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Fakhri Y, Ranaei V, Pilevar Z, Moradi M, Mahmoudizeh A, Hemmati F, Mousavi Khaneghah A. The prevalence and concentration of aflatoxins in beers: a global systematic review and meta-analysis and probabilistic health risk assessment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38842007 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2024.2362816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins have been identified as considerable contaminants in beer. The current investigation's concentration and prevalence of aflatoxins (AFs) in beer were meta-analyzed. The health risk of consumers was estimated through MOEs in the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) model. The rank order of AFs in beer based on pooled prevalence was AFB1 (26.00%) > AFG1 (14.93%) > AFB2 (7.69%) > AFG2 (7.52%), In addition, the rank order of AFs in beer based on their pooled concentration was AFG1 (0.505 µg/l) > AFB1 (0.469 µg/l) > AFB2 (0.134 µg/l) > AFG2 (0.071 µg/l). The prevalence and concentration of AFs in beer in Malawi were higher than in other countries. The health risk assessment shows consumers in all countries, especially Malawi, Brazil, and Cameroon, are exposed to unacceptably health risks (MOEs <10,000). It is recommended to monitor levels of AFs in beer efficiently and implement control plans in order to decrease health risk of exposed population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadolah Fakhri
- Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Vahid Ranaei
- School of Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Zahra Pilevar
- School of Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Moradi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Hemmati
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Faculty of Biotechnologies (BioTech), ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Halal Research Center of IRI, Iran Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
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Beccari G, Tini F, Foroud NA, Ederli L, Gardiner DM, Benfield AH, Harris LJ, Sulyok M, Romani R, Bellezza I, Covarelli L. A comparison between the role of enniatins and deoxynivalenol in Fusarium virulence on different tissues of common wheat. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:463. [PMID: 38802782 PMCID: PMC11129500 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04945-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium avenaceum are two of the most important causal agents of Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat. They can produce mycotoxins that accumulate in infected wheat heads, including deoxynivalenol (DON) and enniatins (ENNs), produced by F. graminearum and F. avenaceum, respectively. While the role of DON as a virulence factor in F. graminearum toward wheat is well known, ENNs in F. avenaceum has been poorly explored. Results obtained to-date indicate that ENNs may confer an advantage to F. avenaceum only on particular hosts. RESULTS In this study, with the use of ENN-producing and ENN non-producing F. avenaceum strains, the role of ENNs on F. avenaceum virulence was investigated on the root, stem base and head of common wheat, and compared with the role of DON, using DON-producing and DON non-producing F. graminearum strains. The DON-producing F. graminearum strain showed a significantly higher ability to cause symptoms and colonise each of the tested tissues than the non-producing strain. On the other hand, the ability to produce ENNs increased initial symptoms of the disease and fungal biomass accumulation, measured by qPCR, only in wheat heads, and not in roots or stem bases. LC-MS/MS analysis was used to confirm the presence of ENNs and DON in the different strains, and results, both in vitro and in wheat heads, were consistent with the genetics of each strain. CONCLUSION While the key role of DON on F. graminearum virulence towards three different wheat tissues was noticeable, ENNs seemed to have a role only in influencing F. avenaceum virulence on common wheat heads probably due to an initial delay in the appearance of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Beccari
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Tini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Nora A Foroud
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Luisa Ederli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Aurelie H Benfield
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Linda J Harris
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln, Austria
| | - Roberto Romani
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bellezza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Covarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Maragos CM, Vaughan MM, McCormick SP. Monoclonal-Antibody-Based Immunoassays for the Mycotoxins NX-2 and NX-3 in Wheat. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:231. [PMID: 38787083 PMCID: PMC11126132 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16050231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The fungal infestation of crops can cause major economic losses. Toxins produced by the causative fungi (mycotoxins) represent a potential safety hazard to people and livestock consuming them. One such mycotoxin is deoxynivalenol (DON, also known as vomitoxin), a trichothecene associated with Fusarium Head Blight of wheat. DON is commonly found in cereal crops worldwide. A group of trichothecene mycotoxins closely related to DON, the NX toxins, have been reported to occur in the northeastern United States and southern Canada. While many commercial immunoassays are available to detect DON, there are no rapid screening assays for the NX toxins. We describe the development and isolation of three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific towards two NX toxins: NX-2 and NX-3. The mAbs did not recognize DON or several other closely related trichothecenes. One of the mAbs was selected for development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for NX-2 and NX-3 in wheat. The dynamic ranges for the assay were 7.7 to 127 μg/kg for NX-2 and 59 μg/kg to 1540 μg/kg for NX-3 in wheat. Recoveries from spiked wheat averaged 84.4% for NX-2 and 99.3% for NX-3, with RSDs of 10.4% and 11.3%, respectively (n = 24). The results suggest that this assay can be used to screen for NX toxins in wheat at levels relevant to human food and animal feed safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M. Maragos
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1815 N University, Peoria, IL 61604, USA; (M.M.V.); (S.P.M.)
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Hou B, Wang D, Yan F, Cheng X, Xu Y, Xi X, Ge W, Sun S, Su P, Zhao L, Lyu Z, Hao Y, Wang H, Kong L. Fhb7-GST catalyzed glutathionylation effectively detoxifies the trichothecene family. Food Chem 2024; 439:138057. [PMID: 38100874 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Trichothecene (TCN) contamination in food and feed is a serious challenge due to the negative health and economic impacts. Here, we confirmed that the glutathione S-transferase (GST) Fhb7-GST could broadly catalyze type A, type B and type D TCNs into glutathione epoxide adducts (TCN-13-GSHs). To evaluate the toxicity of TCN-13-GSH adducts, we performed cell proliferation assays in vitro, which demonstrated decreased cytotoxicity of the adducts. Moreover, in vivo assays (repeated-dose treatment in mice) confirmed that TCN-13-GSH adducts were dramatically less toxic than the corresponding TCNs. To establish whether TCN-13-GSH was metabolized back to free toxin during digestion, single-dose metabolic tests were performed in rats; DON-13-GSH was not hydrolyzed in vivo, but rather was quickly metabolized to another low-toxicity compound, DON-13-N-acetylcysteine. These results demonstrate the promise of Fhb7-GST as a candidate of detoxification enzyme potentially applied in TCN-contaminated agricultural samples, minimizing the detrimental effects of the mycotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqian Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat Breeding, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China
| | - Dawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat Breeding, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China
| | - Fangfang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat Breeding, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China
| | - Xinxin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat Breeding, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China
| | - Yongchang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat Breeding, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China
| | - Xuepeng Xi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China
| | - Wenyang Ge
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement on Southern Yellow & Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Silong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat Breeding, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China
| | - Peisen Su
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, PR China
| | - Lanfei Zhao
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Zhongfan Lyu
- Shool of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, PR China
| | - Yongchao Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat Breeding, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat Breeding, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China.
| | - Lingrang Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat Breeding, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, PR China
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Khan R, Anwar F, Ghazali FM. A comprehensive review of mycotoxins: Toxicology, detection, and effective mitigation approaches. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28361. [PMID: 38628751 PMCID: PMC11019184 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins, harmful compounds produced by fungal pathogens, pose a severe threat to food safety and consumer health. Some commonly produced mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, and patulin have serious health implications in humans and animals. Mycotoxin contamination is particularly concerning in regions heavily reliant on staple foods like grains, cereals, and nuts. Preventing mycotoxin contamination is crucial for a sustainable food supply. Chromatographic methods like thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and liquid chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer (LC/MS), are commonly used to detect mycotoxins; however, there is a need for on-site, rapid, and cost-effective detection methods. Currently, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), lateral flow assays (LFAs), and biosensors are becoming popular analytical tools for rapid detection. Meanwhile, preventing mycotoxin contamination is crucial for food safety and a sustainable food supply. Physical, chemical, and biological approaches have been used to inhibit fungal growth and mycotoxin production. However, new strains resistant to conventional methods have led to the exploration of novel strategies like cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) technology, polyphenols and flavonoids, magnetic materials and nanoparticles, and natural essential oils (NEOs). This paper reviews recent scientific research on mycotoxin toxicity, explores advancements in detecting mycotoxins in various foods, and evaluates the effectiveness of innovative mitigation strategies for controlling and detoxifying mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Khan
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Farooq Anwar
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Farinazleen Mohamad Ghazali
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
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Koizumi Y, Nakajima Y, Tanaka Y, Matsui K, Sakabe M, Maeda K, Sato M, Koshino H, Sato S, Kimura M, Takahashi-Ando N. A Role in 15-Deacetylcalonectrin Acetylation in the Non-Enzymatic Cyclization of an Earlier Bicyclic Intermediate in Fusarium Trichothecene Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4288. [PMID: 38673874 PMCID: PMC11050026 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The trichothecene biosynthesis in Fusarium begins with the cyclization of farnesyl pyrophosphate to trichodiene, followed by subsequent oxygenation to isotrichotriol. This initial bicyclic intermediate is further cyclized to isotrichodermol (ITDmol), a tricyclic precursor with a toxic trichothecene skeleton. Although the first cyclization and subsequent oxygenation are catalyzed by enzymes encoded by Tri5 and Tri4, the second cyclization occurs non-enzymatically. Following ITDmol formation, the enzymes encoded by Tri101, Tri11, Tri3, and Tri1 catalyze 3-O-acetylation, 15-hydroxylation, 15-O-acetylation, and A-ring oxygenation, respectively. In this study, we extensively analyzed the metabolites of the corresponding pathway-blocked mutants of Fusarium graminearum. The disruption of these Tri genes, except Tri3, led to the accumulation of tricyclic trichothecenes as the main products: ITDmol due to Tri101 disruption; a mixture of isotrichodermin (ITD), 7-hydroxyisotrichodermin (7-HIT), and 8-hydroxyisotrichodermin (8-HIT) due to Tri11 disruption; and a mixture of calonectrin and 3-deacetylcalonectrin due to Tri1 disruption. However, the ΔFgtri3 mutant accumulated substantial amounts of bicyclic metabolites, isotrichotriol and trichotriol, in addition to tricyclic 15-deacetylcalonectrin (15-deCAL). The ΔFgtri5ΔFgtri3 double gene disruptant transformed ITD into 7-HIT, 8-HIT, and 15-deCAL. The deletion of FgTri3 and overexpression of Tri6 and Tri10 trichothecene regulatory genes did not result in the accumulation of 15-deCAL in the transgenic strain. Thus, the absence of Tri3p and/or the presence of a small amount of 15-deCAL adversely affected the non-enzymatic second cyclization and C-15 hydroxylation steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Koizumi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Yuichi Nakajima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (Y.N.); (Y.T.); (K.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Yuya Tanaka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (Y.N.); (Y.T.); (K.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Kosuke Matsui
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (Y.N.); (Y.T.); (K.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Masato Sakabe
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Japan;
| | - Kazuyuki Maeda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (Y.N.); (Y.T.); (K.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Masayuki Sato
- Plant & Microbial Engineering Research Unit, Discovery Research Institute (DRI) RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Hiroyuki Koshino
- Molecular Structure Characterization Unit, Technology Platform Division, Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS) RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Soichi Sato
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.S.)
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Japan;
| | - Makoto Kimura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (Y.N.); (Y.T.); (K.M.); (K.M.)
- Plant & Microbial Engineering Research Unit, Discovery Research Institute (DRI) RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Naoko Takahashi-Ando
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.S.)
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe 350-8585, Japan;
- Plant & Microbial Engineering Research Unit, Discovery Research Institute (DRI) RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan;
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Perochon A, Doohan FM. Trichothecenes and Fumonisins: Key Players in Fusarium-Cereal Ecosystem Interactions. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:90. [PMID: 38393168 PMCID: PMC10893083 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16020090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Fusarium fungi produce a diverse array of mycotoxic metabolites during the pathogenesis of cereals. Some, such as the trichothecenes and fumonisins, are phytotoxic, acting as non-proteinaceous effectors that facilitate disease development in cereals. Over the last few decades, we have gained some depth of understanding as to how trichothecenes and fumonisins interact with plant cells and how plants deploy mycotoxin detoxification and resistance strategies to defend themselves against the producer fungi. The cereal-mycotoxin interaction is part of a co-evolutionary dance between Fusarium and cereals, as evidenced by a trichothecene-responsive, taxonomically restricted, cereal gene competing with a fungal effector protein and enhancing tolerance to the trichothecene and resistance to DON-producing F. graminearum. But the binary fungal-plant interaction is part of a bigger ecosystem wherein other microbes and insects have been shown to interact with fungal mycotoxins, directly or indirectly through host plants. We are only beginning to unravel the extent to which trichothecenes, fumonisins and other mycotoxins play a role in fungal-ecosystem interactions. We now have tools to determine how, when and where mycotoxins impact and are impacted by the microbiome and microfauna. As more mycotoxins are described, research into their individual and synergistic toxicity and their interactions with the crop ecosystem will give insights into how we can holistically breed for and cultivate healthy crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fiona M. Doohan
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, UCD Earth Institute and UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
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Liu H, Lin X, Chilufya MM, Qiao L, Bao M, Wen X, Xiang R, He H, Li M, Han J. Synergistic effects of T-2 toxin and selenium deficiency exacerbate renal fibrosis through modulation of the ERα/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 269:115748. [PMID: 38029582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
As common pathogenic agents in the world and widely distributed globally, T-2 toxin and selenium deficiency might exacerbate toxic effects by combined exposure, posing a dramatic health hazard to humans and animals. In this study, we aim to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of renal fibrosis triggered by T-2 toxin and selenium deficiency exposure. A total of thirty-two rats are randomly divided into the normal control, T-2 toxin, selenium deficiency, and combined intervention groups. T-2 toxin (100 ng/g) is intragastric gavaged to the rats in compliance with the body weight. Both the standard (containing selenium 0.20 mg/Kg) and selenium-deficient (containing selenium 0.02 mg/Kg) diets were manufactured adhering to the AIN-93 formula. After 12 weeks of intervention, renal tissue ultrastructural and pathological changes, inflammatory infiltration, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition are evaluated, respectively. Metabolomics analysis is conducted to explore the underlying pathology of renal fibrosis, followed by the validation of potential mechanisms at gene and protein levels. T-2 toxin and selenium deficiency exposure results in podocyte foot process elongation or fusion, tubular vacuolization and dilatation, and collagen deposition in the kidneys. Additionally, it also increases inflammatory infiltration, EMT conversion, and ECM deposition. Metabolomics analysis suggests that T-2 toxin and selenium deficiency influence amino acid and cholesterol metabolism, respectively, and the estrogen signaling pathway is probably engaged in renal fibrosis progression. Moreover, T-2 toxin and selenium deficiency are found to regulate the expressions of the ERα/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. In conclusion, T-2 toxin and selenium deficiency synergistically exacerbate renal fibrosis through regulating the ERα/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, and inflammatory infiltration, EMT and ECM deposition are involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haobiao Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Xue Lin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Mumba Mulutula Chilufya
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Lichun Qiao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Miaoye Bao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Xinyue Wen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Rongqi Xiang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Huifang He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Miaoqian Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Global Health Institute, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
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9
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Gutiérrez-Sánchez A, Plasencia J, Monribot-Villanueva JL, Rodríguez-Haas B, Ruíz-May E, Guerrero-Analco JA, Sánchez-Rangel D. Virulence factors of the genus Fusarium with targets in plants. Microbiol Res 2023; 277:127506. [PMID: 37783182 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium spp. comprise various species of filamentous fungi that cause severe diseases in plant crops of both agricultural and forestry interest. These plant pathogens produce a wide range of molecules with diverse chemical structures and biological activities. Genetic functional analyses of some of these compounds have shown their role as virulence factors (VF). However, their mode of action and contributions to the infection process for many of these molecules are still unknown. This review aims to analyze the state of the art in Fusarium VF, emphasizing their biological targets on the plant hosts. It also addresses the current experimental approaches to improve our understanding of their role in virulence and suggests relevant research questions that remain to be answered with a greater focus on species of agroeconomic importance. In this review, a total of 37 confirmed VF are described, including 22 proteinaceous and 15 non-proteinaceous molecules, mainly from Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium graminearum and, to a lesser extent, in Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium solani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Gutiérrez-Sánchez
- Laboratorios de Fitopatología y Biología Molecular, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico; Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - Javier Plasencia
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Juan L Monribot-Villanueva
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Rodríguez-Haas
- Laboratorios de Fitopatología y Biología Molecular, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - Eliel Ruíz-May
- Laboratorio de Proteómica, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - José A Guerrero-Analco
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico.
| | - Diana Sánchez-Rangel
- Laboratorios de Fitopatología y Biología Molecular, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico; Investigador por México - CONAHCyT en la Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados del Instituto de Ecología, A. C. (INECOL), Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico.
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10
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Haile JK, Sertse D, N’Diaye A, Klymiuk V, Wiebe K, Ruan Y, Chawla HS, Henriquez MA, Wang L, Kutcher HR, Steiner B, Buerstmayr H, Pozniak CJ. Multi-locus genome-wide association studies reveal the genetic architecture of Fusarium head blight resistance in durum wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1182548. [PMID: 37900749 PMCID: PMC10601657 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1182548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Durum wheat is more susceptible to Fusarium head blight (FHB) than other types or classes of wheat. The disease is one of the most devastating in wheat; it reduces yield and end-use quality and contaminates the grain with fungal mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON). A panel of 265 Canadian and European durum wheat cultivars, as well as breeding and experimental lines, were tested in artificially inoculated field environments (2019-2022, inclusive) and two greenhouse trials (2019 and 2020). The trials were assessed for FHB severity and incidence, visual rating index, Fusarium-damaged kernels, DON accumulation, anthesis or heading date, maturity date, and plant height. In addition, yellow pigment and protein content were analyzed for the 2020 field season. To capture loci underlying FHB resistance and related traits, GWAS was performed using single-locus and several multi-locus models, employing 13,504 SNPs. Thirty-one QTL significantly associated with one or more FHB-related traits were identified, of which nine were consistent across environments and associated with multiple FHB-related traits. Although many of the QTL were identified in regions previously reported to affect FHB, the QTL QFhb-3B.2, associated with FHB severity, incidence, and DON accumulation, appears to be novel. We developed KASP markers for six FHB-associated QTL that were consistently detected across multiple environments and validated them on the Global Durum Panel (GDP). Analysis of allelic diversity and the frequencies of these revealed that the lines in the GDP harbor between zero and six resistance alleles. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the genetic basis of FHB resistance and DON accumulation in durum wheat. Accessions with multiple favorable alleles were identified and will be useful genetic resources to improve FHB resistance in durum breeding programs through marker-assisted recurrent selection and gene stacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemanesh K. Haile
- Department of Plant Sciences, Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Demissew Sertse
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Amidou N’Diaye
- Department of Plant Sciences, Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Valentyna Klymiuk
- Department of Plant Sciences, Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Krystalee Wiebe
- Department of Plant Sciences, Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Yuefeng Ruan
- Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, SK, Canada
| | - Harmeet S. Chawla
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Maria-Antonia Henriquez
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB, Canada
| | - Lipu Wang
- Department of Plant Sciences, Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Hadley R. Kutcher
- Department of Plant Sciences, Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Barbara Steiner
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology in Plant Production, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Tulln, Austria
| | - Hermann Buerstmayr
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology in Plant Production, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Tulln, Austria
| | - Curtis J. Pozniak
- Department of Plant Sciences, Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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11
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Chen C, Guo Q, He Q, Tian Z, Hao W, Shan X, Lu J, Barkla BJ, Ma C, Si H. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of wheat cultivars differing in their resistance to Fusarium head blight infection during grain-filling stages reveals unique defense mechanisms at play. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:433. [PMID: 37715120 PMCID: PMC10504723 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04451-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating fungal disease that poses a significant threat to wheat production, causing substantial yield losses. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of wheat resistance to FHB is crucial for developing effective disease management strategies. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of FHB resistance and the patterns of toxin accumulation in three wheat cultivars, Annong8455, Annong1589, and Sumai3, with different levels of resistance, ranging from low to high respectively, under natural field conditions. Samples were taken at three different grain-filling stages (5, 10, and 15 DPA) for gene expression analysis and phenotypic observation. Results found that toxin concentration was inversely correlated with varietal resistance but not correlated with disease phenotypes, indicating that toxin analysis is a more accurate measure of disease status in wheat ears and grains. Transcriptomic data showed that Sumai3 exhibited a stronger immune response during all stages of grain filling by upregulating genes involved in the active destruction of pathogens and removal of toxins. In contrast, Annong1589 showed a passive prevention of the spread of toxins into cells by the upregulation of genes involved in tyramine biosynthesis at the early stage (5 DPA), which may be involved in cell wall strengthening. Our study demonstrates the complexity of FHB resistance in wheat, with cultivars exhibiting unique and overlapping defense mechanisms, and highlights the importance of considering the temporal and spatial dynamics of gene expression in breeding programs for developing more resistant wheat cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Chen
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement On Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Qi Guo
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, 2480 NSW, Australia
| | - Qifang He
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement On Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Zhuangbo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement On Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Weihao Hao
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement On Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Xinyu Shan
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement On Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement On Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Bronwyn J Barkla
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, 2480 NSW, Australia
| | - Chuanxi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement On Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Hongqi Si
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement On Southern Yellow and Huai River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
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12
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Lee WY, Park HJ. T-2 mycotoxin Induces male germ cell apoptosis by ROS-mediated JNK/p38 MAPK pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 262:115323. [PMID: 37541021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
T-2 mycotoxin, a type A trichothecene toxin that, specifically, causes male and female reproductive toxicity. We evaluated T-2 toxin toxicity in testes from neonatal testes after in vitro tissue cultured. Additionally, current study focuses on the molecular mechanism of toxicity and germ cell damage in GC-1 spermatogonial cells. Mouse testicular fragments were subjected to T-2 toxin (0-20 nM) during days 5 of in vitro culture. Testicular germ cell number were reduced and downregulated the expression of corresponding markers depending on the exposure concentration of T-2 toxin; however, Sertoli cell markers and steroidogenic enzyme expression increased when treated with 20 nM T-2 toxin. The cell viability decreased, apoptosis increased, and pro-apoptotic protein expression increased in 5-20 nM T-2 toxin-exposed spermatogonia. Moreover, T-2 toxin generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induced mitochondrial dysfunction, indicating that activation of p38 MAPK signaling triggered by ROS is involved in the apoptotic molecular mechanism of T-2 toxin. T-2 toxin induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, c-Jun, JNK/SAPK, p38, and p53, and the subsequent inhibition of AKT phosphorylation. The upregulation of genes related to apoptosis and MAPK/JNK signaling was consistently observed in cells exposed to T-2 toxin. These results indicate that T-2 toxin triggers apoptotic cell death in germ cells through the triggering of ROS-mediated JNK/p38-MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Young Lee
- Department of Livestock, Korea National University of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonbuk 54874, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Park
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sangji University, Wonju-si 26339, South Korea.
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13
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Yu J, Pedroso IR. Mycotoxins in Cereal-Based Products and Their Impacts on the Health of Humans, Livestock Animals and Pets. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:480. [PMID: 37624237 PMCID: PMC10467131 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cereal grains are the most important food staples for human beings and livestock animals. They can be processed into various types of food and feed products such as bread, pasta, breakfast cereals, cake, snacks, beer, complete feed, and pet foods. However, cereal grains are vulnerable to the contamination of soil microorganisms, particularly molds. The toxigenic fungi/molds not only cause quality deterioration and grain loss, but also produce toxic secondary metabolites, mycotoxins, which can cause acute toxicity, death, and chronic diseases such as cancer, immunity suppression, growth impairment, and neural tube defects in humans, livestock animals and pets. To protect human beings and animals from these health risks, many countries have established/adopted regulations to limit exposure to mycotoxins. The purpose of this review is to update the evidence regarding the occurrence and co-occurrence of mycotoxins in cereal grains and cereal-derived food and feed products and their health impacts on human beings, livestock animals and pets. The effort for safe food and feed supplies including prevention technologies, detoxification technologies/methods and up-to-date regulation limits of frequently detected mycotoxins in cereal grains for food and feed in major cereal-producing countries are also provided. Some important areas worthy of further investigation are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Yu
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
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Macri AM, Nagy AL, Daina S, Toma D, Pop ID, Nadăș GC, Cătoi AF. Occurrence of Types A and B Trichothecenes in Cereal Products Sold in Romanian Markets. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:466. [PMID: 37505735 PMCID: PMC10467109 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In view of the frequent occurrences of mycotoxins in cereals, this study assessed the presence of trichothecenes in 121 samples from Romanian markets. These samples were divided into five groups based on product type: (1) bread and bakery products containing white flour, (2) half-brown bread with whole wheat flour, (3) brown bread containing rye flour, (4) pasta, and (5) raw wheat. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry was used to detect 13 different mycotoxins, which included the Type A compounds HT-2 toxin and T-2 toxin, as well as the Type B compounds deoxynivalenol and nivalenol. Results indicated trichothecene contamination in 90.08% of our samples, with deoxynivalenol predominating by at least 78% in each examined group. Co-occurrence of three or four trichothecenes were found in 23.85% of our samples. Our study underscores the necessity of consistent monitoring of staple foods to prevent the intake of harmful trichothecenes by consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Maximilian Macri
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Andras-Laszlo Nagy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis;
- Department of Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sorana Daina
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Diana Toma
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Delia Pop
- Department of Land Measurements and Exact Sciences, Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - George Cosmin Nadăș
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Adriana Florinela Cătoi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
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15
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Erazo JG, Palacios SA, Veliz NA, Del Canto A, Plem S, Ramirez ML, Torres AM. Effect of Temperature, Water Activity and Incubation Time on Trichothecene Production by Fusarium cerealis Isolated from Durum Wheat Grains. Pathogens 2023; 12:736. [PMID: 37242406 PMCID: PMC10222493 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium cerealis is a causal agent of Fusarium Head Blight in wheat, and it produces both deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV). Nevertheless, the effect of environmental factors on the growth and mycotoxin production of this species has not been studied so far. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of environmental factors on the growth and mycotoxin production of F. cerealis strains. All strains were able to grow in a wide range of water activity (aW) and temperatures, but their mycotoxin production was influenced by strain and environmental factors. NIV was produced at high aW and temperatures, while optimal conditions for DON production were observed at low aW. Interestingly, some strains were able to simultaneously produce both toxins, which could pose a more significant risk for grain contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Adriana M. Torres
- Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología (IMICO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Río Cuarto 5800, Argentina; (J.G.E.); (S.A.P.); (N.A.V.)
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16
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Statsyuk NV, Popletaeva SB, Shcherbakova LA. Post-Harvest Prevention of Fusariotoxin Contamination of Agricultural Products by Irreversible Microbial Biotransformation: Current Status and Prospects. BIOTECH 2023; 12:biotech12020032. [PMID: 37218749 DOI: 10.3390/biotech12020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological degradation of mycotoxins is a promising environmentally-friendly alternative to chemical and physical detoxification methods. To date, a lot of microorganisms able to degrade them have been described; however, the number of studies determining degradation mechanisms and irreversibility of transformation, identifying resulting metabolites, and evaluating in vivo efficiency and safety of such biodegradation is significantly lower. At the same time, these data are crucial for the evaluation of the potential of the practical application of such microorganisms as mycotoxin-decontaminating agents or sources of mycotoxin-degrading enzymes. To date, there are no published reviews, which would be focused only on mycotoxin-degrading microorganisms with the proved irreversible transformation of these compounds into less toxic compounds. In this review, the existing information about microorganisms able to efficiently transform the three most common fusariotoxins (zearalenone, deoxinyvalenol, and fumonisin B1) is presented with allowance for the data on the corresponding irreversible transformation pathways, produced metabolites, and/or toxicity reduction. The recent data on the enzymes responsible for the irreversible transformation of these fusariotoxins are also presented, and the promising future trends in the studies in this area are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Statsyuk
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, 143050 Bolshie Vyazemy, Russia
| | - Sophya B Popletaeva
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, 143050 Bolshie Vyazemy, Russia
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17
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Fanelli G, Kuzmanović L, Giovenali G, Tundo S, Mandalà G, Rinalducci S, Ceoloni C. Untargeted Metabolomics Reveals a Multi-Faceted Resistance Response to Fusarium Head Blight Mediated by the Thinopyrum elongatum Fhb7E Locus Transferred via Chromosome Engineering into Wheat. Cells 2023; 12:1113. [PMID: 37190021 PMCID: PMC10136595 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Thinopyrum elongatum Fhb7E locus has been proven to confer outstanding resistance to Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) when transferred into wheat, minimizing yield loss and mycotoxin accumulation in grains. Despite their biological relevance and breeding implications, the molecular mechanisms underlying the resistant phenotype associated with Fhb7E have not been fully uncovered. To gain a broader understanding of processes involved in this complex plant-pathogen interaction, we analysed via untargeted metabolomics durum wheat (DW) rachises and grains upon spike inoculation with Fusarium graminearum (Fg) and water. The employment of DW near-isogenic recombinant lines carrying or lacking the Th. elongatum chromosome 7E region including Fhb7E on their 7AL arm, allowed clear-cut distinction between differentially accumulated disease-related metabolites. Besides confirming the rachis as key site of the main metabolic shift in plant response to FHB, and the upregulation of defence pathways (aromatic amino acid, phenylpropanoid, terpenoid) leading to antioxidants and lignin accumulation, novel insights were revealed. Fhb7E conferred constitutive and early-induced defence response, in which specific importance of polyamine biosynthesis, glutathione and vitamin B6 metabolisms, along with presence of multiple routes for deoxynivalenol detoxification, was highlighted. The results suggested Fhb7E to correspond to a compound locus, triggering a multi-faceted plant response to Fg, effectively limiting Fg growth and mycotoxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Fanelli
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (G.F.)
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (L.K.); (G.G.); (G.M.)
| | - Ljiljana Kuzmanović
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (L.K.); (G.G.); (G.M.)
| | - Gloria Giovenali
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (L.K.); (G.G.); (G.M.)
| | - Silvio Tundo
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (TESAF), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.T.)
| | - Giulia Mandalà
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (L.K.); (G.G.); (G.M.)
| | - Sara Rinalducci
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (G.F.)
| | - Carla Ceoloni
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (L.K.); (G.G.); (G.M.)
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18
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Chiappim W, de Paula Bernardes V, Almeida NA, Pereira VL, Bragotto APA, Cerqueira MBR, Furlong EB, Pessoa R, Rocha LO. Effect of Gliding Arc Plasma Jet on the Mycobiota and Deoxynivalenol Levels in Naturally Contaminated Barley Grains. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5072. [PMID: 36981981 PMCID: PMC10049212 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20065072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium meridionale are primary contaminants of barley, capable of producing several mycotoxins, mainly type B trichothecenes and zearalenone. Cold plasma decontamination has been gaining prominence, seeking to control the fungal and mycotoxin contamination of food and feed and to improve product quality. To reach this objective, the present study was divided into two parts. In the first part, F. meridionale and F. graminearum strains were exposed to gliding arc plasma jet (GAPJ). Cell viability tests showed the inactivation of F. meridionale after 15-min treatment, whereas F. graminearum showed to be resistant. In the second part, barley grains were treated by GAPJ for 10, 20, and 30 min, demonstrating a reduction of about 2 log CFU/g of the barley's mycobiota, composed of yeasts, strains belonging to the F. graminearum species complex, Alternaria, and Aspergillus. A decrease in DON levels (up to 89%) was observed after exposure for 20 min. However, an increase in the toxin Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (D3G) was observed in barley grains, indicating a conversion of DON to D3G.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Chiappim
- Laboratory of Plasmas and Applications, Department of Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Guaratinguetá 12516-410, Brazil
| | - Vanessa de Paula Bernardes
- Laboratório de Microbiologia de Alimentos I, Departmento de Alimentos e Nutrição, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Naara Aparecida Almeida
- Laboratório de Microbiologia de Alimentos I, Departmento de Alimentos e Nutrição, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Viviane Lopes Pereira
- Laboratório de Microbiologia de Alimentos I, Departmento de Alimentos e Nutrição, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Adriana Pavesi Arisseto Bragotto
- Laboratório de Microbiologia de Alimentos I, Departmento de Alimentos e Nutrição, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
| | | | - Eliana Badiale Furlong
- Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pessoa
- Laboratório de Plasmas e Processos, Departamento de Física, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, São José dos Campos 12228-900, Brazil
| | - Liliana Oliveira Rocha
- Laboratório de Microbiologia de Alimentos I, Departmento de Alimentos e Nutrição, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil
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19
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Fusarium Head Blight on Wheat: Biology, Modern Detection and Diagnosis and Integrated Disease Management. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15030192. [PMID: 36977083 PMCID: PMC10053988 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a major threat for wheat production worldwide. Most reviews focus on Fusarium graminearum as a main causal agent of FHB. However, different Fusarium species are involved in this disease complex. These species differ in their geographic adaptation and mycotoxin profile. The incidence of FHB epidemics is highly correlated with weather conditions, especially rainy days with warm temperatures at anthesis and an abundance of primary inoculum. Yield losses due to the disease can reach up to 80% of the crop. This review summarizes the Fusarium species involved in the FHB disease complex with the corresponding mycotoxin profiles, disease cycle, diagnostic methods, the history of FHB epidemics, and the management strategy of the disease. In addition, it discusses the role of remote sensing technology in the integrated management of the disease. This technology can accelerate the phenotyping process in the breeding programs aiming at FHB-resistant varieties. Moreover, it can support the decision-making strategies to apply fungicides via monitoring and early detection of the diseases under field conditions. It can also be used for selective harvest to avoid mycotoxin-contaminated plots in the field.
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Urugo MM, Teka TA, Berihune RA, Teferi SL, Garbaba CA, Adebo JA, Woldemariam HW, Astatkie T. Novel non-thermal food processing techniques and their mechanism of action in mycotoxins decontamination of foods. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2023.103312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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Gavrilova OP, Gagkaeva TY, Orina AS, Gogina NN. Diversity of Fusarium Species and Their Mycotoxins in Cereal Crops from the Asian Territory of Russia. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2023; 508:9-19. [PMID: 37186044 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496622700156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Up-to-date information on the occurrence of Fusarium fungi and their mycotoxins in the grain of wheat, barley and oats grown in the Urals and West Siberia in 2018‒2019 is presented. Mycological analysis of grain revealed at least 16 species of Fusarium fungi. The F. sporotrichioides, F. avenaceum, F. poae, and F. anguioides were predominant, and the proportions of these species among all Fusarium fungi found in the grain were 31, 20, 19, and 13%, respectively. Fusarium graminearum and its mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) are often occurred in grain mycobiota of cereal crops on the territory of both the Urals and West Siberia. New records of fungal species that are rare in the Asian territory of Russia were detected: F. langsethiae and F. sibiricum, which are mainly producers of type A trichothecene mycotoxins, were found in the Kurgan and Kemerovo regions, respectively. In addition, F. globosum that is able to produce fumonisins was detected in Altai Krai and Omsk region. The diversity of Fusarium species was higher in wheat and barley grain samples than in oats. The HPLC-MS/MS method was used to analyse the content of 19 mycotoxins produced by Fusarium fungi. The highest diversity of mycotoxins was found in wheat grain (maximum 12), compared with oats (9) and barley (8). The T-2 and HT-2 toxins, DON, nivalenol, moniliformin (MON) and beauvericin (BEA) occurred more often in the grain samples, compared with other mycotoxins, but their amounts varied significantly, depending on the weather conditions in sampling year and the plant species. The average content of DON (maximum amount was 375 µg/kg) in wheat grain was 5 times higher than its average content in barley grain, and this mycotoxin was not detected in oat grain. The contamination with T-2 and HT-toxins (maximum amounts were 2652 μg/kg and 481 μg/kg, respectively), as well as with BEA (maximum amount was 49 μg/kg) was typical for barley and oat grain samples. The content of MON (maximum amount was 50 μg/kg) in the grain of three different small grain cereals was similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- O P Gavrilova
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - T Yu Gagkaeva
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - A S Orina
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - N N Gogina
- All-Russian Research and Technological Poultry Institute, Sergiev Posad, Moscow oblast, Russia
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22
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Garofalo M, Payros D, Penary M, Oswald E, Nougayrède JP, Oswald IP. A novel toxic effect of foodborne trichothecenes: The exacerbation of genotoxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 317:120625. [PMID: 36410598 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Trichothecenes (TCT) are very common mycotoxins. While the effects of DON, the most prevalent TCT, have been extensively studied, less is known about the effect of other trichothecenes. DON has ribotoxic, pro-inflammatory, and cytotoxic potential and induces multiple toxic effects in humans and animals. Although DON is not genotoxic by itself, it has recently been shown that this toxin exacerbates the genotoxicity induced by model or bacterial genotoxins. Here, we show that five TCT, namely T-2 toxin (T-2), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), nivalenol (NIV), fusarenon-X (FX), and the newly discovered NX toxin, also exacerbate the DNA damage inflicted by various genotoxins. The exacerbation was dose dependent and observed with phleomycin, a model genotoxin, captan, a pesticide with genotoxic potential, and colibactin, a bacterial genotoxin produced by the intestinal microbiota. For this newly described effect, the trichothecenes ranked in the following order: T-2>DAS > FX > NIV ≥ DON ≥ NX. The genotoxic exacerbating effect of TCT correlated with their ribotoxic potential, as measured by the inhibition of protein synthesis. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that TCT, which are not genotoxic by themselves, exacerbate DNA damage induced by various genotoxins. Therefore, foodborne TCT could enhance the carcinogenic potential of genotoxins present in the diet or produced by intestinal bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Garofalo
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France; IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Delphine Payros
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France; IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Penary
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Oswald
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France; CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Service de Bactériologie-Hygiène, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Isabelle P Oswald
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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23
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Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals the biocontrol mechanism of Bacillus velezensis E68 against Fusarium graminearum DAOMC 180378, the causal agent of Fusarium head blight. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0277983. [PMID: 36701319 PMCID: PMC9879434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is the causal agent of Fusarium Head Blight, a serious disease affecting grain crops worldwide. Biological control involves the use of microorganisms to combat plant pathogens such as F. graminearum. Strains of Bacillus velezensis are common biological control candidates for use against F. graminearum and other plant pathogens, as they can secrete antifungal secondary metabolites. Here we study the interaction between B. velezensis E68 and F. graminearum DAOMC 180378 by employing a dual RNA-seq approach to assess the transcriptional changes in both organisms. In dual culture, B. velezensis up-regulated genes related to sporulation and phosphate stress and down-regulated genes related to secondary metabolism, biofilm formation and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. F. graminearum up-regulated genes encoding for killer protein 4-like proteins and genes relating to heavy metal tolerance, and down-regulated genes relating to trichothecene biosynthesis and phenol metabolism. This study provides insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in the interaction between a biocontrol bacterium and a phytopathogenic fungus.
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24
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Kirana RP, Gaurav K, Arora S, Wiesenberger G, Doppler M, Michel S, Zimmerl S, Matic M, Eze CE, Kumar M, Topuz A, Lemmens M, Schuhmacher R, Adam G, Wulff BBH, Buerstmayr H, Steiner B. Identification of a UDP-glucosyltransferase conferring deoxynivalenol resistance in Aegilops tauschii and wheat. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:109-121. [PMID: 36121345 PMCID: PMC9829400 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aegilops tauschii is the diploid progenitor of the wheat D subgenome and a valuable resource for wheat breeding, yet, genetic analysis of resistance against Fusarium head blight (FHB) and the major Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is lacking. We treated a panel of 147 Ae. tauschii accessions with either Fusarium graminearum spores or DON solution and recorded the associated disease spread or toxin-induced bleaching. A k-mer-based association mapping pipeline dissected the genetic basis of resistance and identified candidate genes. After DON infiltration nine accessions revealed severe bleaching symptoms concomitant with lower conversion rates of DON into the non-toxic DON-3-O-glucoside. We identified the gene AET5Gv20385300 on chromosome 5D encoding a uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucosyltransferase (UGT) as the causal variant and the mutant allele resulting in a truncated protein was only found in the nine susceptible accessions. This UGT is also polymorphic in hexaploid wheat and when expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae only the full-length gene conferred resistance against DON. Analysing the D subgenome helped to elucidate the genetic control of FHB resistance and identified a UGT involved in DON detoxification in Ae. tauschii and hexaploid wheat. This resistance mechanism is highly conserved since the UGT is orthologous to the barley UGT HvUGT13248 indicating descent from a common ancestor of wheat and barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizky Pasthika Kirana
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA‐Tulln), Institute of Biotechnology in Plant ProductionUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, ViennaTullnAustria
- Laboratory of Plant BreedingDepartment of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah MadaYogyakartaIndonesia
| | | | - Sanu Arora
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichUK
| | - Gerlinde Wiesenberger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial GeneticsUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, ViennaTullnAustria
| | - Maria Doppler
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA‐Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro‐MetabolomicsUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, ViennaTullnAustria
- Core Facility Bioactive Molecules: Screening and AnalysisUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, ViennaTullnAustria
| | - Sebastian Michel
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA‐Tulln), Institute of Biotechnology in Plant ProductionUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, ViennaTullnAustria
| | - Simone Zimmerl
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA‐Tulln), Institute of Biotechnology in Plant ProductionUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, ViennaTullnAustria
| | - Magdalena Matic
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA‐Tulln), Institute of Biotechnology in Plant ProductionUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, ViennaTullnAustria
- Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences OsijekJosip Juraj Strossmayer University of OsijekOsijekCroatia
| | - Chinedu E. Eze
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA‐Tulln), Institute of Biotechnology in Plant ProductionUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, ViennaTullnAustria
- Department of AgronomyMichael Okpara University of Agriculture UmudikeUmudikeNigeria
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA‐Tulln), Institute of Biotechnology in Plant ProductionUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, ViennaTullnAustria
- Department of Genetics & Plant BreedingCCS Haryana Agricultural UniversityHisar (Haryana)India
| | - Ajla Topuz
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA‐Tulln), Institute of Biotechnology in Plant ProductionUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, ViennaTullnAustria
| | - Marc Lemmens
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA‐Tulln), Institute of Biotechnology in Plant ProductionUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, ViennaTullnAustria
| | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA‐Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro‐MetabolomicsUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, ViennaTullnAustria
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial GeneticsUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, ViennaTullnAustria
| | - Brande B. H. Wulff
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichUK
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)ThuwalSaudi Arabia
| | - Hermann Buerstmayr
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA‐Tulln), Institute of Biotechnology in Plant ProductionUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, ViennaTullnAustria
| | - Barbara Steiner
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA‐Tulln), Institute of Biotechnology in Plant ProductionUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, ViennaTullnAustria
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25
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Góral T, Przetakiewicz J, Ochodzki P, Wiewióra B, Wiśniewska H. Quantification of DNA of Fusarium culmorum and Trichothecene Genotypes 3ADON and NIV in the Grain of Winter Wheat. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121449. [PMID: 36558783 PMCID: PMC9788549 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a wheat disease caused by fungi of the genus Fusarium. The aim of the study was to find relationships between the weather conditions in the experimental years and the locations and the amount of F. culmorum DNA and trichothecene genotypes, as well as the proportions between them. A three-year field experiment (2017, 2018 and 2019) was established in two locations (Poznań, Radzików). The DNA of F. culmorum was detected in all grain samples in an average amount of 20,124 pg per 1 μg of wheat DNA. The average amount of DNA from the 3ADON genotype was 4879 pg/μg and the amount of DNA from the NIV genotype was 3330 pg/μg. Weather conditions strongly affected the amount of DNA of F. culmorum and trichothecene genotypes detected in the grain. In the three experimental years, a high variability was observed in the coefficients of correlation between DNA concentrations and the FHB index, FDK, ergosterol and the corresponding toxins. There were significant correlations between disease incidence, fungal biomass (quantified as the total amount of fungal DNA or DNA trichothecene genotypes) and toxins (DON, 3AcDON and NIV) concentrations. The 3ADON trichothecene genotype dominated over the NIV genotype (ratio 1.5); however, this varied greatly depending on environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Góral
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-733-4636
| | - Jarosław Przetakiewicz
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland
| | - Piotr Ochodzki
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland
| | - Barbara Wiewióra
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland
| | - Halina Wiśniewska
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Strzeszyńska Str., 60-479 Poznań, Poland
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26
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Gil-Serna J, Patiño B, Verheecke-Vaessen C, Vázquez C, Medina Á. Searching for the Fusarium spp. Which Are Responsible for Trichothecene Contamination in Oats Using Metataxonomy to Compare the Distribution of Toxigenic Species in Fields from Spain and the UK. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090592. [PMID: 36136530 PMCID: PMC9506359 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The contamination of oats with Fusarium toxins poses a high risk for food safety. Among them, trichothecenes are the most frequently reported in European oats, especially in northern countries. The environmental conditions related to the climate change scenario might favour a distribution shift in Fusarium species and the presence of these toxins in Southern European countries. In this paper, we present an ambitious work to determine the species responsible for trichothecene contamination in Spanish oats and to compare the results in the United Kingdom (UK) using a metataxonomic approach applied to both oat grains and soil samples collected from both countries. Regarding T-2 and HT-2 toxin producers, F. langsethiae was detected in 38% and 25% of the oat samples from the UK and Spain, respectively, and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the detection of this fungus in oats from Spain. The relevant type B trichothecene producer, F. poae, was the most frequently detected Fusarium species in oats from both origins. Other important trichothecene producers, such as the Fusarium tricinctum species complex or Fusarium cerealis, were also frequently detected in oat fields. Many Fusarium toxins, including T-2 and HT-2 toxins, deoxynivalenol, or nivalenol, were detected in oat samples. The results obtained in this work revealed a clear change in the distribution of trichothecene producers and the necessity to establish the potential of these species to colonize oats and their ability to produce mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Gil-Serna
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Belén Patiño
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carol Verheecke-Vaessen
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Soil and AgriFood Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Covadonga Vázquez
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Medina
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Soil and AgriFood Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
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27
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Sun Q, Zhang SL, Xie YJ, Xu MT, Herrera-Balandrano DD, Chen X, Wang SY, Shi XC, Laborda P. Identification of New Fusarium sulawense Strains Causing Soybean Pod Blight in China and Their Control Using Carbendazim, Dipicolinic Acid and Kojic Acid. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10531. [PMID: 36078255 PMCID: PMC9518069 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Soybean plants are highly susceptible to Fusarium species, which significantly reduce soybean production and quality. Several Fusarium species have been reported to synthesize mycotoxins, such as trichothecene, which have been related to major human diseases. In November 2021, soybean pods in Nantong municipality, China, showed black necrotic lesions during the harvest stage. The disease incidence reached 69%. The pathogen was identified as Fusarium sulawense via morphological analysis and sequencing of ITS, EF1-α and RPB2 genes. A PCR assay with primers targeting the trichothecene biosynthesis genes suggested that the three isolates could synthesize trichothecenes. The effectiveness of fungicide carbendazim and natural metabolites dipicolinic acid and kojic acid was screened for the management of F. sulawense on postharvest soybean pods. The highest efficacy was obtained when combining 3.8 mg/mL carbendazim and 0.84 mg/mL dipicolinic acid (curative efficacy: 49.1% lesion length inhibition; preventive efficacy: 82.7% lesion length inhibition), or 1.9 mg/mL carbendazim and 0.71 mg/mL kojic acid (preventive efficacy: 84.9% lesion length inhibition). Collectively, this report will lead to a better understanding of the safety hazards found in soybean products in China and reveals the application of dipicolinic and kojic acids to reduce the use of carbendazim.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Su-Yan Wang
- Correspondence: (S.-Y.W.); (X.-C.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Xin-Chi Shi
- Correspondence: (S.-Y.W.); (X.-C.S.); (P.L.)
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Implications of Crop Rotation and Fungicide on Fusarium and Mycotoxin Spectra in Manitoba Barley, 2017–2019. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14070463. [PMID: 35878201 PMCID: PMC9319603 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most important diseases of barley in Manitoba province (western Canada), and other major barley producing regions of the world. Little is known about the Fusarium species and mycotoxin spectra associated with FHB of barley in Manitoba. Hence, barley grain samples were collected from 149 commercial fields from 2017 to 2019, along with information on respective cropping history, and analyzed with respect to Fusarium species spectra, abundance, chemotype composition, and mycotoxin profiles. Fusarium poae was the predominant Fusarium species associated with FHB of barley in Manitoba, followed by F. graminearum, and F. sporotrichioides; F. equiseti and F. avenaceum were also detected but at low levels. F. poae strains with the nivalenol (NIV) chemotype and F. graminearum strains with 3-acetyl deoxynivalenol (3-ADON) and 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol (15-ADON) chemotypes were commonly detected in the barley grain samples. Nivalenol (597.7, 219.1, and 412.4 µg kg−1) and deoxynivalenol (DON) (264.7, 56.7, and 65.3 µg kg−1) were the two most prevalent mycotoxins contaminating Manitoba barley in 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. A substantially higher DON content was detected in grain samples from barley fields with cereals as a preceding crop compared to canola and flax. Furthermore, F. poae proved less sensitive to four triazole fungicides (metconazole, prothioconazole+tebuconazole, tebuconazole, and prothioconazole) than F. graminearum. Findings from this research will assist barley producers with improved understanding of FHB threat levels and optimizing practices for the best management of FHB in barley.
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Effect of Compactin on the Mycotoxin Production and Expression of Related Biosynthetic and Regulatory Genes in Toxigenic Fusarium culmorum. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071347. [PMID: 35889066 PMCID: PMC9318162 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) and deoxynivalenol (DON) are mycotoxins produced by various species of Fusarium fungi. They contaminate agricultural products and negatively influence human and animal health, thus representing a serious problem of the agricultural industry. Earlier we showed that compactin, a secondary metabolite of Penicillium citrinum, is able to completely suppress the aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis by Aspergillus flavus. Using the F. culmorum strain FC-19 able to produce DON and ZEN, we demonstrated that compactin also significantly suppressed both DON (99.3%) and ZEN (100%) biosynthesis. The possible mechanisms of this suppression were elucidated by qPCR-based analysis of expression levels of 48 biosynthetic and regulatory genes. Expression of eight of 13 TRI genes, including TRI4, TRI5, and TRI101, was completely suppressed. A significant down-regulation was revealed for the TRI10, TRI9, and TRI14 genes. TRI15 was the only up-regulated gene from the TRI cluster. In the case of the ZEN cluster, almost complete suppression was observed for PKS4, PKS13, and ZEB1 genes, and the balance between two ZEB2 isoforms was altered. Among regulatory genes, an increased expression of GPA1 and GPA2 genes encoding α- and β-subunits of a G-protein was shown, whereas eight genes were down-regulated. The obtained results suggest that the main pathway for a compactin-related inhibition of the DON and ZEN biosynthesis affects the transcription of genes involved in the G-protein-cAMP-PKA signaling pathway. The revealed gene expression data may provide a better understanding of genetic mechanisms underlying mycotoxin production and its regulation.
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30
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Schiwek S, Alhussein M, Rodemann C, Budragchaa T, Beule L, von Tiedemann A, Karlovsky P. Fusarium culmorum Produces NX-2 Toxin Simultaneously with Deoxynivalenol and 3-Acetyl-Deoxynivalenol or Nivalenol. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14070456. [PMID: 35878194 PMCID: PMC9324393 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium culmorum is a major pathogen of grain crops. Infected plants accumulate deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON), or nivalenol (NIV), which are mycotoxins of the trichothecene B group. These toxins are also produced by F. graminearum species complex. New trichothecenes structurally similar to trichothecenes B but lacking the carbonyl group on C-8, designated NX toxins, were recently discovered in atypical isolates of F. graminearum from North America. Only these isolates and a few strains of a yet to be characterized Fusarium species from South Africa are known to produce NX-2 and other NX toxins. Here, we report that among 20 F. culmorum strains isolated from maize, wheat, and oat in Europe and Asia over a period of 70 years, 18 strains produced NX-2 simultaneously with 3-ADON and DON or NIV. Rice cultures of strains producing 3-ADON accumulated NX-2 in amounts corresponding to 2−8% of 3-ADON (1.2−36 mg/kg). A strain producing NIV accumulated NX-2 and NIV at comparable amounts (13.6 and 10.3 mg/kg, respectively). In F. graminearum, producers of NX-2 possess a special variant of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase encoded by TRI1 that is unable to oxidize C-8. In F. culmorum, producers and nonproducers of NX-2 possess identical TRI1; the reason for the production of NX-2 is unknown. Our results indicate that the production of NX-2 simultaneously with trichothecenes B is a common feature of F. culmorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Schiwek
- Institute for Plant Protection in Field Crops and Grassland, Julius Kuehn-Institute, D-38104 Braunschweig, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (P.K.)
| | - Mohammad Alhussein
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Goettingen, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany;
| | - Charlotte Rodemann
- Plant Phytopathology and Crop Protection, University of Goettingen, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany; (C.R.); (A.v.T.)
| | - Tuvshinjargal Budragchaa
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle, Germany;
| | - Lukas Beule
- Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Julius Kuehn-Institute, D-14195 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Andreas von Tiedemann
- Plant Phytopathology and Crop Protection, University of Goettingen, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany; (C.R.); (A.v.T.)
| | - Petr Karlovsky
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Goettingen, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany;
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (P.K.)
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Mycotoxin DON Accumulation in Wheat Grains Caused by Fusarium Head Blight Are Significantly Subjected to Inoculation Methods. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14060409. [PMID: 35737070 PMCID: PMC9229350 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14060409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The disease severity and mycotoxin DON content in grains caused by fusarium head blight (FHB) have been two prioritized economical traits in wheat. Reliable phenotyping is a prerequisite for genetically improving wheat resistances to these two traits. In this study, three inoculation methods: upper bilateral floret injection (UBFI), basal bilateral floret injection (BBFI), and basal rachis internode injection (BRII), were applied in a panel of 22 near-isogenic lines (NILs) contrasting in Fhb1 alleles. The results showed that inoculation methods had significant influence on both disease severity and mycotoxin accumulation in grains, and the relationship between them. UBFI method caused chronic FHB symptom characterized as slow progress of the pathogen downward from the inoculation site, which minimized the difference in disease severity of the NILs, but, unexpectedly, maximized the difference in DON content between them. The BBFI method usually caused an acute FHB symptom in susceptible lines characterized as premature spike death (PSD), which maximized the difference in disease severity, but minimized the difference in DON content in grains between resistant and susceptible lines. The BRII method occasionally caused acute FHB symptoms for susceptible lines and had relatively balanced characteristics of disease severity and DON content in grains. Therefore, two or more inoculation methods are recommended for precise and reliable evaluation of the overall resistance to FHB, including resistances to both disease spread within a spike and DON accumulation in grains.
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Structure Elucidation and Anti-Tumor Activities of Trichothecenes from Endophytic Fungus Fusariumsporotrichioides. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060778. [PMID: 35740903 PMCID: PMC9220965 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The secondary metabolites of Fusarium sporotrichioides, an endophytic fungus with anti-tumor activity isolated from Rauvolfia yunnanensis Tsiang, were investigated. Five trichothecenes, including one previously undescribed metabolite, were isolated and identified. Their structures were elucidated by means of extensive spectroscopic methods; the absolute configuration of compound 1 was determined by the ECD method. Surprisingly, 8-n-butyrylneosolaniol (3) exhibited stronger anti-tumor activity than T-2 toxin against Huh-7 cell line, with an IC50 value of 265.9 nM. 8-n-butyrylneosolaniol (3) promoted apoptosis induction in Huh-7 cells. Moreover, cell cycle analysis showed that cell cycle arrest caused by 8-n-butyrylneosolaniol (3) at the G2/M phase resulted in cell proliferation inhibition and pro-apoptotic activity. Further studies showed a significant decrease in mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and a significant increase in ROS generation, which led to the activation of caspase cascades and subsequent cleavage of PARP fragments. In conclusion, 8-n-butyrylneosolaniol (3) induced cell apoptosis in Huh-7 cells via the mitochondria-mediated apoptotic signaling pathway, which could be a leading compound for anti-tumor agents.
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Whitney K, Gracia-Gomez G, Anderson JA, Simsek S. Time Course Metabolite Profiling of Fusarium Head Blight-Infected Hard Red Spring Wheat Using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Quadrupole Time of Flight/MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:4152-4163. [PMID: 35298172 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c08374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wheat is an important food crop, yet its value is reduced by fungal infections (ex. Fusarium graminearum). Metabolite profiling is a useful tool for explaining resistance mechanisms. By analyzing near-isogenic lines (NILs) with contrasting Fhb1 alleles and three wheat varieties, a time course resulting in 61 relevant metabolites was studied. The presence of one metabolite as resistant related constitutive late in the time course was detected. Results confirm the presence of hydroxycinnamic acid amides conjugated with polyamine derivatives (hydroxycinnamic acid amides, HCAAs), which have been shown to induce thickening of cell walls. These compounds are shared by resistant and susceptible genotypes with no difference in intensities but vary in time as early- or late-occurring, suggesting that for the NIL studied here, HCAAs were a normal part of the host reaction. Overall, metabolites synthesized as a result of infection were observed regardless of susceptibility but occurred at different times after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Whitney
- Department of Food Science & Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Gerardo Gracia-Gomez
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - James A Anderson
- Department of Agronomy & Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, 411 Borlaug Hall, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Senay Simsek
- Department of Food Science & Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Biocontrol Methods in Avoidance and Downsizing of Mycotoxin Contamination of Food Crops. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10040655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
By increasing the resistance of seeds against abiotic and biotic stress, the possibility of cereal mold contamination and hence the occurrence of secondary mold metabolites mycotoxins decreases. The use of biological methods of seed treatment represents a complementary strategy, which can be implemented as an environmental-friendlier approach to increase the agricultural sustainability. Whereas the use of resistant cultivars helps to reduce mold growth and mycotoxin contamination at the very beginning of the production chain, biological detoxification of cereals provides additional weapons against fungal pathogens in the later stage. Most efficient techniques can be selected and combined on an industrial scale to reduce losses and boost crop yields and agriculture sustainability, increasing at the same time food and feed safety. This paper strives to emphasize the possibility of implementation of biocontrol methods in the production of resistant seeds and the prevention and reduction in cereal mycotoxin contamination.
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Host Genotype and Weather Effects on Fusarium Head Blight Severity and Mycotoxin Load in Spring Barley. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020125. [PMID: 35202152 PMCID: PMC8879614 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiology of Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) of spring barley is relatively little understood. In a five-year study, we assessed quantitative resistance to FHB in an assortment of 17 spring barley genotypes in the field in southern Germany. To this end, we used soil and spray inoculation of plants with F. culmorum and F. avenaceum. This increased disease pressure and provoked genotypic differentiation. To normalize effects of variable weather conditions across consecutive seasons, we used a disease ranking of the genotypes based on quantification of fungal DNA contents and multiple Fusarium toxins in harvested grain. Together, this allowed for assessment of stable quantitative FHB resistance of barley in several genotypes. Fungal DNA contents were positively associated with species-specific Fusarium toxins in single years and over several years in plots with soil inoculation. In those plots, plant height limited FHB; however, this was not observed after spray inoculation. A multiple linear regression model of recorded weather parameter and fungal DNA contents over five years identified time periods during the reproductive phase of barley, in which weather strongly influenced fungal colonization measured in mature barley grain. Environmental conditions before heading and late after anthesis showed strongest associations with F. culmorum DNA in all genotypes, whereas for F. avenaceum, this was less consistent where we observed weather-dependent associations, depending on the genotype. Based on this study, we discuss aspects of practical resistance breeding in barley relevant to improve quantitative resistance to FHB and associated mycotoxin contaminations.
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Chtioui W, Balmas V, Delogu G, Migheli Q, Oufensou S. Bioprospecting Phenols as Inhibitors of Trichothecene-Producing Fusarium: Sustainable Approaches to the Management of Wheat Pathogens. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020072. [PMID: 35202101 PMCID: PMC8875213 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium spp. are ubiquitous fungi able to cause Fusarium head blight and Fusarium foot and root rot on wheat. Among relevant pathogenic species, Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum cause significant yield and quality loss and result in contamination of the grain with mycotoxins, mainly type B trichothecenes, which are a major health concern for humans and animals. Phenolic compounds of natural origin are being increasingly explored as fungicides on those pathogens. This review summarizes recent research activities related to the antifungal and anti-mycotoxigenic activity of natural phenolic compounds against Fusarium, including studies into the mechanisms of action of major exogenous phenolic inhibitors, their structure-activity interaction, and the combined effect of these compounds with other natural products or with conventional fungicides in mycotoxin modulation. The role of high-throughput analysis tools to decipher key signaling molecules able to modulate the production of mycotoxins and the development of sustainable formulations enhancing potential inhibitors’ efficacy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiem Chtioui
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (W.C.); (V.B.); (Q.M.)
| | - Virgilio Balmas
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (W.C.); (V.B.); (Q.M.)
| | - Giovanna Delogu
- Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Quirico Migheli
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (W.C.); (V.B.); (Q.M.)
- Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Safa Oufensou
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (W.C.); (V.B.); (Q.M.)
- Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-079-229-297
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Pascari X, Marin S, Ramos AJ, Sanchis V. Relevant Fusarium Mycotoxins in Malt and Beer. Foods 2022; 11:246. [PMID: 35053978 PMCID: PMC8774397 DOI: 10.3390/foods11020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites of high concern in the food and feed industry. Their presence in many cereal-based products has been numerously reported. Beer is the most consumed alcoholic beverage worldwide, and Fusarium mycotoxins originating from the malted and unmalted cereals might reach the final product. This review aims to describe the possible Fusarium fungi that could infect the cereals used in beer production, the transfer of mycotoxins throughout malting and brewing as well as an insight into the incidence of mycotoxins in the craft beer segment of the industry. Studies show that germination is the malting step that can lead to a significant increase in the level of all Fusarium mycotoxins. The first step of mashing (45 °C) has been proved to possess the most significant impact in the transfer of hydrophilic toxins from the grist into the wort. However, during fermentation, a slight reduction of deoxynivalenol, and especially of zearalenone, is achieved. This review also highlights the limited research available on craft beer and the occurrence of mycotoxins in these products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vicente Sanchis
- AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, Applied Mycology Unit, Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (X.P.); (S.M.); (A.J.R.)
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de Arruda MHM, Schwab EDP, Zchonski FL, da Cruz JDF, Tessmann DJ, Da-Silva PR. Production of type-B trichothecenes by Fusarium meridionale, F. graminearum, and F. austroamericanum in wheat plants and rice medium. Mycotoxin Res 2022; 38:1-11. [PMID: 35001349 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-021-00445-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Food security goes beyond food being available; the food needs to be free of contaminants. Trichothecenes mycotoxins, produced by Fusarium fungus, are. among the most frequently found contaminants of wheat. In this study, we evaluated the production of trichothecenes Deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-AcDON), and nivalenol (NIV) by Fusarium meridionale, F. austroamericanum, and F. graminearum grown in wheat plants and rice medium. Fusarim meridionale was efficient only in the production of NIV (production range (pr) from 1340 to 2864 µg kg-1 in wheat plant), and F. austroamericanum in the production of 3-AcDON (pr from 50 to 192 µg kg-1 in wheat plant, and from 986 to 7045 µg kg-1 in rice medium) and DON (pr from 4076 to 13,701 µg kg-1 in wheat plant, and from 184 to 43,395 µg kg-1 in rice medium). Already, F. graminearum was efficient in the production of 3-AcDON only in rice medium (pr from 81 to 2342 µg kg-1), 15-AcDON in wheat plant (pr from 80 to 295 µg kg-1) and in rice medium (pr from 436 to 8597 µg kg-1), and DON also in wheat plant (pr from 7746 to 12,046 µg kg-1) and in rice medium (pr from 695 to 49,624 µg kg-1). The specificity of F. meridionale in the production of NIV but not the production of DON could generate a food security problem in regions where this species occurs and the amounts of NIV in grains and derivatives are not regulated in the food chain, as in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Felipe Liss Zchonski
- DNA Laboratory, Universidade Estadual Do Centro-Oeste, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, 85040-167, Brazil
| | | | - Dauri José Tessmann
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, UEM, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Da-Silva
- DNA Laboratory, Universidade Estadual Do Centro-Oeste, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, 85040-167, Brazil.
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de Chaves MA, Reginatto P, da Costa BS, de Paschoal RI, Teixeira ML, Fuentefria AM. Fungicide Resistance in Fusarium graminearum Species Complex. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:62. [PMID: 34994875 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02759-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fusariosis affects cereal grain crops worldwide and is responsible for devastating crops, reducing grain quality and yield, and producing strong mycotoxins. Benzimidazoles and triazoles were recommended to combat fusariosis; however, there were reports of resistance, making it necessary to reflect on the reasons for this occurrence. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the fusariosis resistance to the main agricultural fungicides, to observe whether this resistance can cause changes in the production of mycotoxins, and to verify the influence of resistance on the cereal grain production chain. Scientific articles were selected from the ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Pubmed databases, published at maximum 10 years ago and covering the main fungicide classes that combat phytopathogenesis and mycotoxin production. A high occurrence of resistance to carbendazim was found, while few reports of resistance to triazoles are available. The effectiveness of strobilurins is doubtful, due to an increase of mycotoxins linked to it. It is possible to conclude that the large-scale use of fungicides can select resistant strains that will contribute to an increase in the production of mycotoxins and harm sectors of the world economy, not only the agriculture, but also sanitation and foreign trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Antunes de Chaves
- Graduate Program in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology, School of Pharmacy, Annex II, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, São Luís, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Paula Reginatto
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Souza da Costa
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alexandre Meneghello Fuentefria
- Graduate Program in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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40
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Contamination of durum wheat lines kernels with Fusarium species and deoxynivalenol. ZBORNIK MATICE SRPSKE ZA PRIRODNE NAUKE 2022. [DOI: 10.2298/zmspn2243027k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium infection and deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination in seven durum
wheat lines kernel (six domestic durum lines ZP 16, ZP 34, ZP 41, ZP 74, ZP
120, ZP DSP 66, and one international durum line Cimmyt 7817) during two
harvest seasons (2015-2016) has been studied. The four Fusarium species, F.
graminearum, F. proliferatum, F. sporotrichioides, and F. verticillioides,
were identified in 2015. A different structure of the Fusarium population,
which in addition to F. graminearum, F. sporotrichioides and F.
verticillioides, also comprised F. poae, F. semitectum, and F. subglutinans,
was identified in 2016. F. graminearum was the predominant species in the
durum wheat lines kernels and the potential producer of DON. The other
Fusarium spp. were isolated sporadically and with a low incidence in the
kernels. The incidence of F. graminearum and DON levels were significantly
affected by the wheat genotypes and studied years and these parameters were
negatively correlated. The incidence of F. graminearum was significantly
higher in 2015 (75.86%) than in 2016 (63.43%), while the level of DON was
significantly higher in 2016 (3.636 mg kg-1) compared to 2015 (1.126 mg
kg-1). Statistically, there was a significantly higher incidence of F.
graminearum in ZP DSP 66 (73.00%) and ZP 120 (72.75%) durum wheat lines than
in the other durum genotypes. DON level was the highest in durum wheat line
ZP 120 (3.854 mg kg-1). Considering all treatments tested, the mean DON
level was 2.381 mg kg-1, while the mean incidence of F. graminearum was
69.64%. ?ested durum wheat lines showed susceptibility to F. graminearum,
resulting in high DON levels in kernels. The results obtained suggest the
importance of using the lines with improved resistance to Fusarium head
blight in the breeding programs for new durum wheat cultivars.
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Mahato DK, Pandhi S, Kamle M, Gupta A, Sharma B, Panda BK, Srivastava S, Kumar M, Selvakumar R, Pandey AK, Suthar P, Arora S, Kumar A, Gamlath S, Bharti A, Kumar P. Trichothecenes in food and feed: Occurrence, impact on human health and their detection and management strategies. Toxicon 2022; 208:62-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Gavrilova OP, Gagkaeva TY, Orina AS, Markova AS, Kabashov AD, Loskutov IG. Resistance of oat breeding lines to grain contamination with Fusarium langsethiae and T-2/HT-2 toxins. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2021; 25:732-739. [PMID: 34950844 PMCID: PMC8649749 DOI: 10.18699/vj21.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium disease of oats reduces yield quality due to decreasing germination that is caused by the contamination of grain with mycotoxins produced by Fusarium fungi. The aim of this study was to characterize the resistance of naked breeding lines of oats to fungal grain infection and to contamination with T-2 and HT-2 toxins. Thirteen naked oat breeding lines and two naked varieties, Nemchinovsky 61 and Vyatskiy, as well as a husked variety Yakov, were grown under natural conditions in the Nemchinovka Federal Research Center in 2019-2020. The contamination of grain with fungi was determined by the mycological method and real-time PCR. The analysis of mycotoxins was carried out by ELISA. In oats, Alternaria (the grain infection was 15-90 %), Cochliobolus (1-33 %), Cladosporium (1-19 %), Epicoccum (0-11 %), and Fusarium (3-17 %) fungi prevailed in the grain mycobiota. The predominant Fusarium species were F. poae (its proportion among Fusarium fungi was 49-68 %) and F. langsethiae (29-28 %). The highest amounts of F. langsethiae DNA ((27.9-71.9) × 10-4 pg/ng) and T-2/HT-2 toxins (790-1230 μg/kg) were found in the grain of husked oat Yakov. Among the analysed naked oat lines, the amount of F. langsethiae DNA varied in the range of (1.2-42.7) × 10-4 pg/ng,and the content of T-2/HT-2 toxins was in the range of 5-229 μg/kg. Two oat breeding lines, 54h2476 and 66h2618, as well as a new variety, Azil (57h2396), can be characterized as highly resistant to infection with Fusarium fungi and contamination with mycotoxins compared to the control variety Vyatskiy.
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Affiliation(s)
- O P Gavrilova
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - T Yu Gagkaeva
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A S Orina
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A S Markova
- Federal Research Center "Nemchinovka", Novoivanovskoe, Moscow region, Russia
| | - A D Kabashov
- Federal Research Center "Nemchinovka", Novoivanovskoe, Moscow region, Russia
| | - I G Loskutov
- Federal Research Center the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), St. Petersburg, Russia
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Ye W, Zhu M, Li S, Cen Y, Liu T, Li H, Liu H, Zhang W. The excavation of novel toxin-resistance proteins against trichothecenes toxins in Paramyrothecium roridum. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:369-378. [PMID: 34634329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Trichothecene toxins cause serious hazard towards human health and economical crops. However, there are no sufficient molecular strategies to reduce the hazard of trichothecene toxins. Thus it is urgent to exploit novel approaches to control the hazard of trichothecenes. In this study, four trichothecene toxin-resistance genes including mfs1, GNAT1, TRP1 and tri12 in Paramyrothecium roridum were excavated based on genome sequencing results, and then expressed in toxin-sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae BJ5464, the toxin resistance genes pdr5, pdr10 and pdr15 of which were firstly knocked out simultaneously by the introduction of TAA stop codon employing CRISPR/Cas9 system. Therefore, three novel hazardous toxin-resistance genes mfs1, GNAT1, TRP1 in P. roridum were firstly excavated by the co-incubation of DON toxin and toxin resistant genes-containing BJ5464 strains. The in vitro function and properties of novel toxin-resistance genes coding proteins including GNAT1, MFS1 and TRP1 were identified by heterologous expression and cellular location analysis as well as in vitro biochemical reaction. The excavation of novel trichothecene toxin-resistance genes provide novel molecular clues for controlling the harm of trichothecenes, meanwhile, this study will also pave a new way for the yield improvement of trichothecenes by heterologous expression to facilitate the development of trichothecenes as anti-tumor lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Muzi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Saini Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Youfei Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Taomei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Haohua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Hongxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Weimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China.
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Janik E, Niemcewicz M, Podogrocki M, Ceremuga M, Stela M, Bijak M. T-2 Toxin-The Most Toxic Trichothecene Mycotoxin: Metabolism, Toxicity, and Decontamination Strategies. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226868. [PMID: 34833960 PMCID: PMC8618548 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Among trichothecenes, T-2 toxin is the most toxic fungal secondary metabolite produced by different Fusarium species. Moreover, T-2 is the most common cause of poisoning that results from the consumption of contaminated cereal-based food and feed reported among humans and animals. The food and feed most contaminated with T-2 toxin is made from wheat, barley, rye, oats, and maize. After exposition or ingestion, T-2 is immediately absorbed from the alimentary tract or through the respiratory mucosal membranes and transported to the liver as a primary organ responsible for toxin's metabolism. Depending on the age, way of exposure, and dosage, intoxication manifests by vomiting, feed refusal, stomach necrosis, and skin irritation, which is rarely observed in case of mycotoxins intoxication. In order to eliminate T-2 toxin, various decontamination techniques have been found to mitigate the concentration of T-2 toxin in agricultural commodities. However, it is believed that 100% degradation of this toxin could be not possible. In this review, T-2 toxin toxicity, metabolism, and decontamination strategies are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Janik
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (E.J.); (M.N.); (M.P.)
| | - Marcin Niemcewicz
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (E.J.); (M.N.); (M.P.)
| | - Marcin Podogrocki
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (E.J.); (M.N.); (M.P.)
| | - Michal Ceremuga
- Military Institute of Armament Technology, Prymasa Stefana Wyszyńskiego 7, 05-220 Zielonka, Poland;
| | - Maksymilian Stela
- CBRN Reconnaissance and Decontamination Department, Military Institute of Chemistry and Radiometry, Antoniego Chrusciela "Montera" 105, 00-910 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Michal Bijak
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (E.J.); (M.N.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +48-42-635-43-36
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Gagkaeva T, Orina A, Gavrilova O. Fusarium head blight in the Russian Far East: 140 years after description of the 'drunken bread' problem. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12346. [PMID: 34760369 PMCID: PMC8557700 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The first appearance of Fusarium head blight (FHB)—and the beginning of scientific research of this disease—occurred the Far East region of Russia at the end of the 19th century. In the summer of 2019, in the Amur region, which comprises 60–70% of grain production in the Russian Far East, flooding caused a state of emergency. The quality of wheat and barley grains grown under natural conditions of FHB outbreaks, including grain infection, fungal species composition, DNA content of F. graminearum and chemotypes, and the presence of various mycotoxins, was studied. Fusarium infection rates reached extremely high percentages, 51–98%, the majority of which were F. graminearum infections. The amount of F. graminearum DNA in wheat grain samples was higher than in the barley grain samples and averaged 6.1 and 2.1 pg/ng, respectively. The content of deoxynivalenol (DON) in the wheat samples reached 13,343 ppb and in barley reached 7,755 ppb. A multilocus genotyping assay was conducted on the partially sequenced fragments of the translation elongation factor EF-1a, ammonium ligase gene, reductase gene, and 3-O-acetyltransferase gene in 29 Fusarium graminearum sensu lato strains from the grain harvested in the Amur region. All strains from the Far East region were characterized as F. graminearum sensu stricto; 70% were the 15-AcDON chemotype, while the other strains were the 3-AcDON chemotype. According to the results, after 140 years of study of FHB, we are still not very successful in controlling this disease if conditions are favorable for pathogen development. Even at present, some of the grain harvested must be destroyed, as high contamination of mycotoxins renders it unusable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Gagkaeva
- Laboratory of Mycology and Phytopathology, All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, St. Petersburg, Pushkin, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksandra Orina
- Laboratory of Mycology and Phytopathology, All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, St. Petersburg, Pushkin, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Gavrilova
- Laboratory of Mycology and Phytopathology, All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, St. Petersburg, Pushkin, Russian Federation
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Ekwomadu TI, Akinola SA, Mwanza M. Fusarium Mycotoxins, Their Metabolites (Free, Emerging, and Masked), Food Safety Concerns, and Health Impacts. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:11741. [PMID: 34831498 PMCID: PMC8618243 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182211741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The genus Fusarium produces a number of mycotoxins of diverse chemical structures. Fusariotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by toxigenic fungi of the genus Fusarium. The important and commonly encountered fusariotoxins are trichothecenes, fumonisins, and zearalenone. Fusarium mycotoxins pose varying toxicities to humans and/or animals after consumption of contaminated grain. They can cause acute or chronic illness and, in some cases, death. For instance, a range of Fusarium mycotoxins can alter different intestinal defense mechanisms, such as the epithelial integrity, cell proliferation, mucus layer, immunoglobulins, and cytokine production. Of recent concern is the occurrence of emerging and masked Fusarium mycotoxins in agricultural commodities, which may contribute to toxic health effects, although the metabolic fate of masked mycotoxins still remains a matter of scientific discussion. These mycotoxins have attracted attention worldwide because of their impact on human and animal health, animal productivity, and the associated economic losses. In this paper, we review Fusarium mycotoxins and their metabolites with the aim of summarizing the baseline information on the types, occurrence, and health impacts of these mycotoxins in order to encourage much-needed research on integrated management of this unavoidable food contaminant as concerns for food safety continues to grow worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora I. Ekwomadu
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Natural and Agriculture, Sciences, Northwest University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; (S.A.A.); (M.M.)
- Food Security and Food Safety Niche Area, Northwest University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Stephen A. Akinola
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Natural and Agriculture, Sciences, Northwest University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; (S.A.A.); (M.M.)
- Food Security and Food Safety Niche Area, Northwest University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Mulunda Mwanza
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Natural and Agriculture, Sciences, Northwest University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; (S.A.A.); (M.M.)
- Food Security and Food Safety Niche Area, Northwest University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
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Oufensou S, Dessì A, Dallocchio R, Balmas V, Azara E, Carta P, Migheli Q, Delogu G. Molecular Docking and Comparative Inhibitory Efficacy of Naturally Occurring Compounds on Vegetative Growth and Deoxynivalenol Biosynthesis in Fusarium culmorum. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13110759. [PMID: 34822543 PMCID: PMC8623340 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Fusarium culmorum causes Fusarium head blight in cereals, resulting in yield loss and contamination of the grain by type B trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON), and its acetylated derivatives. Synthesis of trichothecenes is driven by a trichodiene synthase (TRI5) that converts farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) to trichodiene. In this work, 15 naturally occurring compounds that belong to the structural phenol and hydroxylated biphenyl classes were tested in vitro and in planta (durum wheat) to determine their inhibitory activity towards TRI5. In vitro analysis highlighted the fungicidal effect of these compounds when applied at 0.25 mM. Greenhouse assays showed a strong inhibitory activity of octyl gallate 5, honokiol 13 and the combination propyl gallate 4 + thymol 7 on trichothecene biosynthesis. Docking analyses were run on the 3D model of F. culmorum TRI5 containing the inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) or FPP. Significant ligand affinities with TRI-PPi and TRI-FPP were observed for the same sites for almost all compounds, with 1 and 2 as privileged sites. Octyl gallate 5 and honokiol 13 interacted almost exclusively with sites 1 and 2, by concurrently activating strong H-bonds with common sets of amino acids. These results open new perspectives for the targeted search of naturally occurring compounds that may find practical application in the eco-friendly control of FHB in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa Oufensou
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (V.B.); (Q.M.)
- Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Alessandro Dessì
- Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.D.); (R.D.); (E.A.); (P.C.); (G.D.)
| | - Roberto Dallocchio
- Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.D.); (R.D.); (E.A.); (P.C.); (G.D.)
| | - Virgilio Balmas
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (V.B.); (Q.M.)
| | - Emanuela Azara
- Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.D.); (R.D.); (E.A.); (P.C.); (G.D.)
| | - Paola Carta
- Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.D.); (R.D.); (E.A.); (P.C.); (G.D.)
| | - Quirico Migheli
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (V.B.); (Q.M.)
- Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Delogu
- Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.D.); (R.D.); (E.A.); (P.C.); (G.D.)
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Leslie JF, Moretti A, Mesterházy Á, Ameye M, Audenaert K, Singh PK, Richard-Forget F, Chulze SN, Ponte EMD, Chala A, Battilani P, Logrieco AF. Key Global Actions for Mycotoxin Management in Wheat and Other Small Grains. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:725. [PMID: 34679018 PMCID: PMC8541216 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins in small grains are a significant and long-standing problem. These contaminants may be produced by members of several fungal genera, including Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Claviceps, and Penicillium. Interventions that limit contamination can be made both pre-harvest and post-harvest. Many problems and strategies to control them and the toxins they produce are similar regardless of the location at which they are employed, while others are more common in some areas than in others. Increased knowledge of host-plant resistance, better agronomic methods, improved fungicide management, and better storage strategies all have application on a global basis. We summarize the major pre- and post-harvest control strategies currently in use. In the area of pre-harvest, these include resistant host lines, fungicides and their application guided by epidemiological models, and multiple cultural practices. In the area of post-harvest, drying, storage, cleaning and sorting, and some end-product processes were the most important at the global level. We also employed the Nominal Group discussion technique to identify and prioritize potential steps forward and to reduce problems associated with human and animal consumption of these grains. Identifying existing and potentially novel mechanisms to effectively manage mycotoxin problems in these grains is essential to ensure the safety of humans and domesticated animals that consume these grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Leslie
- Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Department of Plant Pathology, 1712 Claflin Avenue, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Institute of the Science of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Ákos Mesterházy
- Cereal Research Non-Profit Ltd., Alsókikötő sor 9, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Maarten Ameye
- Department of Plant and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.A.); (K.A.)
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Department of Plant and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.A.); (K.A.)
| | - Pawan K. Singh
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641, Mexico 06600, DF, Mexico;
| | | | - Sofía N. Chulze
- Research Institute on Mycology and Mycotoxicology (IMICO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council-National University of Río Cuarto (CONICET-UNRC), 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina;
| | - Emerson M. Del Ponte
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil;
| | - Alemayehu Chala
- College of Agriculture, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 5, Hawassa 1000, Ethiopia;
| | - Paola Battilani
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Universitá Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via E. Parmense, 84-29122 Piacenza, Italy;
| | - Antonio F. Logrieco
- Institute of the Science of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy;
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Islam MN, Tabassum M, Banik M, Daayf F, Fernando WGD, Harris LJ, Sura S, Wang X. Naturally Occurring Fusarium Species and Mycotoxins in Oat Grains from Manitoba, Canada. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:670. [PMID: 34564673 PMCID: PMC8473195 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) can lead to dramatic yield losses and mycotoxin contamination in small grain cereals in Canada. To assess the extent and severity of FHB in oat, samples collected from 168 commercial oat fields in the province of Manitoba, Canada, during 2016-2018 were analyzed for the occurrence of Fusarium head blight and associated mycotoxins. Through morphological and molecular analysis, F. poae was found to be the predominant Fusarium species affecting oat, followed by F. graminearum, F. sporotrichioides, F. avenaceum, and F. culmorum. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV), type B trichothecenes, were the two most abundant Fusarium mycotoxins detected in oat. Beauvericin (BEA) was also frequently detected, though at lower concentrations. Close clustering of F. poae and NIV/BEA, F. graminearum and DON, and F. sporotrichioides and HT2/T2 (type A trichothecenes) was detected in the principal component analysis. Sampling location and crop rotation significantly impacted the concentrations of Fusarium mycotoxins in oat. A phylogenetic analysis of 95 F. poae strains from Manitoba was conducted using the concatenated nucleotide sequences of Tef-1α, Tri1, and Tri8 genes. The results indicated that all F. poae strains belong to a monophyletic lineage. Four subgroups of F. poae strains were identified; however, no correlations were observed between the grouping of F. poae strains and sample locations/crop rotations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nazrul Islam
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Morden Research and Development Centre, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - Mourita Tabassum
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 66 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Mitali Banik
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Morden Research and Development Centre, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - Fouad Daayf
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 66 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - W G Dilantha Fernando
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 66 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Linda J Harris
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Srinivas Sura
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Morden Research and Development Centre, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - Xiben Wang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Morden Research and Development Centre, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada
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50
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Zhang Y, Li A, Zhu S, Li L, He X, Sun Z, Li T. Basal Rachis Internode Injection: A Novel Inoculation Method to Evaluate Wheat Resistance to Fusarium Head Blight. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1670-1674. [PMID: 33599531 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-20-0488-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most destructive fungal diseases of wheat. However, difficulties in reliably phenotyping of this disease have greatly hindered the understanding of the mechanism of wheat-pathogen interaction and genetic improvement of FHB resistance. Here we report a novel inoculation method called basal rachis internode injection (BRII), in which inoculum is injected into the basal internode of a rachis instead of a floret, as is done in single floret inoculation (SFI). One of the prominent advantages of BRII over SFI and other traditional methods lies in its independence from the moisture-maintaining system that is necessary for all existing methods, making it insensitive to environmental humidity and hence cost-effective. Another unique feature of BRII is that this method produces nearly clear-cut reaction types, by which FHB resistance can be treated as a qualitative trait because generally no FHB symptoms appear on the spikelets of resistant genotypes. In addition, BRII outperformed SFI with a higher infection rate and better goodness of fit with known FHB resistance and quantitative trait locus components in a panel of 15 genotypes, as well as two populations of recombinant inbred lines segregating in Fhb1. Note that BRII and SFI methods are not mutually exclusive but rather complementary because each method has its own advantages in differentiating FHB resistance between genotypes. Combining these two methods would significantly improve the reliability and consistency of FHB phenotyping in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Collaborative Innovation of Modern Crops and Food Crops in Jiangsu/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Aiai Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Collaborative Innovation of Modern Crops and Food Crops in Jiangsu/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Development Center for Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Suqin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Collaborative Innovation of Modern Crops and Food Crops in Jiangsu/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lei Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Collaborative Innovation of Modern Crops and Food Crops in Jiangsu/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xinyao He
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), 06600 Mexico DF, Mexico
| | - Zhengxi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Collaborative Innovation of Modern Crops and Food Crops in Jiangsu/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Collaborative Innovation of Modern Crops and Food Crops in Jiangsu/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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