (GWAS) data for total colorectal, colon, and rectal cancer were obtained from the FinnGen cohort. The primary MR analysis employed the inverse-variance-weighted (IVW) method. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis was performed to assess heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy. The results revealed no significant causal associations between dietary antioxidant vitamins, oxidative stress injury biomarkers, and the risk of CRC. The odds ratios (ORs) were as follows: 1.22 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.65-2.28, P = .53) for retinol, 0.77 (95% CI: 0.50-1.18, P = .24) for carotene, 0.82 (95% CI: 0.42-1.63, P = .58) for vitamin C, and 1.20 (95% CI: 0.86-1.68, P = .28) for vitamin E. Regarding oxidative stress injury biomarkers, the ORs were 0.99 (95% CI: 0.93-1.06, P = .88) for GST, 0.99 (95% CI: 0.93-1.05, P = .65) for CAT, 1.02 (95% CI: 0.95-1.09, P = .57) for SOD, and 1.01 (95% CI: 0.95-1.07, P = .76) for GPX. Likewise, stratified analysis by tumor site revealed no beneficial effects in colon and rectal cancers. Our findings indicate that elevated levels of diet-related antioxidant vitamins, as well as biomarkers of oxidative stress injury, do not provide a protective effect against CRC risk.

Baicalein antagonises Rhopilema esculentum toxin-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis by modulating ROS-MAPK-NF-κB and inhibiting PLA2 activity

The toxicity of jellyfish Rhopilema esculentum (R. esculentum), an edible jellyfish that releases venom, has been controversial. The aim of this comprehensive study was to investigate the toxic effects of jellyfish tentacle extract (TE), which was evaluated in vivo and in vitro using ICR mice and RAW264.7 cells respectively. A library of natural compounds was screened for their ability to antagonize phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity to identify potential protective agents and mechanisms. Of the 20 natural compounds evaluated, baicalein was found to have the strongest PLA2 antagonistic and cytoprotective effects. In vivo, experiments showed that TE at a dose of 7.02 mg/kg only resulted in a 50% survival rate in mice. However, pretreatment with 30 mg/kg baicalein significantly increased the survival rate to 75%, while also attenuating TE-induced cardiac and hepatic injuries, and ameliorating TE-induced elevations in LDH, CK-MB, and AST levels. In vitro studies found that baicalein reduced cellular ROS and MDA levels, increased the expression of CAT, SOD, and GSH/GSSG to enhance cellular antioxidant defenses against TE-induced oxidative stress, and also inhibited TE-induced upregulation of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and CXCL10. Importantly, baicalein was found to modulate dysregulated MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways disrupted by TE. Taken together, these findings suggest that baicalein can antagonize R. esculentum toxin-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis by modulating ROS/MAPK/NF-κB, which provides a viable therapeutic strategy to control the deleterious effects of jellyfish stings and associated inflammation.

Gastrointestinal fate of proteins from commercial plant-based meat analogs: Silent passage through the stomach, oxidative stress in intestine, and gut dysbiosis in Wistar rats

Plant-based meat analogs (PBMAs) are common ultra-processed foods (UPFs) included in the vegan/vegetarian diets as presumed healthy alternatives to meat and meat products. However, such health claims need to be supported by scientific evidence. To gain further insight into this topic, two commercial UPFs typically sold as meat analogs, namely, seitan (S) and tofu (T), were included in a cereal-based chow and provided to Wistar rats for 10 weeks. A group of animals had, simultaneously, an isocaloric and isoprotein experimental diet formulated with cooked beef (B). In all cases, experimental chows (∼4 kcal/g feed) had their basal protein concentration increased from 14% to 30% using proteins from S, T, or B. Upon slaughter, in vivo protein digestibility was assessed, and the entire gastrointestinal tract (digests and tissues) was analyzed for markers of oxidative stress and untargeted metabolomics. Metagenomics was also applied to assess the variation of microbiota composition as affected by dietary protein. Diets based on PBMAs showed lower protein digestibility than those containing meat and promoted an intense luminal glycoxidative stress and an inflammatory intestinal response. The fermentation of undigested oxidized proteins from T in the colon of Wistar rats likely led to formation of mutagenic metabolites such as p-cresol. The presence of these compounds in the animal models raises concerns about the potential effects of full replacement of meat by certain PBMAs in the diet. Therefore, future research might target on translational human studies to shed light on these findings.

Advancements in colorectal cancer treatment: The role of metal-based and inorganic nanoparticles in modern therapeutic approaches

Recent advances in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) have highlighted the integration of metal-based nanoparticles into sophisticated therapeutic strategies. This examination delves into the potential applications of these nanoparticles, particularly in augmenting the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and targeted drug delivery systems. Metal nanoparticles, such as gold (Au), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu), possess distinctive characteristics that make them valuable in cancer treatment. Beyond their role as drug carriers, these nanoparticles actively engage in therapeutic processes like apoptosis induction, enhancement of photothermal effects, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) crucial for tumor cell eradication. The utilization of metal nanoparticles in CRC therapy addresses significant challenges encountered with conventional treatments, such as drug resistance and systemic toxicity. For example, engineered Au nanoparticles enable targeted drug delivery, reducing off-target effects and maximizing therapeutic efficacy against cancerous cells. Their capacity to absorb near-infrared light allows for localized hyperthermia, effectively eliminating cancerous tissues. Similarly, Cu nanoparticles exhibit potential in overcoming drug resistance by enhancing the efficacy of traditional chemotherapeutic agents through ROS production and improved drug stability. This review underscores the significance of precision medicine in CRC care. Through the integration of metal nanoparticles alongside complementary biomarkers and personalized treatment strategies, a more efficient and tailored therapeutic approach can be achieved. The synergistic effect of PDT in combination with metal nanoparticles introduces a novel methodology to CRC treatment, offering a dual-action mechanism that enhances tumor targeting while minimizing undesirable effects. In conclusion, the integration of metal-based nanoparticles in CRC therapy marks a significant progress in oncological treatments. Continued research is imperative to comprehensively grasp their mechanisms, optimize their clinical utility, and address potential safety considerations. This thorough assessment aims to pave the way for future advancements in CRC treatment through the application of nanotechnology and personalized medicine strategies.

Ferroptosis and immunosenescence in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC), ranked as the globe's third leading malignancy. Despite advancements in therapeutic approaches, the mortality rate remains distressingly high for those afflicted with advanced stages of the disease. Ferroptosis is a programmed form of cell death. The ways of ferroptosis mainly include promoting the accumulation of cellular ROS and increasing the level of cellular Labile iron pool (LIP). Immunosenescence is characterized by a gradual deterioration of the immune system's ability to respond to pathogens and maintain surveillance against cancer cells. In CRC, this decline is exacerbated by the tumor microenvironment, which can suppress the immune response and promote tumor progression. This paper reviews the relationship between iron prolapse and immune senescence in colorectal cancer, focusing on the following aspects: firstly, the different pathways that induce iron prolapse in colorectal cancer; secondly, immune-immune senescence in colorectal cancer; and lastly, the interactions between immune senescence and iron prolapse in colorectal cancer, e.g., immune-immune senescent cells often exhibit increased oxidative stress, leading to the accumulation of ROS, and consequently to lipid peroxidation and induction of iron-induced cell death. At the same time, ferroptosis induces immune cell senescence as well as alterations in the immune microenvironment by promoting the death of damaged or diseased cells and leading to the inflammation usually associated with it. In conclusion, by exploring the potential targets of ferroptosis and immune senescence in colorectal cancer therapy, we hope to provide a reference for future research.

Efficacy of natural duct specimen extraction versus conventional laparoscopic surgery for rectal cancer: a single-centre retrospective analysis

OBJECTIVE

Rectal cancer has a high incidence and its onset age is getting younger. Currently, conventional laparoscopic surgery can no longer meet the clinical requirements for surgical incisions. Natural orifice specimen extraction surgery (NOSES) is less invasive, but there have been few studies on the effectiveness of this procedure for rectal cancer. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the efficacy of NOSES and conventional laparoscopic surgery in rectal cancer treatment.

METHODS

In this retrospective analysis, we collected clinical data of 150 rectal cancer patients. Patients who received NOSES were included in a NOSES group and those underwent routine laparoscopic surgery were in a control group. Then, the observation group was matched with the control group at a ratio of 1:1 by using the propensity score matching method. We compared the surgical indicators, postoperative recovery indicators, physical indicators, pain, surgical stress-related indicators, inflammation indicators, immune indicators, quality of life, and postoperative complications between the two groups.

RESULTS

We found that compared with the control group, the NOSES group had a shorter exhaust start time, getting out-of-bed activity time, length of hospital stay, bowel sound recovery time, and gastrointestinal peristalsis time. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) scores decreased in both groups after surgery, with the NOSES group showing a more significant reduction. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores decreased in both groups, and the NOSES group had lower VAS scores. Additionally, the NOSES group exhibited a significant interaction effect with time (intergroup effect: F = 497.800; time effect: F = 163.100; interaction effect: F = 5.307). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels decreased and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased in both groups postoperatively; however, the NOSES group had higher SOD levels and lower MDA levels. All the above comparisons were statistically significant (P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the total complication rates between the NOSES group and the control group (Z = -0.768, P = 0.442; χ2 = 2.333, P = 0.127).

CONCLUSION

Compared to conventional laparoscopic surgery, NOSES results in less pain and injury, a more stable mood, faster recovery, and comparable safety.

Selenium, Zinc, and Plasma Total Antioxidant Status and the Risk of Colorectal Adenoma and Cancer

Selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) are known to be involved in carcinogenesis and participate in the defence against reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study aimed to evaluate the clinical utility of serum Se, Zn, and Cu concentrations and plasma total antioxidant status (TAS) in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) and colorectal adenoma (CRA) in a population of low Se and borderline Zn status. Based on clinical examination and colonoscopy/histopathology, the patients (n = 79) were divided into three groups: colorectal cancer (n = 30), colorectal adenoma (n = 19), and controls (CONTROL, n = 30). The serum Se concentration was lower in the CRC group than in the CRA group (by 9.1%, p < 0.0001) and the CONTROL group (by 7.9%, p < 0.0001). In turn, the serum Zn concentration was decreased in the CRA group (by 17.9%, p = 0.019) when compared to the CONTROL group. Plasma TAS was lower in the CRC group (by 27.8%, p = 0.017) than in the CONTROL group. In turn, the serum Zn concentration was decreased in the CRA group when compared to the CONTROL group. Plasma TAS was lower in the CRC group than in the CONTROL group. ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve analysis revealed that the Se level was of the highest diagnostic utility for the discrimination of the CRC group from both the CRA group (area under ROC curve (AUC) 0.958, sensitivity 84.21%, specificity 100%) and the CONTROL group (AUC 0.873, sensitivity 100%, specificity 66.67%). The Zn and TAS levels were significantly accurate in the differentiation between the groups. An individualised risk of colorectal adenoma and cancer approach could comprise Se, Zn, and TAS assays in the population.

Consumption of a new developed synbiotic yogurt improves oxidative stress status in adults with metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled clinical trial

Association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and oxidative stress has been shown in numerous studies. It has been shown that probiotics could be the effective treatment strategy in improving oxidative stress. This study aimed to determine the effects of a new developed synbiotic yogurt on oxidative stress status in adults with MetS. Forty-four individuals were assigned into two groups and given 300 g of synbiotic yogurt containing Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus pentosus, and Chloromyces marcosianos yeast or regular yogurt for 12 weeks in this randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Before and after the intervention, biochemical parameters were assessed. Daily consumption of synbiotic yogurt in adults with MetS showed a statistically significant improvement in the level of glutathione peroxidase (p = 0.01) and total oxidant status (p = 0.006) compared to the regular yogurt. Total Antioxidant Capacity and superoxide dismutase levels increased significantly (p = 0.002 and p = 0.02, respectively) in the intervention group compared to the baseline levels. In adults with MetS, daily consumption of the synbiotic yogurt containing native strains of Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus pentosus, and Chloromyces marcosianos yeast for 12 weeks was associated with improvements in oxidative stress status.Trial registration number: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT20220426054667N1) (18/05/2022).

Combined High-Throughput Proteomics and Random Forest Machine-Learning Approach Differentiates and Classifies Metabolic, Immune, Signaling and ECM Intra-Tumor Heterogeneity of Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a frequent, worldwide tumor described for its huge complexity, including inter-/intra-heterogeneity and tumor microenvironment (TME) variability. Intra-tumor heterogeneity and its connections with metabolic reprogramming and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were investigated with explorative shotgun proteomics complemented by a Random Forest (RF) machine-learning approach. Deep and superficial tumor regions and distant-site non-tumor samples from the same patients (n = 16) were analyzed. Among the 2009 proteins analyzed, 91 proteins, including 23 novel potential CRC hallmarks, showed significant quantitative changes. In addition, a 98.4% accurate classification of the three analyzed tissues was obtained by RF using a set of 21 proteins. Subunit E1 of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH-E1) was the best classifying factor for the superficial tumor region, while sorting nexin-18 and coatomer-beta protein (beta-COP), implicated in protein trafficking, classified the deep region. Down- and up-regulations of metabolic checkpoints involved different proteins in superficial and deep tumors. Analogously to immune checkpoints affecting the TME, cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM) dynamics were crucial for EMT. Galectin-3, basigin, S100A9, and fibronectin involved in TME-CRC-ECM crosstalk were found to be differently variated in both tumor regions. Different metabolic strategies appeared to be adopted by the two CRC regions to uncouple the Krebs cycle and cytosolic glucose metabolism, promote lipogenesis, promote amino acid synthesis, down-regulate bioenergetics in mitochondria, and up-regulate oxidative stress. Finally, correlations with the Dukes stage and budding supported the finding of novel potential CRC hallmarks and therapeutic targets.

Associations of oxidative stress, metabolic disorders in colorectal cancer patients

Introduction

Colorectal cancer have been one of the most common malignant neoplasm in the world. In most patients with this cancer, we can observe both redox homeostasis and nutritional disorders.

Aim

To assess the occurrence of oxidative stress in patients with colorectal cancer and its severity depending on the nutritional status of patients.

Material and methods

The study group consisted of 50 patients with colorectal cancer. In the control group, samples were obtained from 40 healthy subjects. Basal metabolic index and nutrition risk screening (NRS) 2002 scale was completed. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS), malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined yielding the oxidative stress index (OSI) determined by the TOS/TAC ratio and TAC/MDA ratio.

Results

There were statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in the levels of not only TAC, TOS, OSI, but also MDA and TAC/MDA. In healthy patients, the TAC and TAC/MDA level was significantly higher (p < 0.05) compared to the cancer patients, while the TOS, OSI and MDA level was significantly lower (p < 0.05). In patients with BMI < 24.9 kg/m2, the level of TAC was significantly higher and the level of TOS was significantly lower (p < 0.05) compared to patients with BMI > 24.9 kg/m2. In patients with features of malnutrition according to the NRS 2002 scale, TOS and OSI were statistically significantly higher (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Neoplastic disease, such as colorectal cancer, precipitates an increase in oxidative stress. Concurrently, the nutritional status of patients, especially malnutrition, further intensifies this process.

Identification and validation of a prognostic signature based on six immune-related genes for colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a prevalent malignancy with high mortality and morbidity rates. Although the significant efficacy of immunotherapy is well established, it is only beneficial for a limited number of individuals with CRC.

METHODS

Differentially expressed immune-related genes (DE-IRGs) were retrieved from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and ImmPort databases. A prognostic signature comprising DE-IRGs was developed using univariate, LASSO, and multivariate Cox regression analyses. A nomogram integrating the independent prognostic factors was also developed. CIBERSORT was used to assess immune cell infiltration (ICI). Furthermore, wound-healing, colony formation, migration, and invasion assays were performed to study the involvement of ACTG1 in CRC.

RESULTS

A signature including six DE-IRGs was developed. The overall survival (OS) rate was accurately estimated for TCGA and GSE38832 cohorts. The risk score (RS) of the signature was an independent factor for OS. Moreover, a nomogram encompassing age, RS, and pathological T stage accurately predicted the long-term OS probability of individuals with CRC. The high-risk group had an elevated proportion of patients treated with ICIs, including native B cells, relative to the low-risk group. Additionally, ACTG1 expression was upregulated, which supported the proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities of CRC cells.

CONCLUSIONS

An immune-related prognostic signature was developed for predicting OS and for determining the immune status of individuals with CRC. The present study provides new insights into accurate immunotherapy for individuals with CRC. Moreover, ACTG1 may serve as a new immune biomarker.

Antioxidant Enzymes and Their Potential Use in Breast Cancer Treatment

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), breast cancer (BC) is the deadliest and the most common type of cancer worldwide in women. Several factors associated with BC exert their effects by modulating the state of stress. They can induce genetic mutations or alterations in cell growth, encouraging neoplastic development and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are able to activate many signal transduction pathways, producing an inflammatory environment that leads to the suppression of programmed cell death and the promotion of tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis; these effects promote the development and progression of malignant neoplasms. However, cells have both non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant systems that protect them by neutralizing the harmful effects of ROS. In this sense, antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), and peroxiredoxin (Prx) protect the body from diseases caused by oxidative damage. In this review, we will discuss mechanisms through which some enzymatic antioxidants inhibit or promote carcinogenesis, as well as the new therapeutic proposals developed to complement traditional treatments.

Serum prolidase activity, oxidative stress, and antioxidant enzyme levels in patients with prostate cancer

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to identify serum prolidase activity, oxidative stress, and antioxidant enzyme levels in patients with prostate cancers and to evaluate their relationships with each other.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 34 male patients with prostate cancer and with a mean age of 64.2 ± 4.4 were included in the study. The control group comprising 36 male patients (mean age 61.2 ± 3.4) was randomly selected among the volunteers. Serum samples for measurement of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and prolidase levels were kept at -20°C until they were used.

RESULTS

Serum prolidase activity and MDA levels were significantly higher in prostate cancer patients than in controls (all, P < 0.05), while SOD, GPx, and CAT levels were significantly lower (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Our results indicate that increased prolidase seems to be related to increased oxidative stress along with decreased antioxidant levels in prostate cancer.

Metastatic effects of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) on Drosophila melanogaster with metabolic reprogramming and dysrhythmia in a multigenerational exposure scenario

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) exposure correlated with various cancers and their mortality. Its persistence in the environment made its long-term multigenerational influences of significant concerns. However, it remained unanswered whether its multigenerational exposure could influence metastasis which contributes ~90 % to cancer mortality. In the present study, long-term effects of PFOA were measured in Drosophila melanogaster over 3 consecutive generations. In the morning-eclosed (AM) adult flies, PFOA significantly promoted tumor invasion rates and distances which increased over generations. Regarding metabolic reprogramming, PFOA disturbed the expressions of Glut1 and Pdk1, activities and contents of FASN1 (fatty acid synthase), ACC (acetyl-CoA carboxylase) and SREBP1 (sterol regulatory element binding protein). Regarding antioxidant responses, PFOA exposure generated provoked oxidative stress via H2O2 and stimulated antioxidants including glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), melatonin, serotonin and cortisol, with downregulations on PI3K/AKT pathways and upregulations on MAPK ones. The biochemical and molecular effects altered over generations. In the afternoon-eclosed (PM) adult flies, the metastasis of PFOA was more deteriorated than in AM adults. The significant influences of dysrhythmia were also observed in the multigenerational effects of PFOA on the metabolism reprogramming and antioxidant responses. The effects on rhythm-regulating gene expressions and protein levels explained the dysrhythmia and also indicated close interactions among metabolism reprogramming, antioxidant responses and rhythm regulation. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: Numerous emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are being detected. Meanwhile, the toxicities of the emerging PFASs still depend on the progress of legacy PFASs for the continuity of scientific studies. As one legacy PFAS, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) exposure correlated with various cancers and their mortality. Its persistence in the environment made its long-term multigenerational influences of significant concerns. However, it remained unanswered whether its multigenerational exposure could influence metastasis which contributes ~90 % to cancer mortality. The present study performed PFOA exposure for 3 consecutive generations. Results showed that the metastasis by PFOA increased over generations, and it was further deteriorated by dysrhythmia. Further analysis demonstrated the interactive involvement of metabolism reprogramming, antioxidant responses and rhythm regulation. The findings of the present study would highlight considerate points for studying the toxicities of emerging PFASs.

The relationship between atrial fibrillation and coronary artery disease: Understanding common denominators

Atrial fibrillation (AF) and coronary artery disease (CAD) are highly prevalent cardiovascular conditions. The coexistence of both diseases is common as they share similar risk factors and common pathophysiological characteristics. Systemic inflammatory conditions are associated with an increased incidence of both AF and CAD. The presence of both entities increases the incidence of complications and adverse outcomes. Furthermore, their coexistence poses challenges for the management of patients, particularly with respect to anticoagulation and rhythm management. In this review, we aim to better understand the relationship between AF and CAD by detailing basic molecular pathophysiology, assessing therapeutic guidelines, and describing interactions between the two conditions.

Associations of circulating advanced glycation end products and their soluble receptors with cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

Advanced glycation end products (AGE) in complex with their receptors (RAGE) cause a chronic inflammatory state in the body, which is the major mechanism in cancer development. This study aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on the observational studies investigating the association between AGEs / sRAGE and cancer incidence. The PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were comprehensively searched to identify papers focused on the associations of sRAGE and AGEs with cancer incidence up to May 2023. Eight studies with a total of 7690 participants were included in the analysis to evaluate the association between circulating sRAGE and cancer incidence. The results indicated that circulating sRAGE (per 100 ng/L) had a significant inverse association with cancer incidence (RR 0.977; 95% CI 0.956, 0.999; p = 0.036; I 2 = 73.3%). The association between AGEs and cancer incidence was evaluated in 8 studies with a total of 3718 individuals. Serum concentrations of AGEs (per 100 µg/L) were not associated with the risk of cancer incidence (RR 0.988; 95% CI 0.974, 1.002; p = 0.08; I2 = 78.8%). Our findings revealed that a higher circulating sRAGE may have a protective effect against cancer incidence.

Glutathione Reductase Expression and Its Prognostic Significance in Colon Cancer

Maintaining a balanced redox state within cells is crucial for the sustenance of life. The process involves continuous cytosolic disulfide reduction reactions to restore oxidized proteins to their reduced thiol forms. There are two main cellular antioxidant pathways-the thioredoxin (Trx) and glutathione (GSH)/glutaredoxin (Grx) systems. In the GSH/Grx system, glutathione reductase (GR; GSR) catalyses the reduction of GSH disulfide (GSSG) to its sulfhydryl form (GSH), which can then further reduce oxidized Grxs. GR is an essential enzyme that helps in maintaining the supply of reduced glutathione-GSH, which is a significant reducing thiol found in most cells and known for its antioxidant properties. Therefore, it can have a significant impact on cancer development. To investigate this further, we performed an immunohistochemical analysis of GR protein expression in colon adenocarcinoma samples collected from patients with primary colon adenocarcinoma (stage I and II) and patients with metastasis to regional lymph nodes (stage III). The results of our study revealed a significant relationship between the immunohistochemical expression of GR and tumour histological grade, depth of invasion, regional lymph node involvement, staging, and PCNA immunohistochemical expression. It was found that 95% of patients with stage I had low levels of GR expression, whereas 89% of patients with stage III had high levels of immunohistochemical expression. A high level of expression was also detected in the patients with stage II of the disease, where almost 63% were characterized by a high expression of GR. The Western blot method revealed that the highest level of expression was found in the LS 174T cell line, which corresponds to stage II. The results of our study indicate that the immunohistochemical expression of GR may act as an independent prognostic factor associated with colon adenocarcinoma patients' prognosis.

A Prognostic Activity of Glutaredoxin 1 Protein (Grx1) in Colon Cancer

Glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1) is an essential enzyme that regulates redox signal transduction and repairs protein oxidation by reversing S-glutathionylation, an oxidative modification of protein cysteine residues. Grx1 removes glutathione from proteins to restore their reduced state (protein-SH) and regulate protein-SSG levels in redox signaling networks. Thus, it can exert an influence on the development of cancer. To further investigate this problem, we performed an analysis of Grx1 expression in colon adenocarcinoma samples from the Polish population of patients with primary colon adenocarcinoma (stages I and II of colon cancer) and those with regional lymph node metastasis (stage III of colon cancer). Our study revealed a significant correlation between the expression of Grx1 protein through immunohistochemical analysis and various clinical characteristics of patients, such as histological grade, depth of invasion, angioinvasion, staging, regional lymph node invasion, and PCNA expression. It was found that almost 88% of patients with stage I had high levels of Grx1 expression, while only 1% of patients with stage III exhibited high levels of Grx1 protein expression. Furthermore, the study discovered that high levels of Grx1 expression were present in samples of colon mucosa without any pathological changes. These results were supported by in vitro analysis conducted on colorectal cancer cell lines that corresponded to stages I, II, and III of colorectal cancer, using qRT-PCR and Western blot.

Application of Nanoparticles in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer is a common malignant tumor with high morbidity and mortality rates, imposing a huge burden on both patients and the healthcare system. Traditional treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy have limitations, so finding more effective diagnostic and therapeutic tools is critical to improving the survival and quality of life of colorectal cancer patients. While current tumor targeting research mainly focuses on exploring the function and mechanism of molecular targets and screening for excellent drug targets, it is crucial to test the efficacy and mechanism of tumor cell therapy that targets these molecular targets. Selecting the appropriate drug carrier is a key step in effectively targeting tumor cells. In recent years, nanoparticles have gained significant interest as gene carriers in the field of colorectal cancer diagnosis and treatment due to their low toxicity and high protective properties. Nanoparticles, synthesized from natural or polymeric materials, are NM-sized particles that offer advantages such as low toxicity, slow release, and protection of target genes during delivery. By modifying nanoparticles, they can be targeted towards specific cells for efficient and safe targeting of tumor cells. Numerous studies have demonstrated the safety, efficiency, and specificity of nanoparticles in targeting tumor cells, making them a promising gene carrier for experimental and clinical studies. This paper aims to review the current application of nanoparticles in colorectal cancer diagnosis and treatment to provide insights for targeted therapy for colorectal cancer while also highlighting future prospects for nanoparticle development.

Oxidative Stress Induced by Chemotherapy: Evaluation of Glutathione and Its Related Antioxidant Enzyme Dynamics in Patients with Colorectal Cancer

One of the mechanisms of chemotherapy is to increase the oxidative stress of cancer cells, leading to their apoptosis. Glutathione (GSH) and its related antioxidant enzymes might be stimulated to cope with increased oxidative stress during chemotherapy. Here, we studied the fluctuation in oxidative stress and GSH-related antioxidant capacities before tumor resection, after tumor resection, and after resection either with or without chemotherapy in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). This was a cross-sectional and follow-up design. We followed patients before having tumor resection (pre-resection), one month after tumor resection (post-resection), and after the first scheduled chemotherapy (post-chemo). If patients were required to receive chemotherapy after tumor resection, they were assigned to the chemotherapy group. Eligible patients were scheduled to undergo six to twelve cycles of chemotherapy at 2-week intervals and received single, double, or triple chemotherapeutic drugs as required. Those patients who did not require chemotherapy were assigned to the non-chemotherapy group. Indicators of oxidative stress and GSH-related antioxidant capacities were determined at the above three time points. We found in 48 patients of the chemotherapy group and in 43 patients of the non-chemotherapy group different fluctuations in levels of oxidative stress indicators and GSH-related antioxidant capacities starting from pre-resection, post-resection through the post-chemo period. Both groups showed significantly or slightly increased levels of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), GSH, and its related enzymes in tumor tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues. Patients in the chemotherapy group had significantly lower plasma levels of GSH and glutathione disulfide (GSSG), but had significantly higher plasma glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities than patients in the non-chemotherapy group post-chemo. Plasma levels of malondialdehyde and AOPP were positively or negatively associated with GSH and GSSG levels post-chemo after adjustment for age, sex, and histological grading in patients receiving chemotherapy. These significant associations were, however, not seen in patients without chemotherapy. Patients with CRC may require higher GSH demands to cope with a greater oxidative stress resulting from chemotherapy.

Oxidative damage associated with exposure to heavy metals present in topsoils in central Chile

Exposure to heavy metals may cause the overproduction of reactive oxygen species, generating oxidative stress and consequently, various harms to human health. The soil surrounding the Ventanas Industrial Complex, in Puchuncaví and Quintero municipal districts on the central Chilean coast, contains heavy metal concentrations (As, Cu, Pb, Zn, among others) that far exceed the maximum permissible levels established by Italian soil standards (used as a reference). This study aimed to investigate the potential association between heavy metal exposure in humans and the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers in inhabitants of these locations. We took blood samples from 140 adults living in sites with high concentrations of heavy metals in the soil and compared them with blood samples from 140 adults living in areas with normal heavy metal concentrations. We assessed lipid peroxidation, damage to genetic material, and Total Antioxidant Capacity in these blood samples. Our results indicate an association between oxidative damage and heavy metal exposure, where the inhabitants living in exposed areas have a higher level of DNA damage compared with those living in control areas. Given that DNA damage is one of the main factors in carcinogenesis, these results are of interest, both for public health and for public policies aimed at limiting human exposure to environmental pollution.

Analysis of redox status and HDL subclasses in patients with lymphoma and the associations with FDG-PET/CT findings

Newer research points to alterations in the plasma redox status and the HDL subclass distributions in cancer. We aimed to assess the redox status and the HDL subclass distributions, lipids, and inflammatory markers in lymphoma patients in order to determine whether they were correlated with changes in FDG-PET/CT scans. At the beginning of this study, redox status, HDL subclasses, lipids, and inflammation biomarkers were determined in 58 patients with lymphoma (Hodgkin lymphoma, n=11 and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, n=47), and these same measurements were reassessed during their ensuing treatment (in 25 patients). Initially, the total oxidation status (TOS), the prooxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB), the OS index (OSI), the total protein sulfhydryl groups (SH-groups), and the advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) were significantly higher in lymphoma patients as compared to healthy subjects, but the total antioxidant status (TAS) was significantly reduced. The PAB had a strong correlation with the CRP and interleukin-6 (rho=0.726, p<0.001; rho=0.386, p=0.003). The correlations between these parameters and the maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) were: PAB, rho=0.335 and p=0.010; SH-groups, rho=0.265 and p=0.044; CRP, rho=0.391 and p=0.002; HDL3b, rho=0.283 and p=0.031; HDL2b, rho= -0.294 and p=0.025; and HDL size, rho= -0.295 and p=0.024. The reductions in SUVmax between two follow-up points were associated with increases in the OSI, TOS, and SH-groups, as well as a reduction in the PAB and TAS. In conclusion, the redox parameters in patients with lymphoma were consistent with FDG-PET/CT findings. Targeting the redox status parameters and the HDL subclasses could be potential strategies in the molecular fight against lymphoma.

Development and Validation of a Novel Diagnostic Nomogram Model Using Serum Oxidative Stress Markers and AURKA for Prediction of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Purpose

The mortality rate of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains high due to the absence of quick and accurate diagnostic approaches at its early stage. Our aim is to evaluate the diagnostic value of the elevated expression of Aurora kinase A (AURKA) and the oxidative stress markers (such as glutathione, superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde) in serum of NPC patients and to establish a nomogram model for predicting NPC on the ground of these biomarkers.

Patients and Methods

Serum samples from 93 NPC patients and 94 healthy subjects were collected. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was adopted to determine the AURKA level, while oxidative stress markers were measured by commercially available appropriate kits. Logistic regression was used for NPC predictor identification and nomogram construction. The training and validation cohorts (3:1) were randomly split up from the participants. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, calibration curves, and decision curve analyses (DCAs) were performed to validate the nomogram.

Results

AURKA and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly high in the NPC population compared to the healthy controls (P < 0.0001). The nomogram resulted in an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.897 (95% confidence interval: 0.848-0.947) in the training set and AUC of 0.770 (0.628-0.912) in the validation set. The predicted probability and the actual probability matched well in the nomogram (P > 0.05). DCAs showed good results too.

Conclusion

Serum levels of AURKA, SOD, and MDA have diagnostic values in NPC. The nomogram based on the identified biomarkers is favorable for NPC prediction.

Could circulating biomarkers of nitrosative stress and protein glycoxidation be useful in patients with gastric cancer?

Background

Nitrosative stress leads to protein glycoxidation, but both processes may be strongly related to the cancer development. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the nitrosative stress and protein glycoxidation products in patients with gastric cancer in comparison with healthy controls. We are also the first to evaluate the diagnostic utility of nitrosative stress and protein glycoxidation markers in gastric cancer patients in respect to histopathological classifications (TNM, Lauren's and Goseki's classification) and histopathological parameters such as histological type, histological differentiation grade, presence of vascular or neural invasion, desmoplasia and Helicobacter pylori infection.

Methods

The study included 50 patients with gastric cancer and 50 healthy controls matched for sex and age. Nitrosative stress parameters and protein glycoxidation products were measured colorimetrically/fluorometrically in plasma or serum samples. Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney U-test were used for statistical analysis.

Results

NO, S-nitrosothiols, nitrotyrosine, kynurenine, N-formylkynurenine, dityrosine, AGE and Amadori products were significantly increased whereas tryptophan fluorescence was decreased in patients with gastric cancer compared to the healthy control. Nitrosative stress and glycoxidation products may be useful in diagnosis of gastric cancer because they differentiate patients with gastric cancer from healthy individuals with high sensitivity and specificity. Some of the determined parameters are characterised by high AUC value in differentiation of GC patients according to the histopathological parameters.

Conclusions

Gastric cancer is associated with enhanced circulating nitrosative stress and protein glycation. Although further research on a tissue model is needed, plasma/serum biomarkers may be dependent on tumour size, histological type, tumour invasion depth, presence of lymph node and distant metastasis, vascular and neural invasion and Helicobacter pylori infection. Thus, circulating biomarkers of nitrosative stress/protein glycoxidation may have potential diagnostic significance in gastric cancer patients.

Avoiding implant-related complications in medically compromised patients with or without unhealthy lifestyle/Elevated oxidative stress

Increased human life expectancy broadens the alternatives for missing teeth and played a role in the widespread use of dental implants and related augmentation procedures for the aging population. Though, many of these patients may have one or more diseases. These systemic conditions may directly lead to surgical complications, compromise implant/bone healing, or influence long-term peri-implant health and its response to biologic nuisances. Offering patients credible expectations regarding intra- and postoperative complications and therapeutic prognosis is an ethical and legal obligation. Clear identification of potential types of adverse effects, complications, or errors is important for decision-making processes as they may be related to different local, systemic, and technical aspects. Therefore, the present review structures the underlying biological mechanisms, clinical evidence, and clinical recommendations for the most common systemic risk factors for implant-related complications.

Pterostilbene and Probiotic Complex in Chemoprevention of Putative Precursor Lesions for Colorectal Cancer in an Experimental Model of Intestinal Carcinogenesis with 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine

Dietary supplementation with pterostilbene (PS) and/or a probiotic (PRO) may ameliorate the intestinal microbiota in disease conditions. This study aims to evaluate PS and PRO for the chemoprevention of putative precursor lesions for colorectal cancer (CRC) in an experimental model of intestinal carcinogenesis with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (1,2-DMH). Sixty male Wistar rats were equally divided into five groups: Sham, 1,2-DMH, 1,2-DMH + PS, 1,2-DMH + PRO, and 1,2-DMH + PS + PRO. PRO (5 × 107/mL) was offered in water, and PS (300 ppm) was provided in the diet ad libitum. 1,2-DMH (20 mg/kg/week) was administered for 15 consecutive weeks. In the 25th week, proctocolectomy was conducted. PRO alone and PRO combined with PS were the best intervention strategies to improve experimental 1,2-DMH-induced CRC regarding several parameters of carcinogenesis. Our findings may contribute to the development of novel preventive strategies for CRC and may help to identify novel modulators of colon carcinogenesis.

Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Colorectal Cancer: An Overview

Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The pathogenesis of CRC is a complex multistep process. Among other factors, inflammation and oxidative stress (OS) have been reported to be involved in the initiation and development of CRC. Although OS plays a vital part in the life of all organisms, its long-term effects on the human body may be involved in the development of different chronic diseases, including cancer diseases. Chronic OS can lead to the oxidation of biomolecules (nucleic acids, lipids and proteins) or the activation of inflammatory signaling pathways, resulting in the activation of several transcription factors or the dysregulation of gene and protein expression followed by tumor initiation or cancer cell survival. In addition, it is well known that chronic intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are associated with an increased risk of cancer, and a link between OS and IBD initiation and progression has been reported. This review focuses on the role of oxidative stress as a causative agent of inflammation in colorectal cancer.

Anti-tumor effects of Auraptene through induction of apoptosis and oxidative stress in a mouse model of colorectal cancer

The main strategy of cancer cells for survival is uncontrolled cell division and escape from apoptosis. The use of anticancer agents inducing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and controlling cell division might be a therapeutic approach to eradicate cancer cells. Herein, we examined the therapeutic effects of Auraptene on CT26 cells as well as on a mouse model of colorectal cancer (CRC). The spheroid assay was also conducted to analyze the anti-proliferative activity of Auraptene. We also assessed the in vitro analysis of ROS generation. The impact of Auraptene on oxidant/antioxidant markers, as well as the mRNA expression of Bax, Bcl-2, Nrf2, Cyclin D1, and Survivin genes, was evaluated by qPCR in tumor samples. As a result, Auraptene significantly reduced the size of CT26 spheroids at a dose of 200 µM. After 12 h, ROS levels were significantly elevated in CT26 cells. The administration of Auraptene induced apoptosis and the cell cycle arrest by modulating Bax, Bcl-2, Nrf2, Cyclin D1, and Survivin mRNA levels. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that Auraptene suppressed CAT, GSH (reduced Glutathione), and FRAP while increasing MDA in tissue homogenates which in turn could raise oxidative stress and stimulate apoptosis. Therefore, Auraptene may act as a powerful adjuvant therapy in CRC since it triggers apoptosis and cell cycle.

Therapeutic role of biogenic silver and gold nanoparticles against a DMH-induced colon cancer model

Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks third among fatal diseases afflicting mankind globally due to the shortage of primary detection methods and appropriate choice of drugs. Moreover, current treatments such as chemo drugs and radiotherapies create adverse effects and lead to drug resistance. In this context, recent advances in nanomedicine offer novel clinical solutions for colon cancer therapy. The current study denotes the therapeutic roles of biogenic Abutilon indicum silver and gold nanoparticles (AIAgNPs and AIAuNPs) against a 1, 2-dimethyl hydrazine (DMH)-induced CRC in Wistar rats. Following treatment of nanoparticles (NPs), the CRC rats showed great localization of AIAgNPs and AIAuNPs in colon tumors shown by ICP-OES, indicating their bioavailability. The AIAgNPs and AIAuNPs significantly enhanced cellular antioxidant enzyme levels including catalase, SOD, GSH, GPx and reduced lipid peroxidation (LPO) compared to the standard drug paclitaxel. AIAgNPs and AIAuNPs revealed significant protection against metastasis compared to paclitaxel shown in the histopathological study. The important CRC signaling molecules of the Wnt pathway, the β-catenin and Tcf-4 levels were significantly downregulated in AIAgNPs and AIAuNPs treated CRC rats compared to paclitaxel. Furthermore, the expression levels of cleaved apoptotic caspase-9, -8, and - 3 and lamins were significantly upregulated in AIAgNPs and AIAuNPs treated CRC rats compared to paclitaxel. This preclinical study provides substantial insights into the anti-colon cancer roles of biogenic NPs and gives an idea for targeting different cancers.

Diagnostic significance and utility of circulating redox biomarkers in patients with gastric cancer - preliminary study

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to evaluate the redox status, antioxidant barrier, and oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA in patients with gastric cancer (GC). We are also the first to assess the diagnostic utility of redox parameters in patients with GC with respect to histopathological parameters.

METHODS

Fifty patients with gastric cancer and 50 healthy controls matched for sex and age were included in the study. The antioxidant barrier, redox status, and oxidative damage products were measured in serum/plasma samples using colorimetric or spectrophotometric methods.

RESULTS

The activity of superoxide dismutase - SOD (p < 0.05) was significantly higher, whereas the activities of catalase - CAT (p < 0.0001), glutathione peroxidase - GPx (p < 0.0001), glutathione reductase - GR (p < 0.0001), and reduced glutathione - GSH (p < 0.05) were considerably lower in GC patients than in the control group. The levels of total oxidant status - TOS (p < 0.0001), oxidative stress index - OSI (p < 0.0001), advanced oxidation protein products - AOPP (p < 0.0001), ischaemia modified albumin - IMA (p < 0.01), lipid hydroperoxides - LOOH (p < 0.0001), 8-IsoProstane - 8-Iso-P (p < 0.0001), and DNA/RNA (p < 0.0001) were significantly higher, and the levels of total antioxidant capacity - TAC (p < 0.0001) and total thiols (p < 0.0001) were considerably lower in patients compared to the healthy controls. Some redox parameters are characterized by high AUC values in patients with differentiated GC according to histopathological parameters.

CONCLUSIONS

Gastric cancer is strongly linked to a systemic redox imbalance and increased oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA. Redox biomarkers are potential diagnostic indicators of gastric cancer advancement.

Oncometabolic role of mitochondrial sirtuins in glioma patients

Mitochondrial sirtuins have diverse role specifically in aging, metabolism and cancer. In cancer, these sirtuins play dichotomous role as tumor suppressor and promoter. Previous studies have reported the involvement of sirtuins in different cancers. However, till now no study has been published with respect to mitochondrial sirtuins and glioma risks. Present study was purposed to figure out the expression level of mitochondrial sirtuins (SIRT3, SIRT4, SIRT5) and related genes (GDH, OGG1-2α, SOD1, SOD2, HIF1α and PARP1) in 153 glioma tissue samples and 200 brain tissue samples from epilepsy patients (taken as controls). To understand the role of selected situins in gliomagenesis, DNA damage was measured using the comet assay and oncometabolic role (oxidative stress level, ATP level and NAD level) was measured using the ELISA and quantitative PCR. Results analysis showed significant down-regulation of SIRT4 (p = 0.0337), SIRT5 (p<0.0001), GDH (p = 0.0305), OGG1-2α (p = 0.0001), SOD1 (p<0.0001) and SOD2 (p<0.0001) in glioma patients compared to controls. In case of SIRT3 (p = 0.0322), HIF1α (p = 0.0385) and PARP1 (p = 0.0203), significant up-regulation was observed. ROC curve analysis and cox regression analysis showed the good diagnostic and prognostic value of mitochondrial sirtuins in glioma patients. Oncometabolic rate assessment analysis showed significant increased ATP level (p<0.0001), NAD+ level [(NMNAT1 (p<0.0001), NMNAT3 (p<0.0001) and NAMPT (p<0.04)] and glutathione level (p<0.0001) in glioma patients compared to controls. Significant increased level of damage ((p<0.04) and decrease level of antioxidant enzymes include superoxide dismutase (SOD, p<0.0001), catalase (CAT, p<0.0001) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx, p<0.0001) was observed in patients compared to controls. Present study data suggest that variation in expression pattern of mitochondrial sirtuins and increased metabolic rate may have diagnostic and prognostic significance in glioma patients.

Evaluation of Malondialdehyde Level, Total Oxidant/Antioxidant Status and Oxidative Stress Index in Colorectal Cancer Patients

Oxidative stress may play an important role in colorectal cancer (CRC). The present study included 94 adult patients with CRC (52 men and 42 women) and 26 hospitalized patients (12 men and 14 women) in whom CRC was excluded (control group). During hospitalization, blood serum samples were collected from both groups. Apart from that, anthropometric measurements were taken and other clinical data were analyzed. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) level, total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) were assayed. Subsequently, the relationship between the analyzed oxidative stress markers and selected clinical characteristics was investigated in both groups. The evaluation of oxidative stress marker values demonstrated that MDA and TAS levels were significantly higher in the control group than the CRC group (p < 0.001 and p = 0.019, respectively), while TOS levels were significantly higher in the CRC group than the control group (p = 0.005). Significantly lower OSI levels were found in the control group than in the CRC group (p < 0.001). Similar results can be observed when performing ROC analysis (receiver operating characteristic curve). Preliminary statistical analysis demonstrated that MDA levels in the study group depend on the location of the primary tumour (p = 0.035). Based on the post hoc Tukey test, a relationship was demonstrated between the MDA level and the left and right side of the colon (p = 0.040). The results may be evidence for a higher level of oxidative stress, including a compromised antioxidative defence system, in patients with CRC.

The Effects of Vernonia cinerea Less Extracts on Antioxidant Gene Expression in Colorectal Cancer Cells

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the capability of Vernonia cinerea extracts to disrupt the intracellular oxidative-antioxidative status in colorectal cancer cells.

METHODS

All experiments were conducted on two colorectal cancer cell lines (SW620 and HT29) with aqueous and ethanol extracts of Vernonia cinerea (VC). The cytotoxicity of both extracts was evaluated using MTT assay. Cells were treated for 1, 4, and 7 days with different concentrations of aqueous and ethanol extracts ranging from 100-700 and 10-150 μg/ml respectively. The antioxidant capacity of cell lysates was determined by the 2, 2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) radical scavenging activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) inhibitory effect. The possible action mechanism was also investigated through gene expression of antioxidant enzymes, i.e. superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase.

RESULTS

Both aqueous and ethanol extracts showed dose/time-dependent manners in all assays. Ethanol extract had a higher potency for cytotoxicity with obviously lower IC50 and a higher antioxidant capability in cytoplasmic content than aqueous extract, especially at 4-day treatment. Low MDA content and gene expression alteration of four enzymes involved in antioxidant status were found in cells treated with ethanol extract compared to aqueous extract.

CONCLUSIONS

Ethanol VC extracts can cause cytotoxicity to human colorectal cancer cells, possibly be involved in oxidative stress, and/or interfere with oxidative-antioxidative balance by radical scavenging in vitro.

Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage Markers in Colorectal Cancer

Oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation are known to play an important role in chronic diseases, including cancer, and specifically colorectal cancer (CRC). The main objective of this study was to explore the diagnostic potential of OS markers in patients with CRC, which may translate into an early diagnosis of the disease. To do this, we compared results with those in a group of healthy controls and assessed whether there were significant differences. In addition, we explored possible correlations with the presence of tumors and tumor stage, with anemia and with inflammatory markers used in clinical practice. The study included 80 patients with CRC and 60 healthy controls. The following OS markers were analyzed: catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in serum; and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) and F2-isoprotanes in urine (F2-IsoPs). Tumor markers (CEA and CA 19.9), anemia markers (hemoglobin, hematocrit and medium corpuscular volume) and inflammatory markers (leukocytes, neutrophils, N/L index, platelets, fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, CRP and IL-6) were also determined. Comparison of means between patients and controls revealed highly significant differences for all OS markers, with an increase in the prooxidant markers GSSG, GSSG/GSH ratio, 8-oxodG and F2-IsoPs, and a decrease in the antioxidant markers CAT and GSH. Tumor and inflammatory markers (except CRP) correlated positively with GSSG, GSSG/GSH ratio, 8-oxodG and F2-IsoPs, and negatively with CAT and GSH. In view of the results obtained, OS markers may constitute a useful tool for the early diagnosis of CRC patients.

Cysteine Regulates Oxidative Stress and Glutathione-Related Antioxidative Capacity before and after Colorectal Tumor Resection

Cysteine might scavenge free radicals and is a limiting substrate for the cellular synthesis of glutathione (GSH). We investigated the association of cysteine with oxidative stress and GSH-related antioxidant capacity in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Plasma samples were drawn from 66 patients 1 day before (pre-resection) and 4 weeks after resection (post-resection). Tumor and adjacent normal tissues were collected. We measured levels of plasma and tissue cysteine, homocysteine, oxidative stress indicators (malondialdehyde, MDA; advanced oxidation protein products, AOPP), GSH, and antioxidant enzyme activities. After tumor resection, patients had significantly higher levels of plasma cysteine, homocysteine, MDA, AOPP, and GSH-related antioxidant enzyme activities when compared with pre-resection. Levels of cysteine, homocysteine, AOPP and all antioxidant capacity indicators in tumor tissue were significantly higher than those levels in the adjacent normal tissue. Plasma cysteine levels measured at pre-resection were positively associated with MDA levels in the tumor and in the adjacent normal tissues. Cysteine levels in tumor and adjacent normal tissues were significantly associated with tissue levels of homocysteine, almost as indicators of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacities. Cysteine in the circulation was likely utilized to mediate GSH-related antioxidant capacity and further cope with increased oxidative stress in tumor and adjacent normal tissues.

Comparison of some biochemical markers between early‐onset and late‐onset colorectal precancerous lesions: A single‐center retrospective study

Objective

Given that the onset of diseases including colorectal cancer precursors is affecting younger individuals and that obesity is an important risk factor for early‐onset, we conducted a study to explore the biochemical profile of differences in serum between early‐onset patients and late‐onset colorectal precancerous lesions.

Methods

A total of 1447 patients, including 469 early‐onset patients and 978 late‐onset patients, were enrolled from the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University (FAHNU), of which there were 311 sessile serrated adenoma/polyps (SSA/P) and 1136 normal adenomas. The distribution of the included categorical variables was compared via Pearson's chi‐squared test, whereas continuous variables were compared by using the nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis test and anova.

Results

Compared with late‐onset patients, the levels of total bilirubin and HDL‐C were lower (p < 0.05), whereas triglyceride and uric acid levels were higher, in early‐onset patients. Interestingly, in the subgroup analysis, triglyceride and uric acid levels remained at higher levels, whereas HDL‐C remained at lower levels, in early‐onset patients than in late‐onset patients. Other characteristics, such as LDL‐C, drinking, γ‐GT, and the N/L ratio, were similar between the two groups. An additional analysis of the association of tumor size with markers showed that lower levels of HDL‐C and higher levels of uric acid were associated with increased tumor size (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Early‐onset CRC precursor cases exhibit higher levels of triglycerides and lower levels of HDL‐C than late‐onset cases. Additionally, levels of HDL‐C are negatively associated with tumor size, whereas uric acid was positively correlated with tumor size.

Influence of Plasma-Isolated Anthocyanins and Their Metabolites on Cancer Cell Migration (HT-29 and Caco-2) In Vitro: Results of the ATTACH Study

Cancer mortality is mainly due to metastasis. Therefore, searching for new therapeutic agents suppressing cancer cell migration is crucial. Data from human studies regarding effects of anthocyanins on cancer progression, however, are scarce and it is unclear whether physiological concentrations of anthocyanins and their metabolites reduce cancer cell migration in vivo. In addition, interactions with chemotherapeutics like 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) are largely unknown. Thus, we combined a placebo-controlled, double-blinded, cross-over study with in vitro migration studies of colon cancer cell lines to examine the anti-migratory effects of plasma-isolated anthocyanins and their metabolites (PAM). Healthy volunteers (n = 35) daily consumed 0.33 L of an anthocyanin-rich grape/bilberry juice and an anthocyanin-depleted placebo juice for 28 days. PAM were isolated before and after intervention by solid-phase extraction. HT-29 and Caco-2 cells were incubated with PAM in a Boyden chamber. Migration of HT-29 cells was significantly inhibited by PAM from juice but not from placebo. In contrast, Caco-2 migration was not affected. Co-incubation with 5-FU and pooled PAM from volunteers (n = 10), which most effectively inhibited HT-29 migration, further reduced HT-29 migration in comparison to 5-FU alone. Therefore, PAM at physiological concentrations impairs colon cancer cell migration and may support the effectiveness of chemotherapeutics.

The Biological Role of Advanced Glycation End Products in the Development and Progression of Colorectal Cancer

“Colorectal cancer” (CRC) is one of the most prevalent cancers, posing a scientific challenge and serving as a model for investigating the molecular pathways underlying its development. “Advanced glycation end products” (AGEs) have drawn interest in this context. The buildup of these diverse, chemically complex groups, which are formed by a “non-enzymatic interaction” between reducing sugar and a range of macromolecules, significantly increases “inflammation and oxidative stress” in the body, which has long been associated to cancer formation. The traditional pathways that promote AGE formation, as well as the significance of AGEs’ interaction with the receptor for “advanced glycation end products” (RAGE) and other means involved in CRC initiation and progression, are discussed in this review.

Dynamics of Oxidative Stress in Helicobacter pylori-Positive Patients with Atrophic Body Gastritis and Various Stages of Gastric Cancer

Gastric cancer is a global health problem. The pathogenesis of this disease remains unclear. This study included 198 H. pylori (+) men aged 45 to 60 years old. Group A included 63 practically healthy men, group B included 45 men with severe atrophic body gastritis, group C included 37 men with epithelial gastric cancer stages I-II according to TNM, and group D included 54 men with epithelial gastric cancer stages III-IV according to the TNM scale. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA), diene conjugates (DCs), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and glutathione peroxidase (GPO) was detected using an enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) or spectrophotometric methods in the blood plasma. The concentrations of MDA and DC were increased in the patients of group B compared with group A, and in patients of groups C and D compared with groups A and B. The ratio of MDA/SOD and MDA/CAT was decreased in the patients in group D compared with the patients in group C, and was significantly higher compared with group A. The ratios of MDA/GPO and MDA/GST increased linearly and were at a maximum in groups C and D. Our work determined that indicators of oxidative stress may be the biochemical substrate, which brings together the various stages of the Correa cascade, and may explain disease progression. The dynamics of changes in the content of SOD and CAT in the plasma in patients with gastric cancer may be a target of future investigations.

Anti-inflammatory activities of natural cyclopeptide RA-XII in colitis-associated colon cancer mouse model and its effect on gut microbiome

Colorectal cancer (CRC), the third most common cancer globally, is associated with intestinal inflammation that leads to poor prognosis. RA-XII, a natural cyclopeptide, has previously been reported to possess anti-tumor activities. Here, the anti-inflammatory activities of RA-XII were investigated in colitis-associated colon cancer mice and a co-culture in vitro model, in which colon cancer cells HCT116 and macrophages RAW264.7 were grown together to mimic the inflammatory microenvironment of CRC. Changes of inflammatory-related molecules and protein expressions in cells were evaluated after RA-XII incubation. Besides, azoxymethane and dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis-associated colon cancer mice were treated with RA-XII for 24 days, inflammatory parameters and gut microbiome alterations were studied. Our results showed that RA-XII reversed the inflammatory responses of RAW264.7 cells induced by LPS and modulated the protein expressions of AKT, STAT3/p-STAT3, P70S6K, NF-κB and GSK3β and suppressed the expression of LC3A/B in HCT116 cells in co-culture system. RA-XII treatment restored the colitis damage in colon, reduced colon tumors numbers and decreased inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α). The role of RA-XII on regulating gut microbiome was also demonstrated for the first time. In conclusion, our findings provided new scientific evidence for developing RA-XII as a potent anti-inflammatory agent for CRC.

EPHX2 Inhibits Colon Cancer Progression by Promoting Fatty Acid Degradation

Tumor cells use metabolic reprogramming to keep up with the need for bioenergy, biosynthesis, and oxidation balance needed for rapid tumor division. This phenomenon is considered a marker of tumors, including colon cancer (CRC). As an important pathway of cellular energy metabolism, fatty acid metabolism plays an important role in cellular energy supply and oxidation balance, but presently, our understanding of the exact role of fatty acid metabolism in CRC is limited. Currently, no lipid metabolism therapy is available for the treatment of CRC. The establishment of a lipidmetabolism model regulated by oncogenes/tumor suppressor genes and associated with the clinical characteristics of CRC is necessary to further understand the mechanism of fatty acid metabolism in CRC. In this study, through multi-data combined with bioinformatic analysis and basic experiments, we introduced a tumor suppressor gene, EPHX2, which is rarely reported in CRC, and confirmed that its inhibitory effect on CRC is related to fatty acid degradation.

Future Perspectives in Oxidative Stress in Trisomy 13 and 18 Evaluation

Autosomal aneuploidies are the most frequently occurring congenital abnormalities and are related to many metabolic disorders, hormonal dysfunctions, neurotransmitter abnormalities, and intellectual disabilities. Trisomies are generated by an error of chromosomal segregation during cell division. Accumulating evidence has shown that deregulated gene expression resulting from the triplication of chromosomes 13 and 18 is associated with many disturbed cellular processes. Moreover, a disturbed oxidative stress status may be implicated in the occurrence of fetal malformations. Therefore, a literature review was undertaken to provide novel insights into the evaluation of trisomy 13 (T13) and 18 (T18) pathogeneses, with a particular concern on the oxidative stress. Corresponding to the limited literature data focused on factors leading to T13 and T18 phenotype occurrence, the importance of oxidative stress evaluation in T13 and T18 could enable the determination of subsequent disturbed metabolic pathways, highlighting the related role of mitochondrial dysfunction or epigenetics. This review illustrates up-to-date T13 and T18 research and discusses the strengths, limitations, and possible directions for future studies. The progressive unification of trisomy-related research protocols might provide potential medical targets in the future along with the implementation of the foundation of modern prenatal medicine.

Antioxidant and antiradical activities depend on adrenal tumor type

The aim of the study was to assess the total antioxidant/oxidant status in the plasma and urine of patients with adrenal tumors. The study group consisted of 60 patients (31 women and 29 men) with adrenal masses, classified into three subgroups: non-functional incidentaloma, pheochromocytoma and Cushing's/Conn's adenoma. The number of patients was set a priori based on our previous experiment (α = 0.05, test power = 0.9). Antioxidant activity (Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), Total Oxidant Status (TOS), Oxidative Stress Index (OSI)) and antiradical activity (Radical-Scavenging Activity Assay (DPPH), Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP)) were measured using colorimetric methods. FRAP level was decreased in plasma and urine incidentaloma (p<0.0001), pheochromocytoma (p<0.0001) and Cushing's/Conn's adenoma (p<0.0001), while DPPH antiradical activity only in plasma of patients with adrenal masses (p<0.0001). Plasma TAC was increased in incidentaloma patients (p=0.0192), whereas in pheochromocytoma group (p=0.0343) was decreased. Plasma and urine TOS (p<0.0001) and OSI (p<0.01) were significantly higher in patients with adrenal tumors. In pheochromocytoma patients, plasma and urine TAC (p=0.001; p=0.002), as well as plasma plasma DPPH (p=0.007) and urine FRAP (p=0.017) correlated positively with normethanephrine. We are the first who showed reduced radical scavenging capacity in the plasma/urine of patients with adrenal masses. Nevertheless, plasma TAC was significantly higher in the incidentaloma group compared to controls. Therefore, plasma and urinary antioxidant and antiradical activities depend on the presence of the tumor. Lower levels of TAC, DPPH and FRAP clearly indicate a reduced ability to scavenge free radicals and thus a lack of effective protection against oxidative stress in patients with adrenal tumors. Both plasma and urine redox biomarkers can be used to assess systemic antioxidant status in adrenal tumor patients.

Tissue levels of oxidative stress markers and antioxidants in colorectal cancer patients

The role of reactive oxygen species in the development of cancer has become well recognized in recent years; however, evidence for a link between oxidative stress and cancer risk has not been fully explored. One of the major cancers whose number of cases has increased significantly in recent years is colon and rectal cancer, which has the second highest mortality rate in Libya. Forty subjects were divided into three groups (20 tumors from colorectal cancer patients, adjacent surrounding tumor tissues, and 20 adjacent normal tissues). Evaluation of oxidative stress indices in the samples was performed by analyzing enzymatic and non-enzymatic parameters including the activity of glutathione peroxidase and catalase as antioxidant enzymes, reduced glutathione as an antioxidant, malondialdehyde MDA levels as an oxidative damage product, nitritc oxide content NO as an inflammatory marker, and total thiols as a measure of redox status. MDA and NO levels were significantly higher in tumor tissues than in adjacent healthy tissue. Also, the surrounding tumor tissue exhibited higher MDA and NO levels compared with control tissues. The oxidant and antioxidant levels in the tumor was significantly lower than those in the surrounding tumor tissue and control healthy tissue. The results suggest that oxidant and antioxidant parameters can be used as indicators of an imbalance in humans, and as this imbalance increases, the human body may be vulnerable to developing cancer.

Cross-Talk Between Nitrosative Stress, Inflammation and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor in Patients with Adrenal Masses

Background

Adrenal masses are the most common of all human tumors. The role of nitrosative stress and inflammation in cancer development has already been demonstrated. However, it is not known whether they are involved in the pathogenesis of adrenal tumors. The aim of the study was to investigate a cross-talk between nitrosative stress, inflammation and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α) in 75 patients with different types of adrenal masses (non-functional incidentaloma, pheochromocytoma and Cushing's/Conn's adenoma).

Methods

The plasma concentrations of total nitric oxide (NO), S-nitrosothiols, peroxynitrite nitrotyrosine and the activity of serum myeloperoxidase (MPO) were measured spectrophotometrically, whereas concentrations of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) were measured using commercial ELISA kits. The control group consisted of 50 healthy people matched by age and sex to the study group. The number of subjects was determined a priori based on our previous experiment (power of the test = 0.9; α = 0.05).

Results

We found significantly higher nitrosative stress (↑nitric oxide, ↑peroxynitrite, ↑S-nitrosothiols and ↑nitrotyrosine) in the plasma of patients with adrenal tumors, which was accompanied by increased inflammatory (↑myeloperoxidase, ↑interleukin 1 beta and ↑tumor necrosis factor α) and hypoxia (HIF-1α) biomarkers. Peroxynitrite and nitrotyrosine were positively correlated with aldosterone level. Nitrosative stress was also associated with inflammation and HIF-1α. Interestingly, plasma nitrotyrosine and serum MPO differentiated patients with adrenal tumor from healthy individuals with high sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, using multivariate regression analysis, we showed that ONOO^- and IL-1β depended on cortisol level, while ONOO^-, nitrotyrosine and HIF-1α were associated with aldosterone. Unfortunately, none of the assessed biomarkers differentiated between tumor types studied, suggesting that the severity of nitrosative damage and inflammation are similar in patients with incidentaloma, pheochromocytoma, and Cushing's or Conn's adenoma.

Conclusion

Adrenal tumors are associated with increased protein nitration/S-nitrosylation and inflammation.

Elevated Serum Uric Acid is Associated With Poor Survival in Advanced HCC Patients and Febuxostat Improves Prognosis in HCC Rats

Objective: Serum uric acid is associated with tumor progression and hepatocarcinogenesis. Here, we aimed to determine whether serum uric acid is related to the survival time of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and whether the inhibition of uric acid production affects the progression and survival of rats with HCC. Methods: The follow-up data of 288 patients with advanced HCC were analyzed. Ten purine metabolites in serum and liver samples of diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced HCC rats were quantitatively determined by an established UPLC-MS/MS method. On this basis, febuxostat, a specific inhibitor of xanthine oxidase (XOD), was used to interfere with HCC rats. Results: The serum uric acid level of HCC patients was significantly negatively correlated with survival days (r = -0.155). The median survival time was 133.5 days in the high uric acid group (>360 μmol/L, n = 80) and 176.0 days in the normal serum uric acid group (<360 μmol/L, n = 208, p = 0.0013). The levels of hypoxanthine, guanine, and uric acid; XOD activity; and xanthine dehydrogenase mRNA expression in the serum or liver samples of HCC rats were significantly upregulated compared with those in the control group. After febuxostat intervention in DEN-induced HCC rats, the number of atypical cells and inflammatory cells decreased significantly; the serum alpha fetoprotein level and Fisher's ratio tended to return to normal; the median survival time increased from 36 to 96 days (p = 0.08). In addition, serum malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione activity nearly returned to the level of the healthy control group. Conclusion: The elevation of serum uric acid implies a risk of poor survival in advanced HCC patients and Febuxostat can reduce the generation of reactive oxygen species, thereby playing a role in delaying the progression of liver cancer.

Therapeutic Influence on Important Targets Associated with Chronic Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Cancer Treatment

Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress are the interconnected pathological processes, which lead to cancer initiation and progression. The growing level of oxidative and inflammatory damage was shown to increase cancer severity and contribute to tumor spread. The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is associated with the reduced capacity of the endogenous cell defense mechanisms and/or metabolic imbalance, is the main contributor to oxidative stress. An abnormal level of ROS was defined as a predisposing factor for the cell transformation that could trigger pro-oncogenic signaling pathways, induce changes in gene expression, and facilitate accumulation of mutations, DNA damage, and genomic instability. Additionally, the activation of transcription factors caused by a prolonged oxidative stress, including NF-κB, p53, HIF1α, etc., leads to the expression of several genes responsible for inflammation. The resulting hyperactivation of inflammatory mediators, including TNFα, TGF-β, interleukins, and prostaglandins can contribute to the development of neoplasia. Pro-inflammatory cytokines were shown to trigger adaptive reactions and the acquisition of resistance by tumor cells to apoptosis, while promoting proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis. Moreover, the chronic inflammatory response leads to the excessive production of free radicals, which further aggravate the initiated reactions. This review summarizes the recent data and progress in the discovery of mechanisms that associate oxidative stress and chronic inflammation with cancer onset and metastasis. In addition, the review provides insights for the development of therapeutic approaches and the discovery of natural substances that will be able to simultaneously inhibit several key oncological and inflammation-related targets.

Role of Natural Antioxidant Products in Colorectal Cancer Disease: A Focus on a Natural Compound Derived from Prunus spinosa, Trigno Ecotype

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is on the rise in industrialized countries, which is why it is important to find new compounds that are effective, with little or no adverse health effects. CRC arises from some cells of the epithelium which, following a series of genetic or epigenetic mutations, obtain a selective advantage. This work consists of a review on endogenous and exogenous antioxidant products that may have an efficacy in the treatment of CRC and an experimental study, in which the treatment was carried out with a natural compound with antitumor and antiproliferative activity, Prunus spinosa Trigno ecotype, patented by us, on HCT116 colorectal carcinoma cell line. The superoxide content was quantified after the treatments at different concentrations (2, 5, or 10 mg/mL) by means of the DHR123 probe; loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential with the tetramethylrodamine methyl ester (TMRM) cationic probe and reduced glutathione content (GSH) from monochlorobimane (MCB). This study revealed the importance of a careful choice of the concentration of the natural compound to be used in the CRC, due to the presence of a paradoxical effect, both antioxidant and pro-oxidant, depending on the different physiological conditions of the cell.

Doxorubicin-Loaded Tumor-Targeting Peptide-Decorated Polypeptide Nanoparticles for Treating Primary Orthotopic Colon Cancer

Colorectal cancer is the third most common malignant disease worldwide, and chemotherapy has been the standard treatment for colorectal cancer. However, the therapeutic effects of chemotherapy are unsatisfactory for advanced and recurrent colorectal cancers. Thus, increasing the treatment efficacy of chemotherapy in colorectal cancer is a must. In this study, doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded tumor-targeting peptide-decorated mPEG-P(Phe-co-Cys) nanoparticles were developed to treat orthotopic colon cancer in mice. The peptide VATANST (STP) can specifically bind with vimentin highly expressed on the surface of colon cancer cells, thus achieving the tumor-targeting effects. The nanoparticles are core-shell structured, which can protect the loaded DOX while passing through the blood flow and increase the circulation time. The disulfide bonds within the nanoparticles are sensitive to the glutathione-rich microenvironment of tumor tissues. Rupture of disulfide bonds of the nanoparticles leads to the continuous release of DOX, thus resulting in the apoptosis of the tumor cells. The in vivo experiments in mice with orthotopic colon cancer demonstrated that the synthesized DOX-loaded tumor-targeting peptide-decorated polypeptide nanoparticles showed properties of drug delivery systems and exhibited good antitumor properties. The synthesized nanoparticles show appropriate properties as one of the drug delivery systems and exhibit good antitumor properties after encapsulating DOX.

Effects of age and gender on the redox homeostasis of morbidly obese people

Obesity is a chronic disease of complex etiology. Recent evidence suggests that obesity is caused by inflammation of adipose tissue leading to metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease and cancer. This is the first study to evaluated the effects of age and gender on redox homeostasis, glutathione metabolism, and oxidative damage to plasma/serum lipids and proteins in morbidly obese patients. The study included 120 (60 men and 60 women) morbidly obese patients with class 3 obesity (BMI > 40 kg/m2), classified into three groups depending on age: 20-39 years (n = 20), 40-59 years (n = 20) and 60 years or older (n = 20). The number of patients was calculated a priori based on our previous experiment. We observed a reduction in serum activity of antioxidant enzymes (↓SOD) and plasma concentration of non-enzymatic antioxidants (↓GSH) in obese patients compared to the lean controls, which further decreased with age. Redox status (↑TAC, ↑TOS and ↓OSI) in morbidly obese men and women was shifted towards oxidation. Moreover, lipid (↑MDA and ↑LOOH) and protein (↑AOPP, ↑AGE and ↑Amadori products) damage products of oxidation and nitrosylation/nitration (↑total NO, ↑S-nitrosothiols, ↑peroxynitrite and ↑nitrotyrosine) were elevated in both genders of morbidly obese patients and were higher in the elderly. Interestingly, the concentrations of oxidative and nitrosative stress markers were generally higher in obese men compared to obese women at the same age. Summarizing, we showed that the total antioxidant/oxidant potential of obese patients is significantly increased and shifted towards oxidation. Obese patients have increased lipid and protein oxidation, glycation and nitration as compared to the lean controls. Disturbances in redox homeostasis increase with age in obese patients. Oxidative and nitrosative stress are more intense in men than in women at the same age.