1
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Dakal TC, Kakde GS, Maurya PK. Genomic, epigenomic and transcriptomic landscape of glioblastoma. Metab Brain Dis 2024:10.1007/s11011-024-01414-8. [PMID: 39180605 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-024-01414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
The mostly aggressive and extremely malignant type of central nervous system is Glioblastoma (GBM), which is characterized by an extremely short average survival time of lesser than 16 months. The primary cause of this phenomenon can be attributed to the extensively altered genome of GBM, which is characterized by the dysregulation of numerous critical signaling pathways and epigenetics regulations associated with proliferation, cellular growth, survival, and apoptosis. In light of this, different genetic alterations in critical signaling pathways and various epigenetics regulation mechanisms are associated with GBM and identified as distinguishing markers. Such GBM prognostic alterations are identified in PI3K/AKT, p53, RTK, RAS, RB, STAT3 and ZIP4 signaling pathways, metabolic pathway (IDH1/2), as well as alterations in epigenetic regulation genes (MGMT, CDKN2A-p16INK4aCDKN2B-p15INK4b). The exploration of innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches that specifically target these pathways is utmost importance to enhance the future medication for GBM. This study provides a comprehensive overview of dysregulated epigenetic mechanisms and signaling pathways due to mutations, methylation, and copy number alterations of in critical genes in GBM with prevalence and emphasizing their significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tikam Chand Dakal
- Genome and Computational Biology Lab, Mohanlal Sukhadia, University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India.
| | - Ganesh S Kakde
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, 123031, Haryana, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Maurya
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, 123031, Haryana, India.
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2
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Miguel-Hernández S, Zluhan-Martínez E, Garay-Arroyo A, Cabrera-Muñoz L, Hernández-Angeles A, Durán-Figueroa NV, Pérez-Koldenkova V, Ponce-Castañeda MV. In vivo movement of retinoblastoma-related protein (RBR) towards cytoplasm during mitosis in Arabidopsisthaliana. Differentiation 2024:100800. [PMID: 38987088 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2024.100800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma protein is central in signaling networks of fundamental cell decisions such as proliferation and differentiation in all metazoans and cancer development. Immunostaining and biochemical evidence demonstrated that during interphase retinoblastoma protein is in the nucleus and is hypophosphorylated, and during mitosis is in the cytoplasm and is hyperphosphorylated. The purpose of this study was to visualize in vivo in a non-diseased tissue, the dynamic spatial and temporal nuclear exit toward the cytoplasm of this protein during mitosis and its return to the nucleus to obtain insights into its potential cytosolic functions. Using high-resolution time-lapse images from confocal microscopy, we tracked in vivo the ortholog in plants the RETINOBLASTOMA RELATED (RBR) protein tagged with Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) in Arabidopsis thaliana's root. RBR protein exits from dense aggregates in the nucleus before chromosomes are in prophase in less than 2 min, spreading outwards as smaller particles projected throughout the cytosol during mitosis like a diffusive yet controlled event until telophase, when the daughter's nuclei form; RBR returns to the nuclei in coordination with decondensing chromosomal DNA forming new aggregates again in punctuated larger structures in each corresponding nuclei. We propose RBR diffused particles in the cytoplasm may function as a cytosolic sensor of incoming signals, thus coordinating re-aggregation with DNA is a mechanism by which any new incoming signals encountered by RBR may lead to a reconfiguration of the nuclear transcriptomic context. The small RBR diffused particles in the cytoplasm may preserve topologic-like properties allowing them to aggregate and restore their nuclear location, they may also be part of transient cytoplasmic storage of the cellular pre-mitotic transcriptional context, that once inside the nuclei may execute both the pre mitosis transcriptional context as well as new transcriptional instructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Miguel-Hernández
- Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía Avanzada de la Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, CMN SXXI Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Estephania Zluhan-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Depto. De Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Adriana Garay-Arroyo
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Depto. De Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Adriana Hernández-Angeles
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital de Pediatría, CMN SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Noé Valentín Durán-Figueroa
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingeniería y Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Vadim Pérez-Koldenkova
- Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía Avanzada de la Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, CMN SXXI Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - M Verónica Ponce-Castañeda
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital de Pediatría, CMN SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Facultad de Ciencias, Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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3
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Zhou L, Tong Y, Ho BM, Li J, Chan HYE, Zhang T, Du L, He JN, Chen LJ, Tham CC, Yam JC, Pang CP, Chu WK. Etiology including epigenetic defects of retinoblastoma. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2024:100072. [PMID: 38789041 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjo.2024.100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB), originating from the developing retina, is an aggressive intraocular malignant neoplasm in childhood. Biallelic loss of RB1 is conventionally considered a prerequisite for initiating RB development in most RB cases. Additional genetic mutations arising from genome instability following RB1 mutations are proposed to be required to promote RB development. Recent advancements in high throughput sequencing technologies allow a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the etiology of RB that additional genetic alterations following RB1 biallelic loss are rare, yet epigenetic changes driven by RB1 loss emerge as a critical contributor promoting RB tumorigenesis. Multiple epigenetic regulators have been found to be dysregulated and to contribute to RB development, including noncoding RNAs, DNA methylations, RNA modifications, chromatin conformations, and histone modifications. A full understanding of the roles of genetic and epigenetic alterations in RB formation is crucial in facilitating the translation of these findings into effective treatment strategies for RB. In this review, we summarize current knowledge concerning genetic defects and epigenetic dysregulations in RB, aiming to help understand their links and roles in RB tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linbin Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Yan Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Bo Man Ho
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Jiahui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Hoi Ying Emily Chan
- Medicine Programme Global Physician-Leadership Stream, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Lin Du
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Jing Na He
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Li Jia Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Clement C Tham
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Jason C Yam
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
| | - Wai Kit Chu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
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Tcyganov EN, Kwak T, Yang X, Poli ANR, Hart C, Bhuniya A, Cassel J, Kossenkov A, Auslander N, Lu L, Sharma P, Mendoza MDGC, Zhigarev D, Cadungog MG, Jean S, Chatterjee-Paer S, Weiner D, Donthireddy L, Bristow B, Zhang R, Tyurin VA, Tyurina YY, Bayir H, Kagan VE, Salvino JM, Montaner LJ. Targeting LxCxE cleft pocket of retinoblastoma protein in M2 macrophages inhibits ovarian cancer progression. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.10.593562. [PMID: 38798466 PMCID: PMC11118332 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.10.593562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer remains a major health threat with limited treatment options available. It is characterized by immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) maintained by tumor- associated macrophages (TAMs) hindering anti-tumor responses and immunotherapy efficacy. Here we show that targeting retinoblastoma protein (Rb) by disruption of its LxCxE cleft pocket, causes cell death in TAMs by induction of ER stress, p53 and mitochondria-related cell death pathways. A reduction of pro-tumor Rb high M2-type macrophages from TME in vivo enhanced T cell infiltration and inhibited cancer progression. We demonstrate an increased Rb expression in TAMs in women with ovarian cancer is associated with poorer prognosis. Ex vivo, we show analogous cell death induction by therapeutic Rb targeting in TAMs in post-surgery ascites from ovarian cancer patients. Overall, our data elucidates therapeutic targeting of the Rb LxCxE cleft pocket as a novel promising approach for ovarian cancer treatment through depletion of TAMs and re-shaping TME immune landscape. Statement of significance Currently, targeting immunosuppressive myeloid cells in ovarian cancer microenvironment is the first priority need to enable successful immunotherapy, but no effective solutions are clinically available. We show that targeting LxCxE cleft pocket of Retinoblastoma protein unexpectedly induces preferential cell death in M2 tumor-associated macrophages. Depletion of immunosuppressive M2 tumor-associated macrophages reshapes tumor microenvironment, enhances anti-tumor T cell responses, and inhibits ovarian cancer. Thus, we identify a novel paradoxical function of Retinoblastoma protein in regulating macrophage viability as well as a promising target to enhance immunotherapy efficacy in ovarian cancer.
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Musgrove L, Russell FD, Ventura T. Considerations for cultivated crustacean meat: potential cell sources, potential differentiation and immortalization strategies, and lessons from crustacean and other animal models. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-25. [PMID: 38733287 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2342480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Cultivated crustacean meat (CCM) is a means to create highly valued shrimp, lobster, and crab products directly from stem cells, thus removing the need to farm or fish live animals. Conventional crustacean enterprises face increasing pressures in managing overfishing, pollution, and the warming climate, so CCM may provide a way to ensure sufficient supply as global demand for these products grows. To support the development of CCM, this review briefly details crustacean cell culture work to date, before addressing what is presently known about crustacean muscle development, particularly the molecular mechanisms involved, and how this might relate to recent work on cultivated meat production in vertebrate species. Recognizing the current lack of cell lines available to establish CCM cultures, we also consider primary stem cell sources that can be obtained non-lethally including tissues from limbs which are readily released and regrown, and putative stem cells in circulating hemolymph. Molecular approaches to inducing myogenic differentiation and immortalization of putative stem cells are also reviewed. Finally, we assess the current status of tools available to CCM researchers, particularly antibodies, and propose avenues to address existing shortfalls in order to see the field progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Musgrove
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC), Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC), Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
| | - Fraser D Russell
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC), Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC), Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
| | - Tomer Ventura
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC), Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC), Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
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6
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Chang CH, Liu F, Militi S, Hester S, Nibhani R, Deng S, Dunford J, Rendek A, Soonawalla Z, Fischer R, Oppermann U, Pauklin S. The pRb/RBL2-E2F1/4-GCN5 axis regulates cancer stem cell formation and G0 phase entry/exit by paracrine mechanisms. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3580. [PMID: 38678032 PMCID: PMC11055877 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47680-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The lethality, chemoresistance and metastatic characteristics of cancers are associated with phenotypically plastic cancer stem cells (CSCs). How the non-cell autonomous signalling pathways and cell-autonomous transcriptional machinery orchestrate the stem cell-like characteristics of CSCs is still poorly understood. Here we use a quantitative proteomic approach for identifying secreted proteins of CSCs in pancreatic cancer. We uncover that the cell-autonomous E2F1/4-pRb/RBL2 axis balances non-cell-autonomous signalling in healthy ductal cells but becomes deregulated upon KRAS mutation. E2F1 and E2F4 induce whereas pRb/RBL2 reduce WNT ligand expression (e.g. WNT7A, WNT7B, WNT10A, WNT4) thereby regulating self-renewal, chemoresistance and invasiveness of CSCs in both PDAC and breast cancer, and fibroblast proliferation. Screening for epigenetic enzymes identifies GCN5 as a regulator of CSCs that deposits H3K9ac onto WNT promoters and enhancers. Collectively, paracrine signalling pathways are controlled by the E2F-GCN5-RB axis in diverse cancers and this could be a therapeutic target for eliminating CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Hui Chang
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Feng Liu
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Stefania Militi
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Svenja Hester
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Old Road, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Reshma Nibhani
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Siwei Deng
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - James Dunford
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Aniko Rendek
- Department of Histopathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Zahir Soonawalla
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS, Oxford, UK
| | - Roman Fischer
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Old Road, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Udo Oppermann
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Siim Pauklin
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK.
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7
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Polinski JM, Castellano KR, Buckley KM, Bodnar AG. Genomic signatures of exceptional longevity and negligible aging in the long-lived red sea urchin. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114021. [PMID: 38564335 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The red sea urchin (Mesocentrotus franciscanus) is one of the Earth's longest-living animals, reported to live more than 100 years with indeterminate growth, life-long reproduction, and no increase in mortality rate with age. To understand the genetic underpinnings of longevity and negligible aging, we constructed a chromosome-level assembly of the red sea urchin genome and compared it to that of short-lived sea urchin species. Genome-wide syntenic alignments identified chromosome rearrangements that distinguish short- and long-lived species. Expanded gene families in long-lived species play a role in innate immunity, sensory nervous system, and genome stability. An integrated network of genes under positive selection in the red sea urchin was involved in genomic regulation, mRNA fidelity, protein homeostasis, and mitochondrial function. Our results implicated known longevity genes in sea urchin longevity but also revealed distinct molecular signatures that may promote long-term maintenance of tissue homeostasis, disease resistance, and negligible aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrea G Bodnar
- Gloucester Marine Genomics Institute, Gloucester, MA 01930, USA.
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8
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Wang Z, Liang X, Yi G, Wu T, Sun Y, Zhang Z, Fu M. Bioinformatics analysis proposes a possible role for long noncoding RNA MIR17HG in retinoblastoma. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2024; 7:e1933. [PMID: 38321787 PMCID: PMC10864729 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common prevalent intraocular malignancy among infants and children, particularly in underdeveloped countries. With advancements in genomics and transcriptomics, noncoding RNAs have been increasingly utilized to investigate the molecular pathology of diverse diseases. AIMS This study aims to establish the competing endogenous RNAs network associated with RB, analyse the function of mRNAs and lncRNAs, and finds the relevant regulatory network. METHODS AND RESULTS This study establishes a network of competing endogenous RNAs by Spearman correlation analysis and prediction based on RB patients and healthy children. Enrichment analyzes based on Gene Ontology and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes are conducted to analyze the potential biological functions of lncRNA and mRNA networks. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) is employed to identify gene cluster modules exhibiting the strongest correlation with RB. The results indicate a significant correlation between the lncRNA MIR17HG (R = .73, p = .02) and the RB phenotype. ceRNA networks reveal downstream miRNAs (hsa-mir-425-5p and hsa-mir455-5p) and mRNAs (MDM2, IPO11, and ITGA1) associated with MIR17Hg. As an inhibitor of the p53 signaling pathway, MDM2 can suppress the development of RB. CONCLUSION In conclusion, lncRNAs play a role in RB, and the MIR17HG/hsa-mir-425-5p/MDM2 pathway may contribute to RB development by inhibiting the p53 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijin Wang
- The Second Clinical Medicine SchoolSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Xiaotian Liang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Guoguo Yi
- Department of OphthalmologyThe Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Tong Wu
- The First Clinical Medicine SchoolSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Yuxin Sun
- The Second Clinical Medicine SchoolSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Ziran Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medicine SchoolSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Min Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
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9
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Zhou Y, Nakajima R, Shirasawa M, Fikriyanti M, Zhao L, Iwanaga R, Bradford AP, Kurayoshi K, Araki K, Ohtani K. Expanding Roles of the E2F-RB-p53 Pathway in Tumor Suppression. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1511. [PMID: 38132337 PMCID: PMC10740672 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor E2F links the RB pathway to the p53 pathway upon loss of function of pRB, thereby playing a pivotal role in the suppression of tumorigenesis. E2F fulfills a major role in cell proliferation by controlling a variety of growth-associated genes. The activity of E2F is controlled by the tumor suppressor pRB, which binds to E2F and actively suppresses target gene expression, thereby restraining cell proliferation. Signaling pathways originating from growth stimulative and growth suppressive signals converge on pRB (the RB pathway) to regulate E2F activity. In most cancers, the function of pRB is compromised by oncogenic mutations, and E2F activity is enhanced, thereby facilitating cell proliferation to promote tumorigenesis. Upon such events, E2F activates the Arf tumor suppressor gene, leading to activation of the tumor suppressor p53 to protect cells from tumorigenesis. ARF inactivates MDM2, which facilitates degradation of p53 through proteasome by ubiquitination (the p53 pathway). P53 suppresses tumorigenesis by inducing cellular senescence or apoptosis. Hence, in almost all cancers, the p53 pathway is also disabled. Here we will introduce the canonical functions of the RB-E2F-p53 pathway first and then the non-classical functions of each component, which may be relevant to cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxuan Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1330, Japan; (Y.Z.); (R.N.); (M.S.); (M.F.); (L.Z.)
| | - Rinka Nakajima
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1330, Japan; (Y.Z.); (R.N.); (M.S.); (M.F.); (L.Z.)
| | - Mashiro Shirasawa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1330, Japan; (Y.Z.); (R.N.); (M.S.); (M.F.); (L.Z.)
| | - Mariana Fikriyanti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1330, Japan; (Y.Z.); (R.N.); (M.S.); (M.F.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1330, Japan; (Y.Z.); (R.N.); (M.S.); (M.F.); (L.Z.)
| | - Ritsuko Iwanaga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (R.I.); (A.P.B.)
| | - Andrew P. Bradford
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (R.I.); (A.P.B.)
| | - Kenta Kurayoshi
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
| | - Keigo Araki
- Department of Morphological Biology, Ohu University School of Dentistry, 31-1 Misumido Tomitamachi, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8611, Japan;
| | - Kiyoshi Ohtani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1330, Japan; (Y.Z.); (R.N.); (M.S.); (M.F.); (L.Z.)
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10
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Zamalloa LG, Pruitt MM, Hermance NM, Gali H, Flynn RL, Manning AL. RB loss sensitizes cells to replication-associated DNA damage after PARP inhibition by trapping. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202302067. [PMID: 37704395 PMCID: PMC10500056 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (RB) interacts physically and functionally with a number of epigenetic modifying enzymes to control transcriptional regulation, respond to replication stress, promote DNA damage response and repair, and regulate genome stability. To better understand how disruption of RB function impacts epigenetic regulation of genome stability and determine whether such changes represent exploitable weaknesses of RB-deficient cancer cells, we performed an imaging-based screen to identify epigenetic inhibitors that promote DNA damage and compromise the viability of RB-deficient cells. We found that loss of RB alone leads to high levels of replication-dependent poly-ADP ribosylation (PARylation) and that preventing PARylation by trapping PARP enzymes on chromatin enables RB-deficient cells to progress to mitosis with unresolved replication stress. These defects contribute to high levels of DNA damage and compromised cell viability. We demonstrate this sensitivity is conserved across a panel of drugs that target both PARP1 and PARP2 and can be suppressed by reexpression of the RB protein. Together, these data indicate that drugs that target PARP1 and PARP2 may be clinically relevant for RB-deficient cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Gregory Zamalloa
- https://ror.org/05ejpqr48 Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Margaret M Pruitt
- https://ror.org/05ejpqr48 Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Nicole M Hermance
- https://ror.org/05ejpqr48 Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Himabindu Gali
- Boston University School of Medicine, Pharmacology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel L Flynn
- Boston University School of Medicine, Pharmacology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amity L Manning
- https://ror.org/05ejpqr48 Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester, MA, USA
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11
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Nayak V, Patra S, Singh KR, Ganguly B, Kumar DN, Panda D, Maurya GK, Singh J, Majhi S, Sharma R, Pandey SS, Singh RP, Kerry RG. Advancement in precision diagnosis and therapeutic for triple-negative breast cancer: Harnessing diagnostic potential of CRISPR-cas & engineered CAR T-cells mediated therapeutics. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 235:116573. [PMID: 37437865 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth, disrupted regulatory pathways, and the accumulation of genetic mutations. These mutations across different types of cancer lead to disruptions in signaling pathways and alterations in protein expression related to cellular growth and proliferation. This review highlights the AKT signaling cascade and the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) regulating cascade as promising for novel nanotheranostic interventions. Through synergizing state-of-the-art gene editing tools like the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-Cas system with nanomaterials and targeting AKT, there is potential to enhance cancer diagnostics significantly. Furthermore, the integration of modified CAR-T cells into multifunctional nanodelivery systems offers a promising approach for targeted cancer inhibition, including the eradication of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Within the context of highly aggressive and metastatic Triple-negative Breast Cancer (TNBC), this review specifically focuses on devising innovative nanotheranostics. For both pre-clinical and post-clinical TNBC detection, the utilization of the CRISPR-Cas system, guided by RNA (gRNA) and coupled with a fluorescent reporter specifically designed to detect TNBC's mutated sequence, could be promising. Additionally, a cutting-edge approach involving the engineering of TNBC-specific iCAR and syn-Notch CAR T-cells, combined with the co-delivery of a hybrid polymeric nano-liposome encapsulating a conditionally replicative adenoviral vector (CRAdV) against CSCs, could present an intriguing intervention strategy. This review thus paves the way for exciting advancements in the field of nanotheranostics for the treatment of TNBC and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Nayak
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research- National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease- International Center for Foot and Mouth Disease, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sushmita Patra
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Kshitij Rb Singh
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Japan.
| | - Bristy Ganguly
- Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Das Nishant Kumar
- PG Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Deepak Panda
- PG Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Ganesh Kumar Maurya
- Zoology Section, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jay Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanatan Majhi
- PG Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shyam S Pandey
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Japan.
| | - Ravindra Pratap Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Rout George Kerry
- PG Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
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12
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Xu P, Guo F, Xiao W, Wang Y, Ye K, Mao Y, Zhong X. Generation and characterization of two induced pluripotent stem cell lines from conjunctiva of a retinoblastoma patient. Stem Cell Res 2023; 72:103200. [PMID: 37708614 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2023.103200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is a common intraocular malignancy mostly caused by variation of the tumour suppressor gene RB1. In this study, we successfully generated two induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from an infant with non-heritable RB. Both cell clones exhibited typical iPSC characteristics with normal karyotypes, consistent pluripotency markers expression and the capability of trilineage differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Fuying Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Ke Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yuxiang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xiufeng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China.
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13
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Randhawa K, Jahani-Asl A. CLIC1 regulation of cancer stem cells in glioblastoma. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2023; 92:99-123. [PMID: 38007271 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Chloride intracellular channel 1 (CLIC1) has emerged as a therapeutic target in various cancers. CLIC1 promotes cell cycle progression and cancer stem cell (CSC) self-renewal. Furthermore, CLIC1 is shown to play diverse roles in proliferation, cell volume regulation, tumour invasion, migration, and angiogenesis. In glioblastoma (GB), CLIC1 facilitates the G1/S phase transition and tightly regulates glioma stem-like cells (GSCs), a rare population of self-renewing CSCs with central roles in tumour resistance to therapy and tumour recurrence. CLIC1 is found as either a monomeric soluble protein or as a non-covalent dimeric protein that can form an ion channel. The ratio of dimeric to monomeric protein is altered in GSCs and depends on the cell redox state. Elucidating the mechanisms underlying the alterations in CLIC1 expression and structural transitions will further our understanding of its role in GSC biology. This review will highlight the role of CLIC1 in GSCs and its significance in facilitating different hallmarks of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamaldeep Randhawa
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Arezu Jahani-Asl
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Regenerative Medicine Program and Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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14
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Militi S, Nibhani R, Jalali M, Pauklin S. RBL2-E2F-GCN5 guide cell fate decisions during tissue specification by regulating cell-cycle-dependent fluctuations of non-cell-autonomous signaling. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113146. [PMID: 37725511 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The retinoblastoma family proteins (RBs) and E2F transcription factors are cell-autonomous regulators of cell-cycle progression, but they also impact fate choice in addition to tumor suppression. The range of mechanisms involved remains to be uncovered. Here, we show that RBs, particularly RBL2/p130, repress WNT ligands such as WNT4 and WNT8A, thereby directing ectoderm specification between neural crest to neuroepithelium. RBL2 achieves this function through cell-cycle-dependent cooperation with E2Fs and GCN5 on the regulatory regions of WNT loci, which direct neuroepithelial versus neural crest specification by temporal fluctuations of WNT/β-catenin and DLL/NOTCH signaling activity. Thus, the RB-E2F bona fide cell-autonomous axis controls cell fate decisions, and RBL2 regulates field effects via WNT ligands. This reveals a non-cell-autonomous function of RBL2-E2F in stem cell and tissue progenitor differentiation that has broader implications for cell-cycle-dependent cell fate specification in organogenesis, adult stem cells, tissue homeostasis, and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Militi
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Old Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Reshma Nibhani
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Old Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Morteza Jalali
- Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Siim Pauklin
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Old Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK.
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15
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Uchida C, Niida H, Sakai S, Iijima K, Kitagawa K, Ohhata T, Shiotani B, Kitagawa M. p130RB2 positively contributes to ATR activation in response to replication stress via the RPA32-ETAA1 axis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119484. [PMID: 37201767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase is a crucial regulator of the cell cycle checkpoint and activated in response to DNA replication stress by two independent pathways via RPA32-ETAA1 and TopBP1. However, the precise activation mechanism of ATR by the RPA32-ETAA1 pathway remains unclear. Here, we show that p130RB2, a member of the retinoblastoma protein family, participates in the pathway under hydroxyurea-induced DNA replication stress. p130RB2 binds to ETAA1, but not TopBP1, and depletion of p130RB2 inhibits the RPA32-ETAA1 interaction under replication stress. Moreover, p130RB2 depletion reduces ATR activation accompanied by phosphorylation of its targets RPA32, Chk1, and ATR itself. It also causes improper re-progression of S phase with retaining single-stranded DNA after cancelation of the stress, which leads to an increase in the anaphase bridge phenotype and a decrease in cell survival. Importantly, restoration of p130RB2 rescued the disrupted phenotypes of p130RB2 knockdown cells. These results suggest positive involvement of p130RB2 in the RPA32-ETAA1-ATR axis and proper re-progression of the cell cycle to maintain genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Uchida
- Advanced Research Facilities & Services, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Niida
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sakai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kenta Iijima
- Laboratory Animal Facilities & Services, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kitagawa
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ohhata
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Bunsyo Shiotani
- Laboratory of Genome Stress Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kitagawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
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16
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Zamalloa LG, Pruitt MM, Hermance NM, Gali H, Flynn RL, Manning AL. RB loss sensitizes cells to replication-associated DNA damage by PARP inhibition. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.25.532215. [PMID: 36993348 PMCID: PMC10055402 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.25.532215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (RB) interacts physically and functionally with a number of epigenetic modifying enzymes to control transcriptional regulation, respond to replication stress, promote DNA damage response and repair pathways, and regulate genome stability. To better understand how disruption of RB function impacts epigenetic regulation of genome stability and determine whether such changes may represent exploitable weaknesses of RB-deficient cancer cells, we performed an imaging-based screen to identify epigenetic inhibitors that promote DNA damage and compromise viability of RB-deficient cells. We found that loss of RB alone leads to high levels of replication-dependent poly-ADP ribosylation (PARylation) and that preventing PARylation through inhibition of PARP enzymes enables RB-deficient cells to progress to mitosis with unresolved replication stress and under-replicated DNA. These defects contribute to high levels of DNA damage, decreased proliferation, and compromised cell viability. We demonstrate this sensitivity is conserved across a panel of inhibitors that target both PARP1 and PARP2 and can be suppressed by re-expression of the RB protein. Together, these data indicate that inhibitors of PARP1 and PARP2 may be clinically relevant for RB-deficient cancers.
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17
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Li Y, Katayama Y, Nie I, Nakano T, Sawaragi E, Sakamoto M, Yamanaka H, Tsuge I, Demura S, Yamada Y, Tsuchiya H, Morimoto N. Development of a novel regenerative therapy for malignant bone tumors using an autograft containing tumor inactivated by high hydrostatic pressurization (HHP). Regen Ther 2023; 22:224-231. [PMID: 36923268 PMCID: PMC10009338 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Surgical resection of malignant bone tumors leads to significant defects in the normal surrounding tissues that should be reconstructed to avoid amputation. Our research aimed to inactivate osteosarcoma (OS)-affected bone to obtain autologous bone grafts for bone defect reconstruction using a novel therapy called high hydrostatic pressurization (HHP) therapy. The key points are complete tumor death and preservation of the non-denatured native extracellular matrix (ECM) and bone tissue by HHP. Previously, we found that HHP at 200 MPa for 10 min can completely inactivate cells in normal skin and skin tumors, including malignant melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma while maintaining their original biochemical properties and biological components. Based on our previous research, this study used HHP at 200 MPa for 10 min to eradicate OS. We prepared an OS cell line (LM8), pressurized it at 200 MPa for 10 min, and confirmed its inactivation through morphological observation, WST-8 assay, and live/dead assay. We then injected OS cells with or without HHP into the bone marrow of the murine tibia, after which we implanted tumor tissues with or without HHP into the anterior surface of the tibia. After HHP, OS cells did not proliferate and were assessed using a live/dead assay. The pressurized cells and tumors did not grow after implantation. The pressurized bone was well prepared as tumor-free autologous bone tissues, resulting in the complete eradication of OS. This straightforward and short-pressing treatment was proven to process the tumor-affected bone to make a transplantable and tumor-free autologous bone substitute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjiaozi Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Katayama
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ie Nie
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakano
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eiichi Sawaragi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michiharu Sakamoto
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamanaka
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Itaru Tsuge
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoru Demura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yohei Yamada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuchiya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Naoki Morimoto
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Deregulated E2F Activity as a Cancer-Cell Specific Therapeutic Tool. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14020393. [PMID: 36833320 PMCID: PMC9956157 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor E2F, the principal target of the tumor suppressor pRB, plays crucial roles in cell proliferation and tumor suppression. In almost all cancers, pRB function is disabled, and E2F activity is enhanced. To specifically target cancer cells, trials have been undertaken to suppress enhanced E2F activity to restrain cell proliferation or selectively kill cancer cells, utilizing enhanced E2F activity. However, these approaches may also impact normal growing cells, since growth stimulation also inactivates pRB and enhances E2F activity. E2F activated upon the loss of pRB control (deregulated E2F) activates tumor suppressor genes, which are not activated by E2F induced by growth stimulation, inducing cellular senescence or apoptosis to protect cells from tumorigenesis. Deregulated E2F activity is tolerated in cancer cells due to inactivation of the ARF-p53 pathway, thus representing a feature unique to cancer cells. Deregulated E2F activity, which activates tumor suppressor genes, is distinct from enhanced E2F activity, which activates growth-related genes, in that deregulated E2F activity does not depend on the heterodimeric partner DP. Indeed, the ARF promoter, which is specifically activated by deregulated E2F, showed higher cancer-cell specific activity, compared to the E2F1 promoter, which is also activated by E2F induced by growth stimulation. Thus, deregulated E2F activity is an attractive potential therapeutic tool to specifically target cancer cells.
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19
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Hollar DW. The competition of ecological resonances in the quantum metabolic model of cancer: Potential energetic interventions. Biosystems 2022; 222:104798. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2022.104798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Gómez-Romero L, Alvarez-Suarez DE, Hernández-Lemus E, Ponce-Castañeda MV, Tovar H. The regulatory landscape of retinoblastoma: a pathway analysis perspective. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220031. [PMID: 35620002 PMCID: PMC9114937 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a rare intraocular tumour in early childhood, with an approximate incidence of 1 in 18 000 live births. Experimental studies for Rb are complex due to the challenges associated with obtaining a normal retina to contrast with diseased tissue. In this work, we reanalyse a dataset that contains normal retina samples. We identified the individual genes whose expression is different in Rb in contrast with normal tissue, determined the pathways whose global expression pattern is more distant from the global expression observed in normal tissue, and finally, we identified which transcription factors regulate the highest number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and proposed as transcriptional master regulators (TMRs). The enrichment of DEGs in the phototransduction and retrograde endocannabinoid signalling pathways could be associated with abnormal behaviour of the processes leading to cellular differentiation and cellular proliferation. On the other hand, the TMRs nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 2 and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 gamma are involved in hepatocyte differentiation. Therefore, the enrichment of aberrant expression in these transcription factors could suggest an abnormal retina development that could be involved in Rb origin and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gómez-Romero
- Computational Genomics Division, National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diana E. Alvarez-Suarez
- Medical Research Unit in Infectious Diseases, Hospital de Pediatría, CMN SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
- Pharmacology Department, CINVESTAV, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Enrique Hernández-Lemus
- Computational Genomics Division, National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico
- Center for Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M. Verónica Ponce-Castañeda
- Medical Research Unit in Infectious Diseases, Hospital de Pediatría, CMN SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hugo Tovar
- Computational Genomics Division, National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico
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21
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Lee C, Kim J. Genome maintenance in retinoblastoma: Implications for therapeutic vulnerabilities (Review). Oncol Lett 2022; 23:192. [PMID: 35527780 PMCID: PMC9073582 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is a pediatric ocular malignancy that is initiated mostly by biallelic inactivation of the RB transcriptional corepressor 1 (RB1) tumor suppressor gene in the developing retina. Unlike the prevailing prediction based on multiple studies involving RB1 gene disruption in experimental models, human RB tumors have been demonstrated to possess a relatively stable genome, characterized by a low mutation rate and a few recurrent chromosomal alterations related to somatic copy number changes. This suggests that RB may harbor heightened genome maintenance mechanisms to counteract or compensate for the risk of massive genome instability, which can potentially be driven by the early RB1 loss as a tumor-initiating event. Although the genome maintenance mechanisms might have been evolved to promote RB cell survival by preventing lethal genomic defects, emerging evidence suggests that the dependency of RB cells on these mechanisms also exposes their unique vulnerability to chemotherapy, particularly when the genome maintenance machineries are tumor cell-specific. This review summarizes the genome maintenance mechanisms identified in RB, including findings on the roles of chromatin regulators in DNA damage response/repair and protein factors involved in maintaining chromosome stability and promoting survival in RB. In addition, advantages and challenges for exploiting these therapeutic vulnerabilities in RB are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsik Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Jong Kim
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
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22
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Wang WZ, Shulman A, Amann JM, Carbone DP, Tsichlis PN. Small cell lung cancer: Subtypes and therapeutic implications. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:543-554. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Ni LP, Sun HT, Wang P, Wang J, Zhou JH, Cao RQ, Yue L, Chen YG, Shen FR. Hyperthermia enhances the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs in heat-sensitive cells through interfering with DNA damage repair. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:463. [PMID: 35571421 PMCID: PMC9096405 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) has been shown to be clinically effective, but the mechanisms by which hyperthermia enhances the sensitivity of cells to chemotherapeutic drugs has not yet been elucidated. Methods To identify the key molecules involved in thermochemotherapy, this study used mass spectrometry (MS)-based quantitative proteomics technology to analyze the effects of thermochemotherapy on the heat-sensitive ovarian cancer cell line A2780. We divided the A2780 cell line into four groups, one group served as blank control, and the other three groups were stimulated by oxaliplatin, stimulated by hyperthermia at 42 ℃, and stimulated by hyperthermia combined with oxaliplatin. Samples were then collected for tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling, high-performance liquid chromatography fractionation, and MS-based quantitative proteomics for analysis The differentially expressed proteins were quantitatively compared and identified, and Gene Ontology (GO) assessment and cluster analyses were performed. Finally, the above MS results were verified again by Western blotting experiments. Results A total of 349 differentially expressed proteins were identified between cells treated with chemotherapy alone (group B) and cells treated with a combination of chemotherapy and hyperthermia (group D). There were 145 upregulated proteins and 204 downregulated proteins. Among the top 20 proteins with significantly different expression levels, nearly two-thirds were involved in DNA damage repair. These proteins were subsequently verified by Western blot analysis. Indeed, consistent with MS data, the expression of the RBL1 protein was significantly upregulated in cells treated with thermochemotherapy (group D) compared to cells treated with chemotherapy alone (group B). Conclusions In heat-sensitive ovarian cancer cells, the damage repair of tumor cell DNA is disturbed by hyperthermia, making it unable to fully repair when damaged by chemotherapeutic drugs. As a result, hyperthermia enhances the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs. RBL1, as a tumor suppressor gene, may be associated with the repair of DNA damage, and thus it may be a key target for hyperthermia to enhance the sensitivity of thermosensitive cells to chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Ni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hua-Ting Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jin-Hua Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ruo-Qi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ling Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - You-Guo Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fang-Rong Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Xu H, Liang S, Hu J, Liu W, Dong Z, Wei S. Deltex E3 ubiquitin ligase 3 inhibits colorectal cancer cell growth and regulates cell cycle progression via upregulating E2F transcription factor 1. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:1661-1668. [PMID: 35098394 PMCID: PMC8863771 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06916-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mortality rate of colorectal cancer (CRC) remains high in developing countries. Interventions that can inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells represent promising strategies in CRC treatment. Deltex E3 ubiquitin ligase 3 (DTX3) plays an essential role in tumor development and may predict the outcome of cancer patients. This study aimed to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of DTX3 in CRC progression. METHODS AND RESULTS The expression of DTX3 was significantly downregulated in CRC tissues relative to normal colorectal tissues. DTX3 overexpression inhibited, while DTX3 knockout promoted the colony-forming capacity and proliferation of CRC cells. E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1) is a key mediator of cell cycle progression that participates in the progression, metastasis, and chemoresistance of CRC. Further analysis revealed that DTX3 regulated the transcriptional activity of E2F1 in CRC cells. The transcription by E2F1 was significantly reduced with the increase in the cellular level of DTX3, while DTX3 knockout exerted an opposite effect. DTX3 knockout also increased the expression of E2F1 target genes involved in cell cycle progression, CDC2 and Cyclin D3, while PD 0332991, an inhibitor of E2F1 transcription, inhibited the expression of both proteins. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, DTX3 regulated CRC cell growth via regulating E2F1 and its downstream genes. These findings support further exploration of DTX3 as a potential therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Xu
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Colorectal Cancer Medical Research Center of Hubei, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengnan Liang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junjie Hu
- Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Colorectal Cancer Medical Research Center of Hubei, Wuhan, China
| | - Wentong Liu
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Dong
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Brain Research Institute, Taihe Hospital, Shiyan, China
| | - Shaozhong Wei
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Colorectal Cancer Medical Research Center of Hubei, Wuhan, China.
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25
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Janostiak R, Torres-Sanchez A, Posas F, de Nadal E. Understanding Retinoblastoma Post-Translational Regulation for the Design of Targeted Cancer Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051265. [PMID: 35267571 PMCID: PMC8909233 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Rb1 is a regulator of cell cycle progression and genomic stability. This review focuses on post-translational modifications, their effect on Rb1 interactors, and their role in intracellular signaling in the context of cancer development. Finally, we highlight potential approaches to harness these post-translational modifications to design novel effective anticancer therapies. Abstract The retinoblastoma protein (Rb1) is a prototypical tumor suppressor protein whose role was described more than 40 years ago. Together with p107 (also known as RBL1) and p130 (also known as RBL2), the Rb1 belongs to a family of structurally and functionally similar proteins that inhibits cell cycle progression. Given the central role of Rb1 in regulating proliferation, its expression or function is altered in most types of cancer. One of the mechanisms underlying Rb-mediated cell cycle inhibition is the binding and repression of E2F transcription factors, and these processes are dependent on Rb1 phosphorylation status. However, recent work shows that Rb1 is a convergent point of many pathways and thus the regulation of its function through post-translational modifications is more complex than initially expected. Moreover, depending on the context, downstream signaling can be both E2F-dependent and -independent. This review seeks to summarize the most recent research on Rb1 function and regulation and discuss potential avenues for the design of novel cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslav Janostiak
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (R.J.); (A.T.-S.)
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariadna Torres-Sanchez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (R.J.); (A.T.-S.)
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Posas
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (R.J.); (A.T.-S.)
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.P.); (E.d.N.); Tel.: +34-93-403-4810 (F.P.); +34-93-403-9895 (E.d.N.)
| | - Eulàlia de Nadal
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (R.J.); (A.T.-S.)
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.P.); (E.d.N.); Tel.: +34-93-403-4810 (F.P.); +34-93-403-9895 (E.d.N.)
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Santourlidis S, Schulz WA, Araúzo-Bravo MJ, Gerovska D, Ott P, Bendhack ML, Hassan M, Erichsen L. Epigenetics in the Diagnosis and Therapy of Malignant Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031531. [PMID: 35163453 PMCID: PMC8835790 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms are fundamentally important for cancer initiation and development. However, a survey of the literature reveals that, to date, they appear less comprehensively investigated in melanoma than in many other cancers, e.g., prostate, breast, and colon carcinoma. The aim of this review is to provide a short summary of epigenetic aspects of functional relevance for melanoma pathogenesis. In addition, some new perspectives from epigenetic research in other cancers with potential for melanoma diagnosis and therapy are introduced. For example, the PrimeEpiHit hypothesis in urothelial carcinoma, which, similarly to malignant melanoma, can also be triggered by a single exogenous noxa, states that one of the first steps for cancer initiation could be epigenetic changes in key genes of one-carbon metabolism. The application of such insights may contribute to further progress in the diagnosis and therapy of melanoma, a deadly type of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeon Santourlidis
- Epigenetics Core Laboratory, Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (S.S.); (P.O.)
| | - Wolfgang A. Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany;
| | - Marcos J. Araúzo-Bravo
- Group of Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain; (M.J.A.-B.); (D.G.)
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Daniela Gerovska
- Group of Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain; (M.J.A.-B.); (D.G.)
| | - Pauline Ott
- Epigenetics Core Laboratory, Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (S.S.); (P.O.)
| | - Marcelo L. Bendhack
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Positivo University, Curitiba 80030-200, Brazil;
| | - Mohamed Hassan
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherché Médicale, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Lars Erichsen
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-0211-81-16905
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Decidua Parietalis Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells and Their Secretome Diminish the Oncogenic Properties of MDA231 Cells In Vitro. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123493. [PMID: 34944000 PMCID: PMC8700435 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to suppress tumor growth, inhibit angiogenesis, regulate cellular signaling, and induce apoptosis in cancer cells. We have earlier reported that placenta-derived decidua parietalis mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (DPMSCs) not only retained their functional characteristics in the cancer microenvironment but also exhibited increased expression of anti-apoptotic genes, demonstrating their anti-tumor properties in the tumor setting. In this study, we have further evaluated the effects of DPMSCs on the functional outcome of human breast cancer cell line MDA231. MDA231 cells were exposed to DPMSCs, and their biological functions, including adhesion, proliferation, migration, and invasion, were evaluated. In addition, genomic and proteomic modifications of the MDA231 cell line, in response to the DPMSCs, were also evaluated. MDA231 cells exhibited a significant reduction in proliferation, migration, and invasion potential after their treatment with DPMSCs. Furthermore, DPMSC treatment diminished the angiogenic potential of MDA231 cells. DPMSC treatment modulated the expression of various pro-apoptotic as well as oncogenes in MDA231 cells. The properties of DPMSCs to inhibit the invasive characteristics of MDA231 cells demonstrate that they may be a useful candidate in a stem-cell-based therapy against cancer.
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28
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The impact of HPV infection on human glycogen and lipid metabolism - a review. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1877:188646. [PMID: 34763025 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reinterpretation of the Wartburg effect leads to understanding aerobic glycolysis as a process that provides considerable amount of molecular precursors for the production of lipids, nucleotides and amino acids that are necessary for continuous growth and rapid proliferation characteristic for cancer cells. Human papilloma virus (HPV) is a number one cause of cervical carcinoma with 99% of the cervical cancer patients being HPV positive. This tight link between HPV and cancer raises the question if and how HPV impact cells to reprogram their metabolism? Focusing on early phase proteins E1, E2, E5, E6 and E7 we demonstrate that HPV activates plethora of metabolic pathways and directly influences enzymes of the glycolysis pathway to promote the Warburg effect by increasing glucose uptake, activating glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway, increasing the level of lactate dehydrogenase A synthesis and inhibiting β-oxidation. Our considerations lead to conclusion that HPV is substantially involved in metabolic cell reprogramming toward neoplastic phenotype and its metabolic activity is the fundamental reason of its oncogenicity.
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The Retinoblastoma Tumor Suppressor Is Required for the NUP98-HOXA9-Induced Aberrant Nuclear Envelope Phenotype. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112851. [PMID: 34831074 PMCID: PMC8616146 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations involving the nucleoporin NUP98 gene are recurrently identified in leukemia; yet, the cellular defects accompanying NUP98 fusion proteins are poorly characterized. NUP98 fusions cause changes in nuclear and nuclear envelope (NE) organization, in particular, in the nuclear lamina and the lamina associated polypeptide 2α (LAP2α), a regulator of the tumor suppressor retinoblastoma protein (RB). We demonstrate that, for NUP98-HOXA9 (NHA9), the best-studied NUP98 fusion protein, its effect(s) on nuclear architecture largely depend(s) on RB. Morphological alterations caused by the expression of NHA9 are largely diminished in the absence of RB, both in human cells expressing the human papillomavirus 16 E7 protein and in mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking RB. We further show that NHA9 expression associates with distinct histone modification. Moreover, the pattern of trimethylation of histone H3 lysine-27 is affected by NHA9, again in an RB-dependent manner. Our results pinpoint to an unexpected interplay between NUP98 fusion proteins and RB, which may contribute to leukemogenesis.
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30
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Raj K, Szladovits B, Haghani A, Zoller JA, Li CZ, Black P, Maddox D, Robeck TR, Horvath S. Epigenetic clock and methylation studies in cats. GeroScience 2021; 43:2363-2378. [PMID: 34463900 PMCID: PMC8599556 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00445-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human DNA methylation profiles have been used successfully to develop highly accurate biomarkers of aging ("epigenetic clocks"). Although these human epigenetic clocks are not immediately applicable to all species of the animal kingdom, the principles underpinning them appear to be conserved even in animals that are evolutionarily far removed from humans. This is exemplified by recent development of epigenetic clocks for mice and other mammalian species. Here, we describe epigenetic clocks for the domestic cat (Felis catus), based on methylation profiles of CpGs with flanking DNA sequences that are highly conserved between multiple mammalian species. Methylation levels of these CpGs are measured using a custom-designed Infinium array (HorvathMammalMethylChip40). From these, we present 3 epigenetic clocks for cats; of which, one applies only to blood samples from cats, while the remaining two dual-species human-cat clocks apply both to cats and humans. We demonstrate that these domestic cat clocks also lead to high age correlations in cheetahs, tigers, and lions. It is expected that these epigenetic clocks for cats possess the potential to be further developed for monitoring feline health as well as being used for identifying and validating anti-aging interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Raj
- Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot, UK
| | - Balazs Szladovits
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Amin Haghani
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, 695 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Joseph A. Zoller
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Gonda Building, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Caesar Z. Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Gonda Building, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | | | | | - Todd R. Robeck
- Corporate Zoological Operations, SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, 695 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Gonda Building, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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31
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Alfonsetti M, Castelli V, d’Angelo M, Benedetti E, Allegretti M, Barboni B, Cimini A. Looking for In Vitro Models for Retinal Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10334. [PMID: 34638674 PMCID: PMC8508697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Retina is a layered structure of the eye, composed of different cellular components working together to produce a complex visual output. Because of its important role in visual function, retinal pathologies commonly represent the main causes of visual injury and blindness in the industrialized world. It is important to develop in vitro models of retinal diseases to use them in first screenings before translating in in vivo experiments and clinics. For this reason, it is important to develop bidimensional (2D) models that are more suitable for drug screening and toxicological studies and tridimensional (3D) models, which can replicate physiological conditions, for investigating pathological mechanisms leading to visual loss. This review provides an overview of the most common retinal diseases, relating to in vivo models, with a specific focus on alternative 2D and 3D in vitro models that can replicate the different cellular and matrix components of retinal layers, as well as injury insults that induce retinal disease and loss of the visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Alfonsetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.A.); (V.C.); (M.d.); (E.B.)
| | - Vanessa Castelli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.A.); (V.C.); (M.d.); (E.B.)
| | - Michele d’Angelo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.A.); (V.C.); (M.d.); (E.B.)
| | - Elisabetta Benedetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.A.); (V.C.); (M.d.); (E.B.)
| | | | - Barbara Barboni
- Faculty of Biosciences and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Annamaria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.A.); (V.C.); (M.d.); (E.B.)
- Department of Biology, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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32
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Zhao Y, Jin LJ, Zhang XY. Exosomal miRNA-205 promotes breast cancer chemoresistance and tumorigenesis through E2F1. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:18498-18514. [PMID: 34292880 PMCID: PMC8351670 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is a common malignant tumor in females. The challenge in treating BC is overcoming chemoresistance. Exosome-mediated transfer of miRNAs is a molecule-shuttle in intercellular communication. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether exosomal miRNA-205 could affect chemoresistance and tumorigenesis in recipient tumor cells and to elucidate the underlying mechanism in vivo and in vitro. Microarray and qRT-PCR assays demonstrated that miRNA-205 was upregulated in tamoxifen resistance MCF-7/TAMR-1 (M/T) cells and M/T cell-derived exosomes (M/T-Exo). The M/T-Exo was internalized by human BC cells (BCCs), causing increased expression of miRNA-205 in BCCs. Coculturing with M/T-Exo promoted tamoxifen resistance, proliferation, migration, and invasion while suppressed apoptosis in recipient BCCs, which were associated with activating the caspase pathway and phosphorylating Akt. Luciferase reporter assays showed that miRNA-205 directly targeted E2F Transcription Factor 1 (E2F1) in BCCs. Furthermore, knockdown of miRNA-205 or overexpression of E2F1 reversed the roles of M/T-Exo in BCCs. In vivo experiments showed that the intratumoral injection of M/T-Exo caused greater tamoxifen resistance and larger tumor size relative to mice treated with miRNA-205-knockdown or E2F1-overexpressing BCCs. Together, the results suggest that exosomal miRNA-205 may promote tamoxifen resistance and tumorigenesis in BC through targeting E2F1 in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Thyroid and Breast Department, Extra-Thyroid and Breast Neoplasms, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Li-Jun Jin
- Department of Thyroid and Breast III, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast III, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
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O'Connor MJ, Thakar T, Nicolae CM, Moldovan GL. PARP14 regulates cyclin D1 expression to promote cell-cycle progression. Oncogene 2021; 40:4872-4883. [PMID: 34158578 PMCID: PMC8384455 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01881-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin D1 is an essential regulator of the G1-S cell-cycle transition and is overexpressed in many cancers. Expression of cyclin D1 is under tight cellular regulation that is controlled by many signaling pathways. Here we report that PARP14, a member of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) family, is a regulator of cyclin D1 expression. Depletion of PARP14 leads to decreased cyclin D1 protein levels. In cells with a functional retinoblastoma (RB) protein pathway, this results in G1 cell-cycle arrest and reduced proliferation. Mechanistically, we found that PARP14 controls cyclin D1 mRNA levels. Using luciferase assays, we show that PARP14 specifically regulates cyclin D1 3'UTR mRNA stability. Finally, we also provide evidence that G1 arrest in PARP14-depleted cells is dependent on an intact p53-p21 pathway. Our work uncovers a new role for PARP14 in promoting cell-cycle progression through both cyclin D1 and the p53 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J O'Connor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Tanay Thakar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Claudia M Nicolae
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - George-Lucian Moldovan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
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34
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Pharmacological relevance of CDK inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 2021; 148:105115. [PMID: 34182065 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that cell cycle activation plays a role in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, terminal neurodegenerative disease that affects memory and other important mental functions. Intracellular deposition of Tau protein, a hyperphosphorylated form of a microtubule-associated protein, and extracellular aggregation of Amyloid β protein, which manifests as neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and senile plaques, respectively, characterize this condition. In recent years, however, several studies have concluded that cell cycle re-entry is one of the key causes of neuronal death in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The eukaryotic cell cycle is well-coordinated machinery that performs critical functions in cell replenishment, such as DNA replication, cell creation, repair, and the birth of new daughter cells from the mother cell. The complex interplay between the levels of various cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) at different checkpoints is needed for cell cycle synchronization. CDKIs (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors) prevent cyclin degradation and CDK inactivation. Different external and internal factors regulate them differently, and they have different tissue expression and developmental functions. The checkpoints ensure that the previous step is completed correctly before starting the new cell cycle phase, and they protect against the transfer of defects to the daughter cells. Due to the development of more selective and potent ATP-competitive CDK inhibitors, CDK inhibitors appear to be on the verge of having a clinical impact. This avenue is likely to yield new and effective medicines for the treatment of cancer and other neurodegenerative diseases. These new methods for recognizing CDK inhibitors may be used to create non-ATP-competitive agents that target CDK4, CDK5, and other CDKs that have been recognized as important therapeutic targets in Alzheimer's disease treatment.
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Basmaeil Y, Al Subayyil A, Abumaree M, Khatlani T. Conditions Mimicking the Cancer Microenvironment Modulate the Functional Outcome of Human Chorionic Villus Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells in vitro. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:650125. [PMID: 34235143 PMCID: PMC8255990 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.650125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells isolated from chorionic villi of human term placentae (CV-MSCs) possess unique biological characters. They exhibit self-renewal, directional migration, differentiation, and immunomodulatory effects on other cell lineages, by virtue of which they can be utilized as therapeutic carriers, for drug targeting, and therapy. Tumors display characteristic features of a damaged tissue microenvironment, which is saturated with conditions such as hypoxia, sustained inflammation, and increased oxidative stress. CV-MSCs function normally in a high oxidative stress environment induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and glucose and also protect endothelial cells from their damaging effects. For their therapeutic applications in a disease like cancer, it is necessary to ascertain the effects of tumor microenvironment on their functional outcome. In this study, we investigated the functional activities, of CV-MSCs in response to conditioned media (CM) obtained from the culture of breast cancer cell line MDA-231 (CM-MDA231). CV-MSCs were exposed to CM-MDA231 for different spatio-temporal conditions, and their biological functions as well as modulation in gene expression were evaluated. Effect of CM-MDA231 on factors responsible for changes in functional outcome were also investigated at the protein levels. CV-MSCs exhibited significant reduction in proliferation but increased adhesion and migration after CM-MDA231 treatment. Interestingly, there was no change in their invasion potential. CM-MDA231 treatment modulated expression of various genes involved in important cellular events including, integration, survival, message delivery and favorable outcome after transplantation. Analysis of pathways related to cell cycle regulation revealed significant changes in the expression of p53, and increased phosphorylation of Retinoblastoma (Rb) and Checkpoint Kinase 2 in CV-MSCs treated with CM-MDA231. To summarize, these data reveal that CV-MSCs retain the ability to survive, adhere, and migrate after sustained treatment with CM-MDA231, a medium that mimics the cancer microenvironment. These properties of CV-MSCs to withstand the inflammatory tumor like microenvironment prove that they may make useful candidate in a stem cell based therapy against cancer. However, further pre-clinical studies are needed to validate their therapeutic usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Basmaeil
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulal Aziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Al Subayyil
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulal Aziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Abumaree
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulal Aziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tanvir Khatlani
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulal Aziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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36
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Gao L, Wu ZX, Assaraf YG, Chen ZS, Wang L. Overcoming anti-cancer drug resistance via restoration of tumor suppressor gene function. Drug Resist Updat 2021; 57:100770. [PMID: 34175687 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2021.100770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxic anti-cancer drugs cisplatin, paclitaxel, doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), as well as targeted drugs including imatinib, erlotinib, and nivolumab, play key roles in clinical cancer treatment. However, the frequent emergence of drug resistance severely comprosises their anti-cancer efficacy. A number of studies indicated that loss of function of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) is involved in the development of cancer drug resistance, apart from decreased drug influx, increased drug efflux, induction of anti-apoptosis mechanisms, alterations in tumor microenvironment, drug compartmentalization, enhanced DNA repair and drug inactivation. TSGs are involved in the pathogenesis of tumor formation through regulation of DNA damage repair, cell apoptosis, autophagy, proliferation, cell cycle progression, and signal transduction. Our increased understanding of TSGs in the past decades demonstrates that gene mutation is not the only reason that leads to the inactivation of TSGs. Loss of function of TSGs may be based on the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, epigenetic and transcriptional regualtion, post-translation modifications like phosphorylation as well as cellular translocation of TSGs. As the above processes can constitute"druggable targets", these mechanisms provide novel therapeutic approaches in targeting TSGs. Some small molecule compounds targeting these approaches re-activated TSGs and reversed cancer drug resistance. Along this vein, functional restoration of TSGs is a novel and promising approach to surmount cancer drug resistance. In the current review, we draw a scenario based on the role of loss of function of TSGs in drug resistance, on mechanisms leading to inactivation of TSGs and on pharmacological agents acting on these mechanisms to overcome cancer drug resistance. This review discusses novel therapeutic strategies targeting TSGs and offers possible modalities to conquer cancer drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyue Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China; Benxi Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Zhuo-Xun Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, NY, 11439, USA.
| | - Lihui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China; Benxi Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China.
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37
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Mahoney KE, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF. MHC Phosphopeptides: Promising Targets for Immunotherapy of Cancer and Other Chronic Diseases. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100112. [PMID: 34129940 PMCID: PMC8724925 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex-associated peptides have been considered as potential immunotherapeutic targets for many years. MHC class I phosphopeptides result from dysregulated cell signaling pathways that are common across cancers and both viral and bacterial infections. These antigens are recognized by central memory T cells from healthy donors, indicating that they are considered antigenic by the immune system and that they are presented across different individuals and diseases. Based on these responses and the similar dysregulation, phosphorylated antigens are promising candidates for prevention or treatment of different cancers as well as a number of other chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keira E Mahoney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jeffrey Shabanowitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
| | - Donald F Hunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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38
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Martínez-Sánchez M, Hernandez-Monge J, Rangel M, Olivares-Illana V. Retinoblastoma: from discovery to clinical management. FEBS J 2021; 289:4371-4382. [PMID: 34042282 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The retinoblastoma gene (RB1) was the first tumour suppressor cloned; the role of its protein product (RB) as the principal driver of the G1 checkpoint in cell cycle control has been extensively studied. However, many other RB functions are continuously reported. Its role in senescence, DNA repair and apoptosis, among others, is indications of the significance of RB in a vast network of cellular interactions, explaining why RB loss or its malfunction is one of the leading causes of a large number of paediatric and adult cancers. RB was first reported in retinoblastoma, a common intraocular malignancy in the paediatric population worldwide. Currently, its diagnosis is clinical, and in nondeveloped countries, where the incidence is higher, it is performed in advanced stages of the disease, compromising the integrity of the eye and the patient's life. Even though new treatments are being continuously developed, enucleation is still a major choice due to the late disease stage diagnosis and treatments costs. Research into biomarkers is our best option to improve the chances of good results in the treatment and hopes of patients' good quality of life. Here, we recapitulated the history of the disease and the first treatments to put the advances in its clinical management into perspective. We also review the different functions of the protein and the progress in the search for biomarkers. It is clear that there is still a long way to go, but we should offer these children and their families a better way to deal with the disease with the community's effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Martínez-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Biomoleculares y Cancer, Instituto de Física, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Jesús Hernandez-Monge
- Catedra CONACyT - Laboratorio de Biomarcadores Moleculares, Instituto de Física, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Martha Rangel
- Departamento de Oftalmología. Hospital Central "Ignacio Morones Prieto", San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Vanesa Olivares-Illana
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Biomoleculares y Cancer, Instituto de Física, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Mexico
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Samra N, Toubiana S, Yttervik H, Tzur-Gilat A, Morani I, Itzkovich C, Giladi L, Abu Jabal K, Cao JZ, Godley LA, Mory A, Baris Feldman H, Tveten K, Selig S, Weiss K. RBL2 bi-allelic truncating variants cause severe motor and cognitive impairment without evidence for abnormalities in DNA methylation or telomeric function. J Hum Genet 2021; 66:1101-1112. [PMID: 33980986 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-021-00931-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
RBL2/p130, a member of the retinoblastoma family of proteins, is a key regulator of cell division and propagates irreversible senescence. RBL2/p130 is also involved in neuronal differentiation and survival, and eliminating Rbl2 in certain mouse strains leads to embryonic lethality accompanied by an abnormal central nervous system (CNS) phenotype. Conflicting reports exist regarding a role of RBL2/p130 in transcriptional regulation of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), as well as the control of telomere length. Here we describe the phenotype of three patients carrying bi-allelic RBL2-truncating variants. All presented with infantile hypotonia, severe developmental delay and microcephaly. Malignancies were not reported in carriers or patients. Previous studies carried out on mice and human cultured cells, associated RBL2 loss to DNA methylation and telomere length dysregulation. Here, we investigated whether patient cells lacking RBL2 display related abnormalities. The study of primary patient fibroblasts did not detect abnormalities in expression of DNMTs. Furthermore, methylation levels of whole genome DNA, and specifically of pericentromeric repeats and subtelomeric regions, were unperturbed. RBL2-null fibroblasts show no evidence for abnormal elongation by telomeric recombination. Finally, gradual telomere shortening, and normal onset of senescence were observed following continuous culturing of RBL2-mutated fibroblasts. Thus, this study resolves uncertainties regarding a potential non-redundant role for RBL2 in DNA methylation and telomere length regulation, and indicates that loss of function variants in RBL2 cause a severe autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadra Samra
- Genetic Unit, Ziv Medical Center, Tzfat, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Tzfat, Israel
| | - Shir Toubiana
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hilde Yttervik
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Aya Tzur-Gilat
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Chen Itzkovich
- The Clinical Research Institute at Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Liran Giladi
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - John Z Cao
- Section of Hematology Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lucy A Godley
- Section of Hematology Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Adi Mory
- The Genetics Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.,The Genetics Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hagit Baris Feldman
- The Genetics Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.,The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,The Genetics Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Kristian Tveten
- Department of Medical Genetics, Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway
| | - Sara Selig
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. .,Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Karin Weiss
- The Genetics Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.,The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Preclinical Evaluation of the Association of the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/6 Inhibitor, Ribociclib, and Cetuximab in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061251. [PMID: 33809148 PMCID: PMC7998503 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary We previously showed that ribociclib induces cell cycle arrest in some human papillomavirus (HPV)-negative squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (SCCHN) models. However, in vivo, ribociclib has only a cytostatic effect, suggesting that its activity needs to be optimized in combination with other treatments. We investigated the activity of ribociclib in combination with cetuximab in several HPV-negative SCCHN patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDTX) models. We found that the combination of cetuximab and ribociclib was not significantly more active than cetuximab monotherapy. In addition, our observations also suggest that the combination of cetuximab with a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 inhibitor may reduce the activity of the CDK4/6 inhibitor in some cetuximab-resistant models. Our work has significant clinical implications since combinations of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) therapy and CDK4/6 inhibitors are currently being investigated in clinical trials. Abstract Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression is observed in 90% of human papillomavirus (HPV)-negative squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (SCCHN). Cell cycle pathway impairments resulting in cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4 and 6 activation, are frequently observed in SCCHN. We investigated the efficacy of ribociclib, a CDK4/6 inhibitor, in combination with cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody targeting the EGFR, in HPV-negative SCCHN patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDTX) models. The combination of cetuximab and ribociclib was not significantly more active than cetuximab monotherapy in all models investigated. In addition, the combination of cetuximab and ribociclib was less active than ribociclib monotherapy in the cetuximab-resistant PDTX models. In these models, a significant downregulation of the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein was observed in cetuximab-treated mice. We also observed Rb downregulation in the SCCHN cell lines chronically exposed and resistant to cetuximab. In addition, Rb downregulation induced interleukin 6 (Il-6) secretion and the Janus kinase family member/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway activation that might be implicated in the cetuximab resistance of these cell lines. To conclude, cetuximab is not an appropriate partner for ribociclib in cetuximab-resistant SCCHN models. Our work has significant clinical implications since the combination of anti-EGFR therapy with CDK4/6 inhibitors is currently being investigated in clinical trials.
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Direct Regulation of DNA Repair by E2F and RB in Mammals and Plants: Core Function or Convergent Evolution? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13050934. [PMID: 33668093 PMCID: PMC7956360 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13050934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Retinoblastoma (RB) proteins and E2F transcription factors partner together to regulate the cell cycle in many eukaryotic organisms. In organisms that lack one or both of these proteins, other proteins have taken on the essential function of cell cycle regulation. RB and E2F also have important functions outside of the cell cycle, including DNA repair. This review summarizes the non-canonical functions of RB and E2F in maintaining genome integrity and raises the question of whether such functions have always been present or have evolved more recently. Abstract Members of the E2F transcription factor family regulate the expression of genes important for DNA replication and mitotic cell division in most eukaryotes. Homologs of the retinoblastoma (RB) tumor suppressor inhibit the activity of E2F factors, thus controlling cell cycle progression. Organisms such as budding and fission yeast have lost genes encoding E2F and RB, but have gained genes encoding other proteins that take on E2F and RB cell cycle-related functions. In addition to regulating cell proliferation, E2F and RB homologs have non-canonical functions outside the mitotic cell cycle in a variety of eukaryotes. For example, in both mammals and plants, E2F and RB homologs localize to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and directly promote repair by homologous recombination (HR). Here, we discuss the parallels between mammalian E2F1 and RB and their Arabidopsis homologs, E2FA and RB-related (RBR), with respect to their recruitment to sites of DNA damage and how they help recruit repair factors important for DNA end resection. We also explore the question of whether this role in DNA repair is a conserved ancient function of the E2F and RB homologs in the last eukaryotic common ancestor or whether this function evolved independently in mammals and plants.
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Parkhitko AA, Singh A, Hsieh S, Hu Y, Binari R, Lord CJ, Hannenhalli S, Ryan CJ, Perrimon N. Cross-species identification of PIP5K1-, splicing- and ubiquitin-related pathways as potential targets for RB1-deficient cells. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009354. [PMID: 33591981 PMCID: PMC7909629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The RB1 tumor suppressor is recurrently mutated in a variety of cancers including retinoblastomas, small cell lung cancers, triple-negative breast cancers, prostate cancers, and osteosarcomas. Finding new synthetic lethal (SL) interactions with RB1 could lead to new approaches to treating cancers with inactivated RB1. We identified 95 SL partners of RB1 based on a Drosophila screen for genetic modifiers of the eye phenotype caused by defects in the RB1 ortholog, Rbf1. We validated 38 mammalian orthologs of Rbf1 modifiers as RB1 SL partners in human cancer cell lines with defective RB1 alleles. We further show that for many of the RB1 SL genes validated in human cancer cell lines, low activity of the SL gene in human tumors, when concurrent with low levels of RB1 was associated with improved patient survival. We investigated higher order combinatorial gene interactions by creating a novel Drosophila cancer model with co-occurring Rbf1, Pten and Ras mutations, and found that targeting RB1 SL genes in this background suppressed the dramatic tumor growth and rescued fly survival whilst having minimal effects on wild-type cells. Finally, we found that drugs targeting the identified RB1 interacting genes/pathways, such as UNC3230, PYR-41, TAK-243, isoginkgetin, madrasin, and celastrol also elicit SL in human cancer cell lines. In summary, we identified several high confidence, evolutionarily conserved, novel targets for RB1-deficient cells that may be further adapted for the treatment of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A. Parkhitko
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Aging Institute of UPMC and the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Arashdeep Singh
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sharon Hsieh
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yanhui Hu
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Richard Binari
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Lord
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory, The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sridhar Hannenhalli
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Colm J. Ryan
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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43
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Degan M, Dalla Valle L, Alibardi L. Gene expression in regenerating and scarring tails of lizard evidences three main key genes (wnt2b, egfl6, and arhgap28) activated during the regulated process of tail regeneration. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:3-17. [PMID: 32852660 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01545-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We have analyzed the expression of key genes orchestrating tail regeneration in lizard under normal and scarring conditions after cauterization. At 1-day post-cauterization (1 dpc), the injured blastema contains degenerating epithelial and mesenchymal cells, numerous mast cells, and immune cells. At 3 and 7 dpc, a stratified wound epidermis is forming while fibrocytes give rise to a scarring connective tissue. Oncogenes such as wnt2b, egfl6, wnt6, and mycn and the tumor suppressor arhgap28 are much more expressed than other oncogenes (hmga2, rhov, fgf8, fgfr4, tert, shh) and tumor suppressors (apcdd1, p63, rb, fat2, bcl11b) in the normal blastema and at 7 dpc. Blastemas at 3 dpc feature the lowest upregulation of most genes, likely derived from damage after cauterization. Immunomodulator genes nfatc4 and lef1 are more expressed at 7 dpc than in normal blastema and 3 dpc suggesting the induction of immune response favoring scarring. Balanced over-expression of oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and immune modulator genes determines regulation of cell proliferation (anti-oncogenic), of movement (anti-metastatic), and immunosuppression in the normal blastema. Significant higher expression of oncogenes wnt2b and egfl6 in normal blastema and higher expression of the tumor suppressor arhgap28 in the 7 dpc blastema indicate that they are among the key/master genes that determine the regulated regeneration of the tail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Degan
- Clinical and Experimental Onco-Hematology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab Padova, Padua, Italy.
- Department of Biology, University of Bologna, Via Semi 3, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
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Hong FU, Castro M, Linse K. Tumor-specific lytic path “hyperploid progression mediated death”: Resolving side effects through targeting retinoblastoma or p53 mutant. World J Clin Oncol 2020; 11:854-867. [PMID: 33312882 PMCID: PMC7701912 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v11.i11.854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A major advance was made to reduce the side effects of cancer therapy via the elucidation of the tumor-specific lytic path “hyperploid progression-mediated death” targeting retinoblastoma (Rb) or p53-mutants defective in G1 DNA damage checkpoint. The genetic basis of human cancers was uncovered through the cloning of the tumor suppressor Rb gene. It encodes a nuclear DNA-binding protein whose self-interaction is regulated by cyclin-dependent kinases. A 3D-structure of Rb dimer is shown, confirming its multimeric status. Rb assumes a central role in cell cycle regulation and the “Rb pathway” is universally inactivated in human cancers. Hyperploidy refers to a state in which cells contain one or more extra chromosomes. Hyperploid progression occurs due to continued cell-cycling without cytokinesis in G1 checkpoint-defective cancer cells. The evidence for the triggering of hyperploid progression-mediated death in RB-mutant human retinoblastoma cells is shown. Hence, the very genetic mutation that predisposes to cancer can be exploited to induce lethality. The discovery helped to establish the principle of targeted cytotoxic cancer therapy at the mechanistic level. By triggering the lytic path, targeted therapy with tumor specificity at the genetic level can be developed. It sets the stage for systematically eliminating side effects for cytotoxic cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank-Un Hong
- Department of Research and Development, Bio-Synthesis, Lewisville, TX 75057, United States
| | - Miguel Castro
- Department of Research and Development, Bio-Synthesis, Lewisville, TX 75057, United States
| | - Klaus Linse
- Department of Research and Development, Bio-Synthesis, Lewisville, TX 75057, United States
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45
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Mozaffari NL, Pagliarulo F, Sartori AA. Human CtIP: A 'double agent' in DNA repair and tumorigenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 113:47-56. [PMID: 32950401 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human CtIP was originally identified as an interactor of the retinoblastoma protein and BRCA1, two bona fide tumour suppressors frequently mutated in cancer. CtIP is renowned for its role in the resection of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) during homologous recombination, a largely error-free DNA repair pathway crucial in maintaining genome integrity. However, CtIP-dependent DNA end resection is equally accountable for alternative end-joining, a mutagenic DSB repair mechanism implicated in oncogenic chromosomal translocations. In addition, CtIP contributes to transcriptional regulation of G1/S transition, DNA damage checkpoint signalling, and replication fork protection pathways. In this review, we present a perspective on the current state of knowledge regarding the tumour-suppressive and oncogenic properties of CtIP and provide an overview of their relevance for cancer development, progression, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour L Mozaffari
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Pagliarulo
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro A Sartori
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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46
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Zluhan-Martínez E, Pérez-Koldenkova V, Ponce-Castañeda MV, Sánchez MDLP, García-Ponce B, Miguel-Hernández S, Álvarez-Buylla ER, Garay-Arroyo A. Beyond What Your Retina Can See: Similarities of Retinoblastoma Function between Plants and Animals, from Developmental Processes to Epigenetic Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4925. [PMID: 32664691 PMCID: PMC7404004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Retinoblastoma protein (pRb) is a key cell cycle regulator conserved in a wide variety of organisms. Experimental analysis of pRb's functions in animals and plants has revealed that this protein participates in cell proliferation and differentiation processes. In addition, pRb in animals and its orthologs in plants (RBR), are part of highly conserved protein complexes which suggest the possibility that analogies exist not only between functions carried out by pRb orthologs themselves, but also in the structure and roles of the protein networks where these proteins are involved. Here, we present examples of pRb/RBR participation in cell cycle control, cell differentiation, and in the regulation of epigenetic changes and chromatin remodeling machinery, highlighting the similarities that exist between the composition of such networks in plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estephania Zluhan-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM 04510, Mexico; (E.Z.-M.); (M.d.l.P.S.); (B.G.-P.)
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoacán 04510, Mexico
| | - Vadim Pérez-Koldenkova
- Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía Avanzada, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc, 330. Col. Doctores, Alc. Cuauhtémoc 06720, Mexico;
| | - Martha Verónica Ponce-Castañeda
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Centro Médico Nacional SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - María de la Paz Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM 04510, Mexico; (E.Z.-M.); (M.d.l.P.S.); (B.G.-P.)
| | - Berenice García-Ponce
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM 04510, Mexico; (E.Z.-M.); (M.d.l.P.S.); (B.G.-P.)
| | - Sergio Miguel-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Citopatología Ambiental, Departamento de Morfología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Campus Zacatenco, Calle Wilfrido Massieu Esquina Cda, Manuel Stampa 07738, Mexico;
| | - Elena R. Álvarez-Buylla
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM 04510, Mexico; (E.Z.-M.); (M.d.l.P.S.); (B.G.-P.)
| | - Adriana Garay-Arroyo
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 3er Circuito Ext. Junto a J. Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM 04510, Mexico; (E.Z.-M.); (M.d.l.P.S.); (B.G.-P.)
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Knarr M, Avelar RA, Sekhar SC, Kwiatkowski LJ, Dziubinski ML, McAnulty J, Skala S, Avril S, Drapkin R, DiFeo A. miR-181a initiates and perpetuates oncogenic transformation through the regulation of innate immune signaling. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3231. [PMID: 32591511 PMCID: PMC7320168 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17030-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability (GI) predisposes cells to malignant transformation, however the molecular mechanisms that allow for the propagation of cells with a high degree of genomic instability remain unclear. Here we report that miR-181a is able to transform fallopian tube secretory epithelial cells through the inhibition of RB1 and stimulator-of-interferon-genes (STING) to propagate cells with a high degree of GI. MiR-181a targeting of RB1 leads to profound nuclear defects and GI generating aberrant cytoplasmic DNA, however simultaneous miR-181a mediated inhibition of STING allows cells to bypass interferon mediated cell death. We also found that high miR-181a is associated with decreased IFNγ response and lymphocyte infiltration in patient tumors. DNA oncoviruses are the only known inhibitors of STING that allow for cellular transformation, thus, our findings are the first to identify a miRNA that can downregulate STING expression to suppress activation of intrinsic interferon signaling. This study introduces miR-181a as a putative biomarker and identifies the miR-181a-STING axis as a promising target for therapeutic exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Knarr
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Rita A Avelar
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,The Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Sreeja C Sekhar
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,The Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Lily J Kwiatkowski
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Michele L Dziubinski
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,The Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jessica McAnulty
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,The Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Stephanie Skala
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Stefanie Avril
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Ronny Drapkin
- Penn Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Analisa DiFeo
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. .,Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. .,The Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Motifs enable communication efficiency and fault-tolerance in transcriptional networks. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9628. [PMID: 32541819 PMCID: PMC7296022 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66573-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the topology of transcriptional regulatory networks (TRNs) is an effective way to study the regulatory interactions between the transcription factors (TFs) and the target genes. TRNs are characterized by the abundance of motifs such as feed forward loops (FFLs), which contribute to their structural and functional properties. In this paper, we focus on the role of motifs (specifically, FFLs) in signal propagation in TRNs and the organization of the TRN topology with FFLs as building blocks. To this end, we classify nodes participating in FFLs (termed motif central nodes) into three distinct roles (namely, roles A, B and C), and contrast them with TRN nodes having high connectivity on the basis of their potential for information dissemination, using metrics such as network efficiency, path enumeration, epidemic models and standard graph centrality measures. We also present the notion of a three tier architecture and how it can help study the structural properties of TRN based on connectivity and clustering tendency of motif central nodes. Finally, we motivate the potential implication of the structural properties of motif centrality in design of efficient protocols of information routing in communication networks as well as their functional properties in global regulation and stress response to study specific disease conditions and identification of drug targets.
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Inhibition of the CDK4/6-Cyclin D-Rb Pathway by Ribociclib Augments Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy in Renal Cell Carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:9525207. [PMID: 32626773 PMCID: PMC7306082 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9525207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most aggressive type of genitourinary cancer and is resistant to current therapies. Identifying drugs that enhance the efficacy of RCC standard-of-care drugs at sublethal concentrations is an alternative therapeutic strategy. Ribociclib is an orally available cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) inhibitor that is approved for the treatment of breast cancer. In this work, we demonstrate that ribociclib at clinically achievable concentrations inhibits proliferation of 7 out of 9 tested RCC cell lines, with IC50 range from 76 to 280 nM. In addition, ribociclib induces apoptosis of RCC cells, but with less potency compared to its antiproliferative activity. The combination of ribociclib with chemotherapeutic or immunotherapeutic agents is synergistic in RCC cell lines. Of note, ribociclib demonstrates selective anti-RCC activity by sparing normal kidney cells and fibroblast cells. Consistent with the in vitro findings, ribociclib inhibits RCC growth at the dosage that does not lead to toxicity in mice and enhances the in vivo efficacy of RCC standard-of-care drugs. Mechanistically, we show that ribociclib remarkably inhibits phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (Rb) at various sites, leading to the suppression of transcription of E2F target genes in RCC cells. Our findings clearly demonstrate the potency and selectivity of ribociclib in RCC preclinical models, via inhibition of the CDK4/6-cyclin D/Rb pathway. Our findings support a clinical trial for the combination of ribociclib with chemo/immunotherapy in RCC.
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Parodi S, Ognibene M, Haupt R, Pezzolo A. The Over-Expression of E2F3 Might Serve as Prognostic Marker for Neuroblastoma Patients with Stage 4S Disease. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10050315. [PMID: 32429447 PMCID: PMC7277942 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10050315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Stage 4S neuroblastoma is a childhood cancer occurring in infants (<12 months at diagnosis) with metastases limited to liver, skin, and bone marrow (<10%). It is associated with an excellent outcome, due to its notable ability to undergo spontaneous regression without any therapeutic intervention. However, a subgroup of patients is doomed to relapse and eventually to die in spite of aggressive therapies. Stage 4S neuroblastoma shows characteristic hypermethylation of genes involved in the telomere maintenance, indicating that the dysregulation of these genes might serve as prognostic marker. The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (RB)-E2F transcription factors pathway is one of the critical tumor-suppressor/oncogene pathways involved in regulating telomerase expression. We have interrogated in silicopublic neuroblastoma databases for regulators involved in the RB-E2F pathway especially for E2F factors themselves, and we identified the E2F transcription factor 3 (E2F3) expression as a potential prognostic marker in stage 4S neuroblastoma. In order to confirm this finding, we screened 38 paraffin-embedded tissue samples stage 4S neuroblastoma for E2F3 protein expression using immunofluorescence, and we observed that augmented expression was strongly associated with impaired event-free survival. These results indicate that E2F3 expression might serve as prognostic marker in patients with stage 4S disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Parodi
- U.O. Epidemiologia e Biostatistica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy;
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (A.P.); Tel.: +39-010-56363531 (S.P.); Fax: +39-010-3779820 (A.P.)
| | - Marzia Ognibene
- U.O.C. Laboratorio Cellule Staminali Post Natali e Terapie Cellulari, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy;
| | - Riccardo Haupt
- U.O. Epidemiologia e Biostatistica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy;
| | - Annalisa Pezzolo
- U.O.C. Laboratorio Cellule Staminali Post Natali e Terapie Cellulari, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy;
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (A.P.); Tel.: +39-010-56363531 (S.P.); Fax: +39-010-3779820 (A.P.)
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