Physical Activity and Physical Fitness among University Students-A Systematic Review

Sleep Quality and Mental Health Among Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Sleep disturbances and mental health disorders represent a significant public health concern. Medical students, in particular, experience intense academic pressure, long study hours, irregular schedules, and the emotional burden of clinical training, all of which may contribute to the development of sleep disturbances and mental health issues. This study aims to assess sleep quality and the prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress among medical students, as well as their interrelationships. Methods: This multicentric cross-sectional study was conducted in January and February 2025 among medical students from two medical faculties in Croatia. Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), while symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress were evaluated using Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Results: The study included 386 participants, of whom 96 were male and 290 were female students. It was found that 67.9% of students had poor sleep quality, while symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress were reported by 38.8%, 45.3%, and 40.4% of participants, respectively. Female students exhibited higher PSQI scores (U = 10,205, p < 0.001), as well as higher levels of depression (U = 10,372, p < 0.001), anxiety (U = 10,328, p < 0.001), and stress scores (U = 10,560, p < 0.001). Additionally, significant moderate positive correlations were observed between the total PSQI score and depression (ρ = 0.566, p < 0.001), anxiety (ρ = 0.489, p < 0.001), and stress scores (ρ = 0.503, p < 0.001). Moreover, an increase in depression (β = 0.178, p < 0.001) and anxiety scores (β = 0.141, p < 0.001) contributed to a higher total PSQI score, indicating poorer sleep quality. Conclusions: A high prevalence of poor sleep quality and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress was observed among medical students, with female students exhibiting higher levels of these variables. Furthermore, poorer sleep quality was associated with higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress.

Cardiovascular Health in the Transition From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

Cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of death in the United States, with an alarming rise in the proportion of young adults experiencing cardiovascular events. Many adolescents enter adulthood with significant cardiovascular disease risk factors. This scientific statement addresses the critical need for cardiovascular health promotion during emerging adulthood, a transitional stage between the ages of 18 and 25 or 29 years of age. We discuss the significance of social determinants of health and the interplay between individual-level risk factors and developmental changes, including shifts in substance use, social connections, and emotional well-being. We conclude by outlining strategies for optimizing cardiovascular health promotion and disease prevention, underscoring the importance of primordial prevention, early intervention, and tailored approaches to address the unique needs of emerging adults. Addressing these multifaceted factors is crucial for mitigating the burden of cardiovascular disease risk factors among emerging adults and promoting long-term cardiovascular well-being.

Evaluation of the utility of group-based physical activity among university students: a systematic review protocol

INTRODUCTION

Sedentary behaviours are a prevalent issue among university students worldwide. The negative impact of low physical activity (PA) levels among university students on mental and physical health is well-documented. Regular PA is linked to numerous health benefits and protects against non-communicable diseases. While group-based physical activity (GBPA) interventions show promise, their effectiveness in increasing PA levels among university students remains uncertain. This review aims to identify, evaluate and elucidate the key determinants of successful GBPA interventions tailored to this population.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

We will search articles from PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus via EBSCOhost, Africa-Wide, PsycInfo and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature. We will perform article screening, data extraction and quality assessment of eligible studies in duplicate. The risk of bias in individual studies will be assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration tool for randomised control trials, Risk Of Bias In Non-randomised Studies - of Interventions for non-randomised interventional studies and Risk of Bias in Non-randomised Studies - of Exposure. We will conduct a narrative synthesis of the findings. If there is homogeneity of primary outcomes, we will perform a meta-analysis to appraise evidence across studies. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation will be used to synthesise the quality of evidence across studies.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

Ethical approval is not required for this systematic review protocol; we will analyse published primary studies. Findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at conferences.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER

CRD42024553196.

Association between daily movement behaviors and optimal physical fitness of university students: a compositional data analysis

OBJECTIVE

This study investigates the relationship between movement behaviors and physical fitness (PF) in university students, and based on the top 5% of model-predicted outcomes for PF to determine the optimal movement behaviors balance.

METHODS

A total of 463 university students aged 15-24 years from Jinhua City wore accelerometers to measure moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), light-intensity physical activity (LPA), and sedentary behavior (SB). Sleep (SLP) was self-reported. The body mass index (BMI), forced vital capacity (FVC), 50-meter dash, standing long jump, sit-and-reach, sit-ups (female), pull-ups (male), 800-meter run (female), and 1000-meter run (male) were used as indicators to assess the physical fitness of university students. Regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between movement behaviors and PF. All possible movement component combinations were investigated to determine the best correlation (top 5%) with each outcome.

RESULTS

For males, SB (β = 5.05, p < 0.05) was significantly correlated with an increase in BMI. MVPA was significantly correlated with improvements in BMI (β = -1.75, p < 0.05), FVC (β = 494.21, p < 0.05), and endurance qualities (β = -25.77, p < 0.05). For females, MVPA was significantly correlated with improvements in BMI (β = -1.03, p < 0.05), FVC (β = 176.05, p < 0.05), speed capability (β = -0.26, p < 0.05), and endurance qualities (β = -16.38, p < 0.05). LPA was associated with improvements in endurance qualities (β = -24.10, p < 0.05). SB was significantly correlated with a decline in endurance qualities (β = 24.25, p < 0.05). The average (range) optimal combination of time use was as follows: For males, MVPA = 142 min/day, SB = 534 min/day, LPA = 295 min/day, and SLP = 469 min/day. For females, MVPA = 115 min/day, SB = 536 min/day, LPA = 306 min/day, and SLP = 482 min/day.

CONCLUSION

For both males and females, increased MVPA and reduced sedentary time were associated with improved endurance and strength, while optimal sleep duration contributed to overall fitness. These findings highlight the importance of a balanced daily movement schedule for university students.

Examination of factors associated with physical activity among medical students pre and post-COVID-19 in Serbia

The association of physical activity (PA) with the prevention and treatment of various diseases is well known. The issue of insufficient physical activity among university students has worsened due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this research is to examine the social, lifestyle, and health factors associated with moderate and high levels of PA in two cross-sectional studies conducted before and after COVID-19 involving 1,266 medical students from five universities in Serbia. Two cross-sectional studies were conducted on the population of fifth-year medical students from five different universities in Serbia before and after the COVID-19 pandemic (in 2019 and 2023). The research instrument was a questionnaire specially designed based on similar research. The mean energy expenditure in MET-minutes per week increased from 2,265.26 ± 1,930.67 in 2019 to 2,871.65 ± 2,301.99 in 2023 (p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis with high PA as an outcome variable for the entire sample showed the association of high PA with the University of Kosovska Mitrovica and score on the Zung anxiety scale. Multivariate logistic regression analysis with high PA as an outcome variable for 2019 showed the association of high PA with the University of Kosovska Mitrovica, number of meals per day, and score on the Zung anxiety scale. Multivariate logistic regression analysis with high PA as an outcome variable for 2023 showed the association of high PA with the University of Kosovska Mitrovica, number of meals per day, and score on the Zung anxiety scale. The average energy expenditure was significantly higher in 2023. Factors such as studying in Kosovska Mitrovica, scores on the Zung Anxiety Scale, alcohol consumption, binge drinking in the past month, and the number of meals consumed per day were associated with either moderate or high levels of PA or both.

Relationship Between Sedentary Lifestyle, Physical Activity and Stress in University Students and Their Life Habits: A Scoping Review with PRISMA Checklist (PRISMA-ScR)

The global prevalence of sedentary lifestyles and the associated health risks, such as cardiovascular, metabolic and mental issues, is an epidemic worldwide problem, particularly in the university population.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

University students are particularly vulnerable because of academic pressure and lifestyle changes. Despite the well-known benefits of physical activity in reducing mental stress and improving physical and mental well-being, the literature lacks effective interventions and standardized protocols for this population. This study aims to investigate the state of the art in literature regarding the correlation between the use of physical activity as a means of prevention and intervention and the effects on university students' stress and mental well-being.

METHODS

A scoping review was conducted using the PRISMA protocol for scoping reviews, targeting university population with specific terms.

RESULTS

The review analyzed 61 articles and identified a consistent positive correlation between physical activity and stress reduction. Interventions included yoga, tai chi, aerobic exercise and moderate- or high-intensity exercise. A lack of standardized protocols were also evident.

CONCLUSIONS

Physical activity is an effective means for managing stress and improving mental well-being among university students. An integrated approach combining different forms of exercise and strategies to regulate emotions could provide very effective effects on the mental well-being of students. Universities should propose physical activity programs in several forms to enable students to choose the most appropriate one and keep them active.

Relationship between motivational climate, anxiety and average mark in pre-service physical education teachers: a cross-sectional study based on structural equation modelling approach

BACKGROUND

Motivation is a variable that directly influences task orientation. Within the motivational sphere, the motivational climate determines whether a task is performed with an intrinsic or extrinsic.

PURPOSE

It has been observed that depending on motivational orientations, anxiety levels and task performance can be increased. Likewise, there are differences in interests depending on the gender of individuals.

METHODS

This research aims (a) To elaborate and adjust a theoretical model of the causal relationship of motivational climate on anxiety and academic performance and (b) To analyse the causal relationship between the motivational climate on anxiety and the average mark of the participants. Regarding the design, a comparative, cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out on a sample of 558 trainee physical education teachers. The sample for this study is from southern Spain. Likewise, the branch of study of the sample is related to university degrees in education sciences and physical activity and sport sciences. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport-2 and an ad hoc socio-demographic questionnaire were used to collect the data.

RESULTS

It is observed that the male sex presents a greater causal relationship of task climate (β=-0.259; p ≤ 0.05) and ego climate (β = 0.324; p ≤ 0.001) on anxiety. A stronger causal relationship of task climate (β = 0.340; p ≤ 0.001) and ego climate (β = 0.241; p ≤ 0.05) on mean score is also observed for the male population. The sample presents a negative causal relationship of anxiety on the average mark. This is higher for the male population (β=-0.126).

CONCLUSIONS

Male students show a greater causal effect of motivational climate on anxiety and grade point average. Likewise, the causal relationship of task climate on the development of anxiety is negative for the study sample. In contrast, the ego climate exerts a positive causal relationship on the development of anxiety.

Trends in Physical Abilities of Physical Education Students Between the Years 2000-2021

BACKGROUND

The comforts of modern life have markedly caused a reduction in physical activity. Approximately only one third of the adult population engages in regular physical activity levels as recommended, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. The study aimed to determine if physical education undergraduate students' cardiorespiratory and abdominal endurance levels changed between 2000-2021.

METHODS

We collected data from 1353 physical education undergraduate students, 20-30 years of age. Data included evaluations of the following abilities: cardiorespiratory endurance using the time result of a 2000-m run, abdominal muscle endurance measured using 1-minute sit-up test results, arms muscle endurance using maximal numbers of push-up test results, and agility using 4 × 10-m shuttle run results.

RESULTS

Findings include a statistically significant decline over the years in cardiorespiratory endurance with medium effect size for males and females (r = .293; 95% CI, 0.215 to .367; and r = .222; 95% CI, .133 to .308, respectively), and abdominal muscle endurance with medium effect size for males and females (r = -.394; 95% CI, -.455 to -.329; and r = -.366; 95% CI, -.434 to -.294, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

We concluded that the decline in the physical abilities of physical education undergraduate students over a span of 20 years is significant. Also, in light of the current technological age, further physical activity considerations should be given to populations younger than 18 and of other particular adult populations.

Food insecurity and lifestyle behaviours in university students amidst the COVID-19 pandemic: a comparative survey across three countries

BACKGROUND

University students, often unemployed and reliant on low-nutrition foods, are susceptible to food insecurity (FI) with potential physical and mental health challenges. This study explores FI and its impact on lifestyle behaviours among university students.

METHODS

A cross-sectional web-based study was performed by sending an online questionnaire to university students in Lebanon, Cyprus, and Germany during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using validated measures, i.e., the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale, International Physical Activity Questionnaire, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener, adjusted linear regression models were performed to assess the associations between country, FI and physical activity, sleep quality, and diet.

RESULTS

In a convenience sample of 611 individuals (350 in Germany, 214 in Lebanon, and 47 in Cyprus) enrolled in the study, 547 provided complete response. 190 (34.7%) experienced FI, of whom 52 (9.5%) were severely food-insecure, with variation of FI prevalence between countries (18.9% in Germany, 14.9% in Cyprus, and 60.3% in Lebanon). Lifestyle behaviours also differed between participants from the three countries, with students in Germany exhibiting the highest physical activity level and the lowest adherence to the Mediterranean diet compared with Lebanon and Cyprus. On the other hand, participants from Lebanon and Cyprus had similar physical activity and diet behaviours. Concerning sleep, students in Cyprus showed the poorest quality. FI significantly correlated with reduced physical activity (beta - 0.171, 95% Confidence Interval (-0.313, -0.029)), but not with sleep or diet. The country of residence independently predicted lifestyle behaviours (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

This study suggests that FI impacts university students in countries of varying income levels, and the country of residence independently influences lifestyle behaviours. Larger-size studies are essential to confirm these findings and further explore FI's impact on university students outside the context of the pandemic.

Breaking sedentary behavior among university students: the interest of incorporating cycling desks concurrently with an academic task at light intensity

Introduction: University students experience ≈ 9 h of sitting/day, which may support interventions like active desks. Participants: University students (n = 24) Method: Randomized crossover trial aimed to compare effects of sitting (SED), low and moderate-intensity cycling desks (CDLPA; CDMPA) concurrent to an academic task (30-minute video + written exam). Selective visual attention (Tobii Glasses 2) was measured throughout the intervention, and workload (NASA-TLX) and anxiety (POMS-SF) were assessed before and after the video and post-exam. Results: In this pilot study, the exam scores were lower for CDMPA compared to CDLPA (p = 0.009). During the video, selective visual attention was lower for CDMPA compared to SED and CDMPA compared to CDLPA (both p < 0.001). After the video, the perceived workload was higher with CDMPA, compared to SED and CDLPA (both p < 0.001). Anxiety increased throughout the experiment, regardless of the conditions (p = 0.015). Conclusion: CPLPA may be prioritized to increase physical activity levels without hindering learning processes.

Exploring the role of social capital in enhancing physical activity among college and university students: A systematic review

College and university students often exhibit insufficient levels of physical activity, which negatively impacts their health, mental well-being, and academic performance. Social capital has emerged as a potential factor in promoting physical activity. This systematic review, conducted in line with PRISMA guidelines, examines the existing literature on the role of social capital in enhancing physical activity among college and university students. A search of the Web of Science, Scopus, SportDiscus, and PsychINFO databases identified 10 studies published by August 1, 2024, involving 2,700 students, primarily from North America and Europe. The overall quality of the included studies was high, with all scoring above 85% on quality assessments. The findings indicate that social capital, particularly strong social networks, support from family and friends, and high levels of social cohesion, is significantly associated with higher levels of physical activity among college and university students. Social capital may facilitate physical activity in group settings through mechanisms such as emotional support, role modeling, and social norms. Despite limitations within the existing research evidence, such as reliance on self-reported data and cross-sectional study designs, this review suggests that social capital holds potential for promoting physical activity in this population. Future research should prioritize the use of objective measurement tools and longitudinal designs to more accurately assess the long-term effects of social capital and explore how these findings can inform effective interventions.

Effects of emotional intelligence on physical activity engagement and the mediating roles of achievement motivation and interpersonal relationship in Chinese undergraduate students

Background

Engaging in physical activity has been demonstrated to enhance cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, bone health, and cardiometabolic health. However, it is concerning that more than 80% of students globally do not meet the recommended standard of at least 1 h of physical activity per day. It is imperative to enhance student involvement in physical activities.

Objective

This study aims to investigate the effect of emotional intelligence (EI) on undergraduate students' physical activity engagement (PAE), to elucidate the mediating role of achievement motivation (AM) and interpersonal relationships (IR).

Methods

A stratified whole-sample was used to survey 810 university students (19.84 ± 1.40 years). The scale items were designed to assess the participants' EI, PAE, AM, and IR based on the correlation scale. SPSS and AMOS were used to analyze the mediating effect.

Results and conclusion

The results demonstrated a positive effect of EI on AM and PAE (β = 0.29, p < 0.001; β = 0.28, p < 0.001). Furthermore, AM was found to have a positive effect on PAE (β = 0.07, p < 0.05). Notably, AM mediated between EI and PAE. In conclusion, our findings provide further insight into the effect of EI on undergraduate students' PAE, and reveal the mediating role of AM.

The impact of family and friend support of physical activity on the participation in physical activity within Indigenous individuals in Saskatoon

Introduction

Social support within Indigenous worldviews is recognized as a component of health and has been associated with physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Physical Activity (PA) is a modifiable behaviour that can help reduce risks of disease and benefit many dimensions of health. The purpose of this study was to compare the physical activity of Indigenous adults in Saskatchewan with and without family/friend support of PA.

Methods

The Family Influence on Physical Activity questionnaire was used to record the extent and forms of family/friend support of PA. The Godin Shepard Leisure Exercise Questionnaire (GSLEQ) was used to measure weekly PA, including moderate PA (MPA), vigorous PA (VPA), exercise frequency (WEF) and GSLEQ scores.

Results

Indigenous participants overall, First Nations and Cree participants specifically with family/friend involvement in PA reported greater weekly WEF and GSLEQ scores. Indigenous participants overall and First Nations participants specifically with family and friends who watch them engage in PA reported greater weekly VPA and GSLEQ scores. Among First Nations and Cree participants specifically, those with family/friends encouragement of PA reported greater weekly VPA, WEF and GSLEQ scores. Furthermore, First Nations participants with active family/friends reported significantly greater weekly VPA (36.8 ± 51.5 min·week-1 vs. 80.2 ± 108.5 min·week-1; p = 0.01). Greater weekly VPA was found in Métis participants with family/friend involvement in PA and with family/friends who watch them engage in PA (67.6 ± 59.6 min·week-1 vs. 29.5 ± 40.8 min·week-1; p = 0.01).

Discussion

Social support, specifically family/friends involvement, has a significant impact on Indigenous participation in PA.

30 Years of Change: Declining Motor Fitness and Anthropometric Shifts in Polish University Students (1994-2024)

BACKGROUND

To assess changes in the anthropometric and motor characteristics of male and female Polish university students between 1994 and 2024.

METHODS

The first study was conducted in 1994 on 712 female and 495 male university students aged 19-25 years (19.94 ± 1.09), and the second study was conducted in 2024 on 323 female and 339 male university students aged 19-25 years (19.92 ± 1.08). The participants' body mass and height were measured, and the students participated in a modified version of Pilicz's test consisting of four motor ability tests. The changes in the students' performance over time were also analyzed in the context of their socioeconomic status (SES), including the place of permanent residence and the parents' education.

RESULTS

The students' BMI values (as well as body mass and body height in female students) were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in 2024 than in 1994. The male students examined in 1994 demonstrated significantly higher strength abilities in the medicine ball forward throw test. In turn, the females studied in 1994 received significantly better scores in motor ability tests, including the zig-zag run, 1-Minute Burpee Test, and the medicine ball forward throw (29.4 s, 22 cycles, 591.3 cm, respectively) than those examined in 2024 (30.1 s, 19.3 cycles, and 463.3 cm, respectively). The variations in the results were similar when the participants' SES was considered in the analysis, which suggests that these factors had no significant effect on the analyzed characteristics over time.

CONCLUSIONS

This study revealed a greater decline in the anthropometric and motor characteristics of female than male university students over a period of 30 years. The observed changes were not influenced by SES factors such as the place of permanent residence or the parents' education.

Comparative Study of Physical Activity, Leisure Preferences, and Sedentary Behavior among Portuguese, Italian, and Spanish University Students

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study is to describe and compare the levels of physical activity, preferences for leisure-time physical activity, and the frequency of non-sedentary behaviors of Portuguese, Italian, and Spanish students attending higher education.

METHODS

A total of 1354 students (21.2 ± 2.9 years) participated in the study, with data collected through an online questionnaire for 6 months.

RESULTS

The highest levels of sedentary behavior are found among Spanish students, followed by the Portuguese, and lastly the Italians. In relation to physical activity levels, Spanish students perform more low and moderate physical activity, while Italian students perform more vigorous activities and naturally have a lower level of sedentary behavior.

CONCLUSIONS

However, it is worth highlighting that students from all three countries reach the minimum levels of physical activity recommended by the WHO.

Analysis of Physical Activity on Mental Hyperactivity, Sleep Quality, and Bodily Pain in Higher Education Students-A Structural Equation Model

The university population is at a vital stage of human development for acquiring an active lifestyle. Following this lifestyle will bring benefits in adulthood. This study seeks to analyse the relationship between physical activity and bodily pain, mental hyperactivity, and sleep quality as a function of the intensity of physical activity. A comparative, descriptive, and exploratory study is presented in a sample of 506 university students. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire, the Chronic Pain Grade Questionnaire, the Mental Hyperactivity Questionnaire, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were used. The proposed model analyses the relationships of physical activity to bodily pain, mental hyperactivity, sleep disturbances, and time to fall asleep. The fit of the different adjustment indices is satisfactory (X2 = 0.47, df = 1, pl = 0.48, IFI = 0.99, CFI = 0.97; NFI = 0.91; RMSEA = 0.01). The relational analysis shows a positive relationship of physical activity to bodily pain (r = 0.02; p < 0.01), mental hyperactivity (r = 0.054; p < 0.01), sleep disturbances (r = 0.029; p < 0.01), and time to fall asleep (r = 0.047; p < 0.01). Multi-group structural equation analysis indicates that there are differences in the causal relationships of physical activity to sleep quality, mental hyperactivity, and bodily pain as a function of exercise intensity. The conclusion is that the intensity at which physical activity is performed plays a key role in mental and physical health.

Psychological distress, health-promoting lifestyle and sociodemographic factors in Honduran university students: a structural equation model

This study sought to analyze an explanatory model on the relationship among sociodemographic factors, health-promoting lifestyle behaviors and psychological distress (depression, anxiety and stress) in college students. This is an observational, analytical and cross-sectional study conducted on a national sample of 4203 students who entered a macro university in Honduras in 2021, 2022 and 2023. We used a sociodemographic survey, the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP-II) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21). Univariate analysis and a multivariate structural equation model were conducted. The average HPLP-II score was 117.45 (± 23.41), and the average DASS-21 score was 20.06 (± 14.16). The multivariate model showed a good data fit (comparative fit index = 0.951; Tucker-Lewis index = 0.957; root mean square error of approximation = 0.067 [90% CI = 0.067-0.068]). Results indicate that being a woman (β = 0.11; p < 0.001) and being enrolled in biological and health sciences (β = 0.09; p < 0.001) significantly predict HPLP-II scores. Furthermore, being a woman (β = 0.17; p < 0.001), age (β = 0.10; p < 0.001) and having pre-existing medical conditions (β = 0.16; p < 0.001) significantly explain part of the variance of DASS-21. A significant reverse relationship between health-promoting behavior and psychological distress was shown (r = -0.36; p < 0.001). This study identifies protective and risky sociodemographic factors linked to health-promoting lifestyle behaviors and psychological distress. Our findings have implications for developing comprehensive intervention policies and strategies to promote health in higher education settings.

The Mediating Role of Interoceptive Sensitivity in the Relationship between Physical Activity and Depression Symptoms in College Students

A substantial body of evidence indicates that neurological, psychological, and behavioral health issues are profoundly linked to interoceptive sensitivity. The present study aimed to identify the effects of interoceptive sensitivity on the relationship between physical activity and symptoms of depression in Chinese college students. This study employed a cross-sectional design using convenience sampling. An online self-reported survey was distributed to college students in China. The participants' interoceptive sensitivity, physical activity levels, and depressive symptoms were measured using the MAIA-2, IPAQ-SF, and PHQ-9, respectively. The mediating effect was tested via regression analysis and a parallel mediation model, with bootstrap confidence intervals for indirect effects. The results showed a significant negative correlation between physical activity and depression. A significant positive correlation was observed between physical activity and seven dimensions of interoceptive sensitivity. Conversely, interoceptive sensitivity exhibited a negative correlation with depression. The bootstrap mediation analysis showed that the "not distracting" and "trusting" dimensions of interoceptive sensitivity had significant indirect effects on the relationship between physical activity and depression, suggesting that physical activity might reduce depressive symptoms via these two interoceptive sensitivity dimensions. The findings suggest that interoceptive sensitivity should be integrated into therapeutic interventions, such as physical activity interventions, in the treatment of mental illnesses, particularly depression. Increasing physical activity levels, with a specific focus on enhancing interoceptive modulation, appears to be a promising approach for addressing depression in college students.

Chinese version of the Tendency to Avoid Physical Activity and Sport (TAPAS) scale: testing unidimensionality, measurement invariance, concurrent validity, and known-group validity among Taiwanese youths

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Psychosocial factors affect individuals' desire for physical activity. A newly developed instrument (Tendency to Avoid Physical Activity and Sport; TAPAS) has been designed to assess the avoidance of physical activity. Considering cultural differences could be decisive factors, the present study aimed to translate and validate the TAPAS into Chinese (Mandarin) for Taiwanese youths, and further cultural comparisons are expected.

METHODS

Standard translation procedure (i.e., forward translation, back translation, and reconciliation) was used to translate the English TAPAS into the Chinese TAPAS. Following translation, 608 youths (mean [SD] age 29.10 [6.36] years; 333 [54.8%] women) participated in the study via a snowballing sampling method with an online survey. All participants completed the Chinese TAPAS and additional instruments assessing weight stigma and psychological distress. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to examine the factor structure of the Chinese TAPAS and multigroup CFA to examine measurement invariance across gender (men vs. women) and weight status (overweight vs. non-overweight). Pearson correlations were used to examine the concurrent validity; independent t-tests between gender groups and weight status groups were used to examine the known-group validity.

RESULTS

Consistent with the English version, the Chinese TAPAS was found to have a one-factor structure evidenced by CFA results. The structure was invariant across gender and weight status groups evidenced by multigroup CFA results. Concurrent validity was supported by significant associations with the related constructs assessed (r = 0.326 to 0.676; p < 0.001). Known-group validity was supported by the significant differences in TAPAS total scores between gender and weight status groups (p = 0.004 and < 0.001; Cohen's d = 0.24 and 0.48).

CONCLUSION

The Chinese version of the TAPAS is a valid and reliable instrument assessing individuals' avoidance of physical activity and sports due to underlying psychosocial issues among Taiwanese youths. It is anticipated to be applied within a large Asian population, as well as cross-cultural comparisons, for further explorations in health, behavioral and epidemiological research and practice.

Could BIA-derived phase angle predict health-related musculoskeletal fitness? A cross-sectional study in young adults

OBJECTIVES

To our knowledge, little evidence exists on the relationships between body composition and health-related physical fitness; in particular, musculoskeletal fitness. Bioimpedance index phase angle (bioelectrical impedance analysis raw variables) is a candidate predictor of health-related fitness, a marker of fat-free and body cell mass, respectively. The aim of this study was to evaluate body composition, raw bioelectrical impedance analysis variables, and health-related fitness in young adults and investigate their mutual relationships to identify predictors of muscle strength.

METHODS

The study included 229 young adults (115 men and 114 women; 24.2 ± 3 y; body mass index 19-30 kg/m²). Anthropometry was measured with standardized procedures. Whole-body BIA (50 kHz) was performed for impedance and phase angle. Predictive equations estimated fat-free mass and percentage body fat. The bioimpedance index was calculated as stature²/impedance. Musculoskeletal fitness was assessed by handgrip strength, standing broad jump, squat jump, and countermovement jump.

RESULTS

In both sexes, health-related fitness had stronger associations with body composition than stature or weight. Handgrip strength was related to fat-free mass and bioimpedance index, while an inverse association with percent body fat emerged for standing broad jump, squat jump and countermovement jump. Phase angle is directly correlated with handgrip strength, standing broad jump, squat jump, and countermovement jump. In multiple regression analysis phase angle was an independent predictor of all health-related fitness tests, along with fat-free mass (or bioimpedance index) for handgrip strength, and with sex and percent body fat for the three jump tests.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study provided consistent information on the relationships between body composition and health-related fitness in young adults. Phase angle emerged as a significant predictor of all health-related fitness measures and might be useful for a more consistent assessment of musculoskeletal fitness.

Comprehensive analysis of college students' autonomous fitness behavior-a narrative review

Although the physical health of college students is increasingly receiving attention, their autonomous fitness behavior has not been thoroughly investigated. This narrative review conducted a comprehensive literature search through databases such as PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), reviewing studies published up to December 2023. We explored the constructs of autonomy, fitness behavior, and agency, and discussed their integration within the autonomous fitness model. Our findings indicate a lack of comprehensive studies exploring the multifaceted factors influencing autonomous fitness behaviors. Future research should strive to deepen conceptual understanding and further explore the complex dynamics of the transition from autonomy to persistence, employing technological and interdisciplinary methodological perspectives to enhance understanding and promote sustainable fitness habits.

Discriminating factors of body composition characteristics for academic performance in nursing college students: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Poor body composition may affect health status, and better body composition is often associated with better academic performance. Nursing students face heavy academic and practical pressures, and the relationship between body composition and academic performance in this group is not fully understood.

METHODS

This cross-sectional observational study used de-identified student data from a university of technology in southern Taiwan to analyze the correlation between body composition characteristics and academic performance using regression models.

RESULTS

A total of 275 nursing college students were divided into four groups according to academic performance. The group with the lowest academic performance had a lower percentage of body fat (P < 0.05) but a higher percentage of muscle mass (P < 0.05) than the other three groups. Academic performance was positively correlated with percentage of body fat (R = 0.16, P < 0.01) and body age (R = 0.41, P < 0.01), but was negatively correlated with percentage of muscle mass (R = - 0.16, P < 0.01). Percentage of body fat, visceral fat area, and body age were significant discriminators of academic performance (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The relationship between academic performance and body composition among nursing college students is not straightforward. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, students with higher academic performance tended to have a higher percentage of body fat and a lower percentage of muscle mass. Percentage of body fat, visceral fat area, and body age were significant discriminators of academic performance, indicating that body composition should be considered an important factor in nursing education and practice.

Impact of home quarantine on physical fitness of school-aged children in Xi'an during COVID-19 lockdown: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has sparked unprecedented global challenges. This study intends to investigate changes in the physical fitness of students aged 6-22 during the COVID-19 pandemic and to assess how the pandemic lockdown period affected these markers.

METHODS

According to the National Student Physical Health Standard, a stratified cluster sampling method was used to evaluate the body shape, body function, and physical fitness of children and adolescents (n = 8092) in Xi'an from 2019 to 2021. This study uses SPSS 26.0 (IBM, Chicago, IL, USA) for data statistics and analysis. The connection between physical fitness and years was measured using the one-variable analysis in the general linear model (GLM). Independent t-tests were used to determine the sex (male/female) and area (urban/rural) differences.

RESULTS

During the lockdown period, Body Mass Index (BMI) and flexibility showed an upward trend, while aerobic, strength, speed, and endurance showed a downward trend. In addition to the BMI of middle and high school students, almost all indicators show significant sex differences. There are urban-rural differences in some indicators, such as chin-ups.

CONCLUSION

During the pandemic of COVID-19, the physical fitness of children and adolescents in Xi'an did not change significantly, and there were slight differences among different grades. During the pandemic lockdown period, lifestyle changes and reduced outdoor activities for children and adolescents may be the reasons for the changing trend of various indicators.

Modern software and physical education: can online training enhance gym training?

BACKGROUND

This study discusses the effectiveness of a 12-week intervention aimed at improving squat jump and sprint performance among second-year sports students.

METHODS

The students were randomly divided into experimental (n = 89) and control (n = 92) groups. In addition to gym training, students of the experimental group also underwent online PE training. The students' performance in Squat Jumps, 30 m sprint, and Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER), as well as their situational motivation, were assessed before and after the intervention. Furthermore, the students assessed their physical activity weekly using self-reports.

RESULTS

The implementation of online training has positively impacted intrinsic and identified motivation, as well as external regulation; however, it was less effective in reducing amotivation compared to traditional gym-based training.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings of the study contribute to the data synthesis on the expediency of using modern software in physical education.

Relationship between Psychosocial Factors and Physical Activity among Undergraduate Students from a South African University

Psychosocial factors such as mental health, motivation, and social support are key determinants of behavior that play a significant role in physical activity participation. Limited studies have investigated the relationship between psychosocial factors and physical activity among university students in Africa. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between psychosocial factors and physical activity participation among undergraduate university students at a historically disadvantaged university (HDU) in South Africa. This was a cross-sectional study that used convenience sampling (n = 534, majority female, 53.6% with a mean age of 20.69). The study was conducted through an online, self-administered, and hard-copy, valid questionnaire in September 2022. Data on sociodemographic information were collected. Psychosocial factors were assessed using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress-21 Scale for mental health, the Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale for motivation, and the Perceived Social Support Scale for social support. Physical activity (calculated as MET-min/week) was assessed using the international physical activity questionnaire in short form. Results revealed that almost a third (29%) of undergraduate students were physically inactive, 31.1% were minimally active, and 39.9% were in the health-enhancing category. Physical activity was positively related to stress (r = 0.11, p < 0.05) and anxiety (r = 0.10, p < 0.05). Motivational factors were positively related to psychological condition and others' expectations (r = 0.10, p < 0.05), and depression and others' expectations (r = 0.11, p < 0.05). Results from this study highlighted that psychosocial factors were related to physical activity participation among undergraduate university students. Psychosocial factors should be considered a coping mechanism when implementing health-promoting strategies.

Health benefits of short Taichi Qigong exercise (STQE) to University Students' core strength, lower limb explosive force, cardiopulmonary endurance, and anxiety: A Quasi experiment research

BACKGROUND

College students' physical fitness has declined over the past decades. Taichi Qigong exercise offers numerous health benefits and could serve as a suitable option for them. Traditional programs, however, are time-consuming and necessitate long-term commitments. Therefore, a more cost-effective intervention is needed.

METHODS

The study enrolled a total of 31 students who actively participated in a 5-week STQE program, consisting of three 60-minute sessions per week. Physical and mental health assessments included the Plank test, vital capacity measurement, 1000/800 m run test, standing jump, and the Zung Self-Rating Scale. Data analysis was performed using SPSS.

RESULTS

Following the STQE intervention, participants showed improvement in core strength (28.1 seconds in the Plank test, P = .025) and lower limb explosive force (6.52 cm in the standing jump test, P = .011), accompanied by a decrease in anxiety levels (a reduction of 3.41 in the Zung Self-Rating Scale, P = .039). However, no significant improvements were observed in cardiopulmonary endurance, as evidenced by a non-significant increase of 237.84 mL in vital capacity (P = .134) and a non-significant reduction of 1.6 seconds in the 1000/800 m run test (P = .764).

CONCLUSION

The study suggests that the STQE program effectively improves core strength, lower limb explosive force, and reduces anxiety levels among university students.

Factorial invariance of college students' scores on the Lifestyle Practices and Health Consciousness Inventory

OBJECTIVE

The aims of the present study were to validate college students' scores on the Lifestyle Practices and Health Consciousness Inventory (LPHCI), a screening tool for appraising Global Wellness (combined mental and physical health) and test for differences in Global Wellness across key demographic variables associated with college student health.

METHOD

A non-probability sample of 708 college students across four campus locations in three different cities was recruited to test the LPHCI's psychometric properties.

RESULTS

Factorial invariance testing demonstrated psychometric equivalence in the meaning of Global Wellness between college students across ethnicity, generational status, and help-seeking history. We also found statistically, however, not practically significant demographic differences in Global Wellness between college students by ethnicity and help-seeking history.

CONCLUSION

Findings extend the generalizability of LPHCI scores to a normative sample of college students. Implications for college healthcare providers and directions for future research are discussed.

Health-related physical fitness, physical activity and its correlates among school going adolescents in hilly state in north India: a cross sectional survey

INTRODUCTION

Health-related physical fitness, which includes body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular endurance, flexibility, power, and strength are associated with risks of chronic diseases and promote good health and wellness. There have been reports of increasing levels of physical inactivity among children and adolescents, leading to increasing rates of obesity and decreased physical fitness. The present study was conducted among school going adolescents to estimate the levels and correlates of PF for timely intervention.

METHODOLOGY

School based cross-sectional study was done among students of class 8-11th in Government schools of Garhwal division of Uttarakhand. Multistage stratified random sampling was applied for recruitment of study participants. We recruited a final sample size of 634 students. Validated questionnaires and standard methods for assessment of physical fitness, physical activity levels and other variables such as waist circumference, hip circumference, BMI and hemoglobin estimation were done.

RESULTS

Average and above average cardiorespiratory fitness score as per Harvard step test among boys (54.3%) was significantly higher as compared to girls (21.3%) (χ2 = 88.93, p < 0.001). There was a significant association between gender and dominant handgrip strength (χ2 = 8.02, p = 0.01) as well as between gender and Shoulder stretch test (SST) of dominant (χ2 = 17.5, p < 0.05) as well as nondominant arm (χ2 = 13.5, p < 0.05). Sit and reach test results also showed a significant association with gender (χ2 = 27.17, p < 0.001). Gender, hemoglobin level, BMI and PAL scores significantly predicted cardiorespiratory fitness scores (R2 = 0.188, F value of the model = 37.69, p =< 0.001)).

CONCLUSION

Physical fitness of school going adolescents in Garhwal division of Uttarakhand was better than other parts of India, with significant gender differences. Physical activity levels (PAL) were poor and are also a significant predictor of physical fitness. More emphasis needs to be paid on the health and fitness of girl students. School based policies to increase PAL among students through innovation and rewards may go a long way in improving the long-term health of the students.

Strategies and Best Practices That Enhance the Physical Activity Levels of Undergraduate University Students: A Systematic Review

Significant numbers of undergraduate university students are not meeting the physical activity guidelines recommended by the World Health Organisation. These guidelines suggest that university students should aim for 150-300 min of moderate or 75-150 min of vigorous physical activity. Strategic interventions need to be implemented to address this global public health concern. The aim of this study was to review the strategies and best practices to enhance the physical activity levels of undergraduate university students. Utilising the PRISMA guidelines, electronic databases-PubMed, Science Direct, Academic Search Complete, ERIC, Web of Science, CINAHL, SAGE, and SPORTDiscus-were searched between September 2022 and February 2023 using terms and synonyms related to physical activity, strategies, best practices, and undergraduate university students. Studies were critically assessed for their quality using an adapted version of the CASP and RE-AIM frameworks. Eleven articles met the inclusion criteria for the review. The studies reported the use of social media platforms, mobile phone applications, web-based technology, online text messages, in-person classes, and an "exergame" as methods to increase engagement in physical activity. Findings from this review indicated that validated questionnaires emerged as the predominant measurement tool. Furthermore, the frequent use of social network sites served as a best practice for implementing and promoting physical activity interventions. It is recommended that universities promote health-enhancing physical activities based on current trends and strategies, such as technology-based interventions and the use of social media, that are relevant to contemporary university students.

The relationship between internet addiction and physical activity levels of university students in a province in eastern Turkey

BACKGROUND

Internet addiction and physical inactivity are often a major public health problem.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to determine the relationship between internet addiction (IA) and physical activity (PA) levels of university students in a province in eastern Turkey.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study was conducted among 638 students. Internet Addiction Test (IAT), and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) were administered. Chi-square, independent sample t-test, correlation analysis, one-way analysis of variance tests (ANOVA), Tukey HSD test, and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed.

RESULTS

64.6% of the participants were female, with a mean age of 20.4±2.4 and a mean body mass index (BMI) of 22.3±3.5. 83.4% of the participants were identified as those asymptomatic, 15.2% showed limited symptoms, and 1.4% were pathological internet users according to IAT. A statistically significant difference was found between IAT scores and gender, mother's education level, father's education level, academic success, smoking status, and alcohol use (p < 0.05). According to IPAQ scores, 28.1% of the students were inactive, 56.3% were moderate PA and 15.7% had vigorous PA levels. IPAQ total scores of male participants, smokers, and participants with exercise habits were found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05). The mean score IAT and IPAQ was found to be 30.9±18.9 and 1697.7±1847.0. A negative, significant correlation was found between students' PA and IA levels (p < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

It has been observed that IA negatively affects PA. Seminars, conferences, and panels on the internet and physical activity should be organized for university students.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and martial law on the health and physical fitness of Ukrainian students

OBJECTIVE

Aim: The aim is to study the impact of prolonged quarantine related to COVID-19 and martial law on the health and physical fitness of students in Ukrainian higher educational institutions..

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Materials and Methods: Research methods: literature analysis, surveys, testing of students' health and physical fitness, methods of mathematical statistics. The research was conducted in 2019-2023. The survey involved 462 (143 males and 319 females) students. Health assessments and physical fitness tests were conducted with second-year students (before quarantine (2019): males - n = 63; females - n = 78; after quarantine (2023): males - n = 51; females - n = 67).

RESULTS

Results: The negative attitude of the majority of students (66.4 % of men and 76.5 % of women) to distance learning in physical education was revealed. A significant deterioration of all studied indicators of students' health and physical fitness during the quarantine period related to COVID-19 and martial law in Ukraine was revealed.

CONCLUSION

Conclusions: Since the state of health and level of physical fitness of students is the main criterion for the effectiveness of physical education in higher educational institutions of Ukraine, physical education departments should focus their work on modernizing traditional and developing new forms and methods of physical education, shaping students' civic consciousness and behavior, their readiness to serve society and protect the state with dignity.

Health-improving effect of running for students of technical specialties

OBJECTIVE

Aim: To study the dynamics of indicators of the functional state and health of technical specialties students during their long-term running engagement.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Materials and Methods: The research involved 112 students (59 men and 53 women) aged 17-20 years. Two groups of students were formed: group 1 included students who, in addition to compulsory academic physical education training sessions, were not engaged in any type of motor activity on their own; group 2 included students who independently were engaged in recreational running 3 times a week in extracurricular time.

RESULTS

Results: It was found that during the research period, both male and female students who were independently engaged in recreational running in extracurricular time showed a significant improvement of such indicators as resting heart rate, vital capacity of the lungs, duration of breath holding during inhalation and exhalation, duration of heart rate recovery after standard exercise, level of endurance development, level of physical health.

CONCLUSION

Conclusions: The positive influence of independent running with moderate intensity on the functional state and health of students of technical specialties has been proved. The low efficiency of the physical education system in Ukraine and, accordingly, the insufficient level of motor activity, indicators of functional status, and health of students who, in addition to academic physical education training sessions, did not exercise on their own, were also confirmed.

Dynamics of indicators of cadets' daily motor activity in different training years

OBJECTIVE

Aim: The aim is to investigate the dynamics of indicators of daily motor activity of cadets of higher educational institutions with specific learning environment in different training years.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Materials and Methods: The research involved 226 cadets of the National Academy of Internal Affairs in the first (n = 62), second (n = 56), third (n = 60), and fourth (n = 48) training years. We used the Framingham method which involves the calculation of the motor activity index to determine the daily time spent on cadets' motor activity and their daily energy expenditure.

RESULTS

Results: The dynamics of motor activity indicators of cadets in different training years have been studied. The best index were found in the third-year cadets (34.12 ± 0.49 points and 2643.9 ± 36.6 kcal), and the worst - in the first (32.68 ± 0.43 points and 2537 ± 33.9 kcal) and fourth (32.85 ± 0.41 points and 2550.9 ± 31.3 kcal). At the same time, a significant difference between the indicators of motor activity per day was found only in the first- and third-year cadets (p < 0.05). In general, the level of daily motor activity of the first- and fourth-year cadets is assessed as insufficient (inadequate), and of the secondand third-year cadets - as proper.

CONCLUSION

Conclusions: The results obtained indicate the need to increase the daily level of motor activity of cadets by involving them in sporting and mass participation events and extracurricular physical exercises and increasing the intensity of physical training sessions.

Influence of physical education on anxiety, depression, and self-esteem among college students

BACKGROUND

Physical education is pivotal in our country's education reform. Urban schools have notably enhanced the intensity of physical education in recent years. However, the effects of physical education on students' anxiety, depression, and self-esteem levels, as well as their interrelations, remain unexplored.

AIM

To analyze the influence of physical education on students' anxiety, depression, and self-esteem.

METHODS

This study employed a cross-sectional design. A stratified cluster sampling method was used to select 478 first-year university students. Self-administered questionnaires were used to investigate the physical education status and basic information of college students. We used the Physical Activity Rank Scale-3 (PARS-3), Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and Self-Esteem Scale (SES) to assess the level of exercise, anxiety, depression, and self-esteem. Multiple Logistic regression was used to analyze the factors influencing anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. The receiver operating characteristic curve and area under the curve (AUC) were used to evaluate the predictive ability of PARS-3 scores for anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. Spearman's correlation was used to analyze the correlations among the PARS-3, SAS, SDS, and SES.

RESULTS

Compared with the domestic norms, SAS and SDS scores were higher, and SES scores were lower (P < 0.05). Among the participants, 210 (43.93%) had PARS-3 scores below 20, 94 (19.67%) had scores of 20-42, and 174 (36.40%) had scores above 42. After adjusting for daily sleep time, gender, being an only child, major, father's educational background, mother's educational background, and family residence, PARS-3 scores were independent influencing factors for anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem (P < 0.05). The AUC of PARS-3 scores predicting anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem were 0.805 (0.760-0.849), 0.799 (0.755-0.843), and 0.831 (0.788-0.874), respectively. The sensitivities were 0.799, 0.801, and 0.748, and the specificities were 0.743, 0.716, and 0.814, respectively. PARS-3 was negatively correlated with SAS and SDS scores (r = -0.566, -0.621, both P < 0.001) and positively correlated with SES scores (r = -0.621, P < 0.001). SES scores were negatively correlated with SAS and SDS scores (r = -0.508, r = -0.518, both P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

The amount of physical activity is negatively correlated with anxiety and depression degree and positively correlated with self-esteem degree.

Physical Activity, Readiness, and Cardiovascular Risk Stratification in the Polytechnics Communities of the Northern Region of Portugal Integrated in Mobility as a Service Concept

The aim of the study is to characterize physical activity (PA) levels and PA readiness as well as stratify cardiovascular risk among the population of polytechnics community members in the north region of Portugal, including students, academic teachers, and non-teacher staff. An online questionnaire about general sample characterization, PA level, and readiness was applied. Of the 717 respondents, 237 were academic teachers, 143 were non-teacher staff, and 337 were students. Most of the participants had a level of moderate PA, including students, academic teachers, and non-teacher staff (82%). The sedentary behavior was higher in the academic teachers and non-teacher staff groups. A total of 56% of the participants had low cardiovascular risk; the group of students were the population with higher risk. Approximately half of the participants need to consult a qualified professional before increasing their PA. Overall, the participants presented moderate levels of PA, although there is still a considerable number of sedentary people that must be considered.

Correlations between Mental Health, Physical Activity, and Body Composition in American College Students after the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown

Restrictions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic had forced American college students to significantly reduce their daily energy expenditure and increase their sedentary behaviors, thus presumably increasing mental health symptoms, decreasing physical activity levels, and enhancing the promotion of unhealthy eating habits. This study aimed to explore the correlations between mental health symptoms, physical activity levels, and body composition in college students in the years following the pandemic, focusing on the lingering effects of lockdown measures. American college students completed pre-existing, well-validated surveys for both mental health (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) and physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Long Form). Body composition was assessed in person with the use of an Inbody 570 device. Of the 90 American college students (M age = 22.52 ± 4.54, 50 females) who participated in this study, depressive and anxious symptom scores consistent with heightened symptomatology were reported by 58% of the participants (N = 52), moderate borderline symptomatology by 17% (N = 15), and asymptomatology by 25% (N = 23). In regard to physical activity, 79% (N = 71) of the students were highly physically active, 18% (N = 16) were moderately active, and 3% (N = 3) reported low levels of physical activity. Additionally, 46% (N = 41) of the students maintained an unhealthy body fat percentage based on the World Health Organization recommendations. Strong, significant relationships were found between anxiety and depression symptomatology and body fat percentage (positive correlation, p = 0.003) and between anxiety and depression symptomatology and skeletal muscle mass (negative correlation, p = 0.015), with said symptomatology increasing with added body fat and decreasing with added skeletal muscle mass. The COVID-19 pandemic lockdown restrictions affected American college students through an increase in mental health symptomatology and a deterioration in overall body composition.

Risk perception and its predictors towards type 2 diabetes mellitus among students in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has become increasingly prevalent among young adults. Risk perception is believed to be an important determinant of preventive health behaviors; however, young adults remain unaware of the benefits. The current study aimed to examine Malaysian public university students' perceived risk of developing T2DM and its predictors. This cross-sectional study involved a total of 1078 healthy students at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). The validated Malay version of the Questionnaire on Risk Perception of Developing Non-Communicable Diseases in Malaysia was used to assess their perceived risk of developing T2DM in the future. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze the data regarding the predictors of perceived risk to obtain the final model after controlling the potential confounders. . It was found that the majority of respondents (83.8%) perceived low risk of developing T2DM. Results from the multiple logistic regression indicated that respondents from non-health related faculties (OR, 1.71: 95% CI 1.162, 2.515), smoking (OR, 8.43: 95% CI 1.108, 64.130), consume fast food ≥ 3 times/month (OR, 1.56: 95% CI 1.104, 2.207), and snacking ≥ 3 times/week (OR, 1.79: 95% CI 1.262, 2.550) were significant positive predictors while family history of diabetes was a negative predictor (OR, 0.50: 95% CI 0.350, 0.695). Students who self-rated themselves as practising healthy lifestyles and actively seeking health information perceived a low risk of developing diabetes in the future. . The findings indicate that students perceived their risk as low even though they have the risk. This creates an urgent need to emphasize the necessity of diabetes prevention education, especially on socio-behavioral factors, to address the widespread misunderstandings among university students regarding diabetes risk factors to reduce diabetes incidence.

Relationship between Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior, Spinal Curvatures, Endurance and Balance of the Trunk Muscles-Extended Physical Health Analysis in Young Adults

BACKGROUND

Physical inactivity and sedentary behavior are associated with poor well-being in young people with adverse effects extending into adulthood. To date, there are many studies investigating the relationship between physical activity (PA) and posture, but there are no data on the relationship between the type and intensity of PA and sedentary behavior, their association with thoracic and lumbar spine angles, and with endurance and balance of the trunk muscles, especially in healthy young adults aged 18-25 years. Moreover, there are no data on the relationship between PA and sedentary behavior and musculoskeletal and cardiopulmonary health, as well as quality of life (QoL) and sleep that would provide a more comprehensive picture of physical health status.

AIM

Therefore, the aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the extent to which PA and sedentary behavior are associated with each other and with changes in spinal curvatures, endurance and balance of trunk muscles in an extended analysis of physical health status in young adults aged 18-25 years by additionally including measures of body composition, cardiorespiratory capacity, and QoL and sleep.

METHODS

A total of 82 students (58% female, 42% male) aged 18-25 years completed all required tests. Primary outcome measures included the following: PA and sedentary behavior calculated from the long form of International PA Questionnaire (IPAQ-LF), spinal curvatures measured by a Spinal Mouse® device, endurance and balance of the trunk muscles measured using trunk endurance tests and their ratio.

RESULTS

Overall, 50% of students were classified as minimally active and 50% as health-enhancing PA (HEPA) active. The angles of thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis showed no correlation with PA or time spent sitting. However, students with the lowest PA had significantly higher scores on the trunk extensor endurance test and trunk extensor/flexor endurance test ratio, indicating imbalanced trunk muscles. Moreover, these students spent the most their time sitting. Only PA of vigorous intensity and PA during recreation, leisure, and sports significantly correlated with QoL related to physical health. QoL related to physical and psychosocial health had significantly higher scores when students spent less time sitting. In addition, we found significantly better respiratory performance and SQ at higher PA values, i.e., PA during recreation, leisure, and sport.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that students with low PA levels and more time spent sitting have imbalanced trunk muscles, worse respiratory function, and poorer QoL and sleep. Moreover, these findings in college students may reflect their lifestyle and suggest that more PA needs to be promoted to prevent the development of chronic diseases including musculoskeletal disorders.

Excess Weight in Relation to Lifestyle Habits in Spanish First-Year University Students: Differences between Pre- and Post-COVID-19-A Serial Cross-Sectional Study Based on uniHcos Project

The objective of this research was to study the relationship between the body weight and diet, physical activity, and other habits among freshmen students by sex, and to determine whether these habits have changed during the post-era of the COVID-19 pandemic. A serial cross-sectional study with data from 11 Spanish universities was carried out. In total, 10,096 first-year university students (73.2% female, mean age = 19.0 ± 1.5 years) completed an online self-administered questionnaire between 2012 and 2022. For some analyses, questionnaires were categorized by the year in which the survey was filled out as Before COVID-19, Lockdown, and New Normal. In total, 72.9% of participants were within the normal weight range, and 17.7% of men and 11.8% of women were overweight (p < 0.001). The students who did not meet the WHO criteria of physical activity, spent more than 7 h per day sitting, and skipped breakfast had a higher prevalence of obesity (p < 0.05). According to the period of study, the prevalence of overweight/obesity Before COVID-19 was 16.1% (95% CI: 15.4-16.9%), while in Lockdown the prevalence was significantly higher (20.2, 95% CI: 17.1-23.8) and in New Normal it was 18.9% (CI: 15.7-22.5). Moreover, the study suggests that during the Lockdown period, there was a reduction in the practice of physical activity and an increase in the prevalence of a healthy diet. For all these, it is necessary to propose public health interventions that improve the lifestyles of university students.

Effect of exercise prescription teaching on exercise quality and mental health status of college students

BACKGROUND

The teaching mode of fitness exercise prescriptions for college students in physical education conforms to the scientific principles and rules of fitness, which can adapt to the characteristics of students' individual physiological functions and stimulate their interest in learning.

AIM

To analyze the effect of prescribed exercise teaching on the sports quality and mental health of college students.

METHODS

The participants of the study were 240 students in our class of 2021, of which 142 were men and 98 were women. The 240 students were randomly divided into an experimental group using the exercise prescription teaching model and a control group using the conventional teaching model. The experimental and control groups were divided into four classes of 30 students each. The teaching activities of the two teaching mode groups were strictly controlled, and the same tests were used before and after the experiment to test the subjects' exercise quality (in-cluding standing long jump, 50 m race, 800 m race, sit-ups, sit-and-reach), physical form (including height, weight, Ketorolai index), cardiopulmonary function (including heart rate, blood pressure, spirometry, 12-min running distance, maximum oxygen intake) and mental health (SCL-90, including somatization, obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobia, paranoia, psychotic symptoms) to understand the effects of the exercise prescription teaching mode on students' physical and mental health status.

RESULTS

There were differences in the exercise scores of standing long jump, 50 m, 800 m/1000 m running, sit-ups, and sit-and-reach in the experimental group after the experiment compared with those before the experiment, and the above indices of the experimental group were different from those of the control group after the experiment (P < 0.05). There were differences in body weight and Ketorolai index in the experimental group after the experiment compared to those before the experiment, and the indices of the experimental group were also different from those of the control group after the experiment (P < 0.05). After the experiment, there were differences in spirometry, 12-min running distance, and maximum oxygen intake in the experimental group compared to those before the experiment, and the indices of the experimental group were also different from those of the control group after the experiment (P < 0.05). After the experiment, the indicators of somatization, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, and hostility in the experimental group were different from those in the pre-experimental group, and the indexes of the experimental group were also different from those of the control group after the experiment (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Exercise prescription teaching can mobilize college students' consciousness, enthusiasm, and initiative; expand personalities; enhance physical fitness and improve their mental health more than the conventional fitness exercise prescription teaching method.

Physically Inactive Undergraduate Students Exhibit More Symptoms of Anxiety, Depression, and Poor Quality of Life than Physically Active Students

BACKGROUND

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends at least 150 min of moderate or vigorous activity (MVPA) per week for health benefits. However, meeting WHO guidelines for physical activity has been shown to be a great challenge for general populations and it may be even more difficult for undergraduate students due to elevated academic demand, thus negatively affecting general health status. Thus, this study investigated whether undergraduate students meeting WHO guidelines for physical activity show greater scores for symptoms of anxiety, depression, and poor quality of life than their counterparts not meeting guideline recommendations. Additionally, symptoms of anxiety, depression, and poor quality of life among academic areas were compared.

METHODS

This is a cross-sectional study. The participants were recruited through messaging apps or institutional e-mail. The participants filled out an online consent form, questionnaires to assess demographic and academic characteristics, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, the Beck depression and anxiety inventory, and the short-form 36-item health survey questionnaire. The participants were classified as physically active (MVPA > 150 min/week) or inactive (MVPA < 150 min/week) according to WHO Guidelines.

RESULTS

A total of 371 individuals were included in the analysis. Physically inactive students demonstrated higher scores of depression (17.96 vs. 14.62; 95% CI: -5.81 to -0.86; p = 0.0083) than physically active ones. SF-36 analyses revealed that physically inactive students had lower values in mental (45.68 vs. 52.77; 95% CI: 2.10 to 12.06; p = 0.0054) and physical (59.37 vs. 67.14; 95% CI: 3.24 to 12.30; p = 0.0015) domains compared with physically active ones. As for SF-36 subscales, physically inactive students showed lower scores in function capacity (70.45 vs. 79.70; 95% CI: 4.27 to 14.49; p = 0.0003), mental health (45.57 vs. 55.60; 95% CI: 5.28 to 14.76; p < 0.0001), social aspects (48.91 vs. 57.69; 95%CI: 3.47 to 14.08; p = 0.0012), vitality (42.19 vs. 50.61; 95% CI: 3.47 to 13.35; p = 0.0009), pain (61.85 vs. 68.00; 95% CI: 1.27 to 11.02; p = 0.0135), and general health status (53.82 vs. 63.81; 95% CI: 5.21 to 14.75; p < 0.0001) than their physically active peers.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings suggest that undergraduate students who do not meet WHO guidelines for physical activity display higher scores of anxiety, depression, and poor quality of life in comparison with their counterparts meeting physical activity guidelines. Collectively, these data suggest the need for academic institutions and policy makers to monitor and promote in-campus interventions to encourage physical activity.

Associations between Lifestyle and Sociodemographic Factors in Medical Students: A Cross Sectional Study

Background

Identifying lifestyle characteristics in higher education can lead to effective interventions that benefit both individuals and communities.

Methods

This cross-sectional survey-based study was conducted on medical students of a private university using the Fantastic Lifestyle Questionnaire (FLQ) to assess healthy lifestyles, as well as a custom sociodemographic questionnaire. Additionally, correlations among sociodemographic factors and alcohol intake, activity, tobacco and toxins, family and friends, insight, nutrition, type of behavior, career, sleep, seatbelt, stress, and safe sex domains were assessed.

Results

This study assessed 188 lifestyle profiles, of which 148 have complete data for evaluating the total FLQ score. The majority of evaluated lifestyles were characterized as "good (42.5%)" and "very good (35.8%)", and correlations were identified between the total FLQ score and between the preclinical and later course phases, the 18-20 years and older age brackets, and any romantic relationship and being single. Additional associations were observed for the other domains with other sociodemographic factors.

Conclusion

Medical students frequently present with a lifestyle that may be improved through various targeted interventions.

The Practice of Physical Exercise and Sports in Portuguese Trans Youth: A Case Study

The following case study aims to analyze the experience of a Portuguese trans individual regarding their practice of physical exercise (PE) and sports in Portuguese gyms and sports clubs. A 30-min interview was conducted through the Zoom platform. Before the interview, four questionnaires-Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and EUROHIS-QOL 8-item index-were also applied, all in their Portuguese version. The interview was digitally video recorded after consent was obtained, transcribed verbatim, and subject to thematic analysis. Findings suggest positive values for satisfaction with life and quality of life. The values of positive affect were higher than those of negative affect, and there was an absence of depressive and anxious symptomatology. In the qualitative analysis, mental health was the main motive for the practice, while locker rooms separated by gender and university life were the main barriers mentioned. Mixed changing rooms were identified as facilitators of PE practice. This study highlights the importance of developing strategies for the creation of mixed changing rooms and sports teams in order to promote a comfortable and safe practice for all individuals.

The effect of Tabata-style functional high-intensity interval training on cardiometabolic health and physical activity in female university students

Introduction: The increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome and physical inactivity enhances exposure to cardiometabolic risk factors in university students. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) improved cardiometabolic health in clinical adults but the evidence in the university setting is limited. Furthermore, few studies examined the effect of low-volume HIIT on habitual physical activity (PA). Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of 12-week Tabata-style functional HIIT for improving multiple cardiometabolic health outcomes and habitual PA. We also investigated whether changes in habitual PA over the intervention period had an impact on exercise-induced health outcomes. Methods: 122 female freshmen were randomized into the Tabata group (n = 60) and the control (n = 62). The Tabata training protocol involved 8 × 20 s maximal repeated functional exercises followed by 10 s rest with a frequency of 3 times per week for 12 weeks. Body composition, maximal oxygen uptake (VO_2max), blood pressure (BP), blood lipids, fasting glucose and insulin, C-reactive protein and PA were objectively measured using standardized methods. Dietary intake was measured using a valid food frequency questionnaire. All variables were measured pre- and post-intervention. Results: Mixed linear modelling results showed that there were large intervention effects on VO_2max (p < 0.001, d = 2.53, 95% CI: 2.03 to 3.00 for relative VO_2max; p < 0.001, d = 2.24, 95% CI: 1.76 to 2.68 for absolute VO_2max), resting heart rate (p < 0.001, d = -1.82, 95% CI: -2.23 to -1.37), systolic BP (p < 0.001, d = -1.24, 95% CI: -1.63 to -0.84), moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) (p < 0.001, d = 2.31, 95% CI: 1.83 to 2.77), total PA (p < 0.001, d = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.53 to 2.41); moderate effects on %BF (p < 0.001, d = -1.15, 95% CI: -1.53 to -0.75), FM (p < 0.001, d = -1.08, 95% CI: -1.46 to -0.69), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (p < 0.001, d = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.65 to 1.42), total cholesterol (p = 0.001, d = -0.64, 95% CI: -1.00 to -0.26); small effects on BMI (p = 0.011, d = -0.48, 95% CI: -0.84 to 0.11), WC (p = 0.043, d = -0.37, 95% CI: -0.74 to -0.01), low-density lipoprotein (p = 0.003, d = -0.57, 95% CI: -0.93 to -0.19), HOMA-IR (p = 0.026, d = -0.42, 95% CI: -0.78 to -0.05) and fasting insulin (p = 0.035, d = -0.40, 95% CI: -0.76 to -0.03). Regression analysis showed that only the percentage change of HDL was associated with the change of MVPA (b = 0.326, p = 0.015) and TPA (b = 0.480, p = 0.001). Conclusion: From the findings of the study we can conclude that 12-week low-volume Tabata-style functional HIIT was highly effective for university female students to improve cardiorespiratory fitness, body fat, some cardiometabolic health outcomes and habitual PA.

Trend in health-related physical fitness for Chinese male first-year college students: 2013-2019

Introduction

Physical fitness is a health indicator contributing to the prevention of non-communicable diseases that threaten public health. Studies across a number of global populations indicate that physical fitness is generally declining. This study investigated the trend in physical fitness of Chinese male first-year college students from 2013 to 2019 to offer critical information for fostering individual and public health.

Methods

This study used archival data and a natural experiment design capturing 4 years of data prior to implementation of the Healthy China 2030 initiative and 3 years following. Physical fitness tests were based on the Chinese national student physical fitness standards for males including body mass index, vital capacity, standing-long-jump, sit-and-reach, pull-ups, 50 m sprint, and 1,000 m run. Because the physical fitness tests set different standards for males and females, female data will be reported separately. Data from a total of 3,185 Chinese male first-year college students from a private university in Hebei Province of China were included in the study. A one-way multivariate analysis of variance was used for analyzing the research data.

Results

The results indicated an overall significant difference in health-related physical fitness of Chinese male first-year college students, with scores on health indicators generally declining from 2013 to 2019. Despite improvement on some fitness variables in some years, performance on virtually all indicators was diminished compared to baseline years.

Discussion

These findings can contribute to the existing global literature in the field of public health showing general declines in physical fitness. Chinese universities have the opportunity to support Healthy China 2030 goals and cultivate individuals' physical fitness by offering physical education course that encourage college students to participate in moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activities in order to support physical fitness development.

DYNAMICS OF STUDENTS' PHYSICAL WELL-BEING INDICATORS DURING QUARANTINE RESTRICTIONS

OBJECTIVE

The aim: To study the dynamics of students' physical well-being and physical fitness during the quarantine restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Materials and methods: The research involved 263 students (148 men and 115 women) aged 18-20. Depending on the volume of physical activity performed by students during quarantine restrictions, they were divided into three groups (with sufficient, high, and low volume). The physical well-being of students was determined by the method proposed by Ye. A. Pyrohova. The level of physical fitness was determined by the results of students' performance of the exercises.

RESULTS

Results: The most pronounced negative changes in physical well-being indicators were found in group C students (both men and women), whose volume of motor activity during quarantine restrictions was low. Among the physical qualities, the level of endurance of students was the most negatively affected.

CONCLUSION

Conclusions: It was found that physical exercises have a positive effect on students' physical well-being during quarantine restrictions. The rational use of physical education makes it possible to mobilize the reserve motor capabilities of the students' body, offset the negative impact of low motor activity and sedentary lifestyle during quarantine restrictions, and help maintain the physical well-being and level of physical fitness at the proper level.

Molero H, Moreno Morales N, Jiménez Marfil S, López Mariscal S, Jurado Lavanant A, Márquez García FJ, Caro Muñoz Ó, García García JA, Hinojosa Montañes JM, García-Revillo Muñoz JJ, Diéguez Gisbert MJ, Mosquera Gamero AM, Martínez Gómez D, Smith Palacios E, Troyano Ruiz J, Álamo Mendoza JM, Porras García ME. Valoración del nivel de actividad física y aptitud física en una muestra de universitarios

El tránsito de la educación secundaria a la enseñanza universitaria se ha convertido en un momento crítico para el estilo de vida de los jóvenes, especialmente para la práctica de actividad física. Por ello, el principal objetivo del presente estudio fue valorar los niveles de actividad física en universitarios, mediante la correlación entre los resultados del IPAQ-SF y las distintas variables de condición física (Eurofit). La muestra estuvo conformada por 194 estudiantes del Grado de Educación Primaria, con una edad media de 21,37 ± 2,66 años. Los principales resultados obtenidos reflejan la relación directa entre la práctica de actividad física en general, y la actividad física vigorosa en particular y una óptima aptitud física de los estudiantes universitarios, vinculada sobre todo con el componente fuerza. En cuanto a la comparación entre los universitarios del curso prepandémico (18/19) y el curso pospandémico (21/22), el aumento de la actividad física tras la pandemia no reportó diferencias sustanciales en los componentes de la condición física. A modo de conclusión, estos resultados deben conducirnos a una reflexión sobre la influencia de un estilo de vida activo en la aptitud física, la cual tiene repercusión en el estado de salud general y la calidad de vida.

Strategies and best practices that enhance participation in regular physical activities among undergraduate university students: a systematic review protocol

INTRODUCTION

Physical activity has health benefits, including lowered obesity, diabetes and hypertension levels. However, participation in regular physical activities among undergraduate students is declining and, instead, physical inactivity sets the path for sedentarism. Strategies and best practices used to enhance participation in regular physical activities among undergraduate students are beneficial for mitigating sedentariness and promoting healthy lifestyles. Therefore, this study aims to present a systematic review protocol that focuses on the strategies and best practices used to enhance participation in regular physical activities among undergraduate university students.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

Quantitative, qualitative and mixed-methods design studies will be included and appraised. The following databases will be searched: PubMed, Science Direct, Academic Search Complete, ERIC, Web of Science, SAGE, CINAHL Plus and SPORTDiscus. Database searches on physical activities among undergraduate university students will be generated to answer the following research question: What are the strategies and best practices used to enhance participation in regular physical activities among undergraduate university students? Two independent reviewers will conduct the primary screening of articles from 2011 to 2022. A third reviewer will be consulted to solve any disagreements. Study selection will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, and study quality will be assessed by the Johanna Biggs Institute checklist. Results from the selected articles will be extracted, summarised and categorised based on the type of study participants, study design and setting, and methodological quality. A narrative description will synthesise the findings to answer the objectives of this review.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

Ethics approval for this study was granted by the Humanities and Social Science Research Ethics Committee at the University of the Western Cape, reference number: HS21/10/24. The results will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication and conference presentation.

Physical Activity Levels of Medical Students: a global issue to be addressed

Aim: Regular physical activity has been shown to have positive effects on general health, cognitive functions, and mental health. The vast majority of university students do not meet the physical activity recommendations of well-accepted guidelines. In this study, we aimed to determine the physical activity levels (PALs) of medical school students and the related factors. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional, observational survey study. The survey was conducted with an online Google survey tool. Five hundred and twenty-eight students who approved the voluntary consent form were included in the study. A questionnaire including sociodemographic data and questions about personal lifestyle were used. The physical activity levels of the participants were determined with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-short form (IPAQ-SF), depression and anxiety levels were determined with Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), respectively. Results: The mean total IPAQ-SF scores of the participants were 1658±1793.91 METs. A statistically significant negative correlation was found between BDI scores and PALs (r=-0.102, p=0.019). The PALs of those who had active hobbies and those who participated in regular sports activities were statistically significantly higher (p

Duration of Daytime Napping Is Related to Physical Fitness among Chinese University Students

Reportedly, daytime napping affects the physical fitness of athletes. However, results of these studies are conflicting, and may not be generalizable to all populations. Early adulthood is an important period linking adolescents and adults, during which building good physical fitness is crucial for their remaining lives. Thus, we investigated whether daytime napping duration is associated with physical fitness among Chinese university students. This study was based on an annual physical health examination for all university students and included 11,199 participants (6690 males; 4509 females). The daytime napping duration was assessed using a self-report questionnaire. Physical fitness was measured with a 50 m sprint; 1000 m (for males) and 800 m (for females) runs; standing long jump, sit-and-reach, pull-up (for males), and sit-up (for females) tests; and vital capacity. The adjusted association was evaluated using analysis of covariance. Of the participants, 86% napped regularly. After covariate adjustment was performed, significant V-shaped associations were observed between the daytime napping duration and the 50 m sprint and 800 m run results in males and females. Inverted V-shaped associations were observed between the daytime napping duration and the sit-and-reach, standing long jump, and pull-up test performances and vital capacity in males and between the daytime napping duration and the standing long jump test performance in females. Daytime napping for <30 min may have beneficial effects on physical fitness among university students.