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Fang Y, Zhang J, Zhu S, He M, Ma S, Jia Q, Sun Q, Song L, Wang Y, Duan L. Berberine ameliorates ovariectomy-induced anxiety-like behaviors by enrichment in equol generating gut microbiota. Pharmacol Res 2021; 165:105439. [PMID: 33493658 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is recognized as a promising therapeutic target for anxiety. Berberine (BBR) has shown efficacy in the treatment of diseases such as postmenopausal osteoporosis, obesity, and type 2 diabetes through regulating the gut microbiota. However, the effects of BBR on postmenopausal anxiety are still unclear. The purpose of the study is to test whether BBR ameliorates anxiety by modulating intestinal microbiota under estrogen-deficient conditions. Experimental anxiety was established in specific pathogen-free (SPF) ovariectomized (OVX) rats, which were then treated with BBR for 4 weeks before undergoing behavioral tests. Open field and elevated plus maze tests demonstrated that BBR treatment significantly ameliorated anxiety-like behaviors of OVX rats compared with vehicle-treated counterparts. Moreover, as demonstrated by 16S rRNA sequencing and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis, BBR-treated OVX rats harbored a higher abundance of beneficial gut microbes, such as Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Akkermansia, and exhibited increased equol generation. Notably, gavage feeding of BBR had no significant anti-anxiety effects on germ-free (GF) rats that underwent ovariectomy, whereas GF rats transplanted with fecal microbiota from SPF rats substantially phenocopied the donor rats in terms of anxiety-like symptoms and isoflavone levels. This study indicates that the gut microbiota is critical in the treatment of ovariectomy-aggravated anxiety, and that BBR modulation of the gut microbiota is a promising therapeutic strategy for treating postmenopausal symptoms of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jindong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Shiwei Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Meibo He
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Shurong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products and Function, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Qiong Jia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Qinghua Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lijin Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products and Function, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Liping Duan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Coelho NR, Matos C, Pimpão AB, Correia MJ, Sequeira CO, Morello J, Pereira SA, Monteiro EC. AHR canonical pathway: in vivo findings to support novel antihypertensive strategies. Pharmacol Res 2021; 165:105407. [PMID: 33418029 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Essential hypertension (HTN) is a disease where genetic and environmental factors interact to produce a high prevalent set of almost indistinguishable phenotypes. The weak definition of what is under the umbrella of HTN is a consequence of the lack of knowledge on the players involved in environment-gene interaction and their impact on blood pressure (BP) and mechanisms. The disclosure of these mechanisms that sense and (mal)adapt to toxic-environmental stimuli might at least determine some phenotypes of essential HTN and will have important therapeutic implications. In the present manuscript, we looked closer to the environmental sensor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand-activated transcription factor involved in cardiovascular physiology, but better known by its involvement in biotransformation of xenobiotics through its canonical pathway. This review aims to disclose the contribution of the AHR-canonical pathway to HTN. For better mirror the complexity of the mechanisms involved in BP regulation, we privileged evidence from in vivo studies. Here we ascertained the level of available evidence and a comprehensive characterization of the AHR-related phenotype of HTN. We reviewed clinical and rodent studies on AHR-HTN genetic association and on AHR ligands and their impact on BP. We concluded that AHR is a druggable mechanistic linker of environmental exposure to HTN. We conclude that is worth to investigate the canonical pathway of AHR and the expression/polymorphisms of its related genes and/or other biomarkers (e.g. tryptophan-related ligands), in order to identify patients that may benefit from an AHR-centered antihypertensive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno R Coelho
- Translational Pharmacology Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, Lisboa, 1169-056, Portugal
| | - Clara Matos
- Translational Pharmacology Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, Lisboa, 1169-056, Portugal
| | - António B Pimpão
- Translational Pharmacology Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, Lisboa, 1169-056, Portugal
| | - M João Correia
- Translational Pharmacology Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, Lisboa, 1169-056, Portugal
| | - Catarina O Sequeira
- Translational Pharmacology Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, Lisboa, 1169-056, Portugal
| | - Judit Morello
- Translational Pharmacology Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, Lisboa, 1169-056, Portugal
| | - Sofia A Pereira
- Translational Pharmacology Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, Lisboa, 1169-056, Portugal.
| | - Emília C Monteiro
- Translational Pharmacology Lab, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria, 130, Lisboa, 1169-056, Portugal
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Cheng Y, Tang S, Chen A, Zhang Y, Liu M, Wang X. Evaluation of the inhibition risk of shikonin on human and rat UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) through the cocktail approach. Toxicol Lett 2019; 312:214-221. [PMID: 31128210 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Shikonin, a natural red colorant, is widely used for food garnishment and cosmetic ingredient in the world. Shikonin also possesses a variety of pharmacological actions, including anti-inflammation and anti-cancer activities. However, little is known about its effects on the UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) activity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of shikonin on the UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A6, UGT1A9 and UGT2B7 activities via the human and rat liver microsomal assay and cocktail approach. The results showed shikonin inhibited human and rat liver microsomal UGT activity only in a dose-dependent manner. The further enzyme kinetic studies demonstrated that shikonin was not only a competitive inhibitor of human UGT1A1, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7, but also presented competitive inhibition on rat UGT1A1 and AZTG reactions. In conclusion, shikonin as a reversible inhibitor of UGT enzyme has a high-risk potential to cause the possible toxicity, especially drug-drug or food-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuowen Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ang Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Xin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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Chen A, Zhou X, Cheng Y, Tang S, Liu M, Wang X. Design and optimization of the cocktail assay for rapid assessment of the activity of UGT enzymes in human and rat liver microsomes. Toxicol Lett 2018; 295:379-89. [PMID: 30036684 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Along with the prevalence of drug combination therapies, an increasing number of cases about drug-drug interactions (DDI) have been reported, which has drawn a lot of attention due to the potential toxicity and/or therapeutic failure. Pharmacokinetic interactions based on drug metabolic enzymes should be responsible for a great many of DDI. UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) as the main phase II metabolic enzymes are involved in the metabolism of many endogenous and exogenous substrates. Herein, we designed and optimized a validated cocktail method for the simultaneous evaluation of drug-mediated inhibition of the main five UGT isoforms using respective specific probe substrates (estradiol for UGT1A1, chenodeoxycholic acid for UGT1A3, serotonin for UGT1A6, propofol for UGT1A9/PROG and zidovudine for UGT2B7/AZTG) in human and rat liver microsomes by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS/MS). Moreover, we investigated the risk of interactions among UGT probe substrates, and validated the cocktail method by known positive inhibitors of UGT isoforms. To minimize the substrates interaction, we developed two cocktail subgroups which were further optimized via exploring the experimental conditions. In particular, the cocktail inhibition assay for rapid assessment of in vitro rat UGTs was firstly reported and the values of Km in the liver microsomes from humans and rats were close to each other in the specific UGT subtype. In conclusion, this study has successfully established the cocktail approach to explore UGT activity, especially for UGT inhibition in a fast and efficient way.
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Sutjarit N, Sueajai J, Boonmuen N, Sornkaew N, Suksamrarn A, Tuchinda P, Zhu W, Weerachayaphorn J, Piyachaturawat P. Curcuma comosa reduces visceral adipose tissue and improves dyslipidemia in ovariectomized rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2018; 215:167-175. [PMID: 29273438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Curcuma comosa Roxb. (C. comosa) or Wan chak motluk Zingiberaceae family, is widely used in Thai traditional medicine for treatment of gynecological problems as well as relief of postmenopausal symptoms. Since C. comosa contains phytoestrogen and causes lipid lowering effect by an unknown mechanism, we investigated its effect on adiposity and lipid metabolism in estrogen-deprived rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult female rats were ovariectomized (OVX) and received daily doses of either a phytoestrogen from C. comosa [(3R)-1,7-diphenyl-(4E,6E)-4,6-heptadien-3-ol; DPHD], C. comosa extract, or estrogen (17β-estradiol; E2) for 12 weeks. Adipose tissue mass, serum levels of lipids and adipokines were determined. In addition, genes and proteins involved in lipid synthesis and fatty acid oxidation in visceral adipose tissue were analyzed. RESULTS Ovariectomy for 12 weeks elevated level of serum lipids and increased visceral fat mass and adipocyte size. These alterations were accompanied with the up-regulation of lipogenic mRNA and protein expressions including LXR-α, SREBP1c and their downstream targets. OVX rats showed decrease in proteins involved in fatty acid oxidation including AMPK-α and PPAR-α in adipose tissue, as well as alteration of adipokines; leptin and adiponectin. Treatments with E2, DPHD or C. comosa extract in OVX rats prevented an increase in adiposity, down-regulated lipogenic genes and proteins with marked increases in the protein levels of AMPK-α and PPAR-α. These findings indicated that their lipid lowering effects were mediated via the suppression of lipid synthesis in concert with an increase in fatty acid oxidation. CONCLUSIONS C. comosa exerts a lipid lowering effect in the estrogen deficient rats through the modulations of lipid synthesis and AMPK-α activity in adipose tissues, supporting the use of this plant for health promotion in the post-menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nareerat Sutjarit
- Toxicology Graduate Program, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Jetjamnong Sueajai
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Nittaya Boonmuen
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Nilubon Sornkaew
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand
| | - Apichart Suksamrarn
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand
| | - Patoomratana Tuchinda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Weiming Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | | | - Pawinee Piyachaturawat
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Wang P, Zhu BT. Unique effect of 4-hydroxyestradiol and its methylation metabolites on lipid and cholesterol profiles in ovariectomized female rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 800:107-117. [PMID: 28219710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Animal studies have shown that endogenous estrogens such as 17β-estradiol (E2) can modulate lipid profiles in vivo, and this effect is generally thought to be mediated by the estrogen receptors (ERs). The present study sought to test a hypothesis that some of the endogenous estrogen metabolites that have very weak estrogenic activity may exert some of their modulating effects on lipid metabolism in an ER-independent manner. Using ovariectomized female rats as an in vivo model, we found that 4-hydroxyestradiol (4-OH-E2) has a markedly stronger effect in reducing the adipocyte size and serum cholesterol level in rats compared to E2, despite the weaker estrogenic activity of 4-OH-E2. Moreover, when E2 or 4-OH-E2 is used in combination with ICI-182,780 (an ER antagonist), some of their lipid-modulating effects are not blocked by this antiestrogen. Interestingly, two of the O-methylation metabolites of 4-OH-E2, namely, 4-methoxyestradiol and 4-methoxyestrone, which have much weaker estrogenic activity, were also found to have similar lipid-modulating effects compared to 4-OH-E2. Mechanistically, up-regulation of the expression of leptin, cytochrome P450 7A1 and LXRα genes is observed in the liver of animals treated with E2 or 4-OH-E2, and the up-regulation is essentially not inhibited by co-treatment with ICI-182,780. These results demonstrate that some of the endogenous E2 metabolites are functionally important modulators of lipid metabolic profiles in vivo. In addition, our findings indicate that an ER-independent pathway likely mediates some of the lipid-modulating effects of endogenous estrogens and their metabolic derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bao-Ting Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China.
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Albero B, Sánchez-Brunete C, Miguel E, Tadeo JL. Application of matrix solid-phase dispersion followed by GC-MS/MS to the analysis of emerging contaminants in vegetables. Food Chem 2016; 217:660-667. [PMID: 27664684 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A multiresidue method for the determination of 17 emerging contaminants in vegetables was developed based on ultrasound-assisted matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD). The analysis was performed using isotope dilution gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. In the development of the MSPD procedure, different parameters such as sonication and the type of sorbent or extraction solvent were assayed. Manual and in situ derivatization was assayed and the chromatographic response was higher when the reaction takes place in the injection port. The limits of detection obtained for the studied compounds were in the range of 0.1-0.4ngg(-1) for the different vegetables analyzed. The developed method was applied to vegetables obtained from several local markets. At least one of the organophosphates was detected in the analyzed samples at levels ranging from 0.6 to 4.6ngg(-1) and bisphenol A was detected in all the samples at concentration up to 16ngg(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Albero
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de la Coruña km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Consuelo Sánchez-Brunete
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de la Coruña km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Miguel
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de la Coruña km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Tadeo
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de la Coruña km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Tang Q, Shang F, Wang X, Yang Y, Chen G, Chen Y, Zhang J, Xu X. Combination use of ferulic acid, ligustrazine and tetrahydropalmatine inhibits the growth of ectopic endometrial tissue: a multi-target therapy for endometriosis rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 151:1218-1225. [PMID: 24389027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ferulic acid (FA), ligustrazine (LZ) and tetrahydropalmatine (THP) are separately isolated from Chinese Angelica, Szechwan Lovage Rhizome and Rhizoma in the Jiawei-Foshou-San formula, a popular traditional Chinese medicine for irregular menses. It has been reported that the combination use of FA+LZ+THP has similar effect on endometriosis, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. This study was to investigate the combination effects and mechanisms of FA+LZ+THP on endometriosis rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty endometriosis rats were intragastricly treated with FA+LZ+THP for 4 wk. The volume of ectopic endometrial tissue was measured to evaluate the effects. Then the changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and ERE pathway were indicated by the levels of E2, GnRH, FSH and LH, and the expressions of ER, HSP90 and COX-2, respectively. In addition, peritoneal macrophages of each rat were cultured in vitro and treated with (FA+LZ+THP)-medicated serum for 24h. The proliferation and phagocytosis abilities, the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α, and the expression of IκBα were then measured for the changes of peritoneal macrophage activities. RESULTS Combination use of FA+LZ+THP diminished the volume of the ectopic endometrial tissues (P<0.05 or P<0.01). It also decreased the E2 level, suppressed the expression of GnRH, FSH and LH, and decreased the protein expression of ER, HSP90 and COX-2 (all P<0.05 or P<0.01). The phagocytosis ability of peritoneal macrophage was enhanced by (FA+LZ+THP)-medicated serum (P<0.05) with no change of proliferation (P>0.05). Moreover, IL-1β and TNF-α were downregulated (both P<0.05 or P<0.01) and IκBα was upregulated by the (FA+LZ+THP)-medicated serum (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The combination use of FA, LZ and THP could inhibit the growth of ectopic endometrial tissue in endometriosis rats. It might be related to the down-regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, the amelioration in ERE pathway and the improvement of peritoneal macrophage activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Tang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, The Key Constructing Discipline by the State Administrative Bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Fanghong Shang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, The Key Constructing Discipline by the State Administrative Bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaocui Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, The Key Constructing Discipline by the State Administrative Bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, The Key Constructing Discipline by the State Administrative Bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Research Center of Medical Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Yi Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, The Key Constructing Discipline by the State Administrative Bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jifen Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, The Key Constructing Discipline by the State Administrative Bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, The Key Constructing Discipline by the State Administrative Bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Spagnuolo P, Rasini E, Luini A, Legnaro M, Luzzani M, Casareto E, Carreri M, Paracchini S, Marino F, Cosentino M. Isoflavone content and estrogenic activity of different batches of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) extracts: an in vitro study in MCF-7 cells. Fitoterapia 2014; 94:62-9. [PMID: 24508860 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The estrogenicity of different batches of red clover (Trifolium pratense L., Fabaceae; RCL) extracts and its relationship with the isoflavone content were assessed by measuring MCF-7 cell proliferation by flow cytometry and propidium iodide staining. RCL extracts were compared to estradiol (E2) and to the main RCL isoflavones biochanin A, daidzein, genistein and formononetin. Isoflavone content in the extracts was assayed by HPLC. E2 and isoflavones increased MCF-7 proliferation in a concentration-dependent fashion, with the following potency order: E2>>>genistein>biochanin A=daidzein>formononetin. Extracts increased MCF-7 proliferation with different potencies, which in four out of five extracts correlated with the ratios 5,7-dihydroxyisoflavones/7-hydroxyisoflavones. The efficacy of all extracts increased with decreasing genistein contents. A solution containing the main isoflavones at the average concentration of RCL extracts increased MCF-7 proliferation with higher potency and steeper concentration-response curve. The effects of E2, of RCL extracts and of the isoflavone solution were inhibited by the estrogen receptor antagonist 4-hydroxytamoxifen. Flow cytometric analysis of MCF-7 proliferation is a suitable bioassay for the estrogenicity of RCL extracts, thus expanding the characterization of individual batches beyond assessment of chemical composition and contributing to improved standardization of quality and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Spagnuolo
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Emanuela Rasini
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Alessandra Luini
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Legnaro
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Franca Marino
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Cosentino
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
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