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Kenngott KGJ, Muñoz K. The potential of soil microbial communities to transform deoxynivalenol in agricultural soils-a soil microcosm study. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:295-307. [PMID: 38507027 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00526-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Infestation of cereal fields with toxigenic Fusarium species is identified as an environmental source for the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON). During rain events, DON may be washed off from infested plants and enter the soil, where microbial transformation may occur. Although some studies showed DON transformation potential of soil microbial communities in liquid soil extracts, these findings can not be transferred to environmental conditions. Accordingly, microbial transformation of DON in soil has to be investigated under realistic conditions, e.g., microcosms mimicking field situations. In this study, we investigated the potential of soil microbial communities to transform DON in six different agricultural soils at two levels (0.5 and 5 µg g-1). The dissipation and the formation of transformation products were investigated in a period of 35 days and compared to a sterilized control. In addition, we measured soil respiration and applied the phospholipid-derived fatty acid (PLFA) analysis to assess whether soil microbial community characteristics are related to the microbial transformation potential. Dissipation of DON in non-sterilized soils was fast (50% dissipation within 0.6-3.7 days) compared to the sterile control where almost no dissipation was observed. Thus, dissipation was mainly attributed to microbial transformation. We verified that small amounts of DON are transformed to 3-keto-deoxynivalenol (3-keto-DON) and 3-epi-deoxynivalenol (3-epi-DON), which were not detectable after 16-day incubation, indicating further transformation processes. There was a trend towards faster transformation in soils with active and large microbial communities and low fungi-to-bacteria ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian G J Kenngott
- Institute for Environmental Sciences (iES) Landau, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fortstraße 7, Landau, 76829, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
| | - Katherine Muñoz
- Institute for Environmental Sciences (iES) Landau, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fortstraße 7, Landau, 76829, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
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2
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Murtaza B, Wang L, Li X, Nawaz MY, Saleemi MK, Khatoon A, Yongping X. Recalling the reported toxicity assessment of deoxynivalenol, mitigating strategies and its toxicity mechanisms: Comprehensive review. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 387:110799. [PMID: 37967807 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins frequently contaminate a variety of food items, posing significant concerns for both food safety and public health. The adverse consequences linked to poisoning from these substances encompass symptoms such as vomiting, loss of appetite, diarrhea, the potential for cancer development, impairments to the immune system, disruptions in neuroendocrine function, genetic damage, and, in severe cases, fatality. The deoxynivalenol (DON) raises significant concerns for both food safety and human health, particularly due to its potential harm to vital organs in the body. It is one of the most prevalent fungal contaminants found in edible items used by humans and animals globally. The presence of harmful mycotoxins, including DON, in food has caused widespread worry. Altered versions of DON have arisen as possible risks to the environment and well-being, as they exhibit a greater propensity to revert back to the original mycotoxins. This can result in the buildup of mycotoxins in both animals and humans, underscoring the pressing requirement for additional investigation into the adverse consequences of these modified mycotoxins. Furthermore, due to the lack of sufficient safety data, accurately evaluating the risk posed by modified mycotoxins remains challenging. Our review study delves into conjugated forms of DON, exploring its structure, toxicity, control strategies, and a novel animal model for assessing its toxicity. Various toxicities, such as acute, sub-acute, chronic, and cellular, are proposed as potential mechanisms contributing to the toxicity of conjugated forms of DON. Additionally, the study offers an overview of DON's toxicity mechanisms and discusses its widespread presence worldwide. A thorough exploration of the health risk evaluation associated with conjugated form of DON is also provided in this discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Murtaza
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China; Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China; Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116600, China
| | | | | | - Aisha Khatoon
- Department of Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Xu Yongping
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China; Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116600, China.
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Tu Y, Liu S, Cai P, Shan T. Global distribution, toxicity to humans and animals, biodegradation, and nutritional mitigation of deoxynivalenol: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:3951-3983. [PMID: 37421323 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the main types of B trichothecenes, and it causes health-related issues in humans and animals and imposes considerable challenges to food and feed safety globally each year. This review investigates the global hazards of DON, describes the occurrence of DON in food and feed in different countries, and systematically uncovers the mechanisms of the various toxic effects of DON. For DON pollution, many treatments have been reported on the degradation of DON, and each of the treatments has different degradation efficacies and degrades DON by a distinct mechanism. These treatments include physical, chemical, and biological methods and mitigation strategies. Biodegradation methods include microorganisms, enzymes, and biological antifungal agents, which are of great research significance in food processing because of their high efficiency, low environmental hazards, and drug resistance. And we also reviewed the mechanisms of biodegradation methods of DON, the adsorption and antagonism effects of microorganisms, and the different chemical transformation mechanisms of enzymes. Moreover, nutritional mitigation including common nutrients (amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and microelements) and plant extracts was discussed in this review, and the mitigation mechanism of DON toxicity was elaborated from the biochemical point of view. These findings help explore various approaches to achieve the best efficiency and applicability, overcome DON pollution worldwide, ensure the sustainability and safety of food processing, and explore potential therapeutic options with the ability to reduce the deleterious effects of DON in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuang Tu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Shiqi Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Peiran Cai
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Tizhong Shan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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Liang SJ, Wang XQ. Deoxynivalenol induces intestinal injury: insights from oxidative stress and intestinal stem cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:48676-48685. [PMID: 36856999 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites that frequently occur in human and animal diets. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most widely occurring mycotoxins globally and poses significant harm to the animal husbandry industry and human health. People are increasingly aware of the adverse effects of DON on vulnerable structures and functions in the intestine, especially in the field of intestinal stem cells (ISCs). In this review, we present insights into DON that induces oxidative stress and affects the expansion of ISCs. Related studies of strategies for reducing its harm are summarized. We also discussed promising approaches such as regulation of microbiota, molecular docking, and modulation of the redox status via reducing the expression of Keap1 protein and single-cell sequencing, which may be critical for further revealing the mechanism of DON that induces oxidative stress and affects the expansion of ISCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Jie Liang
- Guangdong Laboratory Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiu-Qi Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
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Photoelectrocatalytic detoxification and cytotoxicity analysis of deoxynivalenol over oxygen vacancy-engineered WO3-x film with low bias. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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3-keto-DON, but Not 3- epi-DON, Retains the in Planta Toxicological Potential after the Enzymatic Biotransformation of Deoxynivalenol. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137230. [PMID: 35806249 PMCID: PMC9266554 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a secondary fungal metabolite that is associated with many adverse toxicological effects in agriculture as well as human/animal nutrition. Bioremediation efforts in recent years have led to the discovery of numerous bacterial isolates that can transform DON to less toxic derivatives. Both 3-keto-DON and 3-epi-DON were recently shown to exhibit reduced toxicity, compared to DON, when tested using different cell lines and mammalian models. In the current study, the toxicological assessment of 3-keto-DON and 3-epi-DON using in planta models surprisingly revealed that 3-keto-DON, but not 3-epi-DON, retained its toxicity to a large extent in both duckweeds (Lemna minor L.) and common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) model systems. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that the exposure of L. minor to 3-keto-DON and DON resulted in substantial transcriptomic changes and similar gene expression profiles, whereas 3-epi-DON did not. These novel findings are pivotal for understanding the environmental burden of the above metabolites as well as informing the development of future transgenic plant applications. Collectively, they emphasize the fundamental need to assess both plant and animal models when evaluating metabolites/host interactions.
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Ezdini K, Ben Salah-Abbès J, Belgacem H, Ojokoh B, Chaieb K, Abbès S. The ameliorative effect of Lactobacillus paracasei BEJ01 against FB1 induced spermatogenesis disturbance, testicular oxidative stress and histopathological damage. Toxicol Mech Methods 2022; 33:1-10. [PMID: 35668617 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2022.2087049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a possible carcinogenic molecule for humans as classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 2B group. In livestock, it is responsible for several mycotoxicoses and economic losses. Lactobacillus strains, inhabitants of a wide range of foodstuffs and the gastrointestinal tract, are generally recognized as safe (GRAS). Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the protective effect of Lactobacillus paracasei (LP) against FB1-induced reprotoxicities including testicular histopathology, sperm quality disturbance, and testosterone level reduction.Pubescent mice were divided randomly into four groups and treated for 10 days. Group 1: Control; Group 2: FB1 (100 μg/kg b.w); Group 3: LP (2 × 109 CFU/kg b.w); Group 4: LP (2 × 109 CFU/kg b.w) and FB1 (100 μg/kg b.w). After the end of the treatment, animals were sacrificed. Plasma, epididymis, and testis were collected for reproductive system studies.Our results showed that FB1 altered epididymal sperm quality, generated oxidative stress, and induced histological alterations. Interestingly, these deleterious effects have been counteracted by the LP administration in mice.In conclusion, LP was able to prevent FB1-reproductive system damage in BALB/c mice and could be validated as an anti-caking agent in an animal FB1-contaminated diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khawla Ezdini
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Jalila Ben Salah-Abbès
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hela Belgacem
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Bolanle Ojokoh
- Department of Information Systems, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Kamel Chaieb
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samir Abbès
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Béja, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
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Kenngott KGJ, Albert J, Meyer-Wolfarth F, Schaumann GE, Muñoz K. Fusarium Mycotoxins in Maize Field Soils: Method Validation and Implications for Sampling Strategy. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:130. [PMID: 35202157 PMCID: PMC8875666 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
While mycotoxins are generally regarded as food contamination issues, there is growing interest in mycotoxins as environmental pollutants. The main sources of trichothecene and zearalenone mycotoxins in the environment are mainly attributed to Fusarium infested fields, where mycotoxins can wash off in infested plants or harvest residues. Subsequently, mycotoxins inevitably enter the soil. In this context, investigations into the effects, fate, and transport are still needed. However, there is a lack of analytical methods used to determine Fusarium toxins in soil matrices. We aimed to validate an analytical method capable of determining the toxins nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON), 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-AcDON), and zearalenone (ZEN), at environmentally relevant concentrations, in five contrasting agricultural soils. Soils were spiked at three levels (3, 9 and 15 ng g-1), extracted by solid-liquid extraction assisted with ultrasonication, using a generic solvent composition of acetonitrile:water 84:16 (v:v) and measured by LC-HRMS. Method validation was successful for NIV, DON, and 15-AcDON with mean recoveries > 93% and RSDr < 10%. ZEN failed the validation criteria. The validated method was applied to eight conventionally managed maize field soils during harvest season, to provide a first insight into DON, NIV, and 15-AcDON levels. Mycotoxins were present in two out of eight sampled maize fields. Soil mycotoxin concentrations ranged from 0.53 to 19.4 ng g-1 and 0.8 to 2.2 ng g-1 for DON and NIV, respectively. Additionally, we found indication that "hot-spot" concentrations were restricted to small scales (<5 cm) with implications for field scale soil monitoring strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian G. J. Kenngott
- Group of Environmental and Soil Chemistry, Institute for Environmental Sciences (iES) Landau, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany; (K.G.J.K.); (J.A.); (G.E.S.)
| | - Julius Albert
- Group of Environmental and Soil Chemistry, Institute for Environmental Sciences (iES) Landau, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany; (K.G.J.K.); (J.A.); (G.E.S.)
| | - Friederike Meyer-Wolfarth
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Field Crops and Grassland, Messeweg 11/12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Gabriele E. Schaumann
- Group of Environmental and Soil Chemistry, Institute for Environmental Sciences (iES) Landau, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany; (K.G.J.K.); (J.A.); (G.E.S.)
| | - Katherine Muñoz
- Group of Organic and Ecological Chemistry, Institute for Environmental Sciences (iES) Landau, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
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Pinto ACSM, De Pierri CR, Evangelista AG, Gomes ASDLPB, Luciano FB. Deoxynivalenol: Toxicology, Degradation by Bacteria, and Phylogenetic Analysis. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020090. [PMID: 35202118 PMCID: PMC8876347 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by fungi that contaminates many crops, mainly wheat, maize, and barley. It affects animal health, causing intestinal barrier impairment and immunostimulatory effect in low doses and emesis, reduction in feed conversion rate, and immunosuppression in high doses. As it is very hard to completely avoid DON’s production in the field, mitigatory methods have been developed. Biodegradation has become a promising method as new microorganisms are studied and new enzymatic routes are described. Understanding the common root of bacteria with DON degradation capability and the relationship with their place of isolation may bring insights for more effective ways to find DON-degrading microorganisms. The purpose of this review is to bring an overview of the occurrence, regulation, metabolism, and toxicology of DON as addressed in recent publications focusing on animal production, as well as to explore the enzymatic routes described for DON’s degradation by microorganisms and the phylogenetic relationship among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Caroline Schoch Marques Pinto
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, 1155 Imaculada Conceição Street, Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil; (A.C.S.M.P.); (A.G.E.); (A.S.d.L.P.B.G.)
| | - Camilla Reginatto De Pierri
- Graduate Program in Sciences—Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, 100 Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos Avenue, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba 81530-000, Brazil;
| | - Alberto Gonçalves Evangelista
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, 1155 Imaculada Conceição Street, Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil; (A.C.S.M.P.); (A.G.E.); (A.S.d.L.P.B.G.)
| | - Ana Silvia de Lara Pires Batista Gomes
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, 1155 Imaculada Conceição Street, Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil; (A.C.S.M.P.); (A.G.E.); (A.S.d.L.P.B.G.)
| | - Fernando Bittencourt Luciano
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, 1155 Imaculada Conceição Street, Prado Velho, Curitiba 80215-901, Brazil; (A.C.S.M.P.); (A.G.E.); (A.S.d.L.P.B.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Gao H, Niu J, Yang H, Lu Z, Zhou L, Meng F, Lu F, Chen M. Epimerization of Deoxynivalenol by the Devosia Strain A6-243 Assisted by Pyrroloquinoline Quinone. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 14:toxins14010016. [PMID: 35050993 PMCID: PMC8779532 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a secondary metabolite produced by several Fusarium species that is hazardous to humans and animals after entering food chains. In this study, by adding cofactors, the Devosia strain A6-243 is identified as the DON-transforming bacteria from a bacterial consortium with the ability to biotransform DON of Pseudomonas sp. B6-24 and Devosia strain A6-243, and its effect on the biotransformation process of DON is studied. The Devosia strain A6-243 completely biotransformed 100 μg/mL of DON with the assistance of the exogenous addition of PQQ (pyrroloquinoline quinone) within 48 h and produced non-toxic 3-epi-DON (3-epi-deoxynivalenol), while Pseudomonas sp. B6-24 was not able to biotransform DON, but it had the ability to generate PQQ. Moreover, the Devosia strain A6-243 not only degraded DON, but also exhibited the ability to degrade 3-keto-DON (3-keto-deoxynivalenol) with the same product 3-epi-DON, indicating that DON epimerization by the Devosia strain A6-243 is a two-step enzymatic reaction. The most suitable conditions for the biodegradation process of the Devosia strain A6-243 were a temperature of 16–37 °C and pH 7.0–10, with 15–30 μM PQQ. In addition, the Devosia strain A6-243 was found to completely remove DON (6.7 μg/g) from DON-contaminated wheat. The results presented a reference for screening microorganisms with the ability of biotransform DON and laid a foundation for the development of enzymes for the detoxification of mycotoxins in grain and its products.
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Vanhoutte I, De Tender C, Demeyere K, Abdallah MF, Ommeslag S, Vermeir P, Saeger SD, Debode J, Meyer E, Croubels S, Audenaert K, De Gelder L. Bacterial Enrichment Cultures Biotransform the Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol into a Novel Metabolite Toxic to Plant and Porcine Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080552. [PMID: 34437423 PMCID: PMC8402469 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON), produced in wheat, barley and maize by Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum, is threatening the health of humans and animals. With its worldwide high incidence in food and feed, mitigation strategies are needed to detoxify DON, maintaining the nutritional value and palatability of decontaminated commodities. A promising technique is biological degradation, where microorganisms are used to biotransform mycotoxins into less toxic metabolites. In this study, bacterial enrichment cultures were screened for their DON detoxification potential, where DON and its potential derivatives were monitored. The residual phytotoxicity was determined through a bioassay using the aquatic plant Lemna minor L. Two bacterial enrichment cultures were found to biotransform DON into a still highly toxic metabolite for plants. Furthermore, a cytotoxic effect was observed on the cellular viability of intestinal porcine epithelial cells. Through liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis, an unknown compound was detected, and tentatively characterized with a molecular weight of 30.0 Da (i.e., CH2O) higher than DON. Metabarcoding of the subsequently enriched bacterial communities revealed a shift towards the genera Sphingopyxis, Pseudoxanthomonas, Ochrobactrum and Pseudarthrobacter. This work describes the discovery of a novel bacterial DON-derived metabolite, toxic to plant and porcine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Vanhoutte
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Caroline De Tender
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (C.D.T.); (S.O.); (J.D.)
- Computer Science and Statistics, Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristel Demeyere
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (K.D.); (E.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Mohamed F. Abdallah
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.F.A.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Sarah Ommeslag
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (C.D.T.); (S.O.); (J.D.)
| | - Pieter Vermeir
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis (LCA), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.F.A.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Jane Debode
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (C.D.T.); (S.O.); (J.D.)
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (K.D.); (E.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (K.D.); (E.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Leen De Gelder
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-9-243-24-75
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Ruhnau D, Hess C, Doupovec B, Grenier B, Schatzmayr D, Hess M, Awad W. Deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1), a derivate of deoxynivalenol (DON), exhibits less toxicity on intestinal barrier function, Campylobacter jejuni colonization and translocation in broiler chickens. Gut Pathog 2021; 13:44. [PMID: 34217373 PMCID: PMC8254355 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-021-00440-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal epithelial cells are challenged by mycotoxins and many bacterial pathogens. It was previously shown that the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) as well as Campylobacter (C.) jejuni have a negative impact on gut integrity. Recently, it was demonstrated that DON increased the load of C. jejuni in the gut and inner organs. Based on this finding, it was hypothesized the DON metabolite (deepoxy-deoxynivalenol, DOM-1) should be able to reduce the negative effects of DON on colonization and translocation of C. jejuni in broilers, since it lacks the epoxide ring, which is responsible for the toxicity of DON. Methods A total of 180 broiler chickens were housed in floor pens on wood shavings with feed and water provided ad libitum. Birds were divided into six groups (n = 30 with 5 replicates/group): 1. Control, 2. DOM-1, 3. DON, 4. DOM-1 + C. jejuni, 5. DON + C. jejuni, 6. C. jejuni. At day 14, birds of groups 4, 5 and 6 were orally inoculated via feeding tube (gavage) with 1-ml of a PBS suspension containing 1 × 108 CFU of C. jejuni NCTC 12744. The performance parameters: body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), and feed intake of the birds were determined. At 7, 14, and 21 days post infection, samples from liver, spleen, duodenum, jejunum and cecum were aseptically collected and processed for bacteriological investigations. Finally, at each killing time point, segments of duodenum, jejunum and cecum were harvested and prepared for Ussing chamber studies to measure the paracellular mannitol fluxes. Results A significant decrease in body weight was observed for chickens receiving the DON diet with or without C. jejuni compared to the other groups. Furthermore, it was found that the co-exposure of birds to DON and C. jejuni resulted in a higher C. jejuni load not only in the gut but also in liver and spleen due to increased paracellular permeability of the duodenum, jejunum and cecum. On the contrary, DOM-1 supplementation in the feed improved the birds’ performance and led to a better feed conversion ratio throughout the trial. Furthermore, DOM-1 did not negatively affect gut permeability and decreased the C. jejuni counts in the intestine and internal organs. Conclusion Altogether, the presence of DOM-1 in the feed as a result of the enzymatic biotransformation of DON leads to a lower C. jejuni count in the intestine and better feed conversion ratio. Moreover, this study demonstrates that the detoxification product of DON, DOM-1, does not have negative effects on the gastrointestinal tract and reduces the Campylobacter burden in chickens and also the risk for human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ruhnau
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Michael Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wageha Awad
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
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Eagles EJ, Benstead R, MacDonald S, Handy RD, Hutchinson TH. Environmental risks to freshwater organisms from the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and zearalenone using Species Sensitivity Distributions. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 267:129279. [PMID: 33352371 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, laboratory experiments have addressed the acute toxicity of two common mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON), in a range of freshwater organisms (including rotifers Brachionus calyciflorus, insects Chironomus riparius (larvae), crustaceans Daphnia pulex and Thamnocephalus platyurus, cnidarians Hydra vulgaris, molluscs Lymnaea stagnalis (embryos) and Protozoa Tetrahymena thermophila). Acute EC50 values highlight crustaceans as the most sensitive organisms to DON, with T. platyurus having a 24 h EC50 of 0.14 and D. magna having a 48 h EC50 of 0.13 mg DON/L. During exposures to ZON, H. vulgaris and L. stagnalis embryos showed the highest sensitivity; mortality EC50 values were 1.1 (96 h) and 0.42 mg ZON/L (7 d), respectively. Combining these novel invertebrate toxicity results, along with recent published data for freshwater plant and fish toxicity for analysis of Species Sensitivity Distributions, provides freshwater HC5 values of 5.2 μg DON/L and 43 μg ZON/L, respectively. Using highest reported environmental concentrations and following REACH guidelines, risk ratios calculated here show the risk of ZON to freshwater organisms is low. In contrast, DON may periodically because for concern in streams subject to high agricultural run-off, likely during certain times of year where cereal crops are susceptible to higher fungal infections rates and may pose increased risks due to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Eagles
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Rachel Benstead
- FERA Science Ltd., York Biotech Campus, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Susan MacDonald
- FERA Science Ltd., York Biotech Campus, Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Richard D Handy
- School of Biological & Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Thomas H Hutchinson
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
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Vanhoutte I, Vande Ginste J, Verstringe S, Vidal A, De Boevre M, De Saeger S, Audenaert K, De Gelder L. Development of an in vitro gastro-intestinal pig model to screen potential detoxifying agents for the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:488-500. [PMID: 33480829 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1865577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a type B trichothecene mycotoxin with worldwide high incidence in feed which is produced by Fusarium species. Strategies are needed to eliminate its health risk for livestock and to minimise its economic impact on production. In order to assess the efficacy of potential physical, chemical and biological DON detoxifying agents, a good in vitro model is necessary to perform a fast and high-throughput screening of new compounds before in vivo trials are set up. In this paper, an in vitro model was developed to screen potential commercial products for DON degradation and detoxification. Contaminated feed with potential detoxifying agents are first applied to a simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of a pig, after which detoxification is assessed through a robust, inexpensive and readily applicable Lemna minor L. aquatic plant bioassay which enables evaluation of the residual toxicity of possible metabolites formed by DON detoxifying agents. The GIT simulation enables taking matrix and incubation parameters into account as they can affect the binding, removal or degradation of DON. One product could reduce DON in feed in the GIT model for almost 100% after 6 h. DON metabolites were tentatively identified with LC-MS/MS. This GIT simulation coupled to a detoxification bioassay is a valuable model for in vitro screening and assessing compounds for DON detoxification, and could be expanded towards other mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Vanhoutte
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Arnau Vidal
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leen De Gelder
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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15
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Tso KH, Lumsangkul C, Ju JC, Fan YK, Chiang HI. The Potential of Peroxidases Extracted from the Spent Mushroom ( Flammulina velutipes) Substrate Significantly Degrade Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13010072. [PMID: 33478106 PMCID: PMC7835844 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the degradability of mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) by the spent mushroom substrate (SMS)-derived manganese peroxidase (MnP) and lignin peroxidase (LiP) and its potential. The present study investigated the growth inhibition of Fusarium graminearum KR1 and the degradation of DON by MnP and LiP extracted from SMS. The results from the 7-day treatment period showed that mycelium inhibition of F. graminearum KR1 by MnP and LiP were 23.7% and 74.7%, respectively. Deoxynivalenol production in the mycelium of F. graminearum KR1 was undetectable after treatment with 50 U/mL of MnP or LiP for 7 days. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) content and chitinase activity both increased in the hyphae of F. graminearum KR1 after treatment with MnP and LiP for 1, 3, and 6 h, respectively. At 12 h, only the LiP-treated group had higher chitinase activity and GlcNAc content than those of the control group (p < 0.05). However, more than 60% of DON degradabilities (0.5 mg/kg, 1 h) were observed under various pH values (2.5, 4.5, and 6.5) in both MnP (50 U/g) and LiP (50 U/g) groups, while DON degradability at 1 mg/kg was 85.5% after 50 U/g of LiP treatment for 7 h in simulated pig gastrointestinal tracts. Similarly, DON degradability at 5 mg/kg was 67.1% after LiP treatment for 4.5 h in simulated poultry gastrointestinal tracts. The present study demonstrated that SMS-extracted peroxidases, particularly LiP, could effectively degrade DON and inhibit the mycelium growth of F. graminearum KR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko-Hua Tso
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
| | - Chompunut Lumsangkul
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Jyh-Cherng Ju
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, College of Information and Electrical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (J.-C.J.); (Y.-K.F.); (H.-IC.); Tel.: +886-4-2287-0613 (J.-C.J. & Y.-K.F. & H.-IC.); Fax: +886-4-2286-0265 (J.-C.J. & Y.-K.F. & H.-IC.)
| | - Yang-Kwang Fan
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (J.-C.J.); (Y.-K.F.); (H.-IC.); Tel.: +886-4-2287-0613 (J.-C.J. & Y.-K.F. & H.-IC.); Fax: +886-4-2286-0265 (J.-C.J. & Y.-K.F. & H.-IC.)
| | - Hsin-I Chiang
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (J.-C.J.); (Y.-K.F.); (H.-IC.); Tel.: +886-4-2287-0613 (J.-C.J. & Y.-K.F. & H.-IC.); Fax: +886-4-2286-0265 (J.-C.J. & Y.-K.F. & H.-IC.)
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Ziegler P, Sree KS, Appenroth KJ. Duckweed biomarkers for identifying toxic water contaminants? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:14797-14822. [PMID: 30397749 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3427-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Surface or ground waters can be contaminated with numerous toxic substances. The duckweeds Lemna minor and Lemna gibba are widely used for assaying waterborne toxicity to higher plants in terms of growth inhibition and photosynthetic pigment reduction. These tests cannot, however, in themselves determine the nature of the agents responsible for toxicity. Morphological, developmental, physiological, biochemical, and genetic responses of duckweeds to exposure to toxic water contaminants constitute biomarkers of toxic effect. In principle, the very detection of these biomarkers should enable the contaminants having elicited them (and being responsible for the toxicity) to be identified. However, in practice, this is severely compromised by insufficient specificity of biomarkers for their corresponding toxicants and by the lack of documentation of biomarker/toxin relationships. The present contribution illustrates the difficulties of using known water contaminant-related duckweed biomarkers to identify toxins, and discusses possibilities for achieving this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ziegler
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Kandregula Sowjanya Sree
- Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periye, 671316, India
| | - Klaus-Jürgen Appenroth
- Matthias-Schleiden Institute, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743, Jena, Germany
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17
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Eagles EJ, Benstead R, MacDonald S, Handy R, Hutchinson TH. Impacts of the mycotoxin zearalenone on growth and photosynthetic responses in laboratory populations of freshwater macrophytes (Lemna minor) and microalgae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 169:225-231. [PMID: 30448705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are an important class of chemicals of emerging concern, recently detected in aquatic environments, potentially reflecting the influence of fungicide resistance and climatic factors on fungal diseases in agricultural crops. Zearalenone (ZON) is a mycotoxin formed by Fusarium spp. and is known for its biological activity in animal tissues; both in vitro and in vivo. ZON has been reported in US and Polish surface waters at 0.7 - 96 ng/L, with agricultural run-off and wastewater treatment plants being the likely sources of mycotoxins. As some mycotoxins can induce phytotoxicity, laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the toxicity of ZON (as measured concentrations) to freshwater algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) and macrophytes (Lemna minor) following OECD test guidelines 201 and 221, respectively. Zinc sulphate was used as a positive control. In the OECD 201 algal static study (72 h at 24 ± 1 °C), exposure to ZON gave average specific growth rate (cell density) EC50 and yield (cell density) EC50 values of > 3.1 and 0.92 (0.74 - 1.8) mg/L, respectively. ZON was less toxic in the OECD 221 static study and after 7 d at 24 ± 1 °C. L. minor growth was significantly reduced based on frond number and frond area at 11.4 mg ZON/L, showing a higher tolerance than reported for other mycotoxins with Lemna spp. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were used as biomarkers of impacts on photosystem II efficiency, with no effect seen in algae but, with responses being observed in L. minor between 5.2 - 14.4 mg ZON/L. ZON toxicity seen here is not of immediate concern in context with environmental levels, but this study highlights that other freshwater organisms including algae are more sensitive to mycotoxins than Lemna sp., the only current source of toxicity data for freshwater plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Eagles
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Rachel Benstead
- FERA Science Ltd., National Agri-Food Innovation Campus, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Susan MacDonald
- FERA Science Ltd., National Agri-Food Innovation Campus, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Richard Handy
- School of Biological & Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Thomas H Hutchinson
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
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18
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Wang H, Mao J, Zhang Z, Zhang Q, Zhang L, Zhang W, Li P. Photocatalytic degradation of deoxynivalenol over dendritic-like α-Fe₂O₃ under visible light irradiation. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E105. [PMID: 30754708 PMCID: PMC6409584 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a secondary metabolite produced by Fusarium, which is a trichothecene mycotoxin. As the main mycotoxin with high toxicity, wheat, barley, corn and their products are susceptible to contamination of DON. Due to the stability of this mycotoxin, traditional methods for DON reduction often require a strong oxidant, high temperature and high pressure with more energy consumption. Therefore, exploring green, efficient and environmentally friendly ways to degrade or reduce DON is a meaningful and challenging issue. Herein, a dendritic-like α-Fe₂O₃ was successfully prepared using a facile hydrothermal synthesis method at 160 °C, which was systematically characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It was found that dendritic-like α-Fe₂O₃ showed superior activity for the photocatalytic degradation of DON in aqueous solution under visible light irradiation (λ > 420 nm) and 90.3% DON (initial concentration of 4.0 μg/mL) could be reduced in 2 h. Most of all, the main possible intermediate products were proposed through high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) after the photocatalytic treatment. This work not only provides a green and promising way to mitigate mycotoxin contamination but also may present useful information for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiting Wang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (H.W.); (J.M.); (Z.Z.); (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (W.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jin Mao
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (H.W.); (J.M.); (Z.Z.); (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (W.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Biotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Zhaowei Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (H.W.); (J.M.); (Z.Z.); (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (W.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Biotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (H.W.); (J.M.); (Z.Z.); (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (W.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Biotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Liangxiao Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (H.W.); (J.M.); (Z.Z.); (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (W.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (H.W.); (J.M.); (Z.Z.); (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (W.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Biotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Peiwu Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (H.W.); (J.M.); (Z.Z.); (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (W.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Biotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
- Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
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Qu R, Jiang C, Wu W, Pang B, Lei S, Lian Z, Shao D, Jin M, Shi J. Conversion of DON to 3-epi-DON in vitro and toxicity reduction of DON in vivo by Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Food Funct 2019; 10:2785-2796. [PMID: 31049545 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00234k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Lactobacillus rhamnosus can convert DON to 3-epi-DON in vitro and reduce DON toxicity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Qu
- School of Life Sciences
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 Youyi West Road
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Chunmei Jiang
- School of Life Sciences
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 Youyi West Road
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Wanqin Wu
- School of Life Sciences
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 Youyi West Road
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Bing Pang
- School of Life Sciences
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 Youyi West Road
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Shuzhen Lei
- School of Life Sciences
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 Youyi West Road
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Ziyang Lian
- School of Life Sciences
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 Youyi West Road
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Dongyan Shao
- School of Life Sciences
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 Youyi West Road
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Mingliang Jin
- School of Life Sciences
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 Youyi West Road
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Junling Shi
- School of Life Sciences
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 Youyi West Road
- Xi'an
- China
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20
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Employing immuno-affinity for the analysis of various microbial metabolites of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1556:81-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Hassan Y, Zhou T. Addressing the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol contamination with soil-derived bacterial and enzymatic transformations targeting the C3 carbon. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The search for feasible biological means of detoxifying mycotoxins has attained successful accomplishments in the past twenty years due to the involvement of many teams coming from diverse backgrounds and research expertise. The recently witnessed breakthroughs in the field of bacterial genomics (including next-generation sequencing), proteomics, and computational biology helped all in shaping the current understanding of how microorganisms/mycotoxins/environmental factors intertwined and interact together, hence paving the road for some substantial discoveries. This perspective review summarises the advances that were observed in the past two decades within the deoxynivalenol (DON) bio-detoxification field. It highlights the research efforts and progresses that were made in the arena of the aerobic oxidation and epimerization of this mycotoxin at the C3 carbon carried out by multiple Devosia species. Moreover, it sets practical examples and discusses how the recent standing-knowledge of bacterial detoxifications of this mycotoxin has evolved into a fascinating potential of empirical bacterial and enzymatic solutions aiming at addressing DON contamination. The obtained results argue for determining the involved enzyme’s co-factors and defining the chemistry behind the established catalytic activity at an early stage of investigation to maximise the chances of isolating the responsible enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y.I. Hassan
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - T. Zhou
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
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Microbial Inhibition of Fusarium Pathogens and Biological Modification of Trichothecenes in Cereal Grains. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9120408. [PMID: 29261142 PMCID: PMC5744128 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9120408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi of the genus Fusarium infect cereal crops during the growing season and cause head blight and other diseases. Their toxic secondary metabolites (mycotoxins) contaminate grains. Several dozen toxic compounds produced by fungal pathogens have been identified to date. Type B trichothecenes—deoxynivalenol, its acetyl derivatives and nivalenol (produced mainly by F. graminearum and F. culmorum)—are most commonly detected in cereal grains. “T-2 toxin” (produced by, among others, F. sporotrichioides) belongs to type-A trichothecenes which are more toxic than other trichothecenes. Antagonistic bacteria and fungi can affect pathogens of the genus Fusarium via different modes of action: direct (mycoparasitism or hyperparasitism), mixed-path (antibiotic secretion, production of lytic enzymes) and indirect (induction of host defense responses). Microbial modification of trichothecenes involves acetylation, deacetylation, oxidation, de-epoxidation, and epimerization, and it lowers the pathogenic potential of fungi of the genus Fusarium. Other modifing mechanisms described in the paper involve the physical adsorption of mycotoxins in bacterial cells and the conjugation of mycotoxins to glucose and other compounds in plant and fungal cells. The development of several patents supports the commercialization and wider application of microorganisms biodegrading mycotoxins in grains and, consequently, in feed additives.
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