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Sánchez M, Laca A, Laca A, Díaz M. Cocoa Bean Shell: A By-Product with High Potential for Nutritional and Biotechnological Applications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051028. [PMID: 37237894 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocoa bean shell (CBS) is one of the main solid wastes derived from the chocolate industry. This residual biomass could be an interesting source of nutrients and bioactive compounds due to its high content in dietary fibres, polyphenols and methylxanthines. Specifically, CBS can be employed as a raw material for the recovery of, for example, antioxidants, antivirals and/or antimicrobials. Additionally, it can be used as a substrate to obtain biofuels (bioethanol or biomethane), as an additive in food processing, as an adsorbent and, even, as a corrosion-inhibiting agent. Together with the research on obtaining and characterising different compounds of interest from CBS, some works have focused on the employment of novel sustainable extraction methods and others on the possible use of the whole CBS or some derived products. This review provides insight into the different alternatives of CBS valorisation, including the most recent innovations, trends and challenges for the biotechnological application of this interesting and underused by-product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sánchez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Amanda Laca
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Adriana Laca
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Mario Díaz
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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González-Garrido JA, García-Sánchez JR, López-Victorio CJ, Escobar-Ramírez A, Olivares-Corichi IM. Cocoa: a functional food that decreases insulin resistance and oxidative damage in young adults with class II obesity. Nutr Res Pract 2023; 17:228-240. [PMID: 37009147 PMCID: PMC10042721 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2023.17.2.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Cocoa consumption is associated with health benefits due to its high content of polyphenols. However, the effects of short-term cocoa consumption remain unclear. We aimed to determine the effects generated by cocoa consumption (for 7 days) in young adults in normoweight and class II obesity. SUBJECTS/METHODS Before-and-after study was carried out in normoweight (NW) (n = 15) and class II obesity (CIIO) (n = 15) young adults. The NW and CIIO participants consumed 25 and 39 g of cocoa, respectively, per day for 7 days. The effect of cocoa consumption was evaluated on the lipid profile, insulin resistance (IR), and inflammation. Oxidative damage was also examined by assessing the biomarkers of oxidative damage in plasma. In addition, recombinant human insulin was incubated with blood obtained from the participants, and the molecular damage to the hormone was analyzed. RESULTS Cocoa consumption resulted in decreased low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in both groups (P = 0.04), while the total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides were maintained at the recommended levels. Initially, IR was detected in the CIIO group (homeostasis model assessment [HOMA] = 4.78 ± 0.4), which is associated with molecular damage to insulin. Interestingly, intervention with cocoa resulted in improved IR (HOMA = 3.14 ± 0.31) (P = 0.0018) as well as molecular damage to insulin. Finally, cocoa consumption significant decreased the arginase activity (P = 0.0249) in the CIIO group; this is a critical enzymatic activity in the inflammatory process associated with obesity. CONCLUSIONS The short-term consumption of cocoa improves the lipid profile, exerts anti-inflammatory effects, and protects against oxidative damage. Results of this study indicate that cocoa consumption can potentially improve IR and restore a healthy redox status.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Arnold González-Garrido
- Centro de Investigación de Ciencia y Tecnología Aplicada de Tabasco (CICTAT), División Académica de Ciencias Básicas. Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Carretera Cunduacán-Jalpa KM. 1 Colonia la Esmeralda, Tabasco, C.P. 86690, México
| | - José Rubén García-Sánchez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular y Estrés Oxidativo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, C.P. 11340 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Carlos Javier López-Victorio
- Centro de Investigación de Ciencia y Tecnología Aplicada de Tabasco (CICTAT), División Académica de Ciencias Básicas. Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Carretera Cunduacán-Jalpa KM. 1 Colonia la Esmeralda, Tabasco, C.P. 86690, México
| | - Adelma Escobar-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación de Ciencia y Tecnología Aplicada de Tabasco (CICTAT), División Académica de Ciencias Básicas. Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Carretera Cunduacán-Jalpa KM. 1 Colonia la Esmeralda, Tabasco, C.P. 86690, México
| | - Ivonne María Olivares-Corichi
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular y Estrés Oxidativo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, C.P. 11340 Ciudad de México, México
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Rodríguez JL, Berrios P, Clavo ZM, Marin-Bravo M, Inostroza-Ruiz L, Ramos-Gonzalez M, Quispe-Solano M, Fernández-Alfonso MS, Palomino O, Goya L. Chemical Characterization, Antioxidant Capacity and Anti-Oxidative Stress Potential of South American Fabaceae Desmodium tortuosum. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030746. [PMID: 36771451 PMCID: PMC9921092 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that oxidative stress is a pathogenic mechanism to induce cytotoxicity and to cause cardiovascular and neuronal diseases. At present, natural compounds such as plant extracts have been used to reduce the cytotoxic effects produced by agents that induce oxidative stress. Our study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and cytoprotective capacity of Desmodium tortuosum (D. tortuosum) extract in the co- and pre-treatment in EA.hy926 and SH-SY5Y cell lines subjected to oxidative stress induced by tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BOOH). Cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), caspase 3/7 activity, reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and molecular expression of oxidative stress biomarkers (SOD2, NRF2 and NFκB1) and cell death (APAF1, BAX, Caspase3) were all evaluated. It was observed that the D. tortuosum extract, in a dose-dependent manner, was able to reduce the oxidative and cytotoxicity effects induced by t-BOOH, even normalized to a dose of 200 µg/mL, which would be due to the high content of phenolic compounds mainly phenolic acids, flavonoids, carotenoids and other antioxidant compounds. Finally, these results are indicators that the extract of D. tortuosum could be a natural alternative against the cytotoxic exposure to stressful and cytotoxic chemical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Luis Rodríguez
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru
- Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Paola Berrios
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru
| | - Zoyla-Mirella Clavo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru
| | - Manuel Marin-Bravo
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru
| | - Luis Inostroza-Ruiz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru
| | | | - Miguel Quispe-Solano
- Faculty of Engineering in Food Industries, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Huancayo 12006, Peru
| | | | - Olga Palomino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Goya
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Jose Antonio Novais 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Preventive Effect of Cocoa Flavonoids via Suppression of Oxidative Stress-Induced Apoptosis in Auditory Senescent Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081450. [PMID: 35892652 PMCID: PMC9330887 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Presbycusis or Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) is a sensorineural hearing loss that affects communication, leading to depression and social isolation. Currently, there are no effective treatments against ARHL. It is known that cocoa products have high levels of polyphenol content (mainly flavonoids), that are potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents with proven benefits for health. The objective is to determine the protective effect of cocoa at the cellular and molecular levels in Presbycusis. For in vitro study, we used House Ear Institute-Organ of Corti 1 (HEI-OC1), stria vascularis (SV-k1), and organ of Corti (OC-k3) cells (derived from the auditory organ of a transgenic mouse). Each cell line was divided into a control group (CTR) and an H2O2 group (induction of senescence by an oxygen radical). Additionally, every group of every cell line was treated with the cocoa polyphenolic extract (CPE), measuring different markers of apoptosis, viability, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and oxidative/nitrosative stress. The data show an increase of reactive oxidative and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS, respectively) in senescent cells compared to control ones. CPE treatment effectively reduced these high levels and correlated with a significant reduction in apoptosis cells by inhibiting the mitochondrial-apoptotic pathway. Furthermore, in senescence cells, the activity of antioxidant enzymes (Superoxide dismutase, SOD; Catalase, CAT; and Glutathione peroxidase, GPx) was recovered after CPE treatment. Administration of CPE also decreased oxidative DNA damage in the auditory senescent cells. In conclusion, CPE inhibits the activation of senescence-related apoptotic signaling by decreasing oxidative stress in auditory senescent cells.
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Sthijns MMJPE, Rademakers T, Oosterveer J, Geuens T, van Blitterswijk CA, LaPointe VLS. The response of three-dimensional pancreatic alpha and beta cell co-cultures to oxidative stress. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0257578. [PMID: 35290395 PMCID: PMC8923503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pancreatic islets of Langerhans have low endogenous antioxidant levels and are thus especially sensitive to oxidative stress, which is known to influence cell survival and behaviour. As bioengineered islets are gaining interest for therapeutic purposes, it is important to understand how their composition can be optimized to diminish oxidative stress. We investigated how the ratio of the two main islet cell types (alpha and beta cells) and their culture in three-dimensional aggregates could protect against oxidative stress. Monolayer and aggregate cultures were established by seeding the alphaTC1 (alpha) and INS1E (beta) cell lines in varying ratios, and hydrogen peroxide was applied to induce oxidative stress. Viability, oxidative stress, and the level of the antioxidant glutathione were measured. Both aggregation and an increasing prevalence of INS1E cells in the co-cultures conferred greater resistance to cell death induced by oxidative stress. Increasing the prevalence of INS1E cells also decreased the number of alphaTC1 cells experiencing oxidative stress in the monolayer culture. In 3D aggregates, culturing the alphaTC1 and INS1E cells in a ratio of 50:50 prevented oxidative stress in both cell types. Together, the results of this study lead to new insight into how modulating the composition and dimensionality of a co-culture can influence the oxidative stress levels experienced by the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille M. J. P. E. Sthijns
- Department of Cell Biology–Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Timo Rademakers
- Department of Cell Biology–Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jolien Oosterveer
- Department of Cell Biology–Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Geuens
- Department of Cell Biology–Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens A. van Blitterswijk
- Department of Cell Biology–Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Vanessa L. S. LaPointe
- Department of Cell Biology–Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Papuc C, Goran GV, Predescu CN, Tudoreanu L, Ștefan G. Plant polyphenols mechanisms of action on insulin resistance and against the loss of pancreatic beta cells. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 62:325-352. [PMID: 32901517 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1815644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus describes a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a prolonged period hyperglycemia with long-lasting detrimental effects on the cardiovascular and nervous systems, kidney, vision, and immunity. Many plant polyphenols are shown to have beneficial activity for the prevention and treatment of diabetes, by different mechanisms. This review article is focused on synthesizing the mechanisms by which polyphenols decrease insulin resistance and inhibit loss of pancreatic islet β-cell mass and function. To achieve the objectives, this review summarizes the results of the researches realized in recent years in clinical trials and in various experimental models, on the effects of foods rich in polyphenols, polyphenolic extracts, and commercially polyphenols on insulin resistance and β-cells death. Dietary polyphenols are able to reduce insulin resistance alleviating the IRS-1/PI3-k/Akt signaling pathway, and to reduce the loss of pancreatic islet β-cell mass and function by several molecular mechanisms, such as protection of the surviving machinery of cells against the oxidative insult; increasing insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells through activation of the FFAR1; cytoprotective effect on β-cells by activation of autophagy; protection of β-cells to act as activators for anti-apoptotic pathways and inhibitors for apoptotic pathway; stimulating of insulin release, presumably by transient ATP-sensitive K+ channel inhibition and whole-cell Ca2+ stimulation; involvement in insulin release that act on ionic currents and membrane potential as inhibitor of delayed-rectifier K+ current (IK(DR)) and activator of current. dietary polyphenols could be used as potential anti-diabetic agents to prevent and alleviate diabetes and its complications, but further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia Papuc
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UASVM of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gheorghe V Goran
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UASVM of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Corina N Predescu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UASVM of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Liliana Tudoreanu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UASVM of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Georgeta Ștefan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UASVM of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
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Carballeda Sangiao N, Chamorro S, de Pascual-Teresa S, Goya L. Aqueous Extract of Cocoa Phenolic Compounds Protects Differentiated Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells from Oxidative Stress. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091266. [PMID: 34572481 PMCID: PMC8471238 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocoa is a rich source of polyphenols, especially flavanols and procyanidin oligomers, with antioxidant properties, providing protection against oxidation and nitration. Cocoa phenolic compounds are usually extracted with methanol/ethanol solvents in order to obtain most of their bioactive compounds; however, aqueous extraction seems more representative of the physiological conditions. In this study, an aqueous extract of cocoa powder has been prepared and chemically characterized, and its potential protective effect against chemically-induced oxidative stress has been tested in differentiated human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Neuronal-like cultured cells were pretreated with realistic concentrations of cocoa extract and its major monomeric flavanol component, epicatechin, and then submitted to oxidative stress induced by a potent pro-oxidant. After one hour, production of reactive oxygen species was evaluated by two different methods, flow cytometry and in situ fluorescence by a microplate reader. Simultaneously, reduced glutathione and antioxidant defense enzymes glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase were determined and the results used for a comparative analysis of both ROS (reactive oxygen species) methods and to test the chemo-protective effect of the bioactive products on neuronal-like cells. The results of this approach, never tested before, validate both analysis of ROS and indicate that concentrations of an aqueous extract of cocoa phenolics and epicatechin within a physiological range confer a significant protection against oxidative insult to neuronal-like cells in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Carballeda Sangiao
- Departamento de Metabolismo y Nutrición, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN-CSIC), C/José Antonio Nováis, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Susana Chamorro
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Sonia de Pascual-Teresa
- Departamento de Metabolismo y Nutrición, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN-CSIC), C/José Antonio Nováis, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (S.d.P.-T.); (L.G.); Tel.: +34-915-492300 (ext. 231309) (S.d.P.-T.); +34-915-492300 (ext. 231310) (L.G.)
| | - Luis Goya
- Departamento de Metabolismo y Nutrición, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN-CSIC), C/José Antonio Nováis, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (S.d.P.-T.); (L.G.); Tel.: +34-915-492300 (ext. 231309) (S.d.P.-T.); +34-915-492300 (ext. 231310) (L.G.)
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Palomino O, García-Aguilar A, González A, Guillén C, Benito M, Goya L. Biological Actions and Molecular Mechanisms of Sambucus nigra L. in Neurodegeneration: A Cell Culture Approach. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164829. [PMID: 34443417 PMCID: PMC8399386 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sambucus nigra flowers (elderflower) have been widely used in traditional medicine for the relief of early symptoms of common cold. Its chemical composition mainly consists of polyphenolic compounds such as flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, and triterpenes. Although the antioxidant properties of polyphenols are well known, the aim of this study is to assess the antioxidant and protective potentials of Sambucus nigra flowers in the human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cell line using different in vitro approaches. The antioxidant capacity is first evaluated by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and the free radical scavenging activity (DPPH) methods. Cell viability is assessed by the crystal violet method; furthermore, the intracellular ROS formation (DCFH-DA method) is determined, together with the effect on the cell antioxidant defenses: reduced glutathione (GSH) and antioxidant enzyme activities (GPx, GR). On the other hand, mTORC1 hyperactivation and autophagy blockage have been associated with an increase in the formation of protein aggregates, this promoting the transference and expansion of neurodegenerative diseases. Then, the ability of Sambucus nigra flowers in the regulation of mTORC1 signaling activity and the reduction in oxidative stress through the activation of autophagy/mitophagy flux is also examined. In this regard, search for different molecules with a potential inhibitory effect on mTORC1 activation could have multiple positive effects either in the molecular pathogenic events and/or in the progression of several diseases including neurodegenerative ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Palomino
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (O.P.); (A.G.-A.); (A.G.)
| | - Ana García-Aguilar
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (O.P.); (A.G.-A.); (A.G.)
| | - Adrián González
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (O.P.); (A.G.-A.); (A.G.)
| | - Carlos Guillén
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.); (M.B.)
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Benito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.); (M.B.)
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Goya
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Science and Food Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN—CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-549-2300
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Gil M, Uribe D, Gallego V, Bedoya C, Arango-Varela S. Traceability of polyphenols in cocoa during the postharvest and industrialization processes and their biological antioxidant potential. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07738. [PMID: 34458602 PMCID: PMC8377438 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Noncommunicable diseases, the leading cause of mortality around the world, are responsible for approximately 75% of premature adult deaths (ages 30-69). To tackle this issue, a healthy diet based on functional foods, including cocoa and its derivatives, has been increasingly promoted. The polyphenols present in cocoa have been of interest due to their antioxidant potential and their possible protective role in the context of noncommunicable diseases, such as diabetes and cardiovascular conditions. However, during cocoa postharvest and industrialization, the concentration of these bioactive compounds is reduced, possibly affecting their health-promoting properties. Therefore, this paper reviews in the literature in this field to find the total polyphenol content in cocoa during the postharvest and industrialization processes in order to define concentration ranges as a reference point for future research. In addition, it discusses in vitro and in vivo studies into the biological antioxidant potential of cocoa and its derivatives. This review covers publications in indexed databases from 2010 to 2020, their data were processed and presented here using box plots. As a result, we identified the concentration ranges of polyphenols depending on the type of matrix, treatment and country, as well as their relationship with the main bioactive compounds present in cocoa that are associated with their possible antioxidant biological potential and health-related benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maritza Gil
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias (Medellín-Antioquia Colombia), Colombia
- Grupo de investigación de Química Básica, Aplicada y Ambiente, ALQUIMIA, Colombia
- Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano, Colombia
- Grupo de investigación de Ingeniería de Alimentos, GRIAL, Colombia
| | - Diego Uribe
- Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano, Colombia
- Grupo de investigación e Innovación Biomédica, GI2B, Colombia
| | - Vanessa Gallego
- Grupo de investigación de Ingeniería de Alimentos, GRIAL, Colombia
| | - Carolina Bedoya
- Grupo de investigación de Ingeniería de Alimentos, GRIAL, Colombia
- Corporación Universitaria Lasallista, Caldas, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Sandra Arango-Varela
- Faculty of Exact and Applied Sciences, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano, Colombia
- Grupo de investigación e Innovación Biomédica, GI2B, Colombia
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Yang X, Bai ZF, Zhang Y, Cui H, Zhou HL. Flavonoids-rich extract from Bidens bipinnata L. protects pancreatic β-cells against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis through intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 275:114097. [PMID: 33823164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE As a traditional Chinese medicinal, Bidens bipinnata L. has been used to treat many diseases with a long history in China. The anti-diabetic effects of extract from B. bipinnata have been demonstrated in the previous reports. AIM OF THE STUDY The protective effects of flavonoids-rich extract from B. bipinnata (BBTF) on cell damage induced by H2O2 in pancreatic β cell and its potential mechanisms were evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS MTT, ROS production, nuclear staining and flow cytometry assays were adopted to determine the effects of BBTF on cell viability, production of ROS and cell apoptosis in H2O2-treated INS-1 cell. Cell apoptosis-related proteins expressions were detected by Western blot assay. RESULTS Pre-treatment of BBTF could significantly increase INS-1 cell viability, inhibit the production of intracellular ROS and reduced the characteristic features of cell apoptosis induced by H2O2 in INS-1 cells. The studies of the underlying mechanism showed that BBTF could regulate Bax and Bcl-2 proteins expressions, suppress the phosphorylation of JNK, ERK and p38, as well as down-regulate Fas and FasL proteins expressions induced by H2O2. The expressions of caspase-8, caspase-9 and caspase-3 were therefore decreased. CONCLUSION The results indicated that flavonoids-rich extract from B. bipinnata could be a natural agent in diabetic prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiudong Yang
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City, 132022, PR China; Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Resources and Comprehensive Utilization of Jilin Provence, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin, 132022, China
| | - Zi-Fan Bai
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City, 132022, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City, 132022, PR China
| | - Hao Cui
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City, 132022, PR China
| | - Hong-Li Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City, 132022, PR China; Engineering Research Center for Agricultural Resources and Comprehensive Utilization of Jilin Provence, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin, 132022, China.
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11
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Martin MÁ, Ramos S. Impact of cocoa flavanols on human health. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 151:112121. [PMID: 33722594 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cocoa is a source of flavanols, and these phenolic compounds exert beneficial effects on health and aging, and reduce the risk of suffering chronic diseases (cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, cancer). An increasing body of evidence has emerged to suggest that cocoa flavanols potentially are important chemopreventive natural agents. This review summarizes human studies from the past two decades, providing data related to the effects derived from cocoa intake on health and disease. Most human studies have reported beneficial effects of cocoa consumption on health and chronic diseases; however, outcomes are not unequivocal. Review of human studies enable to identify different mechanisms of action for cocoa, although they are not fully understood at present. In addition, it remains unclear whether cocoa consumption should be recommended to healthy subjects or to patients and what is the appropriate dosage or duration of cocoa consumption. Elucidation of information regarding these crucial issues could lead to cocoa use as an approach for decreasing the risk of certain chronic diseases, as well as improving health and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ángeles Martin
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), José Antonio Novais 10, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Ramos
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), José Antonio Novais 10, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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12
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Cai S, Lu C, Liu Z, Wang W, Lu S, Sun Z, Wang G. Derivatives of gecko cathelicidin-related antioxidant peptide facilitate skin wound healing. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 890:173649. [PMID: 33049300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cathelicidins are a class of gene-encoded multifunctional factors in host defence systems. They have recently attracted a great deal of attention as promising drug candidates. Cathelicidins are well studied in vertebrates, yet no studies have been reported concerning gecko cathelicidin. Recently, we identified a novel cathelicidin from Gekko japonicus, Gj-CATH3. Unlike most cathelicidins, Gj-CATH3 exhibits potent antioxidant activity in vitro. Unfortunately, slight toxicity and high synthesis cost restrict its application. Thus, we designed a series of Gj-CATH3 analogues for development of short peptides with improved cell selectivity. Functional analysis showed that two truncated peptides, Gj-CATH3-(38-42)-peptide and Gj-CATH3-(33-42)-peptide, exhibited excellent antioxidant activity against ABTS and DPPH free radicals. Further, cytotoxicity and hemolytic activities were observably lower compared to Gj-CATH3. Interestingly, both peptides also demonstrate significant wound healing properties in a mouse model with full-thickness skin wounds. The peptides induce HaCaT cell proliferation and prevent decreases in SOD activity and increases of MDA concentration in injured-skin tissue. This report is the first to address cathelicidin from reptilia that exhibit potent wound healing activity. Our research will enrich understanding of cathelicidin biological functions, and provide a theoretical basis for its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Cai
- College of Medical Engineering & the Key Laboratory for Medical Functional Nanomaterials, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, China.
| | - Changao Lu
- College of Medical Engineering & the Key Laboratory for Medical Functional Nanomaterials, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, China
| | - Zhenlei Liu
- College of Medical Engineering & the Key Laboratory for Medical Functional Nanomaterials, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- College of Medical Engineering & the Key Laboratory for Medical Functional Nanomaterials, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, China
| | - Shuxin Lu
- College of Medical Engineering & the Key Laboratory for Medical Functional Nanomaterials, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, China
| | - Zhaoxing Sun
- College of Medical Engineering & the Key Laboratory for Medical Functional Nanomaterials, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, China
| | - Guannan Wang
- College of Medical Engineering & the Key Laboratory for Medical Functional Nanomaterials, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, China.
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13
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An J, Liu J, Liang Y, Ma Y, Chen C, Cheng Y, Peng P, Zhou N, Zhang R, Addy M, Chen P, Liu Y, Huang G, Ren D, Ruan R. Characterization, bioavailability and protective effects of phenolic-rich extracts from almond hulls against pro-oxidant induced toxicity in Caco-2 cells. Food Chem 2020; 322:126742. [PMID: 32305872 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Almond hulls, the main by-product of almond production, are considered a valuable source of bioactive phenolic compounds. This study aimed to characterize the phenolic composition, bioavailability of the phenolic-rich extracts from almond hulls (PEAH), and their protective effect on oxidative stressed Caco-2 cells induced by tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BOOH). The ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) analysis detected 11 phenolic compounds in the PEAH with high total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Oxidative Caco-2 cell damage was reduced by PEAH, especially at 5 μg/mL, through scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), modulating the cellular endogenous antioxidant system and cell redox at a predictable status. Also, in vitro digestion influenced the phenolic compounds' composition and antioxidant power of PEAH. These results suggested that almond hulls, rich in phenolic compounds, can meliorate the oxidative stressed Caco-2 cells and restore its impaired redox balance, and ultimately improve health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun An
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
| | - Juer Liu
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, MN, USA
| | - Yuying Liang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA
| | - Yiwei Ma
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, MN, USA
| | - Chi Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, MN, USA
| | - Yanling Cheng
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
| | - Peng Peng
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
| | - Nan Zhou
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
| | - Renchuan Zhang
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
| | - Min Addy
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
| | - Paul Chen
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
| | - Yuhuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, and Engineering Research Center for Biomass Conversion, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Guangwei Huang
- Almond Board of California, 1150 9th Street, Suite 1500, Modesto, CA 95354, USA
| | - Difeng Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Roger Ruan
- Center for Biorefining and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, MN, USA.
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Microencapsulation as a tool to counteract the typical low bioavailability of polyphenols in the management of diabetes. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 139:111248. [PMID: 32156568 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenols are secondary metabolites widely distributed in many plant foods, such a tea, coffee, chocolate and fruits. The consumption of these compounds is related to the improvement or amelioration of many diseases, including diabetes. Nevertheless, the great barrier to the therapeutic use of polyphenols is the low bioavailability of these compounds once ingested. For that reason, the encapsulation of polyphenols in different matrices may protect them from digestion and improve their release and subsequent absorption to obtain target-specific health effects. Some studies have reported the beneficial effect of encapsulation to increase both bioavailability and bioaccessibility. However, these works have mostly been carried out in vitro and few studies are specifically addressed at improving diabetes. In the current work, an overview of the knowledge related to nanoparticles and their use in the diabetic condition has been reviewed.
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Wang S, Sarriá B, Mateos R, Goya L, Bravo-Clemente L. TNF-α-induced oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in EA.hy926 cells is prevented by mate and green coffee extracts, 5-caffeoylquinic acid and its microbial metabolite, dihydrocaffeic acid. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2018; 70:267-284. [PMID: 30185085 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2018.1505834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The main phenol in mate and coffee, 5-caffeoylquinic-acid (5-CQA), and its relevant microbial metabolites, dihydrocaffeic (DHCA) and dihydroferulic (DHFA) acids, have shown oxidative-stress protective effects in HepG2 cells. To evaluate possible endothelial-protective effects of the extracts and compounds, endothelial EA.hy926 cells were pre-treated with yerba mate (YME) and green coffee bean (GCBE) phenolic extracts, 5-CQA, DHCA and DHFA and afterwards stressed with tumour-necrosis-factor-alpha (TNF-α). Then oxidative-stress markers and endothelial-nitric-oxide-synthase levels were studied. TNF-α (10 ng/mL, 24 h) depleted reduced glutathione (GSH) and eNOS levels, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and reductase (GR) activities, and protein oxidation (carbonyl groups, CG) in EA.hy926 cells. Pre-treatment with YME, GCBE, 5-CQA, DHCA at certain physiological concentrations, lowered ROS production, recovered depleted GSH, reduced GR and GPx activities, and CG levels, and enhanced eNOS concentration.. YME, GCBE and 5-CQA show antioxidant effects in endothelial cells playing DHCA an important role in such protection; moreover, the extracts, 5-CQA, DHCA and DHFA increased eNOS levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenli Wang
- a Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science , Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Beatriz Sarriá
- a Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science , Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Raquel Mateos
- a Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science , Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Luis Goya
- a Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science , Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Laura Bravo-Clemente
- a Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science , Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
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16
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Paudel P, Jung HA, Choi JS. Anthraquinone and naphthopyrone glycosides from Cassia obtusifolia seeds mediate hepatoprotection via Nrf2-mediated HO-1 activation and MAPK modulation. Arch Pharm Res 2018; 41:677-689. [PMID: 29804278 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cassia obtusifolia L. seed is one of the most popular traditional Chinese medicine for mutagenicity, genotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and acute inflammatory diseases. We evaluated the hepatoprotective activity of anthraquinone and naphthopyrone glycosides isolated from the butanol fraction of C. obtusifolia seeds and explored their effects on cell signaling pathways. Continuous chromatographic separation led to the isolation of 1-desmethylaurantio-obtusin 2-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), rubrofusarin 6-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1 → 6)-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2) and rubrofusarin 6-O-β-gentiobioside (3). All glycosides were non-toxic at concentrations up to 80 µM. The increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased glutathione levels observed after tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP) intoxication were ameliorated by all three glycosides, with compound 3 being the most active. Pretreatment with the three glycosides increased nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated heme oxidase-1 (HO-1) expression. All the glycosides enhanced the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and the dephosphorylation of p38. The protective effects of the anthraquinone and naphthopyrone glycosides against t-BHP-induced oxidative damage in human liver-derived HepG2 cells were due to the prevention of ROS generation and up-regulated activity of HO-1 via Nrf2 activation and modulation of the JNK/ERK/MAPK signaling pathway. The data indicate the potential of these compounds as hepatoprotective agents in pharmaceuticals and/or nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Paudel
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ah Jung
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Sue Choi
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Effects of Cocoa Antioxidants in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:antiox6040084. [PMID: 29088075 PMCID: PMC5745494 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6040084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2D) is the most common form of diabetes and one of the most common chronic diseases. Control of hyperglycaemia by hypoglycaemic drugs is insufficient in for patients and nutritional approaches are currently being explored. Natural dietary compounds such as flavonoids, abundant in fruits and vegetables, have received broad attention because of their potential capacity to act as anti-diabetic agents. Especially cocoa flavonoids have been proved to ameliorate important hallmarks of T2D. In this review, an update of the most relevant reports published during the last decade in cell culture, animal models and human studies is presented. Most results support an anti-diabetic effect of cocoa flavonoids by enhancing insulin secretion, improving insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues, exerting a lipid-lowering effect and preventing the oxidative and inflammatory damages associated to the disease. While it could be suggested that daily consumption of flavanols from cocoa or dark chocolate would constitute a potential preventive tool useful for the nutritional management of T2D, this recommendation should be cautious since most of commercially available soluble cocoa products or chocolates contain low amount of flavanols and are rich in sugar and calories that may aggravate glycaemic control in T2D patients.
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Zhang Y, Wang M, Dong H, Yu X, Zhang J. Anti-hypoglycemic and hepatocyte-protective effects of hyperoside from Zanthoxylum bungeanum leaves in mice with high-carbohydrate/high-fat diet and alloxan-induced diabetes. Int J Mol Med 2017; 41:77-86. [PMID: 29115390 PMCID: PMC5746319 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of diabetes mellitus (DM) is accompanied by hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress. Hyperoside is a major bioactive component in Zanthoxylum bungeanum leaves (HZL) and is a natural antioxidant. However, the effects of HZL on DM and its mechanisms of action remain undefined. The present study evaluated the anti-hypoglycemic and hepatocyte-protective effects of HZL in mice with diabetes induced by a high-carbohydrate/high-fat diet (HFD) and alloxan. We also aimed to eludicate the underlying mechanisms. Our resutls demonstrated that the administration of HZL significantly reduced body weight gain, serum glucose levels and insulin levels in diabetic mice compared with the vehicle-treated mice. In addition, the levels of dyslipidemia markers including total cholesterol, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the HFD-treated mice were markedly decreased. Further experiments using hepatocytes from mice revealed that HZL significantly attenuated liver injury associated with DM compared with vehicle treatment, as evidenced by lower levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in serum and by lower levels of lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide content and inducible nitric oxide synthase activity in liver tissues. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-associated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways were investigated to elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the protective effects of HZL against diabetic liver injury. The results indicated that HZL inhibited the phosphorylation of p65/NF-κB, MAPK (including p38, JNK and ERK1/2) and activating transcription factor 3 protein expression, with an additional suppression of Bax, cytochrome c, caspase-9 and caspase-3 in the liver tissues of diabetic mice. Taken together, our findings suggest that HZL, which was effective in inhibiting oxidative stress-related pathways may be beneficial for use in the treatment of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Mimi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Huanhuan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Jingfang Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
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Illam SP, Narayanankutty A, Raghavamenon AC. Polyphenols of virgin coconut oil prevent pro-oxidant mediated cell death. Toxicol Mech Methods 2017; 27:442-450. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2017.1320458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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20
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Bahar E, Akter KM, Lee GH, Lee HY, Rashid HO, Choi MK, Bhattarai KR, Hossain MMM, Ara J, Mazumder K, Raihan O, Chae HJ, Yoon H. β-Cell protection and antidiabetic activities of Crassocephalum crepidioides (Asteraceae) Benth. S. Moore extract against alloxan-induced oxidative stress via regulation of apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:179. [PMID: 28356096 PMCID: PMC5372275 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1697-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Medicinal plants are becoming more popular in the treatment of various diseases because of the adverse effects of the current therapy, especially antioxidant plant components such as phenols and flavonoids have a protective role against oxidative stress-induced degenerative diseases like diabetes. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate β-cell protection and antidiabetic activities of Crassocephalum crepidioides (Asteraceae) Benth. S. Moore. Method The in-vitro study was conducted by the pancreatic β-cell culture and α-amylase inhibition technique which includes two methods, namely starch-iodine method and 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA) method. On the other hand, the in-vivo study was performed by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) method and alloxan-induced diabetes method by using Wistar albino rat. At the end pancreatic specimens were removed and processed for histopathological study. Result The plant extract showed significant (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01) effect on hyperglycemia as compared to standard (Gliclazide) in OGTT. The plant extract showed efficient protection activity of pancreatic β-cell from cell death in INS-1 cell line by significantly reduced (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01) the levels alloxan-induced apoptosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. In addition, the plant extract showed a significant (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01) effect on hyperglycemia by increases in percent of β-cells present in each islet (45% – 60%) compared to the diabetic group. Conclusion The result showed that C. crepidioides had β-cell protection and antidiabetic activities in pancreatic β-cell culture and Wistar albino rat. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-017-1697-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Casein Glycomacropeptide Hydrolysates Exert Cytoprotective Effect against Cellular Oxidative Stress by Up-Regulating HO-1 Expression in HepG2 Cells. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9010031. [PMID: 28098837 PMCID: PMC5295075 DOI: 10.3390/nu9010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is considered as an important mediator in the progression of metabolic disorders. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential hepatoprotective effects and mechanisms of bovine casein glycomacropeptide hydrolysates (GHP) on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative damage in HepG2 cells. Results showed that GHP significantly blocked H2O2-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and cell viability reduction in a dose-dependent manner. Further, GHP concentration-dependently induced heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression and increased nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) nuclear translocation. Moreover, pretreatment of GHP increased the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), which were shown to contribute to Nrf2-mediated HO-1 expression. Taken together, GHP protected HepG2 cells from oxidative stress by activation of Nrf2 and HO-1 via p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Our findings indicate that bovine casein glycomacropeptide hydrolysates might be a potential ingredient in the treatment of oxidative stress-related disorders and further studies are needed to investigate the protective effects in vivo.
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Natural antioxidant ice cream acutely reduces oxidative stress and improves vascular function and physical performance in healthy individuals. Nutrition 2017; 33:225-233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Martín MA, Ramos S. Cocoa polyphenols in oxidative stress: Potential health implications. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Cocoa bean (Theobroma cacao L.) phenolic extracts as PTP1B inhibitors, hepatic HepG2 and pancreatic β-TC3 cell cytoprotective agents and their influence on oxidative stress in rats. Food Res Int 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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25
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Ibero-Baraibar I, Suárez M, Arola-Arnal A, Zulet MA, Martinez JA. Cocoa extract intake for 4 weeks reduces postprandial systolic blood pressure response of obese subjects, even after following an energy-restricted diet. Food Nutr Res 2016; 60:30449. [PMID: 27037002 PMCID: PMC4818356 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v60.30449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiometabolic profile is usually altered in obesity. Interestingly, the consumption of flavanol-rich foods might be protective against those metabolic alterations. Objective To evaluate the postprandial cardiometabolic effects after the acute consumption of cocoa extract before and after 4 weeks of its daily intake. Furthermore, the bioavailability of cocoa extract was investigated. Design Twenty-four overweight/obese middle-aged subjects participated in a 4-week intervention study. Half of the volunteers consumed a test meal enriched with 1.4 g of cocoa extract (415 mg flavanols), while the rest of the volunteers consumed the same meal without the cocoa extract (control group). Glucose and lipid profile, as well as blood pressure and cocoa metabolites in plasma, were assessed before and at 60, 120, and 180 min post-consumption, at the beginning of the study (Postprandial 1) and after following a 4-week 15% energy-restricted diet including meals containing or not containing the cocoa extract (Postprandial 2). Results In the Postprandial 1 test, the area under the curve (AUC) of systolic blood pressure (SBP) was significantly higher in the cocoa group compared with the control group (p=0.007), showing significant differences after 120 min of intake. However, no differences between groups were observed at Postprandial 2. Interestingly, the reduction of postprandial AUC of SBP (AUC_Postprandial 2-AUC_Postprandial 1) was higher in the cocoa group (p=0.016). Furthermore, cocoa-derived metabolites were detected in plasma of the cocoa group, while the absence or significantly lower amounts of metabolites were found in the control group. Conclusions The daily consumption of cocoa extract within an energy-restricted diet for 4 weeks resulted in a greater reduction of postprandial AUC of SBP compared with the effect of energy-restricted diet alone and independently of body weight loss. These results suggest the role of cocoa flavanols on postprandial blood pressure homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idoia Ibero-Baraibar
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centre for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Manuel Suárez
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain.,Centre Tecnològic de Nutrició i Salut (CTNS), TECNIO, CEICS, Reus, Spain
| | - Anna Arola-Arnal
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain.,Centre Tecnològic de Nutrició i Salut (CTNS), TECNIO, CEICS, Reus, Spain
| | - M Angeles Zulet
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centre for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, CIBERobn, Carlos III Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - J Alfredo Martinez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centre for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, CIBERobn, Carlos III Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain;
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26
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Martin MÁ, Goya L, Ramos S. Antidiabetic actions of cocoa flavanols. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:1756-69. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ángeles Martin
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC); Ciudad Universitaria; Madrid Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM); Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII); Madrid Spain
| | - Luis Goya
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC); Ciudad Universitaria; Madrid Spain
| | - Sonia Ramos
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC); Ciudad Universitaria; Madrid Spain
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Mellor DD, Naumovski N. Effect of cocoa in diabetes: the potential of the pancreas and liver as key target organs, more than an antioxidant effect? Int J Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Duane D. Mellor
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics; School of Public Health and Nutrition; Faculty of Health; University of Canberra; Bruce 2617 Canberra ACT Australia
- Division of Nutritional Sciences; School of Biosciences; University of Nottingham; Sutton Bonington Campus College Road Sutton Bonington Loughborough Leicestershire LE12 5RD UK
| | - Nenad Naumovski
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics; School of Public Health and Nutrition; Faculty of Health; University of Canberra; Bruce 2617 Canberra ACT Australia
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Dietary Cocoa Powder Improves Hyperlipidemia and Reduces Atherosclerosis in apoE Deficient Mice through the Inhibition of Hepatic Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:1937572. [PMID: 26980943 PMCID: PMC4770140 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1937572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocoa powder is rich in flavonoids, which have many beneficial effects on human health, including antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of our study was to investigate whether the intake of cocoa powder has any influence on hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis and examine the underlying molecular mechanisms. We fed apoE knockout mice a Western diet supplemented with either 0.2% (low group) or 2% (high group) cocoa powder for 12 weeks. The groups fed dietary cocoa powder showed a significant reduction in both plasma cholesterol levels and aortic atherosclerosis compared to the control group. Analysis of mRNA profiling of aortic atherosclerotic lesions revealed that the expression of several genes related to apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and inflammation was significantly reduced, while the antiapoptotic gene Bcl2 was significantly increased in the cocoa powder group compared to the control. RT-PCR analysis along with Western blotting revealed that a diet containing cocoa powder inhibited the expression of hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress. These data suggest that cocoa powder intake improves hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis, and such beneficial effects are possibly mediated through the suppression of hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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Mechanisms by which cocoa flavanols improve metabolic syndrome and related disorders. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 35:1-21. [PMID: 27560446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dietary administration of cocoa flavanols may be an effective complementary strategy for alleviation or prevention of metabolic syndrome, particularly glucose intolerance. The complex flavanol composition of cocoa provides the ability to interact with a variety of molecules, thus allowing numerous opportunities to ameliorate metabolic diseases. These interactions likely occur primarily in the gastrointestinal tract, where native cocoa flavanol concentration is high. Flavanols may antagonize digestive enzymes and glucose transporters, causing a reduction in glucose excursion, which helps patients with metabolic disorders maintain glucose homeostasis. Unabsorbed flavanols, and ones that undergo enterohepatic recycling, will proceed to the colon where they can exert prebiotic effects on the gut microbiota. Interactions with the gut microbiota may improve gut barrier function, resulting in attenuated endotoxin absorption. Cocoa may also positively influence insulin signaling, possibly by relieving insulin-signaling pathways from oxidative stress and inflammation and/or via a heightened incretin response. The purpose of this review is to explore the mechanisms that underlie these outcomes, critically review the current body of literature related to those mechanisms, explore the implications of these mechanisms for therapeutic utility, and identify emerging or needed areas of research that could advance our understanding of the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of cocoa flavanols.
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Grassi D, Desideri G, Mai F, Martella L, De Feo M, Soddu D, Fellini E, Veneri M, Stamerra CA, Ferri C. Cocoa, glucose tolerance, and insulin signaling: cardiometabolic protection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:9919-9926. [PMID: 26126077 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Experimental and clinical evidence reported that some polyphenol-rich natural products may offer opportunities for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes, due to their biological properties. Natural products have been suggested to modulate carbohydrate metabolism by various mechanisms, such as restoring β-cell integrity and physiology and enhancing insulin-releasing activity and glucose uptake. Endothelium is fundamental in regulating arterial function, whereas insulin resistance plays a pivotal role in pathophysiological mechanisms of prediabetic and diabetic states. Glucose and insulin actions in the skeletal muscle are improved by insulin-dependent production of nitric oxide, favoring capillary recruitment, vasodilatation, and increased blood flow. Endothelial dysfunction, with decreased nitric oxide bioavailability, is a critical step in the development of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, insulin resistance has been described, at least in part, to negatively affect endothelial function. Consistent with this, conditions of insulin resistance are usually linked to endothelial dysfunction, and the exposure of the endothelial cells to cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia is associated with reduced nitric oxide bioavailability, resulting in impaired endothelial-dependent vasodilatation. Moreover, endothelial dysfunction has been described as an independent predictor of cardiovascular risk and events. Cocoa and cocoa flavonoids may positively affect the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction with possible benefits in the prevention of cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Grassi
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila , Coppito, Italy
| | - Giovambattista Desideri
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila , Coppito, Italy
| | - Francesca Mai
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila , Coppito, Italy
| | - Letizia Martella
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila , Coppito, Italy
| | - Martina De Feo
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila , Coppito, Italy
| | - Daniele Soddu
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila , Coppito, Italy
| | - Emanuela Fellini
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila , Coppito, Italy
| | - Mariangela Veneri
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila , Coppito, Italy
| | - Cosimo A Stamerra
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila , Coppito, Italy
| | - Claudio Ferri
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila , Coppito, Italy
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Oxidative Stress Type Influences the Properties of Antioxidants Containing Polyphenols in RINm5F Beta Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:859048. [PMID: 26508986 PMCID: PMC4609815 DOI: 10.1155/2015/859048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro methods currently used to screen bioactive compounds focus on the use of a single model of oxidative stress. However, this simplistic view may lead to conflicting results. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant properties of two natural extracts (a mix of red wine polyphenols (RWPs) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)) with three models of oxidative stress induced with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a mixture of hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase (HX/XO), or streptozotocin (STZ) in RINm5F beta cells. We employed multiple approaches to validate their potential as therapeutic treatment options, including cell viability, reactive oxygen species production, and antioxidant enzymes expression. All three oxidative stresses induced a decrease in cell viability and an increase in apoptosis, whereas the level of ROS production was variable depending on the type of stress. The highest level of ROS was found for the HX/XO-induced stress, an increase that was reflected by higher expression antioxidant enzymes. Further, both antioxidant compounds presented beneficial effects during oxidative stress, but EGCG appeared to be a more efficient antioxidant. These data indicate that the efficiency of natural antioxidants is dependent on both the nature of the compound and the type of oxidative stress generated.
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Rahman MS, Akter R, Mazumdar S, Islam F, Mouri NJ, Nandi NC, Mohammad Mahmud AS. Antidiabetic and antidiarrhoeal potentials of ethanolic extracts of aerial parts of Cynodon dactylon Pers. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Ibero-Baraibar I, Azqueta A, Lopez de Cerain A, Martinez JA, Zulet MA. Assessment of DNA damage using comet assay in middle-aged overweight/obese subjects after following a hypocaloric diet supplemented with cocoa extract. Mutagenesis 2014; 30:139-46. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geu056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Grape seed extract supplementation attenuates the heat stress-induced responses of jejunum epithelial cells in Simmental × Qinchuan steers. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:347-57. [PMID: 24846452 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514001032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Grape seed extract (GSE), a rich source of polyphenols, is reported to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. The objective of the present study was to determine whether GSE could attenuate the heat stress-induced responses of jejunum epithelial cells (JEC) in cattle. The JEC of a steer (Simmental × Qinchuan) were exposed to heat stress for 2 h in the absence (0 μg/ml) or presence (10, 20, 40 and 80 μg/ml) of GSE in the culture medium. When cultured at 40°C, JEC supplemented with GSE exhibited increased glutathione peroxidase activity (P= 0·04), viability (P= 0·004), and mRNA expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF; P= 0·03) and EGF receptor (EGFR; P = 0·01). Under the same conditions, the cells exhibited decreased mRNA expression of IL-8 (P= 0·01) and TNF-α (P= 0·03) and decreased protein concentrations of IL-1β (P= 0·02), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4; P= 0·04) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70; P< 0·001). When cultured at 43°C, JEC supplemented with GSE exhibited increased catalase activity (P= 0·04), viability (P< 0·001), and mRNA expression of EGF (P< 0·001) and EGFR (P< 0·001) and decreased protein concentrations of IL-1β (P< 0·001), TLR4 (P= 0·03) and HSP70 (P< 0·001), as well as mRNA expression of IL-8 (P< 0·001), TLR4 (P= 0·002) and TNF-α (P< 0·001). Temperature × GSE concentration interactions were also observed for the concentrations of IL-1β (P< 0·001), IL-8 (P< 0·001), TNF-α (P= 0·01) and HSP70 (P= 0·04) and viability (P< 0·001) of JEC. The results of the present study indicate that GSE can attenuate the responses of JEC induced by heat stress within a certain range of temperatures.
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35
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Awortwe C, Asiedu-Gyekye IJ, Nkansah E, Adjei S. Unsweetened natural cocoa has anti-asthmatic potential. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2014; 27:203-12. [PMID: 25004832 DOI: 10.1177/039463201402700207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Unsweetened natural cocoa powder is enriched with nutraceutical abundance of anti-asthmatic compounds theobromine and theophylline. Cocoa powder, which is prepared after removal of the cocoa butter, contains about 1.9% theobromine and 0.21% caffeine. Anecdotal reports indicate that regular consumption of unsweetened natural cocoa powder (UNCP), a common practice in Ghana, West Africa, has the potential to reduce the tendency of asthmatic episodes. In the present paper we studied the effect of regular ingestion of aqueous extract of UNCP on hematological and histopathological changes that occur in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized guinea pigs. OVA-sensitized guinea pigs were challenged with aerosolized OVA 1 hour after ingestion of 300 mg/kg (low dose) or 600 mg/kg (high dose) of UNCP for 35 consecutive days. Histopathological and haematological changes in the OVA-sensitized guinea pigs were evaluated. Both negative and positive controls with distilled water and prednisolone, respectively, were used. OVA-sensitized guinea pigs demonstrated concentration-independent reduction in immune response to aerosolized OVA. There were no histo-architectural changes in the bronchiolar smooth muscles of the treated groups. Unsweetened natural cocoa powder has potential anti-asthmatic properties when administered orally at the doses tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Awortwe
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - I J Asiedu-Gyekye
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, Accra, Ghana
| | - E Nkansah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, Accra, Ghana
| | - S Adjei
- Department of Animal Experimentation, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), Accra, Ghana
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