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Haest B, Liechti F, Hawkes WL, Chapman J, Åkesson S, Shamoun-Baranes J, Nesterova AP, Comor V, Preatoni D, Bauer S. Continental-scale patterns in diel flight timing of high-altitude migratory insects. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230116. [PMID: 38705191 PMCID: PMC11070267 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Many insects depend on high-altitude, migratory movements during part of their life cycle. The daily timing of these migratory movements is not random, e.g. many insect species show peak migratory flight activity at dawn, noon or dusk. These insects provide essential ecosystem services such as pollination but also contribute to crop damage. Quantifying the diel timing of their migratory flight and its geographical and seasonal variation, are hence key towards effective conservation and pest management. Vertical-looking radars provide continuous and automated measurements of insect migration, but large-scale application has not been possible because of limited availability of suitable devices. Here, we quantify patterns in diel flight periodicity of migratory insects between 50 and 500 m above ground level during March-October 2021 using a network of 17 vertical-looking radars across Europe. Independent of the overall daily migratory movements and location, peak migratory movements occur around noon, during crepuscular evening and occasionally the morning. Relative daily proportions of insect migration intensity and traffic during the diel phases of crepuscular-morning, day, crepuscular-evening and night remain largely equal throughout May-September and across Europe. These findings highlight, extend, and generalize previous regional-scale findings on diel migratory insect movement patterns to the whole of temperate Europe. This article is part of the theme issue 'Towards a toolkit for global insect biodiversity monitoring'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgen Haest
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Seerose 1, Sempach, 6204, Switzerland
| | - Felix Liechti
- Swiss Birdradar Solution AG, Technoparkstrasse 2, 8406, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Will L. Hawkes
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Seerose 1, Sempach, 6204, Switzerland
| | - Jason Chapman
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation and Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, TR10 9FE, UK
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Susanne Åkesson
- Department of Biology, Centre for Animal Movement Research, Lund University, Ecology Building, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Judy Shamoun-Baranes
- Theoretical and Computational Ecology, IBED, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, Amsterdam, GE 1090, The Netherlands
| | | | - Vincent Comor
- Independent researcher, Les Pennes-Mirabeau, 13170, France
| | - Damiano Preatoni
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.-H. Dunant 3, Varese, 21100 Italy
| | - Silke Bauer
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Seerose 1, Sempach, 6204, Switzerland
- Theoretical and Computational Ecology, IBED, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, Amsterdam, GE 1090, The Netherlands
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2
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Chen H, Li M, Månefjord H, Travers P, Salvador J, Müller L, Dreyer D, Alison J, Høye TT, Gao Hu, Warrant E, Brydegaard M. Lidar as a potential tool for monitoring migratory insects. iScience 2024; 27:109588. [PMID: 38646171 PMCID: PMC11031831 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The seasonal migrations of insects involve a substantial displacement of biomass with significant ecological and economic consequences for regions of departure and arrival. Remote sensors have played a pivotal role in revealing the magnitude and general direction of bioflows above 150 m. Nevertheless, the takeoff and descent activity of insects below this height is poorly understood. Our lidar observations elucidate the low-height dusk movements and detailed information of insects in southern Sweden from May to July, during the yearly northward migration period. Importantly, by filtering out moths from other insects based on optical information and wingbeat frequency, we have introduced a promising new method to monitor the flight activities of nocturnal moths near the ground, many of which participate in migration through the area. Lidar thus holds the potential to enhance the scientific understanding of insect migratory behavior and improve pest control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Lund Vision Group, Department Of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Meng Li
- Department Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14c, 22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Hampus Månefjord
- Department Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14c, 22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Paul Travers
- Department Biological Engineering, Polytech Clermont, 2 Av. Blaise Pascal, 63100 Aubière, France
| | - Jacobo Salvador
- Department Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14c, 22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lauro Müller
- Department Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14c, 22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - David Dreyer
- Lund Vision Group, Department Of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jamie Alison
- Department Ecoscience, Aarhus University, C. F. Møllers Allé 8, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Toke T. Høye
- Department Ecoscience, Aarhus University, C. F. Møllers Allé 8, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 1, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Gao Hu
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Eric Warrant
- Lund Vision Group, Department Of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mikkel Brydegaard
- Department Physics, Lund University, Sölvegatan 14c, 22363 Lund, Sweden
- Department Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 22362 Lund, Sweden
- FaunaPhotonics, Støberigade 14, 2450 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Norsk Elektro Optikk, Østensjøveien 34, 0667 Oslo, Norway
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3
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Saha T, Genoud AP, Park JH, Thomas BP. Temperature Dependency of Insect's Wingbeat Frequencies: An Empirical Approach to Temperature Correction. INSECTS 2024; 15:342. [PMID: 38786898 PMCID: PMC11121811 DOI: 10.3390/insects15050342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
This study examines the relationship between the wingbeat frequency of flying insects and ambient temperature, leveraging data from over 302,000 insect observations obtained using a near-infrared optical sensor during an eight-month field experiment. By measuring the wingbeat frequency as well as wing and body optical cross-sections of each insect in conjunction with the ambient temperature, we identified five clusters of insects and analyzed how their average wingbeat frequencies evolved over temperatures ranging from 10 °C to 38 °C. Our findings reveal a positive correlation between temperature and wingbeat frequency, with a more pronounced increase observed at higher wingbeat frequencies. Frequencies increased on average by 2.02 Hz/°C at 50 Hz, and up to 9.63 Hz/°C at 525 Hz, and a general model is proposed. This model offers a valuable tool for correcting wingbeat frequencies with temperature, enhancing the accuracy of insect clustering by optical and acoustic sensors. While this approach does not account for species-specific responses to temperature changes, our research provides a general insight, based on all species present during the field experiment, into the intricate dynamics of insect flight behavior in relation to environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Topu Saha
- Department of Physics, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA;
| | - Adrien P. Genoud
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR 5306, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France;
| | - Jung H. Park
- Department of Data Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA;
| | - Benjamin P. Thomas
- Department of Physics, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102, USA;
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4
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Patt JM, Makagon A, Norton B, Marvit M, Rutschman P, Neligeorge M, Salesin J. An optical system to detect, surveil, and kill flying insect vectors of human and crop pathogens. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8174. [PMID: 38589427 PMCID: PMC11002038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57804-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Sustainable and effective means to control flying insect vectors are critically needed, especially with widespread insecticide resistance and global climate change. Understanding and controlling vectors requires accurate information about their movement and activity, which is often lacking. The Photonic Fence (PF) is an optical system that uses machine vision, infrared light, and lasers to identify, track, and interdict vectors in flight. The PF examines an insect's outline, flight speed, and other flight parameters and if these match those of a targeted vector species, then a low-power, retina-safe laser kills it. We report on proof-of-concept tests of a large, field-sized PF (30 mL × 3 mH) conducted with Aedes aegypti, a mosquito that transmits dangerous arboviruses, and Diaphorina citri, a psyllid which transmits the fatal huanglongbing disease of citrus. In tests with the laser engaged, < 1% and 3% of A. aegypti and D. citri, respectfully, were recovered versus a 38% and 19% recovery when the lacer was silenced. The PF tracked, but did not intercept the orchid bee, Euglossa dilemma. The system effectively intercepted flying vectors, but not bees, at a distance of 30 m, heralding the use of photonic energy, rather than chemicals, to control flying vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Patt
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA.
| | - Arty Makagon
- Global Health Labs (Formerly Global Good Fund I, LLC), Bellevue, WA, 98007, USA
| | - Bryan Norton
- Global Health Labs (Formerly Global Good Fund I, LLC), Bellevue, WA, 98007, USA
| | - Maclen Marvit
- Global Health Labs (Formerly Global Good Fund I, LLC), Bellevue, WA, 98007, USA
| | - Phillip Rutschman
- Global Health Labs (Formerly Global Good Fund I, LLC), Bellevue, WA, 98007, USA
| | - Matt Neligeorge
- Global Health Labs (Formerly Global Good Fund I, LLC), Bellevue, WA, 98007, USA
| | - Jeremy Salesin
- Global Health Labs (Formerly Global Good Fund I, LLC), Bellevue, WA, 98007, USA
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5
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Zeuss D, Bald L, Gottwald J, Becker M, Bellafkir H, Bendix J, Bengel P, Beumer LT, Brandl R, Brändle M, Dahlke S, Farwig N, Freisleben B, Friess N, Heidrich L, Heuer S, Höchst J, Holzmann H, Lampe P, Leberecht M, Lindner K, Masello JF, Mielke Möglich J, Mühling M, Müller T, Noskov A, Opgenoorth L, Peter C, Quillfeldt P, Rösner S, Royauté R, Mestre-Runge C, Schabo D, Schneider D, Seeger B, Shayle E, Steinmetz R, Tafo P, Vogelbacher M, Wöllauer S, Younis S, Zobel J, Nauss T. Nature 4.0: A networked sensor system for integrated biodiversity monitoring. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17056. [PMID: 38273542 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Ecosystem functions and services are severely threatened by unprecedented global loss in biodiversity. To counteract these trends, it is essential to develop systems to monitor changes in biodiversity for planning, evaluating, and implementing conservation and mitigation actions. However, the implementation of monitoring systems suffers from a trade-off between grain (i.e., the level of detail), extent (i.e., the number of study sites), and temporal repetition. Here, we present an applied and realized networked sensor system for integrated biodiversity monitoring in the Nature 4.0 project as a solution to these challenges, which considers plants and animals not only as targets of investigation, but also as parts of the modular sensor network by carrying sensors. Our networked sensor system consists of three main closely interlinked components with a modular structure: sensors, data transmission, and data storage, which are integrated into pipelines for automated biodiversity monitoring. We present our own real-world examples of applications, share our experiences in operating them, and provide our collected open data. Our flexible, low-cost, and open-source solutions can be applied for monitoring individual and multiple terrestrial plants and animals as well as their interactions. Ultimately, our system can also be applied to area-wide ecosystem mapping tasks, thereby providing an exemplary cost-efficient and powerful solution for biodiversity monitoring. Building upon our experiences in the Nature 4.0 project, we identified ten key challenges that need to be addressed to better understand and counteract the ongoing loss of biodiversity using networked sensor systems. To tackle these challenges, interdisciplinary collaboration, additional research, and practical solutions are necessary to enhance the capability and applicability of networked sensor systems for researchers and practitioners, ultimately further helping to ensure the sustainable management of ecosystems and the provision of ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Zeuss
- Department of Geography, Environmental Informatics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Bald
- Department of Geography, Environmental Informatics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jannis Gottwald
- Department of Geography, Environmental Informatics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Becker
- Department of Biology, Conservation Ecology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hicham Bellafkir
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Distributed Systems and Intelligent Computing, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Bendix
- Department of Geography, Climatology and Environmental Modelling, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Phillip Bengel
- Department of Geography, Didactics and Education, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Larissa T Beumer
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roland Brandl
- Department of Biology, Animal Ecology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Martin Brändle
- Department of Biology, Animal Ecology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Dahlke
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Numerics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nina Farwig
- Department of Biology, Conservation Ecology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Freisleben
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Distributed Systems and Intelligent Computing, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Friess
- Department of Geography, Environmental Informatics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lea Heidrich
- Department of Geography, Environmental Informatics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sven Heuer
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Numerics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Höchst
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Distributed Systems and Intelligent Computing, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hajo Holzmann
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Stochastics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Lampe
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Distributed Systems and Intelligent Computing, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Martin Leberecht
- Department of Biology, Plant Ecology and Geobotany, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kim Lindner
- Department of Biology, Conservation Ecology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Juan F Masello
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Jonas Mielke Möglich
- Department of Biology, Animal Ecology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Markus Mühling
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Distributed Systems and Intelligent Computing, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexey Noskov
- Department of Geography, Climatology and Environmental Modelling, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lars Opgenoorth
- Department of Biology, Plant Ecology and Geobotany, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Carina Peter
- Department of Geography, Didactics and Education, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Petra Quillfeldt
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Sascha Rösner
- Department of Biology, Conservation Ecology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Raphaël Royauté
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR EcoSys, Palaiseau, France
| | - Christian Mestre-Runge
- Department of Geography, Environmental Informatics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Biology, Plant Ecology and Geobotany, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Dana Schabo
- Department of Biology, Conservation Ecology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Schneider
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Distributed Systems and Intelligent Computing, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Seeger
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Database Systems, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Elliot Shayle
- Department of Geography, Environmental Informatics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Steinmetz
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Multimedia Communications Lab (KOM), Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Pavel Tafo
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Stochastics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Markus Vogelbacher
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Distributed Systems and Intelligent Computing, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Wöllauer
- Department of Geography, Environmental Informatics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sohaib Younis
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Database Systems, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Julian Zobel
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Multimedia Communications Lab (KOM), Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Thomas Nauss
- Department of Geography, Environmental Informatics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Hernández Rosas M, Espinosa Flores-Verdad G, Peregrina Barreto H, Liedo P, Altamirano Robles L. Shadow Effect for Small Insect Detection by W-Band Pulsed Radar. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:9169. [PMID: 38005562 PMCID: PMC10674155 DOI: 10.3390/s23229169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
In radar entomology, one primary challenge is detecting small species (smaller than 5 cm) since these tiny insects reflect radiation that can be poorly observable and, therefore, difficult to interpret. After a literature search on radar entomology, this research found few works where it has been possible to sense insects with dimensions smaller than 5 cm using radars. This paper describes different methodologies to detect Mediterranean fruit flies with 5-6 mm sizes using a pulsed W-band radar and presents the experimental results that validate the procedures. The article's main contribution is the successful detection of Mediterranean fruit flies employing the shadow effect on the backscattered radar signal, achieving an 11% difference in received power when flies are present. So far, according to the information available and the literature search, this work is the first to detect small insects less than 1 cm long using a pulsed radar in W-Band. The results show that the proposed shadow effect is a viable alternative to the current sensors used in smart traps, as it allows not only detection but also counting the number of insects in the trap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Hernández Rosas
- Electronics Department, National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics, Sta. Ma. Tonantzintla, Puebla 72840, Mexico; (M.H.R.); (G.E.F.-V.)
| | - Guillermo Espinosa Flores-Verdad
- Electronics Department, National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics, Sta. Ma. Tonantzintla, Puebla 72840, Mexico; (M.H.R.); (G.E.F.-V.)
| | - Hayde Peregrina Barreto
- Computational Sciences Department, National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics, Sta. Ma. Tonantzintla, Puebla 72840, Mexico;
| | - Pablo Liedo
- Arthropod Ecology and Pest Management Deparment, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Tapachula 30700, Mexico;
| | - Leopoldo Altamirano Robles
- Computational Sciences Department, National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics, Sta. Ma. Tonantzintla, Puebla 72840, Mexico;
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7
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Batz P, Will T, Thiel S, Ziesche TM, Joachim C. From identification to forecasting: the potential of image recognition and artificial intelligence for aphid pest monitoring. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1150748. [PMID: 37538063 PMCID: PMC10396399 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1150748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Insect monitoring has gained global public attention in recent years in the context of insect decline and biodiversity loss. Monitoring methods that can collect samples over a long period of time and independently of human influences are of particular importance. While these passive collection methods, e.g. suction traps, provide standardized and comparable data sets, the time required to analyze the large number of samples and trapped specimens is high. Another challenge is the necessary high level of taxonomic expertise required for accurate specimen processing. These factors create a bottleneck in specimen processing. In this context, machine learning, image recognition and artificial intelligence have emerged as promising tools to address the shortcomings of manual identification and quantification in the analysis of such trap catches. Aphids are important agricultural pests that pose a significant risk to several important crops and cause high economic losses through feeding damage and transmission of plant viruses. It has been shown that long-term monitoring of migrating aphids using suction traps can be used to make, adjust and improve predictions of their abundance so that the risk of plant viruses spreading through aphids can be more accurately predicted. With the increasing demand for alternatives to conventional pesticide use in crop protection, the need for predictive models is growing, e.g. as a basis for resistance development and as a measure for resistance management. In this context, advancing climate change has a strong influence on the total abundance of migrating aphids as well as on the peak occurrences of aphids within a year. Using aphids as a model organism, we demonstrate the possibilities of systematic monitoring of insect pests and the potential of future technical developments in the subsequent automated identification of individuals through to the use of case data for intelligent forecasting models. Using aphids as an example, we show the potential for systematic monitoring of insect pests through technical developments in the automated identification of individuals from static images (i.e. advances in image recognition software). We discuss the potential applications with regard to the automatic processing of insect case data and the development of intelligent prediction models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Batz
- ALM – Adaptiv Lernende Maschinen – Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH), Nisterau, Germany
| | - Torsten Will
- Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Julius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Thiel
- ALM – Adaptiv Lernende Maschinen – Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH), Nisterau, Germany
| | - Tim Mark Ziesche
- Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Julius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Joachim
- Institute for Plant Protection in Field Crops and Grassland, Julius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Braunschweig, Germany
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8
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Jansson S, Brydegaard M, Mei L, Li T, Larsson J, Malmqvist E, Åkesson S, Svanberg S. Spatial monitoring of flying insects over a Swedish lake using a continuous-wave lidar system. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:221557. [PMID: 37234499 PMCID: PMC10206453 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We have used a continuous-wave bi-static lidar system based on the Scheimpflug principle in measurements on flying insects above, and in the vicinity of, a small lake located in a forested area in Southern Sweden. The system, which operates on triangulation principles, has a high spatial resolution at close distance, followed by a subsequent decline in resolution further from the sensor, related to the compact system design with a separation of transmitter and receiver by only 0.81 m. Our study showed a strong increase in insect abundance especially at dusk, but also at dawn. Insect numbers decreased over water compared to over land, and larger insects were over-represented over water. Further, the average size of the insects increased at night compared to day time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Jansson
- Department of Physics, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mikkel Brydegaard
- Department of Physics, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Norsk Elektro Optikk AS, Østersjøveien 34, NO-0667 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Liang Mei
- Department of Physics, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tianqi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology and Center for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics and
| | - Jim Larsson
- Department of Physics, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Elin Malmqvist
- Department of Physics, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Susanne Åkesson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sune Svanberg
- Department of Physics, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology and Center for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics and
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
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9
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Collard B, Tixier P, Carval D, Lavigne C, Delattre T. Assessing the effect of complex ground types on ground-dwelling arthropod movements with video monitoring: Dealing with concealed movements under a layer of plant residues. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:ECE39072. [PMID: 35845381 PMCID: PMC9271991 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the effect of ground types on foraging movements of ground-dwelling arthropods is a key step to managing their spatial distribution as required for successful conservation biological control. Indeed, fine movements at the centimeter scale can strongly influence the foraging ability of pest predators. However, because radio frequency identification or harmonic tracking techniques are not yet suitable for small species and video tracking focuses on uniform and light backgrounds, foraging movements have rarely been studied in relation to ground types. We present a method to track a ground-dwelling arthropod (the earwig Euborellia caraibea) at night, walking on two contrasted ground types: bare soil and soil partly covered with a stratum of banana plant residues allowing individuals to hide periodically. The tracking of individuals within these ground types was achieved by infrared light, tagging individuals, video treatments, and semi-automatic cleaning of trajectories. We tested different procedures to obtain segments with identical durations to quantify speeds and sinuosities. These procedures were characterized by the junction time gap between trajectory fragments, the rediscretization time of trajectories, and whether or not to use interpolation to fill in missing points in the trajectories. Earwigs exhibited significantly slower and more sinuous movements on soil with banana plant residues than on bare soil. Long time gaps for trajectory junction, extended rediscretization times, and interpolation were complementary means to integrate concealed movements in the trajectories. The highest slowdown in plant residues was detected when the procedure could account for longer periods under the residues. These results suggest that earwigs spent a significant amount of time concealed by the residues. Additionally, the residues strongly decreased the earwigs' movement. Since the technical solutions presented in this study are inexpensive, easy to set up, and replicate, they represent valuable contributions to the emerging field of video monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanche Collard
- INRAEAvignonFrance
- CIRAD, UPR GECOMontpellierFrance
- GECO, Univ Montpellier, CIRADMontpellierFrance
| | - Philippe Tixier
- CIRAD, UPR GECOMontpellierFrance
- GECO, Univ Montpellier, CIRADMontpellierFrance
| | - Dominique Carval
- CIRAD, UPR GECOMontpellierFrance
- GECO, Univ Montpellier, CIRADMontpellierFrance
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Where Is the Honey Bee Queen Flying? The Original Case of a Foraging Queen. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12111035. [PMID: 34821834 PMCID: PMC8620182 DOI: 10.3390/insects12111035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Reproduction is the only task normally attributed to the queen due to its specific morpho-functional characteristics, while foraging activities are exclusively carried out by workers bees in the honey bee colony. For example, the queen’s proboscis is shorter than that of workers and, therefore, less suitable for exploring the inside of flowers to collect nectar. Olfactory and visual detection is also less developed in the queen than in workers, and it is well known how important these stimuli are in order to search for appropriate flowers and find the food source within the flower. In the countryside of northern Sardinia, a honey bee queen (Apis mellifera L.) was detected for the first time while foraging on a flower (a borage flower), most likely during an orientation flight before mating. The open, shallow corolla, and the excellent nectar secretion of the borage flower might have facilitated the queen bee activity. This new queen behaviour was based on the morphological traits of the specimen collected and photos taken in that moment. The observed foraging activity opens new and yet unexplored perspectives on the behaviour of queen bees outside the nest (or the hive), which could occasionally include tasks usually attributed only to workers. Abstract During a bee fauna survey in the countryside of northern Sardinia, a honey bee queen (Apis mellifera L.) was detected while foraging on a borage (Borago officinalis L.) flower in Uri, Province of Sassari, Italy, most likely during an orientation flight before mating. Morphological details, detectable from photos with the naked eye and stereomicroscopic observations, confirmed that the honey bee queen was sucking nectar from a flower. The enormous development of the abdomen, lack of pollen-collecting structures in the legs and other characteristics such as the typical distally bilobed shape of the mandibles, with long hairs on their outer surface, proved the structural differences between the queen specimen and the other castes of bees. The queen’s proboscis, which is shorter compared to the workers, may have been counterbalanced by the shape and nectar production of the borage flower. This new observation proves that the queen can feed herself under natural conditions, likely to obtain the energy required for flying. Although we cannot exclude disturbing factors that could explain this foraging behaviour of a queen observed for the first time, this note opens a new scenario and discusses this new finding in the context of the available literature on the queen’s behaviour and questions to be answered.
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Vilarem C, Piou V, Vogelweith F, Vétillard A. Varroa destructor from the Laboratory to the Field: Control, Biocontrol and IPM Perspectives-A Review. INSECTS 2021; 12:800. [PMID: 34564240 PMCID: PMC8465918 DOI: 10.3390/insects12090800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Varroa destructor is a real challenger for beekeepers and scientists: fragile out of the hive, tenacious inside a bee colony. From all the research done on the topic, we have learned that a better understanding of this organism in its relationship with the bee but also for itself is necessary. Its biology relies mostly on semiochemicals for reproduction, nutrition, or orientation. Many treatments have been developed over the years based on hard or soft acaricides or even on biocontrol techniques. To date, no real sustainable solution exists to reduce the pressure of the mite without creating resistances or harming honeybees. Consequently, the development of alternative disruptive tools against the parasitic life cycle remains open. It requires the combination of both laboratory and field results through a holistic approach based on health biomarkers. Here, we advocate for a more integrative vision of V. destructor research, where in vitro and field studies are more systematically compared and compiled. Therefore, after a brief state-of-the-art about the mite's life cycle, we discuss what has been done and what can be done from the laboratory to the field against V. destructor through an integrative approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Vilarem
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174, CNRS-Université de Toulouse III-IRD, INU Jean-François Champollion, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France; (C.V.); (V.P.)
- M2i Biocontrol–Entreprise SAS, 46140 Parnac, France;
| | - Vincent Piou
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174, CNRS-Université de Toulouse III-IRD, INU Jean-François Champollion, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France; (C.V.); (V.P.)
| | | | - Angélique Vétillard
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174, CNRS-Université de Toulouse III-IRD, INU Jean-François Champollion, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France; (C.V.); (V.P.)
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