1
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Cooper PO, Kleb SS, Noonepalle SK, Amuso VM, Varshney R, Rudolph MC, Dhaliwal TK, Nguyen DV, Mazumder MF, Babirye NS, Gupta R, Nguyen BN, Shook BA. G-protein-coupled receptor 84 regulates acute inflammation in normal and diabetic skin wounds. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114288. [PMID: 38814782 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipids have emerged as potent regulators of immune cell function. In the skin, adipocyte lipolysis increases the local pool of free fatty acids and is essential for coordinating early macrophage inflammation following injury. Here, we investigate G-protein-coupled receptor 84 (GPR84), a medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) receptor, for its potential to propagate pro-inflammatory signaling after skin injury. GPR84 signaling was identified as a key component of regulating myeloid cell numbers and subsequent tissue repair through in vivo administration of a pharmacological antagonist and the MCFA decanoic acid. We found that impaired injury-induced dermal adipocyte lipolysis is a hallmark of diabetes, and lipidomic analysis demonstrated that MCFAs are significantly reduced in diabetic murine wounds. Furthermore, local administration of decanoic acid rescued myeloid cell numbers and tissue repair during diabetic wound healing. Thus, GPR84 is a readily targetable lipid signaling pathway for manipulating injury-induced tissue inflammation with beneficial effects on acute diabetic healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula O Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Sarah S Kleb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Satish K Noonepalle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Veronica M Amuso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Rohan Varshney
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Michael C Rudolph
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Tanvir K Dhaliwal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Darlene V Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Miguel F Mazumder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Najuma S Babirye
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Ruchi Gupta
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Bao-Ngoc Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Brett A Shook
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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2
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Marsango S, Milligan G. Regulation of the pro-inflammatory G protein-coupled receptor GPR84. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:1500-1508. [PMID: 37085331 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR84 is an understudied rhodopsin-like class A G protein-coupled receptor, which is arousing particular interest from a therapeutic perspective. Not least this reflects that gpr84 expression is significantly up-regulated following acute inflammatory stimuli and in inflammatory diseases, and that receptor activation plays a role in regulating pro-inflammatory responses and migration of cells of the innate immune system such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages and microglia. Although most physiological responses of GPR84 reflect receptor coupling to Gαi/o-proteins, several studies indicate that agonist-activated GPR84 can recruit arrestin adaptor proteins and this regulates receptor internalisation and desensitisation. To date, little is known on the patterns of either basal or ligand regulated GPR84 phosphorylation and how these might control these processes. Here, we consider what is known about the regulation of GPR84 signalling with a focus on how G protein receptor kinase-mediated phosphorylation regulates arrestin protein recruitment and receptor function. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue GPR84 Pharmacology. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.10/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Marsango
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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3
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Aktar R, Rondinelli S, Peiris M. GPR84 in physiology-Many functions in many tissues. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:1524-1535. [PMID: 37533166 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the GPCR superfamily have a wide variety of physiological roles and are therefore valuable targets for developing effective medicines. However, within this superfamily are receptors that are less well characterized and remain orphans, including GPR84. This receptor is stimulated by ligands derived from dietary nutrients, specifically medium chain fatty acids (C9-14), and novel synthetic agonists. There are data demonstrating the role of GPR84 in inflammatory pathways, in addition to emerging data suggesting a key role for GPR84 as a nutrient-sensing GPCR involved in metabolism by sensing energy load via nutrient exposure and subsequent signalling leading to modulation of food intake. Exploring GPR84 pharmacology, its localization and what drives its expression has revealed multiple roles for this receptor. Here, we will reflect on these various roles of GRP84 demonstrated thus far, primarily by exploring data from pre-clinical and clinical studies in various physiological systems, with a specific focus on the gastrointestinal tract. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue GPR84 Pharmacology. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.10/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubina Aktar
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Silvia Rondinelli
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Madusha Peiris
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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4
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Luscombe VB, Wang P, Russell AJ, Greaves DR. Biased agonists of GPR84 and insights into biological control. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:1509-1523. [PMID: 38148720 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR84 was first identified as an open reading frame encoding an orphan Class A G protein coupled receptor in 2001. Gpr84 mRNA is expressed in a limited number of cell types with the highest levels of expression being in innate immune cells, M1 polarised macrophages and neutrophils. The first reported ligands for this receptor were medium chain fatty acids with chain lengths between 9 and 12 carbons. Subsequently, a series of synthetic agonists that signal via the GPR84 receptor were identified. Radioligand binding assays and molecular modelling with site-directed mutagenesis suggest the presence of three ligand binding sites on the receptor, but the physiological agonist(s) of the receptor remain unidentified. Here, we review the effects of GPR84 agonists on innate immune cells following a series of chemical discoveries since 2001. The development of highly biased agonists has helped to probe receptor function in vitro, and the remaining challenge is to follow the effects of biased signalling to the physiological functions of innate immune cell types. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue GPR84 Pharmacology. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.10/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pinqi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Angela J Russell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David R Greaves
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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5
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Yao MX, Yu HX, Mo HL, Zhang ZH, Song QC, Liu Q, Yang QY, Wang LX, Li Y. Structural and pharmacological characterization of a medium-chain fatty acid receptor GPR84 in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 153:105126. [PMID: 38160872 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.105126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The medium-chain fatty acid receptor GPR84, a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family, is mainly expressed in macrophages and microglia, and is involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses and retinal development in mammals and amphibians. However, structure, tissue distribution, and pharmacology of this receptor have rarely been reported in fish. In this study, we cloned the coding sequence (CDS) of common carp GPR84 (ccGPR84), examined its tissue distribution, and explored its cellular signaling function. The results showed that the CDS of ccGPR84 is 1191 bp and encodes a putative protein with 396 amino acids. Phylogenetic and chromosomal synteny analyses revealed that ccGPR84 was evolutionarily conserved with Cyprinids. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) indicated that ccGPR84 was predominantly expressed in the intestine and spleen. Luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that nonanoic acid, capric acid (decanoic acid), undecanoic acid and lauric acid could inhibit cAMP signaling pathway and activate MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, while the potencies of these four fatty acids on the two signaling pathways were different. Lauric acid has the highest inhibitory potency on cAMP signaling pathway, followed by undecanoic acid, nonanoic acid, and capric acid. While for MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, nonanoic acid has the highest activation potency, followed by undecanoic acid, capric acid, and lauric acid. These findings lay the foundation for revealing the roles of different medium-chain fatty acids in the inflammatory response of common carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xing Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Hui-Xia Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Hao-Lin Mo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Qing-Chuan Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710038, China
| | - Qi-Yuan Yang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Li-Xin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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6
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Luscombe VB, Baena-López LA, Bataille CJR, Russell AJ, Greaves DR. Kinetic insights into agonist-dependent signalling bias at the pro-inflammatory G-protein coupled receptor GPR84. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 956:175960. [PMID: 37543157 PMCID: PMC10804997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
GPR84 is an orphan G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) linked to inflammation. Strategies targeting GPR84 to prevent excessive inflammation in disease are hampered by a lack of understanding of its precise functional role. We have developed heterologous cell lines with low GPR84 expression levels that phenocopy the response of primary cells in a label-free cell electrical impedance (CEI) sensing system that measures cell morphology and adhesion. We then investigated the signalling profile and membrane localisation of GPR84 upon treatment with 6-OAU and DL-175, two agonists known to differentially influence immune cell function. When compared to 6-OAU, DL-175 was found to exhibit a delayed impedance response, a delayed and suppressed activation of Akt, which together correlated with an impaired ability to internalise GPR84 from the plasma membrane. The signalling differences were transient and occurred only at early time points in the low expressing cell lines, highlighting the importance of receptor number and kinetic readouts when evaluating signalling bias. Our findings open new ways to understand GPR84 signalling and evaluate the effect of newly developed agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent B Luscombe
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Rd, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Luis Alberto Baena-López
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Rd, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Carole J R Bataille
- Department of Chemistry, Mansfield Rd, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Angela J Russell
- Department of Chemistry, Mansfield Rd, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmacology, Mansfield Rd, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - David R Greaves
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Rd, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3RE, United Kingdom.
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7
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Abstract
Chronic liver diseases such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or viral hepatitis are characterized by persistent inflammation and subsequent liver fibrosis. Liver fibrosis critically determines long-term morbidity (for example, cirrhosis or liver cancer) and mortality in NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Inflammation represents the concerted response of various hepatic cell types to hepatocellular death and inflammatory signals, which are related to intrahepatic injury pathways or extrahepatic mediators from the gut-liver axis and the circulation. Single-cell technologies have revealed the heterogeneity of immune cell activation concerning disease states and the spatial organization within the liver, including resident and recruited macrophages, neutrophils as mediators of tissue repair, auto-aggressive features of T cells as well as various innate lymphoid cell and unconventional T cell populations. Inflammatory responses drive the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and HSC subsets, in turn, modulate immune mechanisms via chemokines and cytokines or transdifferentiate into matrix-producing myofibroblasts. Current advances in understanding the pathogenesis of inflammation and fibrosis in the liver, mainly focused on NAFLD or NASH owing to the high unmet medical need, have led to the identification of several therapeutic targets. In this Review, we summarize the inflammatory mediators and cells in the diseased liver, fibrogenic pathways and their therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Hammerich
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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8
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Zhang X, Wang Y, Supekar S, Cao X, Zhou J, Dang J, Chen S, Jenkins L, Marsango S, Li X, Liu G, Milligan G, Feng M, Fan H, Gong W, Zhang C. Pro-phagocytic function and structural basis of GPR84 signaling. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5706. [PMID: 37709767 PMCID: PMC10502086 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR84 is a unique orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that can be activated by endogenous medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs). The signaling of GPR84 is largely pro-inflammatory, which can augment inflammatory response, and GPR84 also functions as a pro-phagocytic receptor to enhance phagocytic activities of macrophages. In this study, we show that the activation of GPR84 by the synthetic agonist 6-OAU can synergize with the blockade of CD47 on cancer cells to induce phagocytosis of cancer cells by macrophages. We also determine a high-resolution structure of the GPR84-Gi signaling complex with 6-OAU. This structure reveals an occluded binding pocket for 6-OAU, the molecular basis of receptor activation involving non-conserved structural motifs of GPR84, and an unusual Gi-coupling interface. Together with computational docking and simulations studies, this structure also suggests a mechanism for the high selectivity of GPR84 for MCFAs and a potential routes of ligand binding and dissociation. These results provide a framework for understanding GPR84 signaling and developing new drugs targeting GPR84.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Yujing Wang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shreyas Supekar
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138671, Singapore
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Jingkai Zhou
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Jessica Dang
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Siqi Chen
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Laura Jenkins
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Sara Marsango
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Xiu Li
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guibing Liu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK.
| | - Mingye Feng
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| | - Hao Fan
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138671, Singapore.
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Program and Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Weimin Gong
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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9
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Yu D, Xiang Y, Gou T, Tong R, Xu C, Chen L, Zhong L, Shi J. New therapeutic approaches against pulmonary fibrosis. Bioorg Chem 2023; 138:106592. [PMID: 37178650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is the end-stage change of a large class of lung diseases characterized by the proliferation of fibroblasts and the accumulation of a large amount of extracellular matrix, accompanied by inflammatory damage and tissue structure destruction, which also shows the normal alveolar tissue is damaged and then abnormally repaired resulting in structural abnormalities (scarring). Pulmonary fibrosis has a serious impact on the respiratory function of the human body, and the clinical manifestation is progressive dyspnea. The incidence of pulmonary fibrosis-related diseases is increasing year by year, and no curative drugs have appeared so far. Nevertheless, research on pulmonary fibrosis have also increased in recent years, but there are no breakthrough results. Pathological changes of pulmonary fibrosis appear in the lungs of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that have not yet ended, and whether to improve the condition of patients with COVID-19 by means of the anti-fibrosis therapy, which are the questions we need to address now. This review systematically sheds light on the current state of research on fibrosis from multiple perspectives, hoping to provide some references for design and optimization of subsequent drugs and the selection of anti-fibrosis treatment plans and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongke Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Yu Xiang
- College of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Tingting Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Rongsheng Tong
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Chuan Xu
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China.
| | - Ling Zhong
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610072, China.
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China.
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10
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Liu H, Zhang Q, He X, Jiang M, Wang S, Yan X, Cheng X, Liu Y, Nan FJ, Xu HE, Xie X, Yin W. Structural insights into ligand recognition and activation of the medium-chain fatty acid-sensing receptor GPR84. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3271. [PMID: 37277332 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38985-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR84 is an orphan class A G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is predominantly expressed in immune cells and plays important roles in inflammation, fibrosis, and metabolism. Here, we present cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of Gαi protein-coupled human GPR84 bound to a synthetic lipid-mimetic ligand, LY237, or a putative endogenous ligand, a medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) 3-hydroxy lauric acid (3-OH-C12). Analysis of these two ligand-bound structures reveals a unique hydrophobic nonane tail -contacting patch, which forms a blocking wall to select MCFA-like agonists with the correct length. We also identify the structural features in GPR84 that coordinate the polar ends of LY237 and 3-OH-C12, including the interactions with the positively charged side chain of R172 and the downward movement of the extracellular loop 2 (ECL2). Together with molecular dynamics simulations and functional data, our structures reveal that ECL2 not only contributes to direct ligand binding, but also plays a pivotal role in ligand entry from the extracellular milieu. These insights into the structure and function of GPR84 could improve our understanding of ligand recognition, receptor activation, and Gαi-coupling of GPR84. Our structures could also facilitate rational drug discovery against inflammation and metabolic disorders targeting GPR84.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 310024, Hangzhou, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, 264117, Yantai, Shandong, China
- National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Mengting Jiang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Siwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoci Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 310024, Hangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Fa-Jun Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 310024, Hangzhou, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, 264117, Yantai, Shandong, China
- National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - H Eric Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 210023, Nanjing, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 310024, Hangzhou, China.
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, 264117, Yantai, Shandong, China.
- National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
| | - Wanchao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 528400, Guangdong, China.
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11
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Gitto S, Vizzutti F, Baldi S, Campani C, Navari N, Falcini M, Venturi G, Montanari S, Roccarina D, Arena U, Pallecchi M, Di Bonaventura C, Bartolucci G, Ramazzotti M, Citone M, Fanelli F, Amedei A, Marra F. Transjugular intrahepatic Porto-systemic shunt positively influences the composition and metabolic functions of the gut microbiota in cirrhotic patients. Dig Liver Dis 2023; 55:622-628. [PMID: 36529635 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2022.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cirrhosis and its complications may affect gut microbiota (GM) composition. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) represents the most effective treatment for portal hypertension (PH). We aimed to evaluate whether TIPS placement modifies GM composition and metabolic function. METHODS A compositional and functional GM analysis was prospectively performed in 13 cirrhotic patients receiving TIPS. Patients receiving systemic or non-absorbable antibiotics for any indications were excluded. Fecal samples were collected before and three months after TIPS. GM was analyzed by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. Small- and medium-chain fatty acids (SCFAs and MCFAs, respectively) were measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTS TIPS placement resulted in a mean 48% reduction in portal-caval pressure gradient. No recurrence of PH related complications was observed. After TIPS, increased levels of Flavonifractor spp. (p = 0.049), and decreased levels of Clostridiaceae (p = 0.024), these latter linked to abdominal infections in cirrhotic patients, were observed. No differences were found in the SCFAs signature while analysis of MCFA profiles showed a decreased abundance of pro-inflammatory isohexanoic (p<0.01), 2-ethylhexanoic (p<0.01) and octanoic acids (p<0.01) after TIPS. CONCLUSION Correction of PH following TIPS results in modifications of GM composition which could be potentially beneficial and reduces the levels of fecal pro-inflammatory MCFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Gitto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Vizzutti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Simone Baldi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudia Campani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Nadia Navari
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Margherita Falcini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Venturi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Stanislao Montanari
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Davide Roccarina
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Umberto Arena
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Pallecchi
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Di Bonaventura
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gianluca Bartolucci
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Ramazzotti
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Michele Citone
- Interventional Radiology Unit, Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Fanelli
- Interventional Radiology Unit, Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabio Marra
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Center for Research, High Education and Transfer DENOThe, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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12
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Li SX, Wang SW, Chen LH, Zhang Q, Lu D, Chen J, Fang YC, Gu M, Xie X, Nan FJ. Unsymmetrical Phosphodiesters as GPR84 Antagonists with High Blood Exposure for the Treatment of Lung Inflammation. J Med Chem 2023; 66:5820-5838. [PMID: 37053384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
GPR84 is a proinflammatory G protein-coupled receptor that mediates myeloid immune cell functions. Blocking GPR84 with antagonists is a promising approach for treating inflammatory and fibrotic diseases. Previously, a GPR84 antagonist 604c, with a symmetrical phosphodiester structure, has displayed promising efficacy in a mouse model of ulcerative colitis. However, the low blood exposure resulting from physicochemical properties prevented its uses in other inflammatory diseases. In this study, a series of unsymmetrical phosphodiesters with lower lipophilicity were designed and tested. The representative compound 37 exhibited a 100-fold increase in mouse blood exposure compared to 604c while maintaining in vitro activity. In a mouse model of acute lung injury, 37 (30 mg/kg, po) significantly reduced the infiltration of proinflammatory cells and the release of inflammatory cytokines and ameliorated pathological changes equally or more effectively than N-acetylcysteine (100 mg/kg, po). These findings suggest that 37 is a promising candidate for treating lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Xian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Si-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lin-Hai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, Shandong, China
| | - Dan Lu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - You-Chen Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Min Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, Shandong, China
| | - Fa-Jun Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, Shandong, China
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13
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Tacke F, Puengel T, Loomba R, Friedman SL. An integrated view of anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic targets for the treatment of NASH. J Hepatol 2023:S0168-8278(23)00218-0. [PMID: 37061196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Successful development of treatments for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progressive form, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has been challenging. Because NASH and fibrosis lead to NAFLD progression towards cirrhosis and to clinical outcomes, approaches have either sought to attenuate metabolic dysregulation and cell injury, or directly target the inflammation and fibrosis that ensue. Targets for reducing the activation of inflammatory cascades include nuclear receptor agonists (thyroid hormone receptor-beta, e.g. resmetirom, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor [PPAR], e.g. lanifibranor, farnesoid X receptor [FXR], e.g. obeticholic acid), modulators of lipotoxicity (e.g. aramchol, acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors) or modification of genetic variants (e.g. PNPLA3 gene silencing). Extrahepatic inflammatory signals from circulation, adipose tissue or gut are targets of hormonal agonists (e.g. glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP-1] like semaglutide, fibroblast growth factor [FGF]-19 or FGF21), microbiota or lifestyle (weight loss, diet, exercise) interventions. Stress signals and hepatocyte death activate immune responses engaging innate (macrophages, lymphocytes) and adaptive (auto-aggressive T-cells) mechanisms. Therapies seek to blunt immune cell activation, recruitment (chemokine receptor inhibitors) and responses (e.g. galectin 3 inhibition, anti-platelet drugs). The disease-driving pathways of NASH converge to elicit fibrosis, which is reversible. The activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) into matrix-producing myofibroblasts can be inhibited by antagonizing soluble factors (e.g. integrins, cytokines), cellular crosstalk (e.g. with macrophages), and agonizing nuclear receptor signaling (e.g. FXR or PPAR agonists). In advanced fibrosis, cell therapy with restorative macrophages or reprogrammed T-cells (e.g., CAR T) may accelerate repair through HSC deactivation or killing, or by enhancing matrix degradation. Heterogeneity of disease - either due to genetics or divergent disease drivers - is an obstacle to defining effective drugs for all patients with NASH that will be incrementally overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Tobias Puengel
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rohit Loomba
- NAFLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.
| | - Scott L Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
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14
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Ren Z, Pan X, Li J, Dong X, Tu X, Pan LL, Sun J. G protein coupled receptor 41 regulates fibroblast activation in pulmonary fibrosis via Gαi/o and downstream Smad2/3 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Pharmacol Res 2023; 191:106754. [PMID: 37019194 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive and fatal fibrotic lung disease with mysterious pathogenesis and limited effective therapies. G protein-coupled receptors (GPRs) participate in a variety of physiologic functions, and several GPRs have critical fibrosis-promoting or -inhibiting roles in pulmonary fibrosis. Here, we explored the role of GPR41 in the pathobiology of pulmonary fibrosis. We found that GPR41 expression was elevated in lung tissues of mice with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and lung fibroblasts treated with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). Knockout of GPR41 attenuated pulmonary fibrosis in mice, as evidenced by improved lung morphology, decreased lung weight and collagen secretion, and down-regulated α-SMA, collagen type I alpha and fibronectin expression in lungs. Additionally, GPR41 knockout inhibited the differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, and decreased myofibroblast migration. By further mechanistic analysis, we demonstrated that GPR41 regulated TGF-β1-induced fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation and Smad2/3 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation via its Gαi/o subunit but not Gβγ subunit. Together, our data indicate that GPR41 is involved in pulmonary fibroblast activation and fibrosis, and GPR41 represents a potential therapeutic target for pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengnan Ren
- School of Medicine and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaohua Pan
- School of Medicine and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jiahong Li
- School of Medicine and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaoliang Dong
- School of Medicine and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xing Tu
- School of Medicine and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Li-Long Pan
- School of Medicine and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
| | - Jia Sun
- School of Medicine and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
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15
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Ohue-Kitano R, Nonaka H, Nishida A, Masujima Y, Takahashi D, Ikeda T, Uwamizu A, Tanaka M, Kohjima M, Igarashi M, Katoh H, Tanaka T, Inoue A, Suganami T, Hase K, Ogawa Y, Aoki J, Kimura I. Medium-chain fatty acids suppress lipotoxicity-induced hepatic fibrosis via the immunomodulating receptor GPR84. JCI Insight 2023; 8:165469. [PMID: 36480287 PMCID: PMC9977302 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.165469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), which consist of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs), are unique forms of dietary fat with various health benefits. G protein-coupled 84 (GPR84) acts as a receptor for MCFAs (especially C10:0 and C12:0); however, GPR84 is still considered an orphan receptor, and the nutritional signaling of endogenous and dietary MCFAs via GPR84 remains unclear. Here, we showed that endogenous MCFA-mediated GPR84 signaling protected hepatic functions from diet-induced lipotoxicity. Under high-fat diet (HFD) conditions, GPR84-deficient mice exhibited nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and the progression of hepatic fibrosis but not steatosis. With markedly increased hepatic MCFA levels under HFD, GPR84 suppressed lipotoxicity-induced macrophage overactivation. Thus, GPR84 is an immunomodulating receptor that suppresses excessive dietary fat intake-induced toxicity by sensing increases in MCFAs. Additionally, administering MCTs, MCFAs (C10:0 or C12:0, but not C8:0), or GPR84 agonists effectively improved NASH in mouse models. Therefore, exogenous GPR84 stimulation is a potential strategy for treating NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Ohue-Kitano
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies and,Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hazuki Nonaka
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akari Nishida
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Masujima
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies and
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takako Ikeda
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies and,Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akiharu Uwamizu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyako Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Kohjima
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Miki Igarashi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironori Katoh
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies and,Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Suganami
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koji Hase
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies and,Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Qi N, Liu S, Yan F, Chen B, Wu S, Lin X, Yan Z, Zhou Q, Liao S, Li J, Lv M, Cai H, Hu J, Zhang J, Gu Y, Sun M. Study of microencapsulated fatty acid antimicrobial activity in vitro and its prevention ability of Clostridium perfringens induced necrotic enteritis in broiler chicken. Gut Pathog 2023; 15:1. [PMID: 36593526 PMCID: PMC9808942 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-022-00526-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necrotic enteritis (NE) is an infectious intestinal disease caused by Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) that is now re-emerging and causing concern within the poultry industry. Previously, the supplementation of antibiotics in feed was the most popular control strategy against C. perfringens. However, with the ban on supplementing growth-promoting antibiotics in livestock feed, alternatives to antibiotics will be essential in order to control necrotic enteritis. A possible alternative to antibiotics could be the medium or long chain fatty acids (MCFA or LCFA) as these are able to destroy cell membranes which in turn results in the death of bacteria. In this study, the in vitro antimicrobial activity of different combinations with microencapsulated caprylic acid (C8: 0), capric acid (C10: 0), lauric acid (C12: 0) and myristic acid (C14: 0) against C. perfringens and in vivo control the NE-inducing C. perfringens in broiler chicken were analyzed. RESULTS The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assay results revealed that three different combinations of medium/long chain fatty acids varied in antimicrobial activities against C. perfringens type A strain (CVCC52, quality control), C. perfringens type A strain (C8-1), C. perfringens type G strain (D25) and C. perfringens type G strain (MZ1). Specifically, combination of C12: 0 and C14: 0 (C12-14) showed the highest antimicrobial activity against the four strains of C. perfringens (MIC ≤ 12.5 μg/mL, MBC = 50 μg/mL), followed by the combination of C10: 0 and C12: 0 (C10-12) (MIC, MBC ≤ 50 μg/mL). The in vivo study, 189 of 818-crossbred chickens that were fed a wheat-based diet and randomly divided into nine groups, with six treatment groups supplemented with either a high dose (1 g/kg) or low dose (0.5 g/kg) of three combinations respectively. The remaining three groups comsisted of a positive group supplement with avilamycin (0.01 g/kg), an infected control and an uninfected control. All chickens were challenged with C. perfringens from day 14 to day 17, except those in the uninfected control group. On day 20, the duodenum and jejunum necrotic lesions scores were calculated and the results showed that there was significant decrease in the C12-C14 high dose group (1.43 ± 0.23, 0.48 ± 0.13) and the C10-12 high dose group (1.52 ± 0.19, 0.48 ± 0.11) compared to the infected group (2.86 ± 0.21, 1.20 ± 0.28). CONCLUSIONS This finding indicated that dietary microencapsulated C12-C14 and C10-C12 could inhibit the growth of C. perfringens in chickens, which proves is viability to serve as an alternative to antibiotics used for necrotic enteritis caused by C. perfringens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanshan Qi
- grid.135769.f0000 0001 0561 6611Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaobing Liu
- grid.135769.f0000 0001 0561 6611Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong People’s Republic of China ,grid.443368.e0000 0004 1761 4068College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100 Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Fangquan Yan
- Guangzhou Wisdom Bio-Technology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510700 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Chen
- Guangzhou Wisdom Bio-Technology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510700 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Shilin Wu
- Guangzhou Wisdom Bio-Technology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510700 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuhui Lin
- grid.135769.f0000 0001 0561 6611Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuanqiang Yan
- Wen’s Group Academy, Wen’s Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, 527400 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingfeng Zhou
- Wen’s Group Academy, Wen’s Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, 527400 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Shenquan Liao
- grid.135769.f0000 0001 0561 6611Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Li
- grid.135769.f0000 0001 0561 6611Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Minna Lv
- grid.135769.f0000 0001 0561 6611Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiming Cai
- grid.135769.f0000 0001 0561 6611Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Junjing Hu
- grid.135769.f0000 0001 0561 6611Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianfei Zhang
- grid.135769.f0000 0001 0561 6611Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Youfang Gu
- grid.443368.e0000 0004 1761 4068College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100 Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingfei Sun
- grid.135769.f0000 0001 0561 6611Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong People’s Republic of China
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17
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Mikkelsen RB, Arora T, Trošt K, Dmytriyeva O, Jensen SK, Meijnikman AS, Olofsson LE, Lappa D, Aydin Ö, Nielsen J, Gerdes V, Moritz T, van de Laar A, de Brauw M, Nieuwdorp M, Hjorth SA, Schwartz TW, Bäckhed F. Type 2 diabetes is associated with increased circulating levels of 3-hydroxydecanoate activating GPR84 and neutrophil migration. iScience 2022; 25:105683. [PMID: 36561890 PMCID: PMC9763857 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes are associated with inflammation and altered plasma levels of several metabolites, which may be involved in disease progression. Some metabolites can activate G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) expressed on immune cells where they can modulate metabolic inflammation. Here, we find that 3-hydroxydecanoate is enriched in the circulation of obese individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) compared with nondiabetic controls. Administration of 3-hydroxydecanoate to mice promotes immune cell recruitment to adipose tissue, which was associated with adipose inflammation and increased fasting insulin levels. Furthermore, we demonstrate that 3-hydroxydecanoate stimulates migration of primary human and mouse neutrophils, but not monocytes, through GPR84 and Gαi signaling in vitro. Our findings indicate that 3-hydroxydecanoate is a T2D-associated metabolite that increases inflammatory responses and may contribute to the chronic inflammation observed in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi Bonke Mikkelsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tulika Arora
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kajetan Trošt
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oksana Dmytriyeva
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sune Kjærsgaard Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Abraham Stijn Meijnikman
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Louise Elisabeth Olofsson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dimitra Lappa
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ömrüm Aydin
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Victor Gerdes
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Moritz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Maurits de Brauw
- Department of Surgery, Spaarne Hospital, Hoofddorp, the Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Siv Annegrethe Hjorth
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thue Walter Schwartz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden,Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Physiology, Gothenburg, Sweden,Corresponding author
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18
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Ke J, Hu X, Wang C, Zhang Y. Identification of the hub susceptibility genes and related common transcription factors in the skeletal muscle of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. BMC Endocr Disord 2022; 22:276. [PMID: 36368953 PMCID: PMC9652898 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-022-01195-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its related complications contribute to the high morbidity and mortality in worldwide. Skeletal muscle insulin resistance plays a critical role in the onset of T2DM due to the decreasing in the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. T2DM is associated not only with the inherited factors but also with the noninherited factors. However, the susceptibility genes related with the two factors and the transcription factors (TF) regulating the susceptibility genes in skeletal muscle, which aggravate the development of T2DM were still ill-defined. METHODS In the present study, the expression profiles by the array of GSE25462 were retrieved from the GEO database. GEO2R was performed to validate the susceptibility differentially expressed genes (SDEG) in skeletal muscle of T2DM. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were conducted via The Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID). A Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network was performed with the STRING. RESULTS With the performance of GEO2R, 229 SDEGs in skeletal muscle of T2DM were identified. The biological processes (BP) of SDEGs was enriched in the cellular response to UV-B most significantly. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that the SDEGs were most significantly enriched in glycosaminoglycan degradation. 5 hub susceptibility genes (GPR84, CALCB, GCG, PTGDR, GNG8) in the skeletal muscle of T2DM were identified. Eventually, the common transcription factors regulating the hub susceptibility genes were identified by means of the online tool PROMO. CONCLUSIONS Five hub susceptibility genes (GPR84, CALCB, GCG, PTGDR, GNG8) in the skeletal muscle of T2DM and the common transcription factors were identified. The outputs would provide new clues on the novel potential targets and the therapeutic strategies for treating T2DM and its related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjuan Ke
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Xiaohua Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Lichuan, Lichuan, 445400 China
| | - Changhua Wang
- Department of Pathology & Pathophysiology, Wuhan University Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan, 430071 China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Yemin Zhang
- Department of Pathology & Pathophysiology, Wuhan University Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan, 430071 China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan, 430071 China
- Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medicine Education of Wuhan University Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan, 430071 China
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19
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Zhang Q, Chen LH, Yang H, Fang YC, Wang SW, Wang M, Yuan QT, Wu W, Zhang YM, Liu ZJ, Nan FJ, Xie X. GPR84 signaling promotes intestinal mucosal inflammation via enhancing NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:2042-2054. [PMID: 34912006 PMCID: PMC9343429 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00825-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The putative medium-chain free fatty acid receptor GPR84 is a G protein-coupled receptor primarily expressed in myeloid cells that constitute the innate immune system, including neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages in the periphery and microglia in the brain. The fact that GPR84 expression in leukocytes is remarkably increased under acute inflammatory stimuli such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and TNFα suggests that it may play a role in the development of inflammatory and fibrotic diseases. Here we demonstrate that GPR84 is highly upregulated in inflamed colon tissues of active ulcerative colitis (UC) patients and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice. Infiltrating GPR84+ macrophages are significantly increased in the colonic mucosa of both the UC patients and the mice with colitis. Consistently, GPR84-/- mice are resistant to the development of colitis induced by DSS. GPR84 activation imposes pro-inflammatory properties in colonic macrophages through enhancing NLRP3 inflammasome activation, while the loss of GPR84 prevents the M1 polarization and properties of proinflammatory macrophages. CLH536, a novel GPR84 antagonist discovered by us, suppresses colitis by reducing the polarization and function of pro-inflammatory macrophages. These results define a unique role of GPR84 in innate immune cells and intestinal inflammation, and suggest that GPR84 may serve as a potential drug target for the treatment of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024 China
| | - Lin-hai Chen
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Hui Yang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - You-chen Fang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Si-wei Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Min Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Qian-ting Yuan
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Wei Wu
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | | | - Zhan-ju Liu
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Fa-jun Nan
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024 China ,Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai, 264000 China
| | - Xin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China. .,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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20
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Perreault A, Harper K, Lebel M, Charbonneau M, Adam D, Brochiero E, Cantin AM, Leduc M, Gagnon L, Dubois CM. Human Lung Tissue Implanted on the Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane as a Novel In Vivo Model of IPF. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2022; 67:164-172. [PMID: 35612953 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2022-0037ma] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and fatal lung disease with no curative pharmacological treatment. Current preclinical models fail to accurately reproduce human pathophysiology and are therefore poor predictors of clinical outcomes. Here, we investigated whether the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay supports the implantation of xenografts derived from IPF lung tissue and primary IPF lung fibroblasts and can be used to evaluate the efficacy of antifibrotic drugs. We demonstrate that IPF xenografts maintain their integrity and are perfused with chick embryo blood. Size measurements indicate that the xenografts amplify on the CAM, and Ki67 and pro-collagen type I immunohistochemical staining highlight the presence of proliferative and functional cells in the xenografts. Moreover, the IPF phenotype and immune microenvironment of lung tissues are retained when cultivated on the CAM and the fibroblast xenografts mimic invasive IPF fibroblastic foci. Daily treatments of the xenografts with nintedanib and PBI-4050 significantly reduce their size, fibrosis-associated gene expression, and collagen deposition. Similar effects are found with GLPG1205 and fenofibric acid, two drugs that target the immune microenvironment. Our CAM-IPF model represents the first in vivo model of IPF that uses human lung tissue. This rapid and cost-effective assay could become a valuable tool for predicting the efficacy of antifibrotic drug candidates for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Perreault
- Université de Sherbrooke, 7321, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kelly Harper
- Université de Sherbrooke, 7321, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mégane Lebel
- Université de Sherbrooke, 7321, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martine Charbonneau
- Université de Sherbrooke, 7321, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Damien Adam
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Department of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emmanuelle Brochiero
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Department of Medicine, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - André M Cantin
- University of Sherbrooke, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martin Leduc
- Liminal BioSciences Inc, 262159, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lyne Gagnon
- Liminal BioSciences Inc, 262159, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Claire M Dubois
- Université de Sherbrooke, 7321, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada;
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21
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Obesity-induced elevated palmitic acid promotes inflammation and glucose metabolism disorders through GPRs/NF-κB/KLF7 pathway. Nutr Diabetes 2022; 12:23. [PMID: 35443706 PMCID: PMC9021212 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-022-00202-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Our previous results have shown that obesity-induced excessive palmitic acid (PA) can promote the expression of KLF7, which plays a vital role in regulation of inflammation, glucose metabolism. But the exact mechanism of PA up-regulating the expression of KLF7 is not clear yet. This study is intend to explore whether PA promoting KLF7 expression through GPRs/NF-κB signaling pathway, causing inflammation and glucose metabolism disorders. Methods Cells were blocked GPRs/NF-κB under PA stimulation in vitro to demonstrate the molecular mechanism of PA up-regulates KLF7 expression. The regulatory effect of p65 on KLF7 was detected by luciferase reporter gene assay. Blocking GPRs/NF-κB in diet-induced obesity mice to detect the expression of KLF7, inflammatory cytokines and glucose metabolism related factors, clarifying the effects of GPRs/NF-κB on KLF7 in vivo. Results In 3T3-L1 adipocytes and HepG2 cells, PA could up-regulate the expression of KLF7 by promoting the GPR40/120-NF-κB signaling pathway, leading to inflammation and reduced glucose consumption (p < 0.05 for both). Luciferase reporter gene assay and ChIP assay showed that p65 could transcriptionally up-regulates the expression of KLF7. In high-fat diet (HFD) mice, after intraperitoneal injection of GPR40 or GPR120 blocker, the levels of p-p65 and KLF7 in epididymal white adipose tissue and liver were significantly decreased (p < 0.05 for both). Pharmacological inhibition of p-p65 significantly attenuated KLF7 expression and improved glucose tolerant and insulin sensitive (p < 0.05 for both). Conclusions Our results indicate that obesity-induced elevated palmitic acid promotes inflammation and glucose metabolism disorders through GPRs/NF-κB/KLF7 signaling pathway.
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22
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Chen LH, Zhang Q, Xiao YF, Fang YC, Xie X, Nan FJ. Phosphodiesters as GPR84 Antagonists for the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis. J Med Chem 2022; 65:3991-4006. [PMID: 35195005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
GPR84 is a proinflammatory G protein-coupled receptor associated with several inflammatory and fibrotic diseases. GPR84 antagonists have been evaluated in clinical trials to treat ulcerative colitis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. However, the variety of potent and selective GPR84 antagonists is still limited. Through high-throughput screening, a novel phosphodiester compound hit 1 was identified as a GPR84 antagonist. The subsequent structural optimization led to the identification of compound 33 with improved potency in the calcium mobilization assay and the ability to inhibit the chemotaxis of neutrophils and macrophages upon GPR84 activation. In a DSS-induced mouse model of ulcerative colitis, compound 33 significantly alleviated colitis symptoms and reduced the disease activity index score at oral doses of 25 mg/kg qd, with an efficacy similar to that of positive control 5-aminosalicylic acid (200 mg/kg, qd, po), suggesting that compound 33 is a promising candidate for further drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Hai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yu-Feng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - You-Chen Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Fa-Jun Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China.,Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong 264000, China
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23
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Prikhodko VA, Bezborodkina NN, Okovityi SV. Pharmacotherapy for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Emerging Targets and Drug Candidates. Biomedicines 2022; 10:274. [PMID: 35203484 PMCID: PMC8869100 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), or metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), is characterized by high global incidence and prevalence, a tight association with common metabolic comorbidities, and a substantial risk of progression and associated mortality. Despite the increasingly high medical and socioeconomic burden of NAFLD, the lack of approved pharmacotherapy regimens remains an unsolved issue. In this paper, we aimed to provide an update on the rapidly changing therapeutic landscape and highlight the major novel approaches to the treatment of this disease. In addition to describing the biomolecules and pathways identified as upcoming pharmacological targets for NAFLD, we reviewed the current status of drug discovery and development pipeline with a special focus on recent evidence from clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika A. Prikhodko
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Saint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University, 14A Prof. Popov Str., 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Natalia N. Bezborodkina
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Universitetskaya emb., 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Sergey V. Okovityi
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Saint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University, 14A Prof. Popov Str., 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- Scientific, Clinical and Educational Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya emb., 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
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24
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Papachristoforou E, Ramachandran P. Macrophages as key regulators of liver health and disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 368:143-212. [PMID: 35636927 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are a heterogeneous population of innate immune cells and key cellular components of the liver. Hepatic macrophages consist of embryologically-derived resident Kupffer cells (KC), recruited monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and capsular macrophages. Both the diversity and plasticity of hepatic macrophage subsets explain their different functions in the maintenance of hepatic homeostasis and in injury processes in acute and chronic liver diseases. In this review, we assess the evidence for macrophage involvement in regulating both liver health and injury responses in liver diseases including acute liver injury (ALI), chronic liver disease (CLD) (including liver fibrosis) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In healthy livers, KC display critical functions such as phagocytosis, danger signal recognition, cytokine release, antigen processing and the ability to orchestrate immune responses and maintain immunological tolerance. However, in most liver diseases there is a striking hepatic MDM expansion, which orchestrate both disease progression and regression. Single-cell approaches have transformed our understanding of liver macrophage heterogeneity, dynamics, and functions in both human samples and preclinical models. We will further discuss the new insights provided by these approaches and how they are enabling high-fidelity work to specifically identify pathogenic macrophage subpopulations. Given the important role of macrophages in regulating injury responses in a broad range of settings, there is now a huge interest in developing new therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting macrophages. Therefore, we also review the current approaches being used to modulate macrophage function in liver diseases and discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting macrophage subpopulations as a novel treatment strategy for patients with liver disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Papachristoforou
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Prakash Ramachandran
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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25
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Torre P, Motta BM, Sciorio R, Masarone M, Persico M. Inflammation and Fibrogenesis in MAFLD: Role of the Hepatic Immune System. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:781567. [PMID: 34957156 PMCID: PMC8695879 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.781567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is the definition recently proposed to better circumscribe the spectrum of conditions long known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that range from simple steatosis without inflammation to more advanced liver diseases. The progression of MAFLD, as well as other chronic liver diseases, toward cirrhosis, is driven by hepatic inflammation and fibrogenesis. The latter, result of a “chronic wound healing reaction,” is a dynamic process, and the understanding of its underlying pathophysiological events has increased in recent years. Fibrosis progresses in a microenvironment where it takes part an interplay between fibrogenic cells and many other elements, including some cells of the immune system with an underexplored or still unclear role in liver diseases. Some therapeutic approaches, also acting on the immune system, have been probed over time to evaluate their ability to improve inflammation and fibrosis in NAFLD, but to date no drug has been approved to treat this condition. In this review, we will focus on the contribution of the liver immune system in the progression of NAFLD, and on therapies under study that aim to counter the immune substrate of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Torre
- Internal Medicine and Hepatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Benedetta Maria Motta
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Roberta Sciorio
- Internal Medicine and Hepatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Mario Masarone
- Internal Medicine and Hepatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Marcello Persico
- Internal Medicine and Hepatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
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26
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Metabolite G-Protein Coupled Receptors in Cardio-Metabolic Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123347. [PMID: 34943862 PMCID: PMC8699532 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have originally been described as a family of receptors activated by hormones, neurotransmitters, and other mediators. However, in recent years GPCRs have shown to bind endogenous metabolites, which serve functions other than as signaling mediators. These receptors respond to fatty acids, mono- and disaccharides, amino acids, or various intermediates and products of metabolism, including ketone bodies, lactate, succinate, or bile acids. Given that many of these metabolic processes are dysregulated under pathological conditions, including diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity, receptors of endogenous metabolites have also been recognized as potential drug targets to prevent and/or treat metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. This review describes G protein-coupled receptors activated by endogenous metabolites and summarizes their physiological, pathophysiological, and potential pharmacological roles.
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27
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Conte E. Targeting monocytes/macrophages in fibrosis and cancer diseases: Therapeutic approaches. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 234:108031. [PMID: 34774879 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over almost 140 years since their identification, the knowledge about macrophages has unbelievably evolved. The 'big eaters' from being thought of as simple phagocytic cells have been recognized as master regulators in immunity, homeostasis, healing/repair and organ development. Long considered to originate exclusively from bone marrow-derived circulating monocytes, macrophages have been also demonstrated to be the first immune cells colonizing tissues in the developing embryo and persisting in adult life by self-renewal, as long-lived tissue resident macrophages. Therefore, heterogeneous populations of macrophages with different ontogeny and functions co-exist in tissues. Macrophages act as sentinels of homeostasis and are intrinsically programmed to lead the wound healing and repair processes that occur after injury. However, in certain pathological circumstances macrophages get dysfunctional, and impaired or aberrant macrophage activities become key features of diseases. For instance, in both fibrosis and cancer, that have been defined 'wounds that do not heal', dysfunctional monocyte-derived macrophages overall play a key detrimental role. On the other hand, due to their plasticity these cells can be 're-educated' and exert anti-fibrotic and anti-cancer functions. Therefore macrophages represent an important therapeutic target in both fibrosis and cancer diseases. The current review will illustrate new insights into the role of monocytes/macrophages in these devastating diseases and summarize new therapeutic strategies and applications of macrophage-targeted drug development in their clinical setting.
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28
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Sun D, Yang X, Wu B, Zhang XJ, Li H, She ZG. Therapeutic Potential of G Protein-Coupled Receptors Against Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2021; 74:2831-2838. [PMID: 33826778 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dating Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Basic Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Basic Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Gang She
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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29
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Cheng D, Chai J, Wang H, Fu L, Peng S, Ni X. Hepatic macrophages: Key players in the development and progression of liver fibrosis. Liver Int 2021; 41:2279-2294. [PMID: 33966318 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a common pathological process involving persistent liver injury with various etiologies and subsequent inflammatory responses that occur in chronic liver diseases. If left untreated, liver fibrosis can progress to liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and eventually, liver failure. Unfortunately, to date, there is no effective treatment for liver fibrosis, with the exception of liver transplantation. Although the pathophysiology of liver fibrosis is multifactorial and includes the activation of hepatic stellate cells, which are known to drive liver fibrogenesis, hepatic macrophages have emerged as central players in the development of liver fibrosis and regression. Hepatic macrophages, which consist of resident macrophages (Kupffer cells) and monocyte-derived macrophages, have been shown to play an intricate role in the initiation of inflammatory responses to liver injury, progression of fibrosis, and promotion of fibrosis resolution. These features have made hepatic macrophages uniquely attractive therapeutic targets in the fight against hepatic fibrosis. In this review, we synthesised the literature to highlight the functions and regulation of heterogeneity in hepatic macrophages. Furthermore, using the existing findings, we attempt to offer insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the phenotypic switch from fibrogenic macrophages to restorative macrophages, the regulation of heterogeneity, and modes of action for hepatic macrophages. A better understanding of these mechanisms may guide the development of novel anti-fibrotic therapies (eg macrophage subset-targeted treatments) to combat liver fibrosis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Cheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jin Chai
- Cholestatic Liver Diseases Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Huiwen Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Fu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shifang Peng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Ni
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China.,International Collaborative Research Center for Medical Metabolomics, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
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30
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Roohani S, Tacke F. Liver Injury and the Macrophage Issue: Molecular and Mechanistic Facts and Their Clinical Relevance. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147249. [PMID: 34298870 PMCID: PMC8306699 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is an essential immunological organ due to its gatekeeper position to bypassing antigens from the intestinal blood flow and microbial products from the intestinal commensals. The tissue-resident liver macrophages, termed Kupffer cells, represent key phagocytes that closely interact with local parenchymal, interstitial and other immunological cells in the liver to maintain homeostasis and tolerance against harmless antigens. Upon liver injury, the pool of hepatic macrophages expands dramatically by infiltrating bone marrow-/monocyte-derived macrophages. The interplay of the injured microenvironment and altered macrophage pool skews the subsequent course of liver injuries. It may range from complete recovery to chronic inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis and eventually hepatocellular cancer. This review summarizes current knowledge on the classification and role of hepatic macrophages in the healthy and injured liver.
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31
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Li TT, Luo YH, Yang H, Chai H, Lei ZL, Peng DD, Wu ZJ, Huang ZT. FBXW5 aggravates hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury via promoting phosphorylation of ASK1 in a TRAF6-dependent manner. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 99:107928. [PMID: 34217994 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Liver ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is an inevitable pathological process exacerbating the occurrence of rejection in liver transplantation. At present, there is still a lack of sufficient cognition for the mechanism as well as effective clinical strategies. F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 5 (FBXW5), a key modulator of stress signalling, was recently reported to participate in hepatic immunity. However, the role of FBXW5 in liver IRI is still unclear. In the present study, we found expression of FBXW5 was increased in liver IRI both in vivo and in vitro. Inhibition of FBXW5 significantly alleviated both mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase (IKK) pathways, thus resulting in cytokine release, hepatic pathological injury and apoptosis. Over-expression of FBXW5 achieved an opposite effect. Investigations on the mechanism showed that FBXW5 intensified hepatic inflammation by promoting phosphorylation of ASK1, while blockade of TRAF6 could abolish this process. Moreover, reinforce of mTOR amplified the anti-inflammatory efficacy derived from inhibition of FBXW5, indicating the function of FBXW5/ASK1/TRAF6 axis in hepatic IRI might be relatively independent of mTOR-guided M2 polarization of Kupffer cell. Taken together, FBXW5 could be a key accelerator in liver IRI by enhancing activation of ASK1 in a TRAF6-dependent manner. The joint intervention towards both FBXW5 and mTOR might be a promising strategy to protect liver from IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yun-Hai Luo
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hang Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hao Chai
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zi-Lun Lei
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Da-Di Peng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhong-Jun Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zuo-Tian Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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32
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Huang L, Gao L, Chen C. Role of Medium-Chain Fatty Acids in Healthy Metabolism: A Clinical Perspective. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:351-366. [PMID: 33832826 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) serve not only as an energy source but also regulate glucose and lipid metabolism. The unique transport and rapid metabolism of MCFAs provide additional clinical benefits over other substrates such as long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) and have prompted interest in the use of MCFAs for treating metabolic and neurological disorders. This review focuses on the metabolic role of MCFAs in modulating cellular signaling and regulating key circulating metabolites and hormones. The potential of MCFAs in treating various metabolic diseases in a clinical setting has also been analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Huang
- School of Biomedical Science and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lin Gao
- School of Biomedical Science and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Science and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia.
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33
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Singanayagam A, Triantafyllou E. Macrophages in Chronic Liver Failure: Diversity, Plasticity and Therapeutic Targeting. Front Immunol 2021; 12:661182. [PMID: 33868313 PMCID: PMC8051585 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.661182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver injury results in immune-driven progressive fibrosis, with risk of cirrhosis development and impact on morbidity and mortality. Persistent liver cell damage and death causes immune cell activation and inflammation. Patients with advanced cirrhosis additionally experience pathological bacterial translocation, exposure to microbial products and chronic engagement of the immune system. Bacterial infections have a high incidence in cirrhosis, with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis being the most common, while the subsequent systemic inflammation, organ failure and immune dysregulation increase the mortality risk. Tissue-resident and recruited macrophages play a central part in the development of inflammation and fibrosis progression. In the liver, adipose tissue, peritoneum and intestines, diverse macrophage populations exhibit great phenotypic and functional plasticity determined by their ontogeny, epigenetic programming and local microenvironment. These changes can, at different times, promote or ameliorate disease states and therefore represent potential targets for macrophage-directed therapies. In this review, we discuss the evidence for macrophage phenotypic and functional alterations in tissue compartments during the development and progression of chronic liver failure in different aetiologies and highlight the potential of macrophage modulation as a therapeutic strategy for liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjuna Singanayagam
- Infection and Immunity Clinical Academic Group, St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Evangelos Triantafyllou
- Section of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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34
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Tacke F, Weiskirchen R. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-related liver fibrosis: mechanisms, treatment and prevention. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:729. [PMID: 33987427 PMCID: PMC8106094 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-4354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is the excessive expression and accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins in the liver. Fibrotic scarring occurs as the consequence of chronic injury and inflammation. While the successful treatment of hepatitis B and C reduced the burden of liver disease related to viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are nowadays the leading causes of hepatic fibrosis worldwide. Although basic research activities have significantly advanced our understanding of the molecular disease pathogenesis, the present therapeutic options for fibrosis are still limited. In advanced disease stages, liver transplantation often remains the only curative treatment. This highlights the necessity of preventive strategies to avoid complications of fibrosis, particularly cirrhosis, portal hypertension and liver cancer. Lifestyle modifications (weight loss, exercise, healthy diet) are the basis for prevention and treatment of NAFLD-associated fibrosis. In the present review, we discuss recent advances in antifibrotic prevention and therapy. In particular, we review the current concepts for antifibrotic drug candidates in the treatment of NAFLD and NASH. While some compounds aim at reverting pathogenic liver metabolism, an alternative approach is to disconnect the injury (e.g., NAFLD) from inflammation and/or fibrosis. Investigational drugs typically target metabolic pathways, insulin resistance, hepatocyte death, inflammatory cell recruitment or activation, the gut-liver axis, matrix expression or matrix turnover. While several promising drug candidates failed in phase 2 or 3 clinical trials (including elafibranor, emricasan and selonsertib), promising results with the farnesoid X receptor agonist obeticholic acid, the pan-PPAR agonist lanifibranor and the chemokine receptor CCR2/CCR5 inhibitor cenicriviroc support the expectation of an effective pharmacological therapy for liver fibrosis in the near future. Tackling NAFLD-associated fibrosis from different directions by combinatorial drug treatment and effective lifestyle changes hold the greatest prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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35
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Yang M, Zhang CY. G protein-coupled receptors as potential targets for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease treatment. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:677-691. [PMID: 33716447 PMCID: PMC7934005 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i8.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a broad-spectrum disease, ranging from simple hepatic steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, which can progress to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Abnormal hepatic lipid accumulation is the major manifestation of this disease, and lipotoxicity promotes NAFLD progression. In addition, intermediate metabolites such as succinate can stimulate the activation of hepatic stellate cells to produce extracellular matrix proteins, resulting in progression of NAFLD to fibrosis and even cirrhosis. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been shown to play essential roles in metabolic disorders, such as NAFLD and obesity, through their function as receptors for bile acids and free fatty acids. In addition, GPCRs link gut microbiota-mediated connections in a variety of diseases, such as intestinal diseases, hepatic steatosis, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. The latest findings show that gut microbiota-derived acetate contributes to liver lipogenesis by converting dietary fructose into hepatic acetyl-CoA and fatty acids. GPCR agonists, including peptides and natural products like docosahexaenoic acid, have been applied to investigate their role in liver diseases. Therapies such as probiotics and GPCR agonists may be applied to modulate GPCR function to ameliorate liver metabolism syndrome. This review summarizes the current findings regarding the role of GPCRs in the development and progression of NAFLD and describes some preclinical and clinical studies of GPCR-mediated treatment. Overall, understanding GPCR-mediated signaling in liver disease may provide new therapeutic options for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
| | - Chun-Ye Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
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36
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Grundmann M, Bender E, Schamberger J, Eitner F. Pharmacology of Free Fatty Acid Receptors and Their Allosteric Modulators. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041763. [PMID: 33578942 PMCID: PMC7916689 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological function of free fatty acids (FFAs) has long been regarded as indirect in terms of their activities as educts and products in metabolic pathways. The observation that FFAs can also act as signaling molecules at FFA receptors (FFARs), a family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), has changed the understanding of the interplay of metabolites and host responses. Free fatty acids of different chain lengths and saturation statuses activate FFARs as endogenous agonists via binding at the orthosteric receptor site. After FFAR deorphanization, researchers from the pharmaceutical industry as well as academia have identified several ligands targeting allosteric sites of FFARs with the aim of developing drugs to treat various diseases such as metabolic, (auto)inflammatory, infectious, endocrinological, cardiovascular, and renal disorders. GPCRs are the largest group of transmembrane proteins and constitute the most successful drug targets in medical history. To leverage the rich biology of this target class, the drug industry seeks alternative approaches to address GPCR signaling. Allosteric GPCR ligands are recognized as attractive modalities because of their auspicious pharmacological profiles compared to orthosteric ligands. While the majority of marketed GPCR drugs interact exclusively with the orthosteric binding site, allosteric mechanisms in GPCR biology stay medically underexploited, with only several allosteric ligands currently approved. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the biology of FFAR1 (GPR40), FFAR2 (GPR43), FFAR3 (GPR41), FFAR4 (GPR120), and GPR84, including structural aspects of FFAR1, and discusses the molecular pharmacology of FFAR allosteric ligands as well as the opportunities and challenges in research from the perspective of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Grundmann
- Research and Early Development, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Eckhard Bender
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany; (E.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Jens Schamberger
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany; (E.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Frank Eitner
- Research and Early Development, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany;
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37
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Albhaisi S, Noureddin M. Current and Potential Therapies Targeting Inflammation in NASH. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:767314. [PMID: 34925237 PMCID: PMC8678040 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.767314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the advanced form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). It is characterized by hepatic steatosis, inflammation, hepatocellular injury, and fibrosis. Inflammation plays a key role in the progression of NASH and can be provoked by intrahepatic (e.g., lipotoxicity, immune responses, oxidative stress and cell death) and extrahepatic sources (adipose tissue or gut). The identification of triggers of inflammation is central to understanding the mechanisms in NASH development and progression and in designing targeted therapies that can halt or reverse the disease. In this review, we summarize the current and potential therapies targeting inflammation in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaya Albhaisi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: Somaya Albhaisi,
| | - Mazen Noureddin
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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38
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Chen LH, Zhang Q, Xie X, Nan FJ. Modulation of the G-Protein-Coupled Receptor 84 (GPR84) by Agonists and Antagonists. J Med Chem 2020; 63:15399-15409. [PMID: 33267584 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of medium-chain fatty acids as GPR84 ligands, significant advancements have been made in the development of GPR84 agonists and antagonists. Most agonists have lipid-like structures except for 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM), which acts as an allosteric agonist. GPR84 activation in macrophages leads to increased cytokine secretion, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis, revealing the proinflammatory role of GPR84 associated with various inflammatory responses. Three GPR84 antagonists (S)-2-((1,4-dioxan-2-yl)methoxy)-9-(cyclopropylethynyl)-6,7-dihydro-4H-pyrimido[6,1-a]isoquinolin-4-one (GLPG1205), sodium 2-(3-pentylphenyl)acetate (PBI-4050), and sodium 2-(3,5-dipentylphenyl)acetate (PBI-4547) have displayed therapeutic effects in animal models of several inflammatory and fibrotic diseases and are being evaluated in clinical studies. Although GLPG1205 has failed in a clinical trial for ulcerative colitis, it is undergoing another phase II clinical study for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Further studies are needed to resolve the GPR84 structure, identify more endogenous ligands, elucidate their physiological and pathological roles, and fulfill the therapeutic potential of GPR84 antagonists and agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Hai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fa-Jun Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong 264000, China
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39
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Wen Y, Lambrecht J, Ju C, Tacke F. Hepatic macrophages in liver homeostasis and diseases-diversity, plasticity and therapeutic opportunities. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:45-56. [PMID: 33041338 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00558-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages, which are key cellular components of the liver, have emerged as essential players in the maintenance of hepatic homeostasis and in injury and repair processes in acute and chronic liver diseases. Upon liver injury, resident Kupffer cells (KCs) sense disturbances in homeostasis, interact with hepatic cell populations and release chemokines to recruit circulating leukocytes, including monocytes, which subsequently differentiate into monocyte-derived macrophages (MoMϕs) in the liver. Both KCs and MoMϕs contribute to both the progression and resolution of tissue inflammation and injury in various liver diseases. The diversity of hepatic macrophage subsets and their plasticity explain their different functional responses in distinct liver diseases. In this review, we highlight novel findings regarding the origins and functions of hepatic macrophages and discuss the potential of targeting macrophages as a therapeutic strategy for liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankai Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joeri Lambrecht
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cynthia Ju
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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40
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Luscombe VB, Lucy D, Bataille CJR, Russell AJ, Greaves DR. 20 Years an Orphan: Is GPR84 a Plausible Medium-Chain Fatty Acid-Sensing Receptor? DNA Cell Biol 2020; 39:1926-1937. [PMID: 33001759 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2020.5846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR84 is an inflammation-induced receptor highly expressed on immune cells, yet its endogenous ligand is still unknown. This makes any interpretation of its physiological activity in vivo difficult. However, experiments with potent synthetic agonists have highlighted what the receptor can do, namely, enhance proinflammatory signaling and macrophage effector functions such as phagocytosis. Developing drugs to block these effects has attracted interest from the scientific community with the aim of decreasing disease activity in inflammatory disorders or enhancing inflammation resolution. In this review, we critically reassess the widely held belief that the major role of GPR84 is that of being a medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) receptor. While MCFAs have been shown to activate GPR84, it remains to be demonstrated that they are present in relevant tissues at appropriate concentrations. In contrast to four other "full-time" free fatty acid receptor subtypes, GPR84 is not expressed by enteroendocrine cells and has limited expression in the gastrointestinal tract. Across multiple tissues and cell types, the highest expression levels of GPR84 are observed hours after exposure to an inflammatory stimulus. These factors obscure the relationship between ligand and receptor in the human body and do not support the exclusive physiological pairing of MCFAs with GPR84. To maximize the chances of developing efficacious drugs for inflammatory diseases, we must advance our understanding of GPR84 and what it does in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent B Luscombe
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Lucy
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry and University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Angela J Russell
- Department of Chemistry and University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David R Greaves
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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41
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Labéguère F, Dupont S, Alvey L, Soulas F, Newsome G, Tirera A, Quenehen V, Mai TTT, Deprez P, Blanqué R, Oste L, Le Tallec S, De Vos S, Hagers A, Vandevelde A, Nelles L, Vandervoort N, Conrath K, Christophe T, van der Aar E, Wakselman E, Merciris D, Cottereaux C, da Costa C, Saniere L, Clement-Lacroix P, Jenkins L, Milligan G, Fletcher S, Brys R, Gosmini R. Discovery of 9-Cyclopropylethynyl-2-(( S)-1-[1,4]dioxan-2-ylmethoxy)-6,7-dihydropyrimido[6,1- a]isoquinolin-4-one (GLPG1205), a Unique GPR84 Negative Allosteric Modulator Undergoing Evaluation in a Phase II Clinical Trial. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13526-13545. [PMID: 32902984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
GPR84 is a medium chain free fatty acid-binding G-protein-coupled receptor associated with inflammatory and fibrotic diseases. As the only reported antagonist of GPR84 (PBI-4050) that displays relatively low potency and selectivity, a clear need exists for an improved modulator. Structural optimization of GPR84 antagonist hit 1, identified through high-throughput screening, led to the identification of potent and selective GPR84 inhibitor GLPG1205 (36). Compared with the initial hit, 36 showed improved potency in a guanosine 5'-O-[γ-thio]triphosphate assay, exhibited metabolic stability, and lacked activity against phosphodiesterase-4. This novel pharmacological tool allowed investigation of the therapeutic potential of GPR84 inhibition. At once-daily doses of 3 and 10 mg/kg, GLPG1205 reduced disease activity index score and neutrophil infiltration in a mouse dextran sodium sulfate-induced chronic inflammatory bowel disease model, with efficacy similar to positive-control compound sulfasalazine. The drug discovery steps leading to GLPG1205 identification, currently under phase II clinical investigation, are described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Dupont
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Luke Alvey
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Florilène Soulas
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Gregory Newsome
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Amynata Tirera
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Vanessa Quenehen
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Thi Thu Trang Mai
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Pierre Deprez
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Roland Blanqué
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Line Oste
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | | | - Steve De Vos
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Annick Hagers
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Ann Vandevelde
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Luc Nelles
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Nele Vandervoort
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Katja Conrath
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Didier Merciris
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Céline Cottereaux
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Cécile da Costa
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Laurent Saniere
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | | | - Laura Jenkins
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Fletcher
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Reginald Brys
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Romain Gosmini
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
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Marsango S, Barki N, Jenkins L, Tobin AB, Milligan G. Therapeutic validation of an orphan G protein-coupled receptor: The case of GPR84. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 179:3529-3541. [PMID: 32869860 PMCID: PMC9361006 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of members of the GPCR superfamily as targets of a broad range of effective medicines many GPCRs remain poorly characterised. GPR84 is an example. Expression of GPR84 is strongly up regulated in immune cells in a range of pro-inflammatory settings and clinical trials to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis are currently ongoing using ligands with differing levels of selectivity and affinity as GPR84 antagonists. Although blockade of GPR84 may potentially prove effective also in diseases associated with inflammation of the lower gut there is emerging interest in defining if agonists of GPR84 might find utility in conditions in which regulation of metabolism or energy sensing is compromised. Here, we consider the physiological and pathological expression profile of GPR84 and, in the absence of direct structural information, recent developments and use of GPR84 pharmacological tool compounds to study its broader role and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Marsango
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Natasja Barki
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Laura Jenkins
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Smeuninx B, Boslem E, Febbraio MA. Current and Future Treatments in the Fight Against Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1714. [PMID: 32605253 PMCID: PMC7407591 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is recognised as a risk factor for many types of cancers, in particular hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A critical factor in the development of HCC from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the presence of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Therapies aimed at NASH to reduce the risk of HCC are sparse and largely unsuccessful. Lifestyle modifications such as diet and regular exercise have poor adherence. Moreover, current pharmacological treatments such as pioglitazone and vitamin E have limited effects on fibrosis, a key risk factor in HCC progression. As NAFLD is becoming more prevalent in developed countries due to rising rates of obesity, a need for directed treatment is imperative. Numerous novel therapies including PPAR agonists, anti-fibrotic therapies and agents targeting inflammation, oxidative stress and the gut-liver axis are currently in development, with the aim of targeting key processes in the progression of NASH and HCC. Here, we critically evaluate literature on the aetiology of NAFLD-related HCC, and explore the potential treatment options for NASH and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark A. Febbraio
- Cellular & Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Monash Institute of Pharmacological Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (B.S.); (E.B.)
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Lambrecht J, van Grunsven LA, Tacke F. Current and emerging pharmacotherapeutic interventions for the treatment of liver fibrosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 21:1637-1650. [PMID: 32543284 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1774553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic liver disease is due to various causes of persistent liver damage and will eventually lead to the development of liver fibrosis. If no treatment is initiated, this condition may progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Current treatments comprise the elimination of the cause of injury, such as by lifestyle changes, alcohol abstinence, and antiviral agents. However, such etiology-driven therapy is often insufficient in patients with late-stage fibrosis/cirrhosis, therefore maintaining the need for efficient antifibrotic pharmacotherapeutic interventions. AREAS COVERED The authors discuss the recent advances in the development of antifibrotic drugs, which target various pathways of the fibrogenesis process, including cell death, inflammation, gut-liver axis, and myofibroblast activation. Due to the significant burden of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), various agents which specifically target metabolic pathways and their related receptors/ligands have been developed. For some of them, e.g., obeticholic acid, advanced stage clinical trials indicate antifibrotic efficacy in NAFLD and NASH. EXPERT OPINION Significant advances have been made in the development of novel antifibrotic pharmacotherapeutics. The authors expect that the development of combinatorial therapies, which combine compounds that target various pathways of fibrosis progression, will have a major impact as future etiology-independent therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joeri Lambrecht
- Liver Cell Biology Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leo A van Grunsven
- Liver Cell Biology Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medical Center , Berlin, Germany
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Hundertmark J, Tacke F. How effective are nonalcoholic fatty liver disease models for drug discovery? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:1237-1240. [PMID: 32524859 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1776258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) ranges from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with hepatic fibrosis up to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, displaying a global health problem with no effective therapy yet. Multiple preclinical models reflecting different aspects of the disease helped to identify a variety of different targets over the last years. However, some recent clinical trials have revealed a lack of translatability, emphasizing the need for more effective preclinical research. In this editorial, we discuss different NAFLD mouse models as well as emerging ex vivo and in vitro models that have been used in drug discovery and dissect the translational challenges that have to be considered in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Hundertmark
- Dept of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Dept of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin , Berlin, Germany
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