The Role of NQO1 in Ovarian Cancer

The long-term in vitro co-exposure of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) nanoplastics and cigarette smoke condensate exacerbates the induction of carcinogenic traits

This study examines the long-term impact of polyethylene terephthalate nanoplastics (PET-NPLs) and cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) on human lung BEAS-2B cells, focusing on key biological hallmarks of carcinogenesis. True-to-life PET-NPLs were generated from plastic water bottles and characterized to simulate environmental exposure conditions; and a comprehensive battery of assays was employed to assess genotoxicity, cellular transformation, and invasiveness. It was observed that, compared to passage control and individual exposures, co-exposure to PET-NPLs and CSC exacerbates oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and tumorigenic transformation, as evidenced by increased DNA damage, colony formation in soft agar, and enhanced cell migration and invasion. Transcriptomic analysis revealed a shift in cellular stress regulation including the upregulation of stress-response genes, including SLC7A11, NQO1, and HSPA1A, which are linked to oxidative stress adaptation and tumor survival. At the same time, key tumor-suppressor genes, such as LOX, and FN1, were significantly downregulated, promoting cellular transformation and invasiveness. These results provide compelling evidence that the combination of PET-NPLs and CSC enhances carcinogenic traits through oxidative stress, genomic instability, and disruption of tumor-suppressive pathways. This study underscores the importance of evaluating the synergistic effects of combined environmental exposures and their implications for human health.

Precision proteogenomics reveals pan-cancer impact of germline variants

We investigate the impact of germline variants on cancer patients' proteomes, encompassing 1,064 individuals across 10 cancer types. We introduced an approach, "precision peptidomics," mapping 337,469 coding germline variants onto peptides from patients' mass spectrometry data, revealing their potential impact on post-translational modifications, protein stability, allele-specific expression, and protein structure by leveraging the relevant protein databases. We identified rare pathogenic and common germline variants in cancer genes potentially affecting proteomic features, including variants altering protein abundance and structure and variants in kinases (ERBB2 and MAP2K2) impacting phosphorylation. Precision peptidome analysis predicted destabilizing events in signal-regulatory protein alpha (SIRPA) and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), relevant to immunomodulation and glioblastoma diagnostics, respectively. Genome-wide association studies identified quantitative trait loci for gene expression and protein levels, spanning millions of SNPs and thousands of proteins. Polygenic risk scores correlated with distal effects from risk variants. Our findings emphasize the contribution of germline genetics to cancer heterogeneity and high-throughput precision peptidomics.

The role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) in arsenic toxicity

Arsenic, a naturally occurring toxic element, manifests in various chemical forms and is widespread in the environment. Exposure to arsenic is a well-established risk factor for an elevated incidence of various cancers and chronic diseases. The crux of arsenic-mediated toxicity lies in its ability to induce oxidative stress, characterized by an unsettling imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants, accompanied by the rampant generation of reactive oxygen species and free radicals. In response to this oxidative turmoil, cells deploy their defense mechanisms, prominently featuring the redox-sensitive transcription factor known as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). NRF2 stands as a primary guardian against the oxidative harm wrought by arsenic. When oxidative stress activates NRF2, it orchestrates a symphony of downstream antioxidant genes, leading to the activation of pivotal antioxidant enzymes like glutathione-S-transferase, heme oxygenase-1, and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1. This comprehensive review embarks on the intricate and diverse ways by which various arsenicals influence the NRF2 antioxidant pathway and its downstream targets, shedding light on their roles in defending against arsenic exposure toxic effects. It offers valuable insights into targeting NRF2 as a strategy for safeguarding against or treating the harmful and carcinogenic consequences of arsenic exposure.

Progesterone Enhances Sensitivity of Ovarian Cancer Cells to SN38 Through Inhibition of Topoisomerase I and Inducing Ferroptosis

BACKGROUND

Progesterone rapidly induces ovarian cancer cell death through non-genomic actions mediated by the membrane progesterone receptor (mPR).

AIMS

We investigated the combined effects of progesterone and SN38, an active metabolite of irinotecan, on ovarian cancer cells.

METHODS AND RESULTS

mPR-positive and PR-negative ovarian cancer cell lines were utilized in experiments. Tumor cells were exposed to SN38 or cisplatin for 48 h following exposure to progesterone for 30 min. The viable cell counts were measured using a colorimetric assay and the expression of topoisomerase I (TOPO-I), the direct target of SN38, was observed with or without exposure to progesterone. Moreover, we investigated the relationship between several types of programmed cell death and the SN38 sensitivity enhancement effect of progesterone using specific cell death inhibitors. The chemosensitivity to SN38 was 8.7- to 26.0-fold higher with the administration of progesterone than that without (p < 0.01), but not to cisplatin in ovarian cancer cells. Progesterone suppressed the expression of TOPO-I mRNA by less than 50% (p < 0.01). Furthermore, among various programmed cell death inhibitors, only the ferroptosis inhibitor attenuated the progesterone-induced SN38 chemosensitivity enhancement effect.

CONCLUSIONS

Progesterone increased sensitivity to SN38 by suppressing TOPO-I expression and inducing ferroptosis. The combination of progesterone and irinotecan could be a novel treatment modality for ovarian cancer.

Deciphering ovarian cancer heterogeneity through spatial transcriptomics, single-cell profiling, and copy number variations

High-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) poses a formidable clinical challenge due to multidrug resistance (MDR) caused by tumor heterogeneity. To elucidate the intricate mechanisms underlying HGSOC heterogeneity, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of five single-cell transcriptomes and eight spatial transcriptomes derived from eight HGSOC patients. This study provides a comprehensive view of tumor heterogeneity across the spectrum of gene expression, copy number variation (CNV), and single-cell profiles. Our CNV analysis revealed intratumor heterogeneity by identifying distinct tumor clones, illuminating their evolutionary trajectories and spatial relationships. We further explored the homogeneity and heterogeneity of CNV across tumors to pinpoint the origin of heterogeneity. At the cellular level, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA seq) analysis identified three meta-programs that delineate the functional profile of tumor cells. The communication networks between tumor cell clusters exhibited unique patterns associated with the meta-programs governing these clusters. Notably, the ligand-receptor pair MDK - NCL emerged as a highly enriched interaction in tumor cell communication. To probe the functional significance of this interaction, we induced NCL overexpression in the SOVK3 cell line and observed enhanced tumor cell proliferation. These findings indicate that the MDK - NCL interaction plays a crucial role in promoting HGSOC tumor growth and may represent a promising therapeutic target. In conclusion, this study comprehensively unravels the multifaceted nature of HGSOC heterogeneity, providing potential therapeutic strategies for this challenging malignancy.

Ferroptosis: iron release mechanisms in the bioenergetic process

Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of cell death, has been the focus of extensive research over the past decade, leading to the elucidation of key molecules and mechanisms involved in this process. While several studies have highlighted iron sources for the Fenton reaction, the predominant mechanism for iron release in ferroptosis has been identified as ferritinophagy, which occurs in response to iron starvation. However, much of the existing literature has concentrated on lipid peroxidation rather than on the mechanisms of iron release. This review proposes three distinct mechanisms of iron mobilization: ferritinophagy, reductive pathways with selective gating of ferritin pores, and quinone-mediated iron mobilization. Notably, the latter two mechanisms operate independently of iron starvation and rely primarily on reductants such as NADH and O2•-. The inhibition of the respiratory chain, particularly under the activation of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, leads to the accumulation of these reductants, which in turn promotes iron release from ferritin and indirectly inhibits AMP-activated protein kinase through excessive iron levels. In this work, we delineate the intricate relationship between iron mobilization and bioenergetic processes under conditions of oxidative stress. Furthermore, this review aims to enhance the understanding of the connections between ferroptosis and these mechanisms.

A Proteomic Study Based on Home Quarantine Model Identifies NQO1 and Inflammation Pathways Involved in Adenoid Hypertrophy

Background

Adenoid hypertrophy is a common disorder of childhood, and has an unclear pathogenesis. At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a significant reduction in the incidence of adenoid hypertrophy in children under long-term home quarantine, providing a rare research model to explore the pathogenesis and treatment targets of adenoidal hypertrophy in children.

Methodology

Before and during the home quarantine period, adenoids that underwent surgery were detected using label-free proteomics. Differences in protein expression were analyzed using Gene Ontology, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, Protein-protein interaction, and immunohistochemistry analysis.

Results

Long-term home quarantine had a profound impact on the proteomics of pediatric adenoids, with up-regulated and down-regulated proteins of 28 and 92 downregulated proteins, respectively. Functional enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed proteins were mainly enriched in pathways such as leukocyte activation, inflammatory response, IL-1 production, Th17 cell differentiation, and IL-17 signaling. In the home quarantine group, inflammation-related proteins (TNF-α, IL-6), CD36, and S100A2, were considerably reduced, whereas NQO1 levels increased significantly, potentially alleviating adenoid hypertrophy. NQO1, CD36, NDUFS8, and NDUFAF2 exhibited strong interactions.

Conclusion

This study identified some candidate differential proteins, such as NQO1, CD36, S100A2, and the inflammation pathways involved in adenoid hypertrophy in preschool children.

An overview of phenylsulfonylfuroxan-based nitric oxide donors for cancer treatment

Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous molecule integral to numerous physiological processes, including tumor modulation, cardiovascular regulation, and systemic physiological functions. Its dual role in promoting and inhibiting tumor growth makes it a focal point of contemporary oncological research. Phenylsulfonylfuroxan, a classical NO donor, has been shown to significantly elevate NO levels, thereby inducing apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation and metastasis in tumor cells. It enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy, reverses multidrug resistance (MDR), and impedes tumor progression. Notably, phenylsulfonylfuroxan have the ability to trigger ferroptosis in cancer cells by binding covalently to inhibit glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). Recent developments in phenylsulfonylfuroxan-based therapies have positioned them as crucial in the advancement of cancer treatment modalities. This review elucidates the mechanism by which phenylsulfonylfuroxan releases NO and summarizes the significant advancements over the past 16 years in the research and development of phenylsulfonylfuroxan conjugates with various anticancer agents for targeted cancer therapy.

Curcumin and its Analogues in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: State-of-the-art and Therapeutic Potential

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common cancer arising from squamous epithelium in the oral cavity and is characterized by high aggressiveness and metastatic potential, which together with a late diagnosis results in a 5-year survival rate of only 50% of patients. The therapeutic options for OSCC management are limited and largely influenced by the cancer stage. While radical surgery can be curative in early stage of disease, most cases require adjuvant therapies, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy which, however, often achieve poor curative rates and are associated with important negative effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover new alternative treatment strategies to improve patients' outcomes. Several medicinal herbs are being studied for their preventive or therapeutic effect in several diseases, including cancer. In particular, the Indian spice curcumin, largely used in oriental countries, has been studied as a chemopreventive or adjuvant agent for different malignancies. Indeed, curcumin is characterized by important biological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects, which could also be exploited in OSCC. However, due to its limited bioavailability and poor aqueous solubility, this review is focused on studies designing new synthetic analogues and developing novel types of curcumin delivery systems to improve its pharmacokinetic and biological properties. Thus, this review analyses the potential therapeutic role of curcumin in OSCC by providing an overview of current in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrating the beneficial effects of curcumin and its analogues in OSCC.

Significance of Aneuploidy in Predicting Prognosis and Treatment Response of Uveal Melanoma

AIMS

This study aimed to improve personalized treatment strategies and predict survival outcomes for patients with uveal melanoma (UM).

BACKGROUND

Copy number aberrations (CNAs) have been considered as a main feature of metastatic UM.

OBJECTIVE

This study was designed to explore the feasibility of using copy number variation (CNV) in UM classification, prognosis stratification and treatment response.

METHODS

The CNV data in the TCGA-UVM cohort were used to classify the samples. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between subtypes were screened by the "Limma" package. The module and hub genes related to aneuploidy score were identified by performing weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) on the DEGs. Univariate Cox and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis were employed to train the hub genes for developing a prognosis model for UM. Finally, the expression levels of the screened prognostic key genes were verified in UM cells, and the cell migration and invasion abilities were detected using real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) and transwell assay.

RESULTS

The UM samples were divided into 3 CNV subtypes, which differed significantly in overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS). C1 had the shortest OS and DSS and the highest level of immune infiltration. A total of 2036 DEGs were obtained from the three subtypes. Eighty hub genes with the closest correlation with aneuploidy scores were selected by WGCNA. Univariate Cox and LASSO regression-based analyses finally determined eight genes as the key prognostic genes, including HES6, RNASEH2C, NQO1, NUDT14, TTYH3, GJC1, FKBP10, and MRPL24. A prognostic model was developed using the eight genes, demonstrating a strong prediction power. Differences in the response to immunotherapy among patients in different risk groups were significant. We found that high-risk patients were more sensitive to two drugs (Palbociclib_ 1054 and Ribociclib_1632), while low-risk patients were more sensitive to AZD1208_1449, ERK_2440_1713, Mirin_1048, and Selumetinib_1736.

CONCLUSION

UM in this study was divided into three CNV subtypes, and a model based on eight aneuploidy score-related genes was established to evaluate the prognosis and drug treatment efficacy of UM patients. The current results may have the potential to help the clinical decision-making process for UM management.

Nrf2 Signaling in Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Potential Candidate for the Development of Novel Therapeutic Strategies

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer arising from renal tubular epithelial cells and is characterized by a high aggressive behavior and invasiveness that lead to poor prognosis and high mortality rate. Diagnosis of RCC is generally incidental and occurs when the stage is advanced and the disease is already metastatic. The management of RCC is further complicated by an intrinsic resistance of this malignancy to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, which aggravates the prognosis. For these reasons, there is intense research focused on identifying novel biomarkers which may be useful for a better prognostic assessment, as well as molecular markers which could be utilized for targeted therapy. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcriptional factor that has been identified as a key modulator of oxidative stress response, and its overexpression is considered a negative prognostic feature in several types of cancers including RCC, since it is involved in various key cancer-promoting functions such as proliferation, anabolic metabolism and resistance to chemotherapy. Given the key role of Nrf2 in promoting tumor progression, this enzyme could be a promising biomarker for a more accurate prediction of RCC course and it can also represent a valuable therapeutic target. In this review, we provide a comprehensive literature analysis of studies that have explored the role of Nrf2 in RCC, underlining the possible implications for targeted therapy.

Nrf2: A critical participant in regulation of apoptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy in gastric cancer

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) is a specific transcription factor that maintains redox homeostasis by regulating the expression of anti-oxidative stress-related genes. Hyperactivation of Nrf2 is involved in tumor progression and is associated with chemoresistance in a large number of solid tumors. Programmatic cell death (PCD), such as apoptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy, plays a crucial role in tumor development and chemotherapy sensitivity. Accumulating evidence suggests that some anti-tumor compounds and genes can induce massive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via inhibiting Nrf2 expression, which exacerbates oxidative stress and promotes Gastric cancer (GC) cell death, thereby enhancing the sensitivity of GC cells to chemotherapy-induced PCD. In this review, we summarize the role of antitumor drugs in interfering in three different types of PCD (apoptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy) in GC cells by modulating Nrf2 expression, as well as the molecular mechanisms through which targeting Nrf2 brings about PCD and chemosensitivity. It is reasonable to believe that Nrf2 serves as a potential therapeutic target, and targeting Nrf2 by drug or gene regulation could provide a new strategy for the treatment of GC.

Forced Vasohibin-1 Expression Increases Paclitaxel Sensitivity of Ovarian Cancer by Inhibiting Microtubule Activity

BACKGROUND

Vasohibin-1 (VASH1), an angiogenic inhibitor, exhibits tubulin carboxypeptidase activity, which is involved in microtubule functions. Paclitaxel, the core chemotherapeutic agent for ovarian cancer chemotherapy, has a point of action on microtubules and may interact with VASH1.

AIMS

To examine the influence of VASH1 on intracellular tubulin detyrosination status, cyclin B1 expression, and paclitaxel chemosensitivity using VASH1-overexpressing ovarian cancer cell lines.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Gene-transfected human ovarian cancer cell lines were subjected to western blot analysis. Western blot analysis of VASH1-overexpressing ovarian cancer cells revealed upregulated expression of detyrosinated tubulin and cyclin B1 compared with control cells. By WST-1 assay, paclitaxel chemosensitivity of VASH1-overexpressing ovarian cancer cells was markedly enhanced compared with that of control cells, whereas there was no significant difference in chemosensitivity to cisplatin. The forced expression of VASH1 enhanced tubulin carboxypeptidase activity and increased cyclin B1 expression, resulting in augmented paclitaxel chemosensitivity in ovarian cancer cells.

CONCLUSION

Ovarian cancer treatment strategies targeting VASH1 can potentiate the effects of conventional chemotherapy by inhibiting angiogenesis and regulating microtubule activity.

Activation of ferritin light chain (FTL) by transcription factor salmonella pathogenicity island 1 modulates glycolysis to drive metastasis of ovarian cancer cells

BACKGROUND

Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal gynecological cancer often diagnosed at an advanced stage due to a lack of effective biomarkers. Ferritin light chain (FTL) is implicated in the development of various cancers, but its impact on OC remains unknown.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Bioinformatics methods were utilized to analyze FTL. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and immunohistochemistry were employed for expression detection, and cell counting kit- 8, and transwell assays were for cell biological functions assessment. Extracellular acidification rate, oxygen consumption rate, and glycolytic metabolite contents were measured. Dual-luciferase and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay validated binding relationship. Xenografted tumor models in nude mice verified the role of FTL in vivo.

RESULTS

Cell function experiments revealed that FTL facilitated proliferation, migration, and invasion of OC cells. Rescue experiments unveiled that 2-Deoxy-D-glucose attenuated stimulation on OC cell metastasis and glycolysis by FTL overexpression. Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1) up-regulated FTL expression to promote glycolysis and metastasis. FTL knockdown inhibited tumor growth and suppressed glycolysis and cell metastasis in vivo, while SPI1 overexpression attenuated these effects.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrated pro-metastatic mechanisms of transcription factor SPI1/FTL axis in OC and suggested it as a potential target for treating OC metastasis.

Effect of NQO1 Downregulation on the Migration and Invasion of HPV16-Positive Cervical Cancer Cells

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to identify upregulated genes in HPV16-positive cervical cancer cells and investigate the impact of downregulating NAD(P) H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) on the survival of these cells.

METHODS

Transcriptomic sequencing (RNA-seq) was utilized to pinpoint upregulated genes and associated cancer-related pathways in HPV16-positive cervical cancer cells, comparing them to HPV-negative cervical cancer cells. NQO1 gene knockdown was performed in HPV16-positive cervical cancer cell lines to assess its effect on cell survival, including parameters such as cell proliferation, migration, invasion, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and the expression of key proteins in the PI3K/AKT pathway, p53, and RECK.

RESULTS

Genes with a fold change ≥4.0 in HPV16-positive cervical cancer cell lines were predominantly localized to the extracellular region and plasma membrane. These genes were involved in protein binding and cell adhesion, influencing cellular responses to stimuli and tissue development. KEGG pathway analysis identified the most significant pathways, including metabolic pathways, cancer pathways, MAPK signaling, and PI3K-AKT signaling. Knockdown of NQO1 significantly decreased cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, while increasing apoptosis in HPV16-positive cervical cancer cells (p ≤ 0.01). Additionally, proteins associated with the PI3K-AKT pathway were downregulated, while p53 and RECK protein levels were elevated.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that NQO1 plays a crucial role in promoting migration and invasion in HPV16-positive cervical cancer cells, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target.

S100A1 overexpression stimulates cell proliferation and is predictive of poor outcome in ovarian cancer

Background

Members of the S100 gene family are frequently dysregulated in various cancers, including ovarian cancer (OC). Despite this, the prognostic implications of individual S100 genes in OC remain poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the prognostic significance of S100A1 expression in OC and assess its potential as a therapeutic target.

Methods

To investigate the role of S100A1 in OC, we utilized the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) database and the University of ALabama at Birmingham Cancer Data Analysis Portal (UALCAN) database. Protein levels of S100A1 in OC tissues were assessed using western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Bioinformatics analyses were performed to correlate S100A1 expression with clinical outcomes. Functional assays were conducted to evaluate the impact of S100A1 knockout on OC cell proliferation and migration. Additionally, we investigated the effect of S100A1 on ferroptosis and lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in tumor cells.

Results

Our analyses revealed that S100A1 protein levels were significantly elevated in OC tissues compared to normal tissues. Elevated S100A1 expression was associated with poor clinical outcomes in OC patients. Functional assays demonstrated that the knockout of S100A1 led to a decrease in both proliferation and migration of OC cells in vitro. Furthermore, S100A1 was found to inhibit ferroptosis in OC cells, resulting in lower levels of lipid ROS within tumor cells.

Conclusions

High levels of S100A1 are indicative of adverse clinical outcomes in OC. Our findings suggest that S100A1 could serve as a valuable prognostic marker and a potential therapeutic target for OC treatment.

Exosomal AHSG in ovarian cancer ascites inhibits malignant progression of ovarian cancer by p53/FAK/Src signaling

Background

The primary cause of mortality in patients with ovarian cancer (OC) is tumor metastasis. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying metastasis in OC is essential for accurate prognosis prediction and the development of targeted therapeutic agents. Our findings indicate that alpha-2 Heremans Schmid glycoprotein (AHSG) is downregulated in OC exosomes. Consequently, the objective of this study was to identify novel prognostic markers and potential therapeutic targets for OC.

Methods

Exosomes derived from OC cells and patient ascites were purified and applied to OC cells to assess their migratory ability using wound-healing and transwell assays. AHSG expression was enhanced by overexpressing lentivirus, and the resulting exosomes were isolated and co-cultured with OC cells to verify their effect on the migration ability of OC.

Results

Exosomes in ovarian malignant ascites have been demonstrated to promote OC metastasis. However, our findings indicate that AHSG is down-regulated in OC tissues and ascites exosomes. Furthermore, overexpression of AHSG in OC cells has been shown to markedly decrease their migratory ability, as well as reduce the migratory ability of cancer cells after co-culture of its exosomes with cancer cells.

Conclusions

The low expression of AHSG in exosomes derived from OC tissues and ascites is associated with metastatic progression in OC patients. Additionally, cancer-derived AHSG can be transported to OC cells via exosomes, where it inhibits OC migration in vitro and in vivo by regulating the p53/FAK/Src signaling pathway. The present study demonstrated that AHSG, derived from cancer cells, exerts a negative regulatory effect on OC cell motility, migration, and metastasis. These findings suggest that AHSG is a potential candidate for OC treatment.

Unveiling the potential of medicinal herbs as the source for in vitro screening toward the inhibition of Nrf2

Background

Drug resistance is one of the leading causes attributed to the failure of cancer treatment by chemotherapy. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor regulating gene expression in cell defense against oxidative stress or hazardous factors. Taking advantage of this feature, Nrf2 also serves as the bodyguard for both normal and cancer cells. Many pieces of evidence have reported that inhibiting Nrf2 activity in cancer cells can reverse chemotherapy drug resistance. In addition, secondary metabolites from medicinal plants have been reported to inhibit Nrf2 activity in the in vitro study. This study aimed to preliminarily investigate fractions from medicinal herbs that inhibit Nrf2 activity in Huh7 liver cancer cells, thereby establishing a basis for subsequent isolation and extraction processes.

Materials and methods

Sub-fractions from five medicinal plants have been evaluated the Nrf2 inhibitor activity on Huh7 cells through luciferase-reported genes assay. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was also performed to quantify the extracts' main phytochemistry components. Combining the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) and half-maximal cytotoxicity concentration (CC50) enables us to determine which extracts have the potential for further isolation steps.

Results

Ten over 30 crude extracts and sub-fractions showed the inhibition of Nrf2 activity with the percentage ranging from 30 to 97 %. The methanol and n-hexane sub-fractions from Helicteres hirsuta Lour. leaves showed the strongest inhibition ability on Nrf2 activity with the IC50 = 20.98 ± 3.67 and 42.22 ± 2.10 μg/mL, respectively. The TLC results showed the presence of steroids and terpenoids in the promising sub-fractions.

Conclusions

Combining the TLC results with the in vitro screening on Nrf2 activity screening of medicinal plants, the outcomes suggest the steroids and terpenoids in the methanol extract and hexane sub-fraction from Helicteres hirsuta Lour. leaves show promise towards inhibiting Nrf2 activity in liver cancer cell lines without toxicity in the normal cells.

Saikosaponin D potentiates the antineoplastic effects of doxorubicin in drug-resistant breast cancer through perturbing NQO1-mediated intracellular redox balance

BACKGROUND

Drug resistance to doxorubicin (DOX) significantly limits its therapeutic efficacy in breast cancer (BC) patients. Saikosaponin D (SSD), a triterpene saponin derived from the traditional herb Radix Bupleuri, has shown promise as a chemotherapeutic sensitizer in preclinical studies due to its notable antitumor activity. However, the role and mechanism of SSD in DOX-resistant BC cells remain largely unexplored.

PURPOSE

This study aimed to investigate the chemosensitizing effect of SSD on DOX-resistant BC and the underlying molecular mechanisms both in vitro and in vivo.

METHODS

In vitro assays, including cell viability, clone formation, three-dimensional tumor spheroid growth, and apoptosis analysis, were conducted to evaluate the synergistic effect of SSD and DOX on resistant BC cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), GSH/GSSG, NADPH/NADP+, and NADH/NAD+ detections were employed to assess the impact of SSD on cellular redox homeostasis. Western blotting, cell cycle distribution assay, and DOX uptake assay were performed to further elucidate the possible antineoplastic mechanism of SSD. Finally, a subcutaneous MCF7/DOX cell xenografted model in nude mice was established to identify the in vivo anticarcinogenic effect of SSD combined with DOX.

RESULTS

SSD significantly inhibited cell viability, proliferation, and clone formation, enhancing DOX's anticancer efficacy in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, SSD reduced STAT1, NQO1, and PGC-1α protein levels, leading to cellular redox imbalance, excessive ROS generation, and depletion of GSH, NADPH, and NADH. SSD induced DNA damage by disrupting redox homeostasis, resulting in G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest. Additionally, SSD increased DOX accumulation in BC cells via inhibiting P-gp protein expression and efflux activity.

CONCLUSION

We demonstrated for the first time that SSD enhances the sensitivity of chemoresistant BC cells to DOX by disrupting cellular redox homeostasis through inactivation of the STAT1/NQO1/PGC-1α signaling pathway. This study provides evidence for SSD as an adjuvant agent in drug-resistant BC treatment.

The surgical, histopathological characteristics, and survival outcome of ovarian clear cell carcinoma: a retrospective case series sharing the experience of a tertiary cancer centre

Background

Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) is a rare and distinct subtype of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). It is unique in several biological aspects. This study analyzes the clinicopathological features and survival outcome of patients with OCCC, aiming to identify factors affecting recurrence, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS).

Methods

A retrospective study included 49 women with OCCC between January 2009 and December 2021 at Oxford Cancer Center. All demographic and pathological characteristics, pre-operative biomarkers, surgical procedure, complications, hospital stay, chemotherapy regimen, and disease status on follow-up, were collected from electronic medical records.

Results

No residual disease (R0) was achieved in 39 out of 49 women who underwent cytoreductive surgery. The follow-up time had a mean of 8.75 years. The 3-year OS was 73.4%, and the 3-year PFS was 81.3% [95% confidence interval (CI): 84.63-118.93]. Women with stage 1 disease had the best outcome. There was a marked difference (P<0.001) in OS in the presence of residual disease. No residual disease conferred a 3-year OS of 88.6% (95% CI: 108.6-141.8), compared to only 12.5% in the presence of residual disease (95% CI: 4.48-32.11). In multivariant analysis, the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage was the only independent prognostic indicator of OS with (P<0.05), including carbohydrate antigen (CA) 125, hemoglobin, albumin, associated endometriosis, ascites, residual disease and FIGO staging.

Conclusions

Surgery to achieve no residual disease is necessary to improve the prognosis in advanced OCCC. The true challenge is to predict which patients with early-stage disease at higher risk of recurrence and would most benefit from adjuvant treatments.

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling in heavy metals-induced oxidative stress

Organisms encounter reactive oxidants through intrinsic metabolism and environmental exposure to toxicants. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS, RNS) are generally considered detrimental because they induce oxidative stress. In order to combat oxidative stress, a potential modulator of cellular defense nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its endogenous inhibitor Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) operate as a common, genetically preserved intrinsic defense system. There has been a significant increase in the amount of harmful metalloids and metals that individuals are exposed to through their food, water, and air, primarily due to human activities. Many studies have looked at the connection between the emergence of different ailments in humans and ecological exposure to metalloids, i.e., arsenic (As) and metals viz., chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), and lead (Pb). It is known that they can produce ROS in several organs by both direct and indirect means. Studies suggest that Nrf2 signaling is a crucial mechanism in maintaining antioxidant balance and can have two roles, depending on the particular biological setting. From one perspective, Nrf2 is an essential defense mechanism against metal-induced toxicity. Still, it may also operate as a catalyst for metal-induced carcinogenesis in situations involving protracted exposure and persistent activation. Therefore, this review aims to provide an overview of the antioxidant defense mechanism of Nrf2-Keap1 signaling and the interrelation between Nrf2 signaling and the toxic elements.

Identification of cellular senescence-related genes and immune cell infiltration characteristics in intervertebral disc degeneration

Background

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) progression involves multiple factors, including loss of nucleus pulposus cells and extracellular matrix as the basic pathological mechanism of degeneration, and is closely related to cellular senescence and immune cell infiltration. The aim of study was to identify critical cellular senescence-related genes and immune cell infiltration characteristics in IDD.

Methods

Four datasets, including GSE70362, GSE112216, GSE114169, and GSE150408, were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The senescence-related genes were acquired from the CellAge Database and intersected with differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between IDD and control samples for senescence-related DEGs (SRDEGs). Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis was performed to obtain ten hub SRDEGs. A consensus cluster analysis based on these hub genes was performed to divide the patients into clusters. The functional enrichment, and immune infiltration statuses of the clusters were compared. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis was used to identified key gene modules. The overlapping genes from key modules, DEGs of clusters and hub SRDEGs were intersected to obtain potential biomarkers. To verify the expression of potential biomarkers, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry were performed by using human intervertebral disc tissues.

Results

In the GSE70362 dataset, a total of 364 DEGs were identified, of which 150 were upregulated and 214 were downregulated, and 35 genes were selected as SRDEGs. PPI analysis revealed ten hub SRDEGs and consensus cluster analysis divided the patients into two clusters. Compared to Cluster 2, Cluster 1 was highly enriched in extracellular matrix organization and various metabolic process. The level of Follicular T helper cells in the Cluster 1 was significantly higher than that in the Cluster 2. IGFBP3 and NQO1 were identified as potential biomarkers. The remaining 3 datasets, and the result of qPCR and immunohistochemistry showed that the expression levels of NQO1 and IGFBP3 in the degenerated group were higher than those in the control or treatment groups.

Conclusion

Senescence-related genes play a key role in the development and occurrence of IDD. IGFBP3 and NQO1 are strongly correlated with immune infiltration in the IDD and could become novel therapeutic targets that prevent the progression of IDD.

Genetic landscape of homologous recombination repair and practical outcomes of PARPi therapy in ovarian cancer management

Background

Genetic studies of ovarian cancer (OC) have historically focused on BRCA1/2 mutations, lacking other studies of homologous recombination repair (HRR). Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) exploit synthetic lethality to significantly improve OC treatment outcomes, especially in BRCA1/2 deficiency patients.

Objectives

Our study aims to construct a mutation map of HRR genes in OC and identify factors influencing the efficacy of PARPi.

Design

A retrospective observational analysis of HRR gene variation data from 695 OC patients from March 2019 to February 2022 was performed.

Methods

The HRR gene variation data of 695 OC patients who underwent next-generation sequencing (NGS) in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University were retrospectively collected. Clinical data on the use of PARPi in these patients were also gathered to identify factors that may interfere with the efficacy of PARPi.

Results

Out of 127 pathogenic variants in the BRCA1/2 genes, 104 (81.9%) were BRCA1 mutations, and 23 (18.1%) were BRCA2 mutations. Among the 59 variants of uncertain significance (VUS), 20 (33.9%) were BRCA1, while 39 (66.1%) were BRCA2 mutations. In addition to BRCA1/2, HRR gene results showed that 9 (69%) of 13 were HRR pathway pathogenic variants; and 16 (1.7%) of 116 VUS were Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved mutated HRR genes. Notably, the treatment regimen significantly influenced the effectiveness of PARPi, especially when using first-line maintenance therapy, leading to enhanced progression-free survival (PFS) compared to alternative protocols.

Conclusion

Focusing on HRR gene mutations and supporting clinical research about PARPi in OC patients is crucial for developing precision treatment strategies and enhancing prognosis.

The Multifaceted Role of Endothelial Sirt1 in Vascular Aging: An Update

NAD+-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1 (Sirt1) belongs to the sirtuins family, known to be longevity regulators, and exerts a key role in the prevention of vascular aging. By aging, the expression levels of Sirt1 decline with a severe impact on vascular function, such as the rise of endothelial dysfunction, which in turn promotes the development of cardiovascular diseases. In this context, the impact of Sirt1 activity in preventing endothelial senescence is particularly important. Given the key role of Sirt1 in counteracting endothelial senescence, great efforts have been made to deepen the knowledge about the intricate cross-talks and interactions of Sirt1 with other molecules, in order to set up possible strategies to boost Sirt1 activity to prevent or treat vascular aging. The aim of this review is to provide a proper background on the regulation and function of Sirt1 in the vascular endothelium and to discuss the recent advances regarding the therapeutic strategies of targeting Sirt1 to counteract vascular aging.

Marine anticancer drugs in modulating miRNAs and antioxidant signaling

Several marine drugs exert anticancer effects by inducing oxidative stress, which becomes overloaded and kills cancer cells when redox homeostasis is imbalanced. The downregulation of antioxidant signaling induces oxidative stress, while its upregulation attenuates oxidative stress. Marine drugs have miRNA-modulating effects against cancer cells. However, the potential antioxidant targets of such drugs have been rarely explored. This review aims to categorize the marine-drug-modulated miRNAs that downregulate their antioxidant targets, causing oxidative stress in anticancer treatments. We also categorize the downregulation of oxidative-stress-inducing miRNAs in antioxidant protection among non-cancer cells. We summarize the putative antioxidant targets of miRNA-modulating marine drugs by introducing a bioinformatics tool (miRDB). Finally, the marine drugs affecting antioxidant targets are surveyed. In this way, the connections between marine drugs and their modulating miRNA and antioxidant targets are innovatively categorized to provide a precise network for exploring their potential anticancer functions and protective effects on non-cancer cells.

Identification of oxidative stress signatures of lung adenocarcinoma and prediction of patient prognosis or treatment response with single-cell RNA sequencing and bulk RNA sequencing data

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), the most common subtype of lung cancer globally, has seen improved prognosis with advancements in diagnostic, surgical, radiotherapy, and molecular therapy techniques, while its 5-year survival rate remains low. Molecular biomarkers provide prognostic value. Oxidative stress factors, such as reactive nitrogen species and ROS, are crucial in various stages of tumor progression, influencing cell transformation, proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. ROS demonstrate dual roles, affecting tumor cells, hypoxia sensitivity, and the microenvironment. Comprehensive analysis of oxidative stress in LUAD has not been conducted to date. Therefore, we systematically investigated the regulatory patterns of oxidative stress in LUAD based on oxidative stress-related genes and correlated these patterns with cellular infiltration characteristics of the tumor immune microenvironment. The model utilizes single-factor Cox analysis to screen key differential genes with prognostic value and employs least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) penalized Cox regression analysis to construct a prognostic-related prediction model. Ten candidate genes were selected based on this model. The risk score was constructed using the coefficients and expression levels of these ten genes. Furthermore, the impact of this risk score on overall survival (OS) was determined. Two genes with the most significant differential expression, SFTPB and S100P, were selected through qRT-PCR. Cell experiments including CCK-8, Edu, transwell assays confirmed their effects on lung cancer cells growth, consistent with the results of bioinformatics analysis. These findings suggested that this model held potential clinical value for evaluating the prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma.

Roquin-2 promotes oxidative stress-induced cell death by ubiquitination-dependent degradation of TAK1

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive and their accumulation causes oxidative damage to cells. Cells maintain survival upon mild oxidative stress with anti-oxidative systems, such as the kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) system. On the other hand, upon severe oxidative stress, cells undergo regulated cell death, including apoptosis, for eliminating damaged cells. To execute efficient cell death, cells need to turn off the anti-oxidant systems, while triggering cell death. However, it remains unknown how cells orchestrate these two conflicting systems under excessive oxidative stress. Herein, we show that when cells are exposed to excessive oxidative damage, an E3 ubiquitin ligase Roquin-2 (also known as RC3H2) plays a key role in switching cell fate from survival to death by terminating activation of transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), a positive regulator for Nrf2 activation. Roquin-2 interacted with TAK1 via four cysteine residues in TAK1 (C96, C302, C486, and C500) that are susceptible to oxidative stress and participate in oligomer formation via disulfide bonds, promoting K48-linked polyubiquitination and degradation of TAK1. Nrf2 was inactivated upon lethal oxidative stress in wild-type mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells, whereas it sustained activation and conferred resistance to Roquin-2 deficient cells, which was reversed by pharmacological or genetic inhibition of TAK1. These data demonstrate that in response to excessive ROS exposure, Roquin-2 promotes ubiquitination and degradation of TAK1 to suppress Nrf2 activation, and thereby contributes to an efficient cell death, providing insight into the pathogenesis of oxidative stress-related diseases, including cancer.

FXN targeting induces cell death in ovarian cancer stem-like cells through PRDX3-Mediated oxidative stress

Ovarian cancer stem cells (OCSCs) significantly impact the prognosis, chemoresistance, and treatment outcomes in OC. While ferroptosis has been proven effective against OCSCs, the intricate relationship between ferroptosis and OCSCs remains incompletely understood. Here, we enriched ovarian cancer stem-like cells (OCSLCs) through mammosphere culture, as an OCSC model. OCSLCs displayed heightened ferroptosis susceptibility, correlating with elevated FXN levels compared to non-stem OC cells. FXN has recently emerged as a potential regulator in ferroptosis. FXN knockdown diminished stemness marker nanog, sphere-forming ability, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and attenuated OCSLCs viability. FXN overexpression exacerbated ferroptosis resistance and reduced RSL3-induced cell death. FXN knockdown impeded OCSLC xenograft tumor growth and exacerbated the degeneration of peroxiredoxin 3 (PRDX3), a mitochondrial antioxidant protein participates in oxidative stress. Thus, elevated FXN in OCSLCs suppresses ROS accumulation, fostering ferroptosis resistance, and regulates the antioxidant protein PRDX3. FXN emerges as a potential therapeutic target for OC.

The Presence of Ovarian Cancer and the Incidence of Subsequent Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Population-Based Cohort Study

We aim to explore the possible association between ovarian cancer and the subsequent development of open-angle glaucoma (OAG) using the Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Database (LHID) 2000. A retrospective cohort study was executed, and individuals with ovarian cancer were enrolled and age-matched (with a 1:4 ratio) to non-ovarian cancer individuals. A total of 4990 and 19,960 patients were put into the ovarian cancer and control groups. The main outcome was the presence of OAG according to the LHID 2000 codes. The Cox proportional hazard regression was adopted to demonstrate the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of OAG between the ovarian cancer and control groups. There were a total of 241 and 1029 OAG cases observed in the ovarian cancer group and the control group, respectively. The incidence of OAG was significantly higher in the ovarian cancer group than in the control group according to multivariable analysis (aHR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.02-1.37, p = 0.022). The ovarian cancer patients older than 60 years showed a significantly higher risk of OAG compared to the non-ovarian cancer individuals of the same age (aHR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.16-1.63, p = 0.001). Additionally, ovarian cancer individuals with a disease interval of more than two years presented a significantly higher incidence of OAG than the non-ovarian cancer group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, ovarian cancer positively correlates with a high rate of subsequent OAG, especially in elderly persons with a long disease interval.

Targeting estrogen metabolism in high-grade serous ovarian cancer shows promise to overcome platinum resistance

The high mortality rate due to chemoresistance in patients with high-grade ovarian cancer (HGSOC) emphasizes the urgent need to determine optimal treatment strategies for advanced and recurrent cases. Our study investigates the interplay between estrogens and chemoresistance in HGSOC and shows clear differences between platinum-sensitive and -resistant tumors. Through comprehensive transcriptome analyzes, we uncover differences in the expression of genes of estrogen biosynthesis, metabolism, transport and action underlying platinum resistance in different tissues of HGSOC subtypes and in six HGSOC cell lines. Furthermore, we identify genes involved in estrogen biosynthesis and metabolism as prognostic biomarkers for HGSOC. Additionally, our study elucidates different patterns of estrogen formation/metabolism and their effects on cell proliferation between six HGSOC cell lines with different platinum sensitivity. These results emphasize the dynamic interplay between estrogens and HGSOC chemoresistance. In particular, targeting the activity of steroid sulfatase (STS) proves to be a promising therapeutic approach with potential efficacy in limiting estrogen-driven cell proliferation. Our study reveals potential prognostic markers as well as identifies novel therapeutic targets that show promise for overcoming resistance and improving treatment outcomes in HGSOC.

Engineering Magnetic Extracellular Vesicles Mimetics for Enhanced Targeting Chemodynamic Therapy to Overcome Ovary Cancer

Chemodynamic therapy (CDT), employing metal ions to transform endogenous H2O2 into lethal hydroxyl radicals (•OH), has emerged as an effective approach for tumor treatment. Yet, its efficacy is diminished by glutathione (GSH), commonly overexpressed in tumors. Herein, a breakthrough strategy involving extracellular vesicle (EV) mimetic nanovesicles (NVs) encapsulating iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and β-Lapachone (Lapa) was developed to amplify intracellular oxidative stress. The combination, NV-IONP-Lapa, created through a serial extrusion from ovarian epithelial cells showed excellent biocompatibility and leveraged magnetic guidance to enhance endocytosis in ovarian cancer cells, resulting in selective H2O2 generation through Lapa catalysis by NADPH quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). Meanwhile, the iron released from IONPs ionization under acidic conditions triggered the conversion of H2O2 into •OH by the Fenton reaction. Additionally, the catalysis process of Lapa eliminated GSH in tumor, further amplifying oxidative stress. The designed NV-IONP-Lapa demonstrated exceptional tumor targeting, facilitating MR imaging, and enhanced tumor suppression without significant side effects. This study presents a promising NV-based drug delivery system for exploiting CDT against NQO1-overexpressing tumors by augmenting intratumoral oxidative stress.

Melatonin regulates the antioxidant capacity of sheep granulosa cells through a novel uORF-Nrf2aa mediated Nrf2/KEAP1 pathway

Ovarian dysfunction stands as a prevalent contributor to female infertility, with its etiology intertwined with genetic, autoimmune, and environmental factors. Within the ovarian follicles, granulosa cells (GCs) represent the predominant cell population. Alterations in GCs, notably oxidative stress (OS) and the consequential surge in reactive oxygen species (ROS), play pivotal roles in the orchestration of ovarian function. Nrf2aa, a newly identified upstream open reading frame (uORF), is situated within the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) of sheep Nrf2 mRNA and is regulated by melatonin, a crucial intrafollicular antioxidant. In this study, we have noted that Nrf2aa has the capacity to encode a peptide and exerts a negative regulatory effect on the translation efficiency (TE) of the Nrf2 CDs region. Further in vitro experiments, we observed that interfering with Nrf2aa can enhance the cellular functionality of GCs under 3-np-induced oxidative stress, while overexpressing Nrf2aa has the opposite effect. Furthermore, overexpression of Nrf2aa counteracts the rescuing effect of melatonin on the cellular functions of GCs under oxidative stress conditions, including estrogen secretion, proliferation, apoptosis, and many more. Finally, we confirmed that Nrf2aa, by regulating the expression of key proteins in the Nrf2/KEAP1 signaling pathway, further modulates the antioxidant levels in GCs.

Is there a link between talcum powder, oxidative stress, and ovarian cancer risk?

INTRODUCTION

The link between talcum powder use and cancer, particularly ovarian cancer, has been a topic of scientific research and legal debate for several years. Studies have suggested a potential association between long-term talcum powder use in the genital area and an increased risk of ovarian cancer.

AREAS COVERED

The following report includes up-to-date evidence to support the potential link between talcum powder use and the risk of developing ovarian cancer. The International Agency for Research on Cancer, which is part of the World Health Organization, classified talc-based body powder as possibly carcinogenic to humans when used in the female genital area. However, other studies have not consistently supported this association, and thus more research is needed to establish a clear and definitive link between talcum powder use and cancer. Despite this, recent molecular-level data have linked talc to alterations in redox balance, gene mutations, and inflammatory responses. Specifically, we have identified a role for talc to induce the pro-oxidant state, inhibit apoptosis, and more importantly induced cellular transformation in normal ovarian cells.

EXPERT OPINION

We presented unequivocal evidence to support our opinion that talc is not biologically inert and induces molecular changes that mimic the hallmarks of cancer.

MicroRNA-505-3p mediates cell motility of epithelial ovarian cancer via suppressing PEAK1 expression

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small RNA genes with important roles in cancer biology regulation. There are considerable studies regarding the roles of microRNA-505-3p (miR-505-3p) in cancer development and progression, but the function of miR-505-3p in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) has not been fully clarified. Comparative analysis of miRNA expression data set was used to select differentially expressed miRNAs. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was applied to detect expression levels of RNAs, while western blot and immunofluorescence staining were performed to detect expression levels of proteins of interest. The motility of EOC cells was assessed by wound healing and transwell assays. The binding and regulating relationship between miRNA and its direct target gene was investigated by dual-luciferase assay. Our results show that miR-505-3p was upregulated in recurrent EOC, which significantly inhibits EOC cell motility via modulating cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Furthermore, our results indicated that PEAK1 expression was inhibited by direct binding of miR-505-3p into its 3'-URT in EOC cells. Importantly, knockdown of PEAK1 attenuated the effect of mi-505-3p inhibitor on EOC cell migration and invasion. In conclusion, our findings indicate that miRNA-505-3p inhibits EOC cell motility by targeting PEAK1.

Potential role of molecular hydrogen therapy on oxidative stress and redox signaling in chronic kidney disease

Oxidative stress plays a key role in chronic kidney disease (CKD) development and progression, inducing kidney cell damage, inflammation, and fibrosis. However, effective therapeutic interventions to slow down CKD advancement are currently lacking. The multifaceted pharmacological effects of molecular hydrogen (H2) have made it a promising therapeutic avenue. H2 is capable of capturing harmful •OH and ONOO- while maintaining the crucial reactive oxygen species (ROS) involved in cellular signaling. The NRF2-KEAP1 system, which manages cell redox balance, could be used to treat CKD. H2 activates this pathway, fortifying antioxidant defenses and scavenging ROS to counteract oxidative stress. H2 can improve NRF2 signaling by using the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and indirectly activate NRF2-KEAP1 in mitochondria. Additionally, H2 modulates NF-κB activity by regulating cellular redox status, inhibiting MAPK pathways, and maintaining Trx levels. Treatment with H2 also attenuates HIF signaling by neutralizing ROS while indirectly bolstering HIF-1α function. Furthermore, H2 affects FOXO factors and enhances the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Despite the encouraging results of bench studies, clinical trials are still limited and require further investigation. The focus of this review is on hydrogen's role in treating renal diseases, with a specific focus on oxidative stress and redox signaling regulation, and it discusses its potential clinical applications.

Functional genetic variants of GEN1 predict overall survival of Chinese epithelial ovarian cancer patients

BACKGROUND

Inherited variations in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathway are known to influence ovarian cancer occurrence, progression and treatment response. Despite its significance, survival-associated genetic variants within the DSB pathway remain underexplored.

METHODS

In the present study, we performed a two-phase analysis of 19,290 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 199 genes in the DSB repair pathway from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) dataset and explored their associations with overall survival (OS) in 1039 Han Chinese epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) patients. After utilizing multivariate Cox regression analysis with bayesian false-discovery probability for multiple test correction, significant genetic variations were identified and subsequently underwent functional prediction and validation.

RESULTS

We discovered a significant association between poor overall survival and the functional variant GEN1 rs56070363 C > T (CT + TT vs. TT, adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 2.50, P < 0.001). And the impact of GEN1 rs56070363 C > T on survival was attributed to its reduced binding affinity to hsa-miR-1287-5p and the resultant upregulation of GEN1 mRNA expression. Overexpression of GEN1 aggregated EOC cell proliferation, invasion and migration presumably by influencing the expression of immune inhibitory factors, thereby elevating the proportion of polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs) and then constructing an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, GEN1 rs56070363 variant could serve as a potential predictive biomarker and chemotherapeutic target for improving the survival of EOC patients.

Melatonin Delays Arthritis Inflammation and Reduces Cartilage Matrix Degradation through the SIRT1-Mediated NF-κB/Nrf2/TGF-β/BMPs Pathway

Cartilage, a flexible and smooth connective tissue that envelops the surfaces of synovial joints, relies on chondrocytes for extracellular matrix (ECM) production and the maintenance of its structural and functional integrity. Melatonin (MT), renowned for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, holds the potential to modulate cartilage regeneration and degradation. Therefore, the present study was devoted to elucidating the mechanism of MT on chondrocytes. The in vivo experiment consisted of three groups: Sham (only the skin tissue was incised), Model (using the anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) method), and MT (30 mg/kg), with sample extraction following 12 weeks of administration. Pathological alterations in articular cartilage, synovium, and subchondral bone were evaluated using Safranin O-fast green staining. Immunohistochemistry (ICH) analysis was employed to assess the expression of matrix degradation-related markers. The levels of serum cytokines were quantified via Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assays. In in vitro experiments, primary chondrocytes were divided into Control, Model, MT, negative control, and inhibitor groups. Western blotting (WB) and Quantitative RT-PCR (q-PCR) were used to detect Silent information regulator transcript-1 (SIRT1)/Nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB)/Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)/Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)-related indicators. Immunofluorescence (IF) analysis was employed to examine the status of type II collagen (COL2A1), SIRT1, phosphorylated NF-κB p65 (p-p65), and phosphorylated mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 (p-Smad2). In vivo results revealed that the MT group exhibited a relatively smooth cartilage surface, modest chondrocyte loss, mild synovial hyperplasia, and increased subchondral bone thickness. ICH results showed that MT downregulated the expression of components related to matrix degradation. ELISA results showed that MT reduced serum inflammatory cytokine levels. In vitro experiments confirmed that MT upregulated the expression of SIRT1/Nrf2/TGF-β/BMPs while inhibiting the NF-κB pathway and matrix degradation-related components. The introduction of the SIRT1 inhibitor Selisistat (EX527) reversed the effects of MT. Together, these findings suggest that MT has the potential to ameliorate inflammation, inhibit the release of matrix-degrading enzymes, and improve the cartilage condition. This study provides a new theoretical basis for understanding the role of MT in decelerating cartilage degradation and promoting chondrocyte repair in in vivo and in vitro cultured chondrocytes.

17β-estradiol Inhibits Oxidative Stress-Induced Apoptosis in Endometrial Cancer Cells by Promoting FOXM1 Expression

The steroid hormone 17β-estradiol (E2) has a significant impact on the development and progression of tumors. E2 stimulates tumor cell growth and metabolism, leading to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. However, the rise in ROS levels is not sufficient to cause severe harm to cancer cells. and the mechanisms that regulate ROS are not well understood. Since FOXM1 plays a crucial role in the production of ROS, we aimed to investigate the impact of E2 on oxidative stress and the involvement of FOXM1 in the Ishikawa endometrial cancer cell line. Our research revealed that E2 controls the levels of ROS inside cells and safeguards them from apoptosis by promoting the expression of FOXM1. We observed a decrease in the expression of FOXM1 alongside an increase in oxidative damage. Moreover, cells demonstrated elevated levels of FOXM1 and ERα upon E2 treatment. Overall, our findings suggest that E2 prevents apoptosis induced by oxidative stress in endometrial cancer cells by encouraging the expression of FOXM1, potentially affecting ERα.

Nrf2 Signaling Pathway as a Key to Treatment for Diabetic Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic endocrine disorder that affects more than 20 million people in the United States. DM-related complications affect multiple organ systems and are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among people with DM. Of the numerous acute and chronic complications, atherosclerosis due to diabetic dyslipidemia is a condition that can lead to many life-threatening diseases, such as stroke, coronary artery disease, and myocardial infarction. The nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway is an emerging antioxidative pathway and a promising target for the treatment of DM and its complications. This review aims to explore the Nrf2 pathway's role in combating diabetic dyslipidemia. We will explore risk factors for diabetic dyslipidemia at a cellular level and aim to elucidate how the Nrf2 pathway becomes a potential therapeutic target for DM-related atherosclerosis.

Special Issue "Ovarian Cancer: Advances on Pathophysiology and Therapies"

Ovarian cancer is a gynecologic cancer with a high mortality rate, and its incidence has increased significantly over the past 50 years [...].

The Molecular Detection of Germline Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes Associated with Breast and Ovarian Cancer in a Romanian Cohort of 616 Patients

The objective of this study was to identify and classify the spectrum of mutations found in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes associated with breast and ovarian cancer in female patients in Romania. Germline BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations were investigated in a cohort of 616 female patients using NGS and/or MLPA methods followed by software-based data analysis and classification according to international guidelines. Out of the 616 female patients included in this study, we found that 482 patients (78.2%) did not have any mutation present in the two genes investigated; 69 patients (11.2%) had a BRCA1 mutation, 34 (5.5%) had a BRCA2 mutation, and 31 (5%) presented different type of mutations with uncertain clinical significance, moderate risk or a large mutation in the BRCA1 gene. Our investigation indicates the most common mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, associated with breast and ovarian cancer in the Romanian population. Our results also bring more data in support of the frequency of the c.5266 mutation in the BRCA1 gene, acknowledged in the literature as a founder mutation in Eastern Europe. We consider that the results of our study will provide necessary data regarding BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations that would help to create a genetic database for the Romanian population.

Disulfidptosis, A Novel Cell Death Pathway: Molecular Landscape and Therapeutic Implications

Programmed cell death is pivotal for several physiological processes, including immune defense. Further, it has been implicated in the pathogenesis of developmental disorders and the onset of numerous diseases. Multiple modes of programmed cell death, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis, have been identified, each with their own unique characteristics and biological implications. In February 2023, Liu Xiaoguang and his team discovered "disulfidptosis," a novel pathway of programmed cell death. Their findings demonstrated that disulfidptosis is triggered in glucose-starved cells exhibiting high expression of a protein called SLC7A11. Furthermore, disulfidptosis is marked by a drastic imbalance in the NADPH/NADP+ ratio and the abnormal accumulation of disulfides like cystine. These changes ultimately lead to the destabilization of the F-actin network, causing cell death. Given that high SLC7A11 expression is a key feature of certain cancers, these findings indicate that disulfidptosis could serve as the basis of innovative anti-cancer therapies. Hence, this review delves into the discovery of disulfidptosis, its underlying molecular mechanisms and metabolic regulation, and its prospective applications in disease treatment.

Bioactive compounds from nature: Antioxidants targeting cellular transformation in response to epigenetic perturbations induced by oxidative stress

Oxidative stress results from a persistent imbalance in oxidation levels that promotes oxidants, playing a crucial role in the early and sustained phases of DNA damage and genomic and epigenetic instability, both of which are intricately linked to the development of tumors. The molecular pathways contributing to carcinogenesis in this context, particularly those related to double-strand and single-strand breaks in DNA, serve as indicators of DNA damage due to oxidation in cancer cases, as well as factors contributing to epigenetic instability through ectopic expressions. Oxidative stress has been considered a therapeutic target for many years, and an increasing number of studies have highlighted the promising effectiveness of natural products in cancer treatment. In this regard, we present significant research on the therapeutic targeting of oxidative stress using natural molecules and underscore the essential role of oxidative stress in cancer. The consequences of stress, especially epigenetic instability, also offer significant therapeutic prospects. In this context, the use of natural epi-drugs capable of modulating and reorganizing the epigenetic network is beginning to emerge remarkably. In this review, we emphasize the close connections between oxidative stress, epigenetic instability, and tumor transformation, while highlighting the role of natural substances as antioxidants and epi-drugs in the anti-tumoral context.

Cinnamaldehyde Protects against P. gingivalis Induced Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction in IEC-6 Cells via the PI3K/Akt-Mediated NO/Nrf2 Signaling Pathway

Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), a Gram-negative oral pathogen, promotes and accelerates periodontitis-associated gut disorders. Intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction is crucial in the pathogenesis of intestinal and systemic diseases. In this study, we sought to elucidate the protective role of cinnamaldehyde (CNM, an activator of Nrf2) against P. gingivalis (W83) and Pg-derived lipopolysaccharide (Pg-LPS) induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction via antioxidative mechanisms in IEC-6 cells. IEC-6 (ATCC, CRL-1592) cells were pretreated with or without CNM (100 µM), in the presence or absence of P. gingivalis (strain W83, 109 MOI) or Pg-LPS (1, 10, and 100 µg/mL), respectively, between 0-72 h time points by adopting a co-culture method. Intestinal barrier function, cytokine secretion, and intestinal oxidative stress protein markers were analyzed. P. gingivalis or Pg-LPS significantly (p < 0.05) increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels expressing oxidative stress damage. Pg-LPS, as well as Pg alone, induces inflammatory cytokines via TLR-4 signaling. Furthermore, infection reduced Nrf2 and NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1). Interestingly, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression significantly (p < 0.05) increased with Pg-LPS or Pg infection, with elevated levels of nitric oxide (NO). CNM treatment suppressed both Pg- and Pg-LPS-induced intestinal oxidative stress damage by reducing ROS, MDA, and NO production. Furthermore, CNM treatment significantly upregulated the expression of tight junction proteins via increasing the phosphorylation levels of PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 suppressing inflammatory cytokines. CNM protected against Pg infection-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction by activating the PI3K/Akt-mediated Nrf2 signaling pathway in IEC-6 cells.

The Association between Ovarian Cancer and the Incidence of Newly Developed Dry Eye Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Study

We aim to investigate the potential correlation between the presence of ovarian cancer and the development of dry eye disease (DED) via the usage of the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database (LHID) of Taiwan. A retrospective cohort study was executed, and patients with ovarian cancer were selected according to the diagnostic and procedure codes. One ovarian cancer patient was matched to four non-ovarian cancer participants which served as control group, and a total of 4992 and 19,968 patients constructed the ovarian cancer and control groups, respectively. The primary outcome in the current study is the development of DED according to the diagnostic and procedure codes. Cox proportional hazard regression was utilized to produce the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) and related 95% confidence interval (CI) of DED between the two groups. There were 542 and 2502 DED events observed in the ovarian cancer group and the control group, respectively. The ovarian cancer group illustrated a significantly higher incidence of DED development than the control group after the adjustment of several confounders (aHR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.01-1.21, p = 0.040). In the subgroup analysis stratified by age, ovarian cancer patients aged older than 60 years showed a higher incidence of DED compared to the non-ovarian cancer population (aHR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.08-1.28, p = 0.011). In addition, ovarian cancer patients with a disease duration longer than five years also showed higher incidence of DED formation than the non-ovarian cancer population (aHR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.04-1.22, p = 0.027). In conclusion, the presence of ovarian cancer is associated with higher incidence of subsequent DED, especially in those older than 60 years and with a disease interval of more than five years.

Klotho-mediated activation of the anti-oxidant Nrf2/ARE signal pathway affects cell apoptosis, senescence and mobility in hypoxic human trophoblasts: involvement of Klotho in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia

The anti-aging gene Klotho is implicated in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia (PE), which is a pregnancy disease characterized by hypertension and proteinuria. Oxidative stress is closely associated with the worse outcomes in PE, and Klotho can eliminate Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), but it is still unclear whether Klotho regulates PE pathogenesis through modulating oxidative damages. Here, by analyzing the clinical data, we found that Klotho was aberrantly downregulated in PE umbilical cord serum and placental tissues, compared to their normal counterparts. In in vitro experiments, the human trophoblasts were subjected to hypoxic pressure to establish the PE models, and we confirmed that hypoxia also decreased the expression levels of Klotho in those trophoblasts. In addition, through performing functional experiments, we confirmed that hypoxia promoted oxidative damages, cell apoptosis and senescence, whereas suppressed cell invasion in human trophoblasts, which were all reversed overexpressing Klotho. The following mechanical experiments verified that Klotho increased the levels of nuclear Nrf2, total Nrf2, SOD2 and NQO1 to activate the anti-oxidant Nrf2/ARE signal pathway, and silencing of Nrf2 abrogated the protective effects of Klotho overexpression on hypoxic human trophoblasts. Consistently, in in vivo experiments, Klotho overexpression restrained oxidative damages and facilitated cell mitosis in PE rats' placental tissues. In conclusion, this study validated that Klotho activated the Nrf2/ARE signal pathway to eliminate hypoxia-induced oxidative damages, cell apoptosis and senescence to recover normal cellular functions in human trophoblasts, and our data supported that Klotho could be used as novel biomarker for PE diagnosis and treatment.

HERC4 modulates ovarian cancer cell proliferation by regulating SMO-elicited hedgehog signaling

BACKGROUND

HERC4 has been reported to have functions in several types of tumors, but its roles in ovarian cancer have not been studied yet.

METHODS

Primary tissues from ovarian cancer patients and cell lines were collected for real-time PCR. Kaplan-Meier Plotter was used to predict the prognosis of ovarian cancer patients. HERC4 was overexpressed in cells by lentivirus, and CCK-8 assay was performed to evaluate cell viability. Real-time PCR and Western blot were carried out to analyze the mRNA and protein expression, respectively. Xenograft tumor models were established to analyze HERC4 function in vivo.

RESULTS

Firstly, we found that HERC4 was significantly downregulated in ovarian cancer. We then found that ovarian cancer patients with high HERC4 expression had significantly higher overall survival and progression-free survival rates compared with patients with low expression. Then, HERC4 was overexpressed in ovarian cancer cells, and we found that overexpression of HERC4 significantly inhibited ovarian cancer cell growth, as well as the expression of the target protein SMO, and the key proteins in the downstream hedgehog signaling pathway. Finally, the xenograft tumor models revealed that overexpression of HERC4 significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, these results indicate that overexpression of HERC4 inhibits cell proliferation of ovarian cancer in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that HERC4 may serve as an effective target for the treatment of ovarian cancer.

Novel players in the development of chemoresistance in ovarian cancer: ovarian cancer stem cells, non-coding RNA and nuclear receptors

Ovarian cancer (OC) ranks as the fifth leading factor for female mortality globally, with a substantial burden of new cases and mortality recorded annually. Survival rates vary significantly based on the stage of diagnosis, with advanced stages posing significant challenges to treatment. OC is primarily categorized as epithelial, constituting approximately 90% of cases, and correct staging is essential for tailored treatment. The debulking followed by chemotherapy is the prevailing treatment, involving platinum-based drugs in combination with taxanes. However, the efficacy of chemotherapy is hindered by the development of chemoresistance, both acquired during treatment (acquired chemoresistance) and intrinsic to the patient (intrinsic chemoresistance). The emergence of chemoresistance leads to increased mortality rates, with many advanced patients experiencing disease relapse shortly after initial treatment. This review delves into the multifactorial nature of chemoresistance in OC, addressing mechanisms involving transport systems, apoptosis, DNA repair, and ovarian cancer stem cells (OCSCs). While previous research has identified genes associated with these mechanisms, the regulatory roles of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) and nuclear receptors in modulating gene expression to confer chemoresistance have remained poorly understood and underexplored. This comprehensive review aims to shed light on the genes linked to different chemoresistance mechanisms in OC and their intricate regulation by ncRNA and nuclear receptors. Specifically, we examine how these molecular players influence the chemoresistance mechanism. By exploring the interplay between these factors and gene expression regulation, this review seeks to provide a comprehensive mechanism driving chemoresistance in OC.

Role of SLC7A11/xCT in Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer is one of the most dangerous gynecologic cancers worldwide and has a high fatality rate due to diagnosis at an advanced stage of the disease as well as a high recurrence rate due to the occurrence of chemotherapy resistance. In fact, chemoresistance weakens the therapeutic effects, worsening the outcome of this pathology. Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 11 (SLC7A11, also known as xCT) is the functional subunit of the Xc- system, an anionic L-cystine/L-glutamate antiporter expressed on the cell surface. SLC7A11 expression is significantly upregulated in several types of cancers in which it can inhibit ferroptosis and favor cancer cell proliferation, invasion and chemoresistance. SLC7A11 expression is also increased in ovarian cancer tissues, suggesting a possible role of this protein as a therapeutic target. In this review, we provide an overview of the current literature regarding the role of SLC7A11 in ovarian cancer to provide new insights on SLC7A11 modulation and evaluate the potential role of SLC7A11 as a therapeutic target.

BIRC5 facilitates cisplatin-chemoresistance in a m6A-dependent manner in ovarian cancer

Cisplatin-based chemotherapy is the standard treatment for metastatic ovarian cancer (OC). However, chemoresistance continues to pose significant clinical challenges. Recent research has highlighted the baculoviral inhibitor of the apoptosis protein repeat-containing 5 (BIRC5) as a member of the inhibitor of the apoptosis protein (IAP) family. Notably, BIRC5, which has robust anti-apoptotic capabilities, is overexpressed in numerous cancers. Its dysfunction has been linked to challenges in cancer treatment. Yet, the role of BIRC5 in the chemoresistance of OC remains elusive. In our present study, we observed an upregulation of BIRC5 in cisplatin-resistant cell lines. This upregulation was associated with enhanced chemoresistance, which was diminished when the expression of BIRC5 was silenced. Intriguingly, BIRC5 exhibited a high number of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) binding sites. The modification of m6A was found to enhance the expression of BIRC5 by recognizing and binding to the 3'-UTR of mRNA. Additionally, the insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 1 (IGF2BP1) was shown to stabilize BIRC5 mRNA, synergizing with METTL3 and intensifying chemoresistance. Supporting these in vitro findings, our in vivo experiments revealed that tumors were significantly smaller in size and volume when BIRC5 was silenced. This reduction was notably counteracted by co-silencing BIRC5 and overexpressing IGF2BP1. Our results underscored the pivotal role of BIRC5 in chemoresistance. The regulation of its expression and the stability of its mRNA were influenced by m6A modifications involving both METTL3 and IGF2BP1. These insights presented BIRC5 as a promising potential therapeutic target for addressing cisplatin resistance in OC.