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Nawata K, Kadoya A, Suzuki S. Persistence of Marine Bacterial Plasmid in the House Fly (Musca domestica): Marine-Derived Antimicrobial Resistance Genes Have a Chance of Invading the Human Environment. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2024; 87:30. [PMID: 38191744 PMCID: PMC10774151 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-023-02341-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The house fly is known to be a vector of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in animal farms. It is also possible that the house fly contributes to the spread of ARB and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) among various environments. We hypothesized that ARB and ARGs present in marine fish and fishery food may gain access to humans via the house fly. We show herein that pAQU1, a marine bacterial ARG-bearing plasmid, persists in the house fly intestine for 5 days after fly ingestion of marine bacteria. In the case of Escherichia coli bearing the same plasmid, the persistence period exceeded 7 days. This interval is sufficient for transmission to human environments, meaning that the house fly is capable of serving as a vector of marine-derived ARGs. Time course monitoring of the house fly intestinal microflora showed that the initial microflora was occupied abundantly with Enterobacteriaceae. Experimentally ingested bacteria dominated the intestinal environment immediately following ingestion; however, after 72 h, the intestinal microflora recovered to resemble that observed at baseline, when diverse genera of Enterobacteriaceae were seen. Given that pAQU1 in marine bacteria and E. coli were detected in fly excrement (defined here as any combination of feces and regurgitated material) at 7 days post-bacterial ingestion, we hypothesize that the house fly may serve as a vector for transmission of ARGs from marine items and fish to humans via contamination with fly excrement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanoko Nawata
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Aya Kadoya
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Satoru Suzuki
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan.
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan.
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Sandrasaigaran P, Mohan S, Segaran NS, Lee TY, Radu S, Hasan H. Prevalence of multi-antimicrobial resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella isolated from filth flies at wet markets in Klang, Malaysia, and their survival in the simulated gastric fluid. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 407:110390. [PMID: 37722349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Filth flies at wet markets can be a vector harbouring multiple antimicrobial-resistant (MAR) nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS), and such strains are a significant threat to public health as they may cause severe infections in humans. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant NTS, especially Salmonella Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium harboured by filth flies at wet markets, and investigate their survival in the simulated gastric fluid (SGF). Filth flies (n = 90) were captured from wet markets in Klang, Malaysia, and processed to isolate Salmonella spp. The isolates (n = 16) were identified using the multiplex-touchdown PCR and assessed their antimicrobial susceptibility against 11 antimicrobial agents. Finally, three isolates with the highest MAR index were subjected to SGF survival tests. It was observed that 17.8 % of flies (n = 16/90) harbouring Salmonella, out of which 10 % (n = 9/90) was S. Enteritidis, 2.2 % (n = 2/90) was S. Typhimurium, and 5.6 % was unidentified serotypes of Salmonella enterica subsp. I. 43.8 % (n = 7/16) were confirmed as MAR, and they were observed to be resistant against ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, streptomycin, and nalidixic acid. Three strains, F35, F75, and F85 demonstrated the highest MAR index and were able to survive (>6-log10) in the SGF (180 min), indicating their potential virulence and invasiveness. This study provides significant insights into the prevalence and severity of MAR nontyphoidal Salmonella harboured by filth flies in wet markets, which may help inform strategies for controlling the spread and outbreak of foodborne disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratheep Sandrasaigaran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Manipal International University, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia; Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shuvarnah Mohan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Manipal International University, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Nithiyha Sandara Segaran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Manipal International University, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Tze Yan Lee
- School of Liberal Arts, Science and Technology (PUScLST), Perdana University, Wisma Chase Perdana, Changkat Semantan Damansara Heights, 50490 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Son Radu
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hanan Hasan
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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3
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Olaru ID, Walther B, Schaumburg F. Zoonotic sources and the spread of antimicrobial resistance from the perspective of low and middle-income countries. Infect Dis Poverty 2023; 12:59. [PMID: 37316938 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-023-01113-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing challenge in low and middle-income countries as it is widespread in these countries and is linked to an increased mortality. Apart from human and environmental factors, animal-related drivers of antimicrobial resistance in low- and middle-income countries have special features that differ from high-income countries. The aim of this narrative review is to address the zoonotic sources and the spread of antimicrobial resistance from the perspective of low- and middle-income countries. MAIN BODY Contamination with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli is highest in poultry (Africa: 8.9-60%, Asia: 53-93%) and there is a risk to import ESBL-producing E. coli through poultry meat in Africa. In aquacultures, the proportion of ESBL-producers among E. coli can be high (27%) but the overall low quality of published studies limit the general conclusion on the impact of aquacultures on human health. ESBL-producing E. coli colonization of wildlife is 1-9% in bats or 2.5-63% birds. Since most of them are migratory animals, they can disperse antimicrobial resistant bacteria over large distances. So-called 'filth flies' are a relevant vector not only of enteric pathogens but also of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in settings where sanitary systems are poor. In Africa, up to 72.5% of 'filth flies' are colonized with ESBL-producing E. coli, mostly conferred by CTX-M (24.4-100%). While methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus plays a minor role in livestock in Africa, it is frequently found in South America in poultry (27%) or pork (37.5-56.5%) but less common in Asia (poultry: 3%, pork: 1-16%). CONCLUSIONS Interventions to contain the spread of AMR should be tailored to the needs of low- and middle-income countries. These comprise capacity building of diagnostic facilities, surveillance, infection prevention and control in small-scale farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana D Olaru
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Birgit Walther
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, German Environment Agency, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frieder Schaumburg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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4
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Nowbuth AA, Asombang AW, Tazinkeng NN, Makinde OY, Sheets LR. Antimicrobial resistance from a One Health perspective in Zambia: a systematic review. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2023; 12:15. [PMID: 36869351 PMCID: PMC9982795 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-023-01224-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is widely acknowledged as a global health problem, yet its extent is not well evaluated, especially in low-middle income countries. It is challenging to promote policies without focusing on healthcare systems at a local level, therefore a baseline assessment of the AMR occurrence is a priority. This study aimed to look at published papers relating to the availability of AMR data in Zambia as a means of establishing an overview of the situation, to help inform future decisions. METHODS PubMed, Cochrane Libraries, Medical Journal of Zambia and African Journals Online databases were searched from inception to April 2021 for articles published in English in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Retrieval and screening of article was done using a structured search protocol with strict inclusion/exclusion criteria. RESULTS A total of 716 articles were retrieved, of which 25 articles met inclusion criteria for final analysis. AMR data was not available for six of the ten provinces of Zambia. Twenty-one different isolates from the human health, animal health and environmental health sectors were tested against 36 antimicrobial agents, across 13 classes of antibiotics. All the studies showed a degree of resistance to more than one class of antimicrobials. Majority of the studies focused on antibiotics, with only three studies (12%) highlighting antiretroviral resistance. Antitubercular drugs were addressed in only five studies (20%). No studies focused on antifungals. The most common organisms tested, across all three sectors, were Staphylococcus aureus, with a diverse range of resistance patterns found; followed by Escherichia coli with a high resistance rate found to cephalosporins (24-100%) and fluoroquinolones (20-100%). CONCLUSIONS This review highlights three important findings. Firstly, AMR is understudied in Zambia. Secondly, the level of resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics is significant across the human, animal, and environmental sectors. Thirdly, this review suggests that improved standardization of antimicrobial susceptibility testing in Zambia could help to better delineate AMR patterns, allow comparisons across different locations and tracking of AMR evolution over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avis A Nowbuth
- Lusaka Apex Medical University, Lusaka, Zambia. .,School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Pan-African Organization for Health, Education and Research, Manchester, USA.
| | - Akwi W Asombang
- Pan-African Organization for Health, Education and Research, Manchester, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Nkengeh N Tazinkeng
- Pan-African Organization for Health, Education and Research, Manchester, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA.,Central Administration University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Opeoluwa Y Makinde
- Pan-African Organization for Health, Education and Research, Manchester, USA.,Obafemi Awolowo University, Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Lincoln R Sheets
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA.,Pan-African Organization for Health, Education and Research, Manchester, USA
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5
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Gemeda BA, Amenu K, Girma S, Grace D, Srinivasan R, Roothaert R, Knight-Jones TJD. Knowledge, attitude and practice of tomato retailers towards hygiene and food safety in Harar and Dire Dawa, Ethiopia. Food Control 2023; 145:109441. [PMID: 36875541 PMCID: PMC9729500 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we assessed knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) related to tomato hygiene and food safety, among tomato vendors in the Ethiopian cities of Harar and Dire Dawa. From a total of 1498 tomato retail market vendors identified in the two cities through vendor mapping exercises, 151 outlets were randomly selected for a cross-sectional KAP survey on tomato handling, marketing, loss due to damage, safety, and hygienic practice. Tomato vendors claimed that they knew about food safety and hygiene, and risks associated with raw tomatoes. We found considerable variation in food safety knowledge, barriers, and practices during handling and marketing. The major concern of tomato traders in terms of food safety for vegetables was contamination with dirt. Around 17% of street vendors did not know about the importance of water quality and cleanliness for food safety. About 20% of tomato traders washed tomatoes after they purchased them and 43% and 14% of respondents who practiced tomato washing revealed that they cannot get the quantity and quality of water needed, respectively. Tomatoes were displayed in direct sunlight in about 85% of stalls. About 37% of vendors said rodents were present at night and could contact surfaces tomatoes are displayed on. For about 40% of outlets one or more flies were seen to be present on a third to two-thirds of their tomatoes. Overall, 40% of respondents reported they do not have adequate toilet facilities and 20% of those that use a toilet do not have water for washing hands after. The study identified areas that should be targeted by interventions aiming to improve food safety in this setting, however, without improvements in basic infrastructure to provide the pre-requisites for food safety the impact of small-scale food safety interventions may be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biruk Alemu Gemeda
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kebede Amenu
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Sisay Girma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, P.O.Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Delia Grace
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK.,Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Box, 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ramasamy Srinivasan
- Safe and Sustainable Value Chains Flagship Program, World Vegetable Center, Tainan, 74151, Taiwan
| | - Ralph Roothaert
- World Vegetable Center, Eastern and Southern Africa, P.O.Box 10, Arusha, Tanzania
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6
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Rawat N, Sabu B, Jamwal R, Devi PP, Yadav K, Raina HS, Rajagopal R. Understanding the role of insects in the acquisition and transmission of antibiotic resistance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159805. [PMID: 36461578 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance (AR) is a global healthcare threat that requires a comprehensive assessment. Poorly regulated antibiotic stewardship in clinical and non-clinical settings has led to a horizontal dissemination of AR. A variety of often neglected elements facilitate the circulation of AR from antibiotic sinks like concentrated animal feeding operations and healthcare settings to other environments that include healthy human communities. Insects are one of those elements that have received underwhelming attention as vectors of AR, despite their well-known role in transmitting clinically relevant pathogens. We here make an exhaustive attempt to highlight the role of insects as zoonotic reservoirs of AR by discussing the available literature and deriving realistic inferences. We review the AR associated with insects housing various human-relevant environments, namely, animal farm industry, edible-insects enterprise, healthcare institutes, human settlements, agriculture settings and the wild. We also provide evidence-based accounts of the events of the transmission of AR from insects to humans. We evaluate the clinical threats associated with insect-derived AR and propose the adoption of more sophisticated strategies to understand and mitigate future AR concerns facilitated by insects. Future works include a pan-region assessment of insects for AR in the form of AR bacteria (ARB) and AR determinants (ARDs) and the introduction of modern techniques like whole-genome sequencing, metagenomics, and in-silico modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitish Rawat
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Benoy Sabu
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Rohit Jamwal
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Pukhrambam Pushpa Devi
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Karuna Yadav
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Harpreet Singh Raina
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India; Department of Zoology, Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Khalsa College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Raman Rajagopal
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India.
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7
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Mwansa M, Mukuma M, Mulilo E, Kwenda G, Mainda G, Yamba K, Bumbangi FN, Muligisa-Muonga E, Phiri N, Silwamba I, Muma JB. Determination of antimicrobial resistance patterns of Escherichia coli isolates from farm workers in broiler poultry production and assessment of antibiotic resistance awareness levels among poultry farmers in Lusaka, Zambia. Front Public Health 2023; 10:998860. [PMID: 36703831 PMCID: PMC9871586 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.998860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The challenges posed by antibiotic-resistant pathogens have continued to increase worldwide, particularly in resource-limited countries. Human-livestock interactions are implicated in the complex AMR causal web. A cross-sectional study was conducted in four districts of Lusaka Province, Zambia to determine the antibiotic resistance patterns, ESBL production of E. coli isolated from stool samples of broiler poultry farm workers, and to assess poultry farmers' antibiotic resistance awareness. Sixty-six human stool samples were collected and processed for E. coli isolation, antibiotic resistance testing, and screened for ESBL production. In addition, 80 farmers were assessed for their level of awareness on antibiotic resistance. A total of 58 single E. coli isolates were obtained which showed high (87.9%) resistance to tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (48.3%), and ampicillin (46.8%); followed by nalidixic acid (19.0%), ciprofloxacin (12.1%), cefotaxime (8.6%) and chloramphenicol (5.2%). The prevalence of AMR E. coli was 67.2%, and 29.3% were MDR. Two (3.4%) isolates were identified to be ESBL producers, harboring the CTX-M gene. The study results also showed that broiler farmers were aware and knowledgeable of antibiotic resistance, although knowledge about its impact on human health was low. This study demonstrated the presence of resistant and ESBL producing E. coli among poultry farm workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mwaba Mwansa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Mercy Mukuma
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Esther Mulilo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Geoffrey Kwenda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Geoffrey Mainda
- Department of Veterinary Services, Public Health Unit, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Kaunda Yamba
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University Teaching Hospitals, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Flavien Nsoni Bumbangi
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Studies, School of Medicine, Eden University, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Nelson Phiri
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Eden University, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Isaac Silwamba
- Livestock Services Cooperative Society, Department of Laboratory and Diagnostics, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - John Bwalya Muma
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
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8
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Capone D, Adriano Z, Cumming O, Irish SR, Knee J, Nala R, Brown J. Urban Onsite Sanitation Upgrades and Synanthropic Flies in Maputo, Mozambique: Effects on Enteric Pathogen Infection Risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:549-560. [PMID: 36516327 PMCID: PMC9835884 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Synanthropic filth flies transport enteric pathogens from feces to food, which upon consumption poses an infection risk. We evaluated the effect of an onsite sanitation intervention─including fly control measures─in Maputo, Mozambique, on the risk of infection from consuming fly-contaminated food. After enumerating flies at intervention and control sites, we cultured fecal indicator bacteria, quantified gene copies for 22 enteric pathogens via reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and developed quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) models to estimate annual risks of infection attributable to fly-contaminated foods. We found that the intervention reduced fly counts at latrine entrances by 69% (aRR = 0.31, [0.13, 0.75]) but not at food preparation areas (aRR = 0.92, [0.33, 2.6]). Half of (23/46) of individual flies were positive for culturable Escherichia coli, and we detected ≥1 pathogen gene from 45% (79/176) of flies, including enteropathogenic E. coli (37/176), adenovirus (25/176), Giardia spp. (13/176), and Trichuris trichiura (12/176). We detected ≥1 pathogen gene from half the flies caught in control (54%, 30/56) and intervention compounds (50%, 17/34) at baseline, which decreased 12 months post-intervention to 43% (23/53) at control compounds and 27% (9/33) for intervention compounds. These data indicate flies as a potentially important mechanical vector for enteric pathogen transmission in this setting. The intervention may have reduced the risk of fly-mediated enteric infection for some pathogens, but infrequent detection resulted in wide confidence intervals; we observed no apparent difference in infection risk between groups in a pooled estimate of all pathogens assessed (aRR = 0.84, [0.61, 1.2]). The infection risks posed by flies suggest that the design of sanitation systems and service delivery should include fly control measures to prevent enteric pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Capone
- Department
of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, 2719 E 10th St, Bloomington, Indiana47401, United States
| | - Zaida Adriano
- WE
Consult ltd, 177 Rua
Tomas Ribeiro, Maputo1102, Mozambique
| | - Oliver Cumming
- Department
of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine, LondonWC1E 7HT, United
Kingdom
| | - Seth R. Irish
- Epidemiology
and Public Health Department, Swiss Tropical
and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwil4123, Switzerland
| | - Jackie Knee
- Department
of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine, LondonWC1E 7HT, United
Kingdom
| | - Rassul Nala
- Ministério
da Saúde, Instituto Nacional de Saúde
Maputo, Maputo1102, Mozambique
| | - Joe Brown
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Public
Health, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina27599, United States
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9
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Chandrakar C, Shakya S, Patyal A, Jain A, Ali SL, Mishra OP. ERIC-PCR based molecular typing of multidrug resistant Escherichia coli isolated from houseflies (Musca domestica) in the environment of milk and meat shops. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 75:1549-1558. [PMID: 36038146 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance has become a major global public health concern. A component of this problem is the spread of the antibiotic resistant bacteria. Flies move freely between habitats of food-producing animals and human beings and thus have great potential for dissemination of antimicrobial resistant bacteria from a contaminated environment to milk and meat markets, posing potential hazards for the consumers. During the present study, a total of 150 houseflies were captured from milk and meat shops located in Durg and Raipur city of Chhattisgarh, India. The E. coli were isolated from houseflies and characterized on the basis of cultural and molecular tests. Further, the isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing against frequently used antibiotics using disk diffusion method. The antibiotic resistance genes and int1 gene were detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 45 E. coli isolates were obtained from the fly samples with overall prevalence rate of 30.0%. Antibiogram results confirmed that E. coli isolates were resistant to multiple antibiotics. Out of the (45) isolates of E. coli, 17 (37.8%) isolates were extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producer and multi-drug resistant (MDR). Out of the ESBL and MDR E.coli isolates, blaCTX-M (24.4%), blaTEM (11.1%), tetA (28.8%), tetB (26.7%), gyrA (26.7%), parC (31. 1%) and int1 genes (15.5%) were detected but none of the isolates were found positive for blaSHV gene. Findings of the present study confirm that MDR E. coli are widely distributed in houseflies and play an important role in transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria from contaminated environment to milk and meat shop environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choodamani Chandrakar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Durg, 491001, India
| | - Sanjay Shakya
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Durg, 491001, India
| | - Anil Patyal
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Durg, 491001, India
| | - Asit Jain
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Durg, 491001, India
| | - Syed L Ali
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Durg, 491001, India
| | - O P Mishra
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Durg, 491001, India
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10
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Lee J, Pelto GH, Nordhagen S. Beliefs, values, and sociocultural patterns related to food safety in low- and middle-income countries: A synthesis of the descriptive ethnographic literature. Appetite 2022; 178:106265. [PMID: 35932969 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne disease is intimately connected to nutrition and causes considerable harm to health and economic wellbeing. Consumers play a key role in food safety, making it essential to understand the motivations, beliefs, and practices that shape their decisions. Ethnographic research methods are well suited to understanding such topics but have rarely been applied to food safety. This paper presents an evidence synthesis of ethnographic studies, with an emphasis on food safety beliefs, values, and related socio-cultural information, and a focus on consumers' purchasing behaviors. Vendor perspectives are also briefly considered. Key findings include the importance of trust, strategies to reduce risk, the effects of economic status and gender, and broader cultural concepts about foods that influence food purchasing. The synthesis demonstrates that there are numerous social and cultural factors that influence decision making related to food safety, offering insights for the design of interventions to reduce exposure to foodborne disease and improve nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Lee
- Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN), Geneva, Switzerland.
| | | | - Stella Nordhagen
- Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN), Geneva, Switzerland.
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Wiktorczyk-Kapischke N, Skowron K, Kwiecińska-Piróg J, Białucha A, Wałecka-Zacharska E, Grudlewska-Buda K, Kraszewska Z, Gospodarek-Komkowska E. Flies as a potential vector of selected alert pathogens in a hospital environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:1868-1887. [PMID: 33926318 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2021.1919605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Multi-drug resistant pathogens are a global problem. Flies are a potential vector of multi-drug resistant pathogens, which can be particularly dangerous in the hospital environment. This study aimed to evaluate flies as vectors of alert pathogens. The research material consisted of 100 flies (Musca domestica (46.0%), Lucilia sericata (28.0%), and Calliphora vicina (26.0%)) collected at the University Hospital No. 1 dr. A. Jurasz in Bydgoszcz (Poland) in 2018-2019 (summer months). The presence of bacteria of the genera: Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Escherichia, Leclercia, Citrobacter, Hafnia, Providencia, Proteus, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Raoultella, Morganella, Moellerella, Bordetella, Pantoea, Serratia, Plesiomonas, Wohlfahrimonas, and Lelliottia was confirmed. The most frequently isolated species included: Enterococcus faecalis (n = 64), Escherichia coli (n = 43) and Moellerella wisconsensis (n = 24). The infection rate and antibiotic resistance of bacteria were assessed. One strain of Proteus mirabilis (isolated from Calliphora vicina) produced ESBLs (extended-spectrum beta-lactamases). The infection rate was 0.38%, 0.26%, and 0.20% for Musca domestica, Lucilia sericata, and Calliphora vicina, respectively. The flies from a hospital area were not a vector of alert pathogens. Monitoring flies as potential vectors of pathogens is an important aspect of public health, especially for hospitalized patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Wiktorczyk-Kapischke
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum of L. Rydygier in Bydgoszcz Poland
| | - Krzysztof Skowron
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum of L. Rydygier in Bydgoszcz Poland
| | - Joanna Kwiecińska-Piróg
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum of L. Rydygier in Bydgoszcz Poland
| | - Agata Białucha
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum of L. Rydygier in Bydgoszcz Poland
| | - Ewa Wałecka-Zacharska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Grudlewska-Buda
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum of L. Rydygier in Bydgoszcz Poland
| | - Zuzanna Kraszewska
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum of L. Rydygier in Bydgoszcz Poland
| | - Eugenia Gospodarek-Komkowska
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum of L. Rydygier in Bydgoszcz Poland
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Flies as Vectors and Potential Sentinels for Bacterial Pathogens and Antimicrobial Resistance: A Review. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9060300. [PMID: 35737352 PMCID: PMC9228806 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9060300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique biology of flies and their omnipresence in the environment of people and animals makes them ideal candidates to be important vectors of antimicrobial resistance genes. Consequently, there has been increasing research on the bacteria and antimicrobial resistance genes that are carried by flies and their role in the spread of resistance. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on the transmission of bacterial pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes by flies, and the roles flies might play in the maintenance, transmission, and surveillance of antimicrobial resistance.
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13
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A bottom-up view of antimicrobial resistance transmission in developing countries. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:757-765. [PMID: 35637328 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01124-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is tracked most closely in clinical settings and high-income countries. However, resistant organisms thrive globally and are transmitted to and from healthy humans, animals and the environment, particularly in many low- and middle-income settings. The overall public health and clinical significance of these transmission opportunities remain to be completely clarified. There is thus considerable global interest in promoting a One Health view of AMR to enable a more realistic understanding of its ecology. In reality, AMR surveillance outside hospitals remains insufficient and it has been very challenging to convincingly document transmission at the interfaces between clinical specimens and other niches. In this Review, we describe AMR and its transmission in low- and middle-income-country settings, emphasizing high-risk transmission points such as urban settings and food-animal handling. In urban and food production settings, top-down and infrastructure-dependent interventions against AMR that require strong regulatory oversight are less likely to curtail transmission when used alone and should be combined with bottom-up AMR-containment approaches. We observe that the power of genomics to expose transmission channels and hotspots is largely unharnessed, and that existing and upcoming technological innovations need to be exploited towards containing AMR in low- and middle-income settings.
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14
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Pakbin B, Brück WM, Rossen JWA. Virulence Factors of Enteric Pathogenic Escherichia coli: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9922. [PMID: 34576083 PMCID: PMC8468683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli are remarkably versatile microorganisms and important members of the normal intestinal microbiota of humans and animals. This harmless commensal organism can acquire a mixture of comprehensive mobile genetic elements that contain genes encoding virulence factors, becoming an emerging human pathogen capable of causing a broad spectrum of intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. Nine definite enteric E. coli pathotypes have been well characterized, causing diseases ranging from various gastrointestinal disorders to urinary tract infections. These pathotypes employ many virulence factors and effectors subverting the functions of host cells to mediate their virulence and pathogenesis. This review summarizes new developments in our understanding of diverse virulence factors associated with encoding genes used by different pathotypes of enteric pathogenic E. coli to cause intestinal and extraintestinal diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Pakbin
- Institute for Life Technologies, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland Valais-Wallis, 1950 Sion 2, Switzerland;
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin 15315-3419, Iran
| | - Wolfram M. Brück
- Institute for Life Technologies, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland Valais-Wallis, 1950 Sion 2, Switzerland;
| | - John W. A. Rossen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
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Carramaschi IN, Lopes JCO, Leite JA, Carneiro MT, Barbosa RR, Boas MHV, Rangel K, Chagas TPG, Queiroz MM, Zahner V. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in flies (Diptera) in Rio de Janeiro city. Acta Trop 2021; 220:105962. [PMID: 34029528 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria were isolated from muscoid dipterans collected at five different areas of Rio de Janeiro city, in proximity to hospitals. Extracts obtained by maceration of flies were diluted and used as inocula for different culture media, with or without antibiotic (ceftriaxone 1 mg/L) supplementation. Purified isolates were submitted to antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). Bacterial identification was performed by MALDI TOF Microflex LT (Bruker Daltonics). A total of 197 bacterial strains were obtained from 117 dipterous muscoids. Forty-two flies (35.9%) carried bacteria resistant to at least one antimicrobial, while 7 insects (5.9%) carried multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR), which were all members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Among 10 MDR bacteria (5%), 5 strains (2,5%) were positive by PCR for one or more of the following antibiotic resistance genes: aac(6')-Ib, blaTEM-1, blaCTX-M-15, blaKPC-2 and blaNDM-1. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and cluster analysis compared the number of resistant isolates per collection point and showed that a single location was statistically different from the others with regard to resistance. Although there are still no criteria to determine the environmental contamination by resistant bacteria the fact that they have been isolated from flies is an indication of a disseminated contamination. As such, these insects may be useful in monitoring programs of antibiotic resistance in non-hospital environments, where they could function as sentinels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Nogueira Carramaschi
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica e Forense, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Cep, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Jonathan Christian O Lopes
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica e Forense, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Cep, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Albuquerque Leite
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica e Forense, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Cep, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Marcos Tavares Carneiro
- Laboratório de Microbiologia do Departamento de Saneamento e Saúde Ambiental, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca, R. Leopoldo Bulhões, 1480 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-210, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Rocha Barbosa
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica e Forense, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Cep, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; Centro Universitário de Volta Redonda. Av. Paulo Erlei Alves Abrantes, 1325 - Três Poços, Volta Redonda - RJ 27240-560, Brazil
| | - Maria Helena Villas Boas
- Laboratório de Saneantes, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Cep, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Karyne Rangel
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Cep, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Thiago Pavoni Gomes Chagas
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Fluminense. Rua Marquês de Paraná, 303, Centro, Cep, Niterói 24220-000, Brazil
| | - Margareth Mc Queiroz
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica e Forense, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Cep, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Viviane Zahner
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica e Forense, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Cep, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil.
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High Carriage Rate of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella Species among Poultry Meat Vendors in Dar es Salaam: The Urgent Need for Intervention to Prevent the Spread of Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens. Int J Microbiol 2021; 2021:6653993. [PMID: 33763136 PMCID: PMC7946468 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6653993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacteria possessing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), especially E. coli and Klebsiella species, are problematic, particularly in hospitalized patients. Poultry meat vendors are at risk of carrying ESBL-producing bacteria when processing and handling meat products in an unhygienic environment. There is limited information on the carriage rate of ESBL-producing pathogens among poultry meat vendors that necessitated the conduction of the study. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted among poultry meat vendors in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Participants provided rectal swabs in transport media upon instruction. The primary isolation of ESBL-producing bacteria was carried out using MacConkey agar supplemented with ceftazidime. Identification of isolates relied on conventional methods. Double-disk synergy was the method used to confirm ESBL-producing isolates. We performed descriptive statistics using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A total of 300 participants were recruited from five districts, with a mean age of 27.2 ± 6.7 years. The majority was male (67.3%), and 74.7% worked as poultry meat vendors for more than one year. Out of 300 participants, 107 (35.7%) had confirmed ESBL-producing E. coli and Klebsiella spp. The majority of confirmed ESBL-producing isolates was E. coli (78.5%). Participants from Ubungo District had significantly higher carriage of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. (48.0%, 95% CI: 34.8–47.7) than Temeke District (21.4%, 95% CI: 13.4–32.4). Only 28.0% of participants had access to latrines at the workplace, and all working areas lacked access to running water. Conclusion The study revealed a relatively high fecal carriage rate of ESBL-producing E. coli and Klebsiella spp. among poultry meat vendors. Poor working environments and hygienic practices are risks for spread of these multidrug-resitant pathogens.
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17
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Gwenzi W. Leaving no stone unturned in light of the COVID-19 faecal-oral hypothesis? A water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) perspective targeting low-income countries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 753:141751. [PMID: 32911161 PMCID: PMC7438205 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The human coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is now a global pandemic. Social distancing, hand hygiene and the use of personal protective equipment dominate the current fight against COVID-19. In developing countries, the need for clean water provision, sanitation and hygiene has only received limited attention. The current perspective examines the latest evidence on the occurrence, persistence and faecal-oral transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent causing COVID-19. Evidence shows that SARS-CoV-2 proliferate in the human gastrointestinal system, and is shed via faeces. SARS-CoV-2 can survive and remain viable for up to 6 to 9 days on surfaces. Recent wastewater-based epidemiological studies from several countries also detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in raw wastewaters. Shell disorder analysis shows that SARS-CoV-2 has a rigid outer shell conferring resilience, and a low shell disorder conferring moderate potential for faecal-oral transmission. Taken together, these findings point to potential faecal-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2, which may partly explain its rapid transmission. Three potential mechanisms may account for SARS-CoV-2 faecal-oral transmission: (1) untreated contaminated drinking water, (2) raw and poorly cooked marine and aquatic foods from contaminated sources, (3) raw wastewater-based vegetatble production systems (e.g., salads) and aquaculture, and (4) vector-mediated transmission from faecal sources to foods, particularly those from open markets and street vending. SARS-CoV-2 faecal-oral transmission could be particularly high in developing countries due to several risk factors, including; (1) poor drinking water, wastewater and sanitation infrastructure, (2) poor hygiene and food handling practices, (3) unhygienic and rudimentary funeral practices, including home burials close to drinking water sources, and (4) poor social security and health care systems with low capacity to cope with disease outbreaks. Hence, clean drinking water provision, proper sanitation, food safety and hygiene could be critical in the current fight against COVID-19. Future research directions on COVID-19 faecal-oral transmission are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willis Gwenzi
- Biosystems and Environmental Engineering Research Group, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe.
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18
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Gwenzi W. Dangerous liaisons? As the COVID-19 wave hits Africa with potential for novel transmission dynamics: a perspective. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GESUNDHEITSWISSENSCHAFTEN = JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 30:1353-1366. [PMID: 33425657 PMCID: PMC7778499 DOI: 10.1007/s10389-020-01467-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Willis Gwenzi
- Biosystems and Environmental Engineering Research Group, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
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19
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Sobur A, Hasan M, Haque E, Mridul AI, Noreddin A, El Zowalaty ME, Rahman T. Molecular Detection and Antibiotyping of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Isolated from Houseflies in a Fish Market. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040191. [PMID: 31618930 PMCID: PMC6963335 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Houseflies (Musca domestica) are well-known mechanical vectors for spreading multidrug-resistant bacteria. Fish sold in open markets are exposed to houseflies. The present study investigated the prevalence and antibiotypes of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella spp. in houseflies captured from a fish market. Direct interviews with fish vendors and consumers were also performed to draw their perceptions about the role of flies in spreading antibiotic-resistant bacteria. A total of 60 houseflies were captured from a local fish market in Bangladesh. The presence of Salmonella spp. was confirmed using PCR method. Antibiogram was determined by the disk diffusion method, followed by the detection of tetA, tetB, and qnrA resistance genes by PCR. From the interview, it was found that most of the consumers and vendors were not aware of antibiotic resistance, but reported that flies can carry pathogens. Salmonella spp. were identified from the surface of 34 (56.7%) houseflies, of which 31 (91.2%) were found to be MDR. This study revealed 25 antibiotypes among the isolated Salmonella spp. All tested isolates were found to be resistant to tetracycline. tetA and tetB were detected in 100% and 47.1% of the isolates, respectively. Among the 10 isolates phenotypically found resistant to ciprofloxacin, six (60%) were found to be positive for qnrA gene. As far as we know, this is the first study from Bangladesh to report and describe the molecular detection of multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp. in houseflies in a fish market facility. The occurrence of a high level of MDR Salmonella in houseflies in the fish market is of great public health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdus Sobur
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (A.S.); (A.I.M.)
| | - Mehedi Hasan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh;
| | - Emdadul Haque
- Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh;
| | - Asmaul Iqbal Mridul
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (A.S.); (A.I.M.)
| | - Ayman Noreddin
- Infectious Diseases and Anti-Infective Therapy Research Group, Sharjah Medical Research Institute and College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE;
| | - Mohamed E. El Zowalaty
- Infectious Diseases and Anti-Infective Therapy Research Group, Sharjah Medical Research Institute and College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE;
- Virology and Microbiology Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, City University College of Ajman, Ajman 18484, UAE
- Correspondence: (M.E.E.Z.); (T.R.)
| | - Tanvir Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (A.S.); (A.I.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.E.E.Z.); (T.R.)
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20
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Sobur A, Haque ZF, Sabuj AAM, Ievy S, Rahman AMMT, El Zowalaty ME, Rahman T. Molecular detection of multidrug and colistin-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from house flies in various environmental settings. Future Microbiol 2019; 14:847-858. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To detect antibiotic-resistant pathogenic Escherichia coli in house flies captured from various environmental settings. Materials & methods: Isolation and identification of E. coli was performed based on culture and PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using disk diffusion test. Detection of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes was carried out using PCR methods. Results: The prevalence of E. coli in flies was 61% with highest in dairy farms (70.67%) followed by food centers (65.33%), dustbins (64%) and area close to hospital (44%). The prevalence rates of tetA, tetB, ereA, CITM, SHV, mcr-3 and catA1 resistance determinants were 88.75, 48.52, 41.67, 37.17, 27.77, 18.37 and 14.81%, respectively. Conclusion: Multidrug-resistant pathogenic E. coli are widely distributed in house flies, which requires a one-health approach to delineate their control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdus Sobur
- Department of Microbiology & Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | - Zobayda F Haque
- Department of Microbiology & Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah AM Sabuj
- Department of Microbiology & Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | - Samina Ievy
- Department of Microbiology & Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | | | - Mohamed E El Zowalaty
- Virology & Microbiology Research Group, College of Pharmacy, City University College of Ajman, Al Tallah 2, Ajman, P.O. Box 18484, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Tanvir Rahman
- Department of Microbiology & Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
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21
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Amador P, Fernandes R, Prudêncio C, Duarte I. Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae on Portuguese Livestock Manure. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:E23. [PMID: 30871244 PMCID: PMC6466527 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The exposure of both crop fields and humans to antibiotic-resistant bacteria in animal excreta is an emergent concern of the One Health initiative. This study assessed the contamination of livestock manure from poultry, pig, dairy farms and slaughterhouses in Portugal with resistance determinants. The resistance profiles of 331 Enterobacteriaceae isolates to eight β-lactam (amoxicillin, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, cefpirome, aztreonam, ceftazidime, imipenem and meropenem) and to five non-β-lactam antibiotics (tetracycline (TET), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT), ciprofloxacin (CIP), chloramphenicol (CHL) and gentamicin) was investigated. Forty-nine integron and non-β-lactam resistance genes were also screened for. Rates of resistance to the 13 antibiotics ranged from 80.8% to 0.6%. Multidrug resistance (MDR) rates were highest in pig farm samples (79%). Thirty different integron and resistance genes were identified. These were mainly associated with resistance to CHL (catI and catII), CIP (mainly, qnrS, qnrB and oqx), TET (mainly tet(A) and tet(M)) and SXT (mostly dfrIa group and sul3). In MDR isolates, integron presence and non-β-lactam resistance to TET, SXT and CHL were positively correlated. Overall, a high prevalence of MDR Enterobacteriaceae was found in livestock manure. The high gene diversity for antibiotic resistance identified in this study highlights the risk of MDR spread within the environment through manure use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Amador
- Environment Department, Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society (CERNAS), College of Agriculture, Polytechnic of Coimbra, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ruben Fernandes
- Department Chemical Sciences and Biomolecules, School Allied Health Sciences, Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cristina Prudêncio
- Department Chemical Sciences and Biomolecules, School Allied Health Sciences, Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Isabel Duarte
- Environment Department, Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society (CERNAS), College of Agriculture, Polytechnic of Coimbra, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhoeal disease accounts for millions of child deaths every year. Although the role of flies as vectors of infectious diarrhoea has been established, fly control is not often mentioned as an approach to decrease childhood diarrhoea. Theoretically, fly control for decreasing diarrhoea incidence can be achieved by intervening at four different levels: reduction or elimination of fly breeding sites; reduction of sources that attract houseflies; prevention of contact between flies and disease-causing organisms; and protection of people, food, and food utensils from contact with flies. OBJECTIVES To assess the impact of various housefly control measures on the incidence of diarrhoea and its related morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age. SEARCH METHODS We searched electronic databases including the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and LILACS, from database inception to 24 May 2018. We also searched trial registries for relevant grey literature and ongoing trials. We checked the references of the identified studies and reviews. We did not apply any filters for language, publication status (published, unpublished, in press, and ongoing), or publication date. SELECTION CRITERIA We planned to include randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-RCTs, and controlled before-and-after studies that studied the effect of fly control on diarrhoea in children under five years of age. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors extracted the data and independently assessed the risk of bias in the included study. We planned to contact study authors for additional information, where necessary. We assessed the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS We included one cluster-RCT (491 participants) conducted in Pakistan that evaluated insecticide spraying in the first two years and baited fly traps in the third year. Insecticide spraying reduced the fly population (house index) in the intervention group during the four months of the year when both flies and cases of diarrhoea were more common, but not at other times. On average, this was associated with a reduction in the incidence of diarrhoea in the first year (illustrative mean episodes per child-year in the intervention group was 6.3 while in the control group was 7.1) and second year of the intervention (illustrative mean episodes per child‒year in the intervention group was 4.4 while in the control group was 6.5; rate ratio (RaR) 0.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.67 to 0.89, low-certainty evidence). In the third year of the intervention, the baited fly traps did not demonstrate an effect on the fly population or on diarrhoea incidence (RaR 1.15, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.47, low-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The trial, conducted in a setting where there were clear seasonal peaks in fly numbers and associated diarrhoea, shows insecticide spraying may reduce diarrhoea in children. Further research on whether this finding is applicable to other setting is required, as well as work on other fly control methods, their effects, feasibility, costs, and acceptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai K Das
- Aga Khan University HospitalDivision of Women and Child HealthStadium RoadPO Box 3500KarachiSindPakistan
| | - Yousaf Bashir Hadi
- West Virginia UniversityDepartment of Internal Medicine1 Medical Center DriveMorgantownWest VirginiaUSA26506
| | - Rehana A Salam
- Aga Khan University HospitalDivision of Women and Child HealthStadium RoadPO Box 3500KarachiSindPakistan
| | - Mehar Hoda
- Aga Khan University HospitalDivision of Women and Child HealthStadium RoadPO Box 3500KarachiSindPakistan
| | - Zohra S Lassi
- The University of AdelaideThe Robinson Research InstituteAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia5005
| | - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- The Hospital for Sick ChildrenCentre for Global Child HealthTorontoONCanadaM5G A04
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23
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Khamesipour F, Lankarani KB, Honarvar B, Kwenti TE. A systematic review of human pathogens carried by the housefly (Musca domestica L.). BMC Public Health 2018; 18:1049. [PMID: 30134910 PMCID: PMC6104014 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5934-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The synanthropic house fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), is a mechanical vector of pathogens (bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites), some of which cause serious diseases in humans and domestic animals. In the present study, a systematic review was done on the types and prevalence of human pathogens carried by the house fly. METHODS Major health-related electronic databases including PubMed, PubMed Central, Google Scholar, and Science Direct were searched (Last update 31/11/2017) for relevant literature on pathogens that have been isolated from the house fly. RESULTS Of the 1718 titles produced by bibliographic search, 99 were included in the review. Among the titles included, 69, 15, 3, 4, 1 and 7 described bacterial, fungi, bacteria+fungi, parasites, parasite+bacteria, and viral pathogens, respectively. Most of the house flies were captured in/around human habitation and animal farms. Pathogens were frequently isolated from body surfaces of the flies. Over 130 pathogens, predominantly bacteria (including some serious and life-threatening species) were identified from the house flies. Numerous publications also reported antimicrobial resistant bacteria and fungi isolated from house flies. CONCLUSIONS This review showed that house flies carry a large number of pathogens which can cause serious infections in humans and animals. More studies are needed to identify new pathogens carried by the house fly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faham Khamesipour
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran.
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Kamran Bagheri Lankarani
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Behnam Honarvar
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Tebit Emmanuel Kwenti
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health science, University of Buea, Buea, Southwest Region, Cameroon
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24
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Stanley IJ, Kajumbula H, Bazira J, Kansiime C, Rwego IB, Asiimwe BB. Multidrug resistance among Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae carried in the gut of out-patients from pastoralist communities of Kasese district, Uganda. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200093. [PMID: 30016317 PMCID: PMC6049918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial resistance is a worldwide public health emergency that requires urgent attention. Most of the effort to prevent this coming catastrophe is occurring in high income countries and we do not know the extent of the problem in low and middle-income countries, largely because of low laboratory capacity coupled with lack of effective surveillance systems. We aimed at establishing the magnitude of antimicrobial resistance among Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae carried in the gut of out-patients from pastoralist communities of rural Western Uganda. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out among pastoralists living in and around the Queen Elizabeth Protected Area (QEPA). Stool samples were collected from individuals from pastoralist communities who presented to the health facilities with fever and/or diarrhea without malaria and delivered to the microbiology laboratory of College of Health Sciences-Makerere University for processing, culture and drug susceptibility testing. Results A total of 300 participants fulfilling the inclusion criteria were recruited into the study. Three hundred stool samples were collected, with 209 yielding organisms of interest. Out of 209 stool samples that were positive, 181 (89%) grew E. coli, 23 (11%) grew K. pneumoniae and five grew Shigella. Generally, high antibiotic resistance patterns were detected among E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolated. High resistance against cotrimoxazole 74%, ampicillin 67%, amoxicillin/clavulanate 37%, and ciprofloxacin 31% was observed among the E. coli. In K. pneumoniae, cotrimoxazole 68% and amoxicillin/clavulanate 46%, were the most resisted antimicrobials. Additionally, 57% and 82% of the E. coli and K. pneumoniae respectively were resistant to at least three classes of the antimicrobials tested. Resistance to carbapenems was not detected among K. pneumoniae and only 0.6% of the E. coli were resistant to carbapenems. Isolates producing ESBLs comprised 12% and 23% of E. coli and K. pneumoniae respectively. Conclusion We demonstrated high antimicrobial resistance, including multidrug resistance, among E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates from pastoralist out-patients. We recommend a One Health approach to establish the sources and drivers of this problem to inform public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iramiot Jacob Stanley
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Busitema University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Henry Kajumbula
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joel Bazira
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Catherine Kansiime
- One Health Central and Eastern Africa (OHCEA) network, School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Innocent B Rwego
- One Health Central and Eastern Africa (OHCEA) network, School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University Kampala, Uganda.,Ecosystem Health Division, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Benon B Asiimwe
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Jaja IF, Green E, Muchenje V. Aerobic Mesophilic, Coliform, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus Counts of Raw Meat from the Formal and Informal Meat Sectors in South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15040819. [PMID: 29690529 PMCID: PMC5923861 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15040819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne disease (FBD) is a global public health concern, and foods from animal sources have been associated with outbreaks of food-related illness. In this study, animal carcasses from the two abattoirs (HT1 and HT2) in the formal meat sector (FMS) and slaughter points in the informal meat sector (INMS) were examined at two stages of slaughter (before washing and after washing) for aerobic colony counts (ACC) and total viable count (TCC), as well as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus count. At each stage, carcasses were sampled by swabbing at the neck, brisket, flank, and rump. ACC for beef, mutton, and pork carcasses at HT1 and HT2 before washing were between 2.5–5.8, 2.2–4.7, and 2.7–3.7 mean log CFU/cm2, respectively, and TCC count before washing was highest on the neck of cattle (6.3 ± 2.4) and after washing was highest on the perineal of sheep (5.7 ± 6.9). In the INMS, TCC count was highest on the brisket (6.9 ± 3.2) and in the neck (5.5 ± 2.4). Higher ACC values of 6.2–6.7 mean log CFU/cm2 were obtained in the INMS. The highest count for E. coli (4.2 mean log CFU/cm2) after washing was in the neck, while the highest count for S. aureus (4.0 mean log CFU/cm2) was in the flank. All bacteria count in the INMS exceeded acceptable limits, and washing did not significantly reduce microbial load in meat in the FMS and INMS. Bacteria count in the FMS and INMS exceeded acceptable standards. However, meat processed in the INMS poses a more significant risk of FBD to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishmael Festus Jaja
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa.
| | - Ezekiel Green
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa.
| | - Voster Muchenje
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa.
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