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Lee B, Kader MA, Alam M, Dickson DM, Harvey P, Colgate ER, Taniuchi M, Petri WA, Haque R, Kirkpatrick BD. Infant Non-Secretor Histoblood Group Antigen Phenotype Reduces Susceptibility to Both Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Rotavirus Infection. Pathogens 2024; 13:223. [PMID: 38535566 PMCID: PMC10974866 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13030223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The infant non-secretor histoblood group antigen phenotype is associated with reduced risk of symptomatic rotavirus diarrhea, one of the leading global causes of severe pediatric diarrheal disease and mortality. However, little is known regarding the role of secretor status in asymptomatic rotavirus infections. Therefore, we performed a nested case-control study within a birth cohort study previously conducted in Dhaka, Bangladesh, to determine the association between infant secretor phenotype and the odds of asymptomatic rotavirus infection, in addition to the risk of rotavirus diarrhea, in unvaccinated infants. In the parent cohort, infants were enrolled in the first week of life and followed through the first two years of life with multiple clinic visits and active surveillance for diarrheal illness. Secretor phenotyping was performed on saliva. Eleven surveillance stools collected over the first year of life were tested for rotavirus by real-time RT-PCR, followed by conventional PCR and amplicon sequencing to identify the infecting P-type of positive specimens. Similar to findings for symptomatic diarrhea, infant non-secretors experienced significantly fewer primary episodes of asymptomatic rotavirus infection through the first year of life in a likely rotavirus P-genotype-dependent manner. These data suggest that non-secretors experienced reduced risk from rotavirus due to decreased susceptibility to infection rather than reduced infection severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Vaccine Testing Center and Translational Global Infectious Diseases Research Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Md Abdul Kader
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (M.A.K.); (M.A.); (R.H.)
| | - Masud Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (M.A.K.); (M.A.); (R.H.)
| | - Dorothy M. Dickson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Vaccine Testing Center and Translational Global Infectious Diseases Research Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (D.M.D.); (P.H.); (E.R.C.); (B.D.K.)
| | - Patrick Harvey
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Vaccine Testing Center and Translational Global Infectious Diseases Research Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (D.M.D.); (P.H.); (E.R.C.); (B.D.K.)
| | - E. Ross Colgate
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Vaccine Testing Center and Translational Global Infectious Diseases Research Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (D.M.D.); (P.H.); (E.R.C.); (B.D.K.)
| | - Mami Taniuchi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (M.T.); (W.A.P.J.)
| | - William A. Petri
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (M.T.); (W.A.P.J.)
| | - Rashidul Haque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (M.A.K.); (M.A.); (R.H.)
| | - Beth D. Kirkpatrick
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Vaccine Testing Center and Translational Global Infectious Diseases Research Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (D.M.D.); (P.H.); (E.R.C.); (B.D.K.)
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Reyes Y, St Jean DT, Bowman NM, González F, Mijatovic-Rustempasic S, Becker-Dreps S, Svensson L, Nordgren J, Bucardo F, Vielot NA. Nonsecretor Phenotype Is Associated With Less Risk of Rotavirus-Associated Acute Gastroenteritis in a Vaccinated Nicaraguan Birth Cohort. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:1739-1747. [PMID: 37279878 PMCID: PMC10733742 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) have been associated with rotavirus vaccine take; but the effect of these HBGAs on rotavirus incidence and risk remains poorly explored in vaccinated populations. METHODS Rotavirus-associated acute gastroenteritis (AGE) was assessed in 444 Nicaraguan children followed from birth until 3 years of age. AGE episodes were tested for rotavirus by reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and saliva or blood was used to determine HBGA phenotypes. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the relative hazard of rotavirus AGE by HBGA phenotypes. RESULTS Rotavirus was detected in 109 (7%) stool samples from 1689 AGE episodes over 36 months of observation between June 2017 and July 2021. Forty-six samples were successfully genotyped. Of these, 15 (35%) were rotavirus vaccine strain G1P[8], followed by G8P[8] or G8P[nt] (11 [24%]) and equine-like G3P[8] (11 [24%]). The overall incidence of rotavirus-associated AGE was 9.2 per 100 child-years, and was significantly higher in secretor than nonsecretor children (9.8 vs 3.5/100 child-years, P = .002). CONCLUSIONS The nonsecretor phenotype was associated with decreased risk of clinical rotavirus vaccine failure in a vaccinated Nicaraguan birth cohort. These results show the importance of secretor status on rotavirus risk, even in vaccinated children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoska Reyes
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua–León, Nicaragua
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Linköping University, Sweden
| | | | - Natalie M Bowman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Fredman González
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua–León, Nicaragua
| | | | - Sylvia Becker-Dreps
- Department of Epidemiology
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Lennart Svensson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Linköping University, Sweden
- Division of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Nordgren
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Filemón Bucardo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua–León, Nicaragua
| | - Nadja A Vielot
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Peña-Gil N, Randazzo W, Carmona-Vicente N, Santiso-Bellón C, Cárcamo-Cálvo R, Navarro-Lleó N, Monedero V, Yebra MJ, Buesa J, Gozalbo-Rovira R, Rodríguez-Díaz J. Culture of Human Rotaviruses in Relevant Models Shows Differences in Culture-Adapted and Nonculture-Adapted Strains. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17362. [PMID: 38139191 PMCID: PMC10743750 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children under 5 years old worldwide, and several studies have demonstrated that histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) play a role in its infection process. In the present study, human stool filtrates from patients diagnosed with RV diarrhea (genotyped as P[8]) were used to infect differentiated Caco-2 cells (dCaco-2) to determine whether such viral strains of clinical origin had the ability to replicate in cell cultures displaying HBGAs. The cell culture-adapted human RV Wa model strain (P[8] genotype) was used as a control. A time-course analysis of infection was conducted in dCaco-2 at 1, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. The replication of two selected clinical isolates and Wa was further assayed in MA104, undifferentiated Caco-2 (uCaco-2), HT29, and HT29-M6 cells, as well as in monolayers of differentiated human intestinal enteroids (HIEs). The results showed that the culture-adapted Wa strain replicated more efficiently in MA104 cells than other utilized cell types. In contrast, clinical virus isolates replicated more efficiently in dCaco-2 cells and HIEs. Furthermore, through surface plasmon resonance analysis of the interaction between the RV spike protein (VP8*) and its glycan receptor (the H antigen), the V7 RV clinical isolate showed 45 times better affinity compared to VP8* from the Wa strain. These findings support the hypothesis that the differences in virus tropism between clinical virus isolates and RV Wa could be a consequence of the different HBGA contents on the surface of the cell lines employed. dCaco-2, HT29, and HT29M6 cells and HIEs display HBGAs on their surfaces, whereas MA104 and uCaco-2 cells do not. These results indicate the relevance of using non-cell culture-adapted human RV to investigate the replication of rotavirus in relevant infection models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazaret Peña-Gil
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (N.P.-G.); (N.C.-V.); (C.S.-B.); (R.C.-C.); (N.N.-L.); (J.B.)
- Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Walter Randazzo
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain;
| | - Noelia Carmona-Vicente
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (N.P.-G.); (N.C.-V.); (C.S.-B.); (R.C.-C.); (N.N.-L.); (J.B.)
| | - Cristina Santiso-Bellón
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (N.P.-G.); (N.C.-V.); (C.S.-B.); (R.C.-C.); (N.N.-L.); (J.B.)
- Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Roberto Cárcamo-Cálvo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (N.P.-G.); (N.C.-V.); (C.S.-B.); (R.C.-C.); (N.N.-L.); (J.B.)
- Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Noemi Navarro-Lleó
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (N.P.-G.); (N.C.-V.); (C.S.-B.); (R.C.-C.); (N.N.-L.); (J.B.)
| | - Vicente Monedero
- Department of Biotechnology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (V.M.); (M.J.Y.)
| | - María J. Yebra
- Department of Biotechnology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (V.M.); (M.J.Y.)
| | - Javier Buesa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (N.P.-G.); (N.C.-V.); (C.S.-B.); (R.C.-C.); (N.N.-L.); (J.B.)
- Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Roberto Gozalbo-Rovira
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (N.P.-G.); (N.C.-V.); (C.S.-B.); (R.C.-C.); (N.N.-L.); (J.B.)
- Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (N.P.-G.); (N.C.-V.); (C.S.-B.); (R.C.-C.); (N.N.-L.); (J.B.)
- Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Nyblade C, Zhou P, Frazier M, Frazier A, Hensley C, Fantasia-Davis A, Shahrudin S, Hoffer M, Agbemabiese CA, LaRue L, Barro M, Patton JT, Parreño V, Yuan L. Human Rotavirus Replicates in Salivary Glands and Primes Immune Responses in Facial and Intestinal Lymphoid Tissues of Gnotobiotic Pigs. Viruses 2023; 15:1864. [PMID: 37766270 PMCID: PMC10534682 DOI: 10.3390/v15091864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rotavirus (HRV) is a leading cause of viral gastroenteritis in children across the globe. The virus has long been established as a pathogen of the gastrointestinal tract, targeting small intestine epithelial cells and leading to diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. Recently, this classical infection pathway was challenged by the findings that murine strains of rotavirus can infect the salivary glands of pups and dams and transmit via saliva from pups to dams during suckling. Here, we aimed to determine if HRV was also capable of infecting salivary glands and spreading in saliva using a gnotobiotic (Gn) pig model of HRV infection and disease. Gn pigs were orally inoculated with various strains of HRV, and virus shedding was monitored for several days post-inoculation. HRV was shed nasally and in feces in all inoculated pigs. Infectious HRV was detected in the saliva of four piglets. Structural and non-structural HRV proteins, as well as the HRV genome, were detected in the intestinal and facial tissues of inoculated pigs. The pigs developed high IgM antibody responses in serum and small intestinal contents at 10 days post-inoculation. Additionally, inoculated pigs had HRV-specific IgM antibody-secreting cells present in the ileum, tonsils, and facial lymphoid tissues. Taken together, these findings indicate that HRV can replicate in salivary tissues and prime immune responses in both intestinal and facial lymphoid tissues of Gn pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Nyblade
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
| | - Maggie Frazier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
| | - Annie Frazier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
| | - Casey Hensley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
| | - Ariana Fantasia-Davis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
| | - Shabihah Shahrudin
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (S.S.); (M.H.); (C.A.A.); (J.T.P.)
| | - Miranda Hoffer
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (S.S.); (M.H.); (C.A.A.); (J.T.P.)
| | - Chantal Ama Agbemabiese
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (S.S.); (M.H.); (C.A.A.); (J.T.P.)
| | - Lauren LaRue
- GIVAX Inc.—RAVEN at RA Capital Management, Boston, MA 02116, USA; (L.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Mario Barro
- GIVAX Inc.—RAVEN at RA Capital Management, Boston, MA 02116, USA; (L.L.); (M.B.)
| | - John T. Patton
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (S.S.); (M.H.); (C.A.A.); (J.T.P.)
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
- INCUINTA, IVIT (INTA-Conicet), Hurligham, Buenos Aires 1686, Argentina
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (C.N.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (C.H.); (A.F.-D.); (V.P.)
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Middleton BF, Danchin M, Cunliffe NA, Jones MA, Boniface K, Kirkwood CD, Gallagher S, Kirkham LA, Granland C, McNeal M, Donato C, Bogdanovic-Sakran N, Handley A, Bines JE, Snelling TL. Histo-blood group antigen profile of Australian Aboriginal children and seropositivity following oral rotavirus vaccination. Vaccine 2023:S0264-410X(23)00525-X. [PMID: 37179162 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) may influence immune responses to rotavirus vaccination. METHODS HBGA phenotyping was determined by detection of antigens A, B, H and Lewis a and b in saliva using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Secretor status was confirmed by lectin antigen assay if A, B and H antigens were negative or borderline (OD ± 0.1 of threshold of detection). PCR-RFLP analysis was used to identify the FUT2 'G428A' mutation in a subset. Rotavirus seropositivity was defined as serum anti-rotavirus IgA ≥ 20 AU/mL. RESULTS Of 156 children, 119 (76 %) were secretors, 129 (83 %) were Lewis antigen positive, and 105 (67 %) were rotavirus IgA seropositive. Eighty-seven of 119 (73 %) secretors were rotavirus seropositive, versus 4/9 (44 %) weak secretors and 13/27 (48 %) non-secretors. CONCLUSIONS Most Australian Aboriginal children were secretor and Lewis antigen positive. Non-secretor children were less likely to be seropositive to rotavirus antibodies following vaccination, but this phenotype was less common. HBGA status is unlikely to fully explain underperformance of rotavirus vaccines among Australian Aboriginal children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca F Middleton
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia.
| | - Margie Danchin
- Vaccine Uptake Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Department of General Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nigel A Cunliffe
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mark A Jones
- Health and Clinical Analytics, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Karen Boniface
- Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carl D Kirkwood
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, USA
| | - Sarah Gallagher
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Lea-Ann Kirkham
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia; Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Caitlyn Granland
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Monica McNeal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, USA; Division of Infectious Disease, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Celeste Donato
- Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Amanda Handley
- Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Julie E Bines
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas L Snelling
- Health and Clinical Analytics, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Division of Infectious Disease, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre, Cincinnati, USA; School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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Berry A, Kapelus D, Singh P, Groome M, de Assis Rosa D. ABO blood types, but not Secretor or Lewis blood types, influence strength of antibody response to Hepatitis B vaccine in Black South African children. Vaccine 2023:S0264-410X(23)00465-6. [PMID: 37169653 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Subunit vaccines for the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) have greatly reduced the prevalence of infection and morbidity through HBV-related liver cirrhosis and cancer. However, strength of immune response to vaccination varies considerably. While it is known that ABO blood types may influence HBV infection risk, the role of ABO and related blood types in strength of immune response to HBV vaccine has not been investigated. We examined 16 polymorphisms in the ABO, FUT2, and FUT3 genes and their related phenotypes for associations with strength of antibody response to HBV vaccine in Black South African infants. Anti-HBc and anti-HBs antibody levels were measured by CMIA assay 1-3 months after the last dose of HBV vaccine. Prior infection occurred in 8/207 individuals (3.86%) who were removed from further study. Of the remaining 199 individuals, 83.4% individuals were strong responders (anti-HBs ≥ 100 mIU/ml, median 973 mIU/ml), another 15.6% were weak responders (anti-HBs < 100 mIU/ml, median 50 mIU/ml) and 1% were non-responders (anti-HBs < 10 mIU/ml). The frequency of weak responders to HBV vaccine was not significantly affected by sex, birthweight, use of an additional booster dose of vaccine or cohort of origin. We characterised patterns of genetic variation present at the ABO, FUT2 and FUT3 loci by use of MassArray genotyping and used these data to predict ABO, Secretor and Lewis phenotypes. We observed significant association of ABO blood type with strength of antibody response to HBV vaccine in a Black South African cohort (p = 0.002). In particular, presence of rs8176747G and expression of B antigen (whether in B blood type or AB blood type) was associated with decreased antibody response to HBV vaccine. Secretor and Lewis blood types were not associated with antibody response to HBV vaccine. This work increases our understanding of the impact that host genetic variation may have on vaccine immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Berry
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Jhb, South Africa
| | - Daniel Kapelus
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Jhb, South Africa
| | - Payal Singh
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Jhb, South Africa
| | - Michelle Groome
- Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics (VIDA) Research Unit, SA Medical Research Council and University of the Witwatersrand, Jhb, South Africa; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Jhb, South Africa
| | - Debra de Assis Rosa
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Jhb, South Africa.
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Dudley MZ, Gerber JE, Budigan Ni H, Blunt M, Holroyd TA, Carleton BC, Poland GA, Salmon DA. Vaccinomics: A scoping review. Vaccine 2023; 41:2357-2367. [PMID: 36803903 PMCID: PMC10065969 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This scoping review summarizes a key aspect of vaccinomics by collating known associations between heterogeneity in human genetics and vaccine immunogenicity and safety. METHODS We searched PubMed for articles in English using terms covering vaccines routinely recommended to the general US population, their effects, and genetics/genomics. Included studies were controlled and demonstrated statistically significant associations with vaccine immunogenicity or safety. Studies of Pandemrix®, an influenza vaccine previously used in Europe, were also included, due to its widely publicized genetically mediated association with narcolepsy. FINDINGS Of the 2,300 articles manually screened, 214 were included for data extraction. Six included articles examined genetic influences on vaccine safety; the rest examined vaccine immunogenicity. Hepatitis B vaccine immunogenicity was reported in 92 articles and associated with 277 genetic determinants across 117 genes. Thirty-three articles identified 291 genetic determinants across 118 genes associated with measles vaccine immunogenicity, 22 articles identified 311 genetic determinants across 110 genes associated with rubella vaccine immunogenicity, and 25 articles identified 48 genetic determinants across 34 genes associated with influenza vaccine immunogenicity. Other vaccines had fewer than 10 studies each identifying genetic determinants of their immunogenicity. Genetic associations were reported with 4 adverse events following influenza vaccination (narcolepsy, GBS, GCA/PMR, high temperature) and 2 adverse events following measles vaccination (fever, febrile seizure). CONCLUSION This scoping review identified numerous genetic associations with vaccine immunogenicity and several genetic associations with vaccine safety. Most associations were only reported in one study. This illustrates both the potential of and need for investment in vaccinomics. Current research in this field is focused on systems and genetic-based studies designed to identify risk signatures for serious vaccine reactions or diminished vaccine immunogenicity. Such research could bolster our ability to develop safer and more effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Z Dudley
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Jennifer E Gerber
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Survey Research Division, RTI International, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Haley Budigan Ni
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Office of Health Equity, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Madeleine Blunt
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Taylor A Holroyd
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bruce C Carleton
- Division of Translational Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Pharmaceutical Outcomes Programme, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gregory A Poland
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Daniel A Salmon
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Godefroy E, Barbé L, Le Moullac-Vaidye B, Rocher J, Breiman A, Leuillet S, Mariat D, Chatel JM, Ruvoën-Clouet N, Carton T, Jotereau F, Le Pendu J. Microbiota-induced regulatory T cells associate with FUT2-dependent susceptibility to rotavirus gastroenteritis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1123803. [PMID: 36922975 PMCID: PMC10008897 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1123803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The FUT2 α1,2fucosyltransferase contributes to the synthesis of fucosylated glycans used as attachment factors by several pathogens, including noroviruses and rotaviruses, that can induce life-threatening gastroenteritis in young children. FUT2 genetic polymorphisms impairing fucosylation are strongly associated with resistance to dominant strains of both noroviruses and rotaviruses. Interestingly, the wild-type allele associated with viral gastroenteritis susceptibility inversely appears to be protective against several inflammatory or autoimmune diseases for yet unclear reasons, although a FUT2 influence on microbiota composition has been observed. Here, we studied a cohort of young healthy adults and showed that the wild-type FUT2 allele was associated with the presence of anti-RVA antibodies, either neutralizing antibodies or serum IgA, confirming its association with the risk of RVA gastroenteritis. Strikingly, it was also associated with the frequency of gut microbiota-induced regulatory T cells (Tregs), so-called DP8α Tregs, albeit only in individuals who had anti-RVA neutralizing antibodies or high titers of anti-RVA IgAs. DP8α Tregs specifically recognize the human symbiont Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, which strongly supports their induction by this anti-inflammatory bacterium. The proportion of F. prausnitzii in feces was also associated with the FUT2 wild-type allele. These observations link the FUT2 genotype with the risk of RVA gastroenteritis, the microbiota and microbiota-induced DP8α Treg cells, suggesting that the anti-RVA immune response might involve an induction/expansion of these T lymphocytes later providing a balanced immunological state that confers protection against inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Godefroy
- Inserm, CNRS, Immunology and New Concepts in ImmunoTherapy, INCIT, UMR 1303/EMR6001, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - Laure Barbé
- Inserm, CNRS, Immunology and New Concepts in ImmunoTherapy, INCIT, UMR 1303/EMR6001, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - Béatrice Le Moullac-Vaidye
- Inserm, CNRS, Immunology and New Concepts in ImmunoTherapy, INCIT, UMR 1303/EMR6001, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - Jézabel Rocher
- Inserm, CNRS, Immunology and New Concepts in ImmunoTherapy, INCIT, UMR 1303/EMR6001, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - Adrien Breiman
- Inserm, CNRS, Immunology and New Concepts in ImmunoTherapy, INCIT, UMR 1303/EMR6001, Nantes Université, Nantes, France.,CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Denis Mariat
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR1319, MICALIS, Université Paris Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Jean-Marc Chatel
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR1319, MICALIS, Université Paris Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Nathalie Ruvoën-Clouet
- Inserm, CNRS, Immunology and New Concepts in ImmunoTherapy, INCIT, UMR 1303/EMR6001, Nantes Université, Nantes, France.,ONIRIS, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation, Nantes, France
| | | | - Francine Jotereau
- Inserm, CNRS, Immunology and New Concepts in ImmunoTherapy, INCIT, UMR 1303/EMR6001, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - Jacques Le Pendu
- Inserm, CNRS, Immunology and New Concepts in ImmunoTherapy, INCIT, UMR 1303/EMR6001, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
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9
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The Association between Symptomatic Rotavirus Infection and Histo-Blood Group Antigens in Young Children with Diarrhea in Pretoria, South Africa. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122735. [PMID: 36560739 PMCID: PMC9782691 DOI: 10.3390/v14122735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recently, histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) have been identified as receptors or attachment factors of several viral pathogens. Among rotaviruses, HBGAs interact with the outer viral protein, VP4, which has been identified as a potential susceptibility factor, although the findings are inconsistent throughout populations due to HBGA polymorphisms. We investigated the association between HBGA phenotypes and rotavirus infection in children with acute gastroenteritis in northern Pretoria, South Africa. METHODS Paired diarrheal stool and saliva samples were collected from children aged ≤ 59 months (n = 342) with acute moderate to severe diarrhea, attending two health care facilities. Rotaviruses in the stool samples were detected by commercial EIA and the rotavirus strains were characterized by RT-PCR targeting the outer capsid VP7 (G-type) and VP4 (P-type) antigens for genotyping. Saliva-based ELISAs were performed to determine A, B, H, and Lewis antigens for blood group typing. RESULTS Blood type O was the most common blood group (62.5%) in this population, followed by groups A (26.0%), B (9.3%), and AB (2.2%). The H1-based secretors were common (82.7%) compared to the non-secretors (17.3%), and the Lewis antigen positive phenotypes (Le(a+b+)) were predominant (54.5%). Blood type A children were more likely to be infected by rotavirus (38.8%) than any other blood types. P[4] rotaviruses (21/49; 42.9%) infected only secretor individuals, whereas P[6] rotaviruses (3/49; 6.1%) only infected Le(a-b-), although the numbers were very low. On the contrary, P[8] rotaviruses infected children with a wide range of blood group phenotypes, including Le(a-b-) and non-secretors. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated that Lewis antigens, or the lack thereof, may serve as susceptibility factors to rotaviral infection by specific VP4 genotypes as observed elsewhere. Potentially, the P[8] strains remain the predominant human VP4 genotype due to their ability to bind to a variety of HBGA phenotypes.
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10
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Velasquez-Portocarrero DE, Wang X, Cortese MM, Snider CJ, Anand A, Costantini VP, Yunus M, Aziz AB, Haque W, Parashar U, Sisay Z, Soeters HM, Hyde TB, Jiang B, Zaman K. Head-to-head comparison of the immunogenicity of RotaTeq and Rotarix rotavirus vaccines and factors associated with seroresponse in infants in Bangladesh: a randomised, controlled, open-label, parallel, phase 4 trial. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 22:1606-1616. [PMID: 35961362 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00368-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A head-to-head comparison of the most widely used oral rotavirus vaccines has not previously been done, particularly in a high child mortality setting. We therefore aimed to compare the immunogenicity of RotaTeq (Merck, Kenilworth, NJ, USA) and Rotarix (GlaxoSmithKline, Rixensart, Belgium) rotavirus vaccines in the same population and examined risk factors for low seroresponse. METHODS We did a randomised, controlled, open-label, parallel, phase 4 trial in urban slums within Mirpur and Mohakahli (Dhaka, Bangladesh). We enrolled eligible participants who were healthy infants aged 6 weeks and full-term (ie, >37 weeks' gestation). We randomly assigned participants (1:1), using block randomisation via a computer-generated electronic allocation with block sizes of 8, 16, 24, and 32, to receive either three RotaTeq vaccine doses at ages 6, 10, and 14 weeks or two Rotarix doses at ages 6 and 10 weeks without oral poliovirus vaccine. Coprimary outcomes were the rotavirus-specific IgA seroconversion in both vaccines, and the comparison of the rotavirus IgA seroconversion by salivary secretor phenotype in each vaccine arm. Seroconversion at age 18 weeks in the RotaTeq arm and age of 14 weeks in the Rotarix arm was used to compare the complete series of each vaccine. Seroconversion at age 14 weeks was used to compare two RotaTeq doses versus two Rotarix doses. Seroconversion at age 22 weeks was used to compare the immunogenicity at the same age after receiving the full vaccine series. Safety was assessed for the duration of study participation. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02847026. FINDINGS Between Sept 1 and Dec 8, 2016, a total of 1144 infants were randomly assigned to either the RotaTeq arm (n=571) or Rotarix arm (n=573); 1080 infants (531 in the RotaTeq arm and 549 in the Rotarix arm) completed the study. Rotavirus IgA seroconversion 4 weeks after the full series occurred in 390 (73%) of 531 infants age 18 weeks in the RotaTeq arm and 354 (64%) of 549 infants age 14 weeks in the Rotarix arm (p=0·01). At age 14 weeks, 4 weeks after two doses, RotaTeq recipients had lower seroconversion than Rotarix recipients (268 [50%] of 531 vs 354 [64%] of 549; p<0·0001). However, at age 22 weeks, RotaTeq recipients had higher seroconversion than Rotarix recipients (394 [74%] of 531 vs 278 [51%] of 549; p<0·0001). Among RotaTeq recipients, seroconversion 4 weeks after the third dose was higher than after the second dose (390 [73%] of 531 vs 268 [50%] of 531; p<0·0001]. In the RotaTeq arm, rotavirus IgA seroconversion was lower in non-secretors than in secretors at ages 14 weeks (p=0·08), 18 weeks (p=0·01), and 22 weeks (p=0·02). Similarly, in the Rotarix arm, rotavirus IgA seroconversion was lower in non-secretors than in secretors at ages 14 weeks (p=0·02) and 22 weeks (p=0·01). 65 (11%) of 571 infants had adverse events in the RotaTeq arm compared with 63 (11%) of 573 infants in the Rotarix arm; no adverse events were attributed to the use of either vaccine. One death due to aspiration occurred in the RotaTeq arm, which was not related to the vaccine. INTERPRETATION RotaTeq induced a higher magnitude and longer duration of rotavirus IgA response than Rotarix in this high child mortality setting. Additional vaccination strategies should be evaluated to overcome the suboptimal performance of current oral rotavirus vaccines in these settings. FUNDING US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Abhijeet Anand
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Md Yunus
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Asma B Aziz
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Warda Haque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Umesh Parashar
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zufan Sisay
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Heidi M Soeters
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Terri B Hyde
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Baoming Jiang
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Khalequ Zaman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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11
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Choy RKM, Bourgeois AL, Ockenhouse CF, Walker RI, Sheets RL, Flores J. Controlled Human Infection Models To Accelerate Vaccine Development. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0000821. [PMID: 35862754 PMCID: PMC9491212 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00008-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The timelines for developing vaccines against infectious diseases are lengthy, and often vaccines that reach the stage of large phase 3 field trials fail to provide the desired level of protective efficacy. The application of controlled human challenge models of infection and disease at the appropriate stages of development could accelerate development of candidate vaccines and, in fact, has done so successfully in some limited cases. Human challenge models could potentially be used to gather critical information on pathogenesis, inform strain selection for vaccines, explore cross-protective immunity, identify immune correlates of protection and mechanisms of protection induced by infection or evoked by candidate vaccines, guide decisions on appropriate trial endpoints, and evaluate vaccine efficacy. We prepared this report to motivate fellow scientists to exploit the potential capacity of controlled human challenge experiments to advance vaccine development. In this review, we considered available challenge models for 17 infectious diseases in the context of the public health importance of each disease, the diversity and pathogenesis of the causative organisms, the vaccine candidates under development, and each model's capacity to evaluate them and identify correlates of protective immunity. Our broad assessment indicated that human challenge models have not yet reached their full potential to support the development of vaccines against infectious diseases. On the basis of our review, however, we believe that describing an ideal challenge model is possible, as is further developing existing and future challenge models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K. M. Choy
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - A. Louis Bourgeois
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Richard I. Walker
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Jorge Flores
- PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Seattle, Washington, USA
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12
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Lucien MAB, Esona MD, Pierre M, Joseph G, Rivière C, Leshem E, Aliabadi N, Desormeaux AM, Andre-Alboth J, Fitter DL, Grant-Greene Y, Tate J, Boncy J, Patel R, Burnett E, Juin S, Parashar UD, Bowen MD. Diversity of rotavirus strains circulating in Haiti before and after introduction of monovalent vaccine. IJID REGIONS 2022; 4:146-151. [PMID: 35923644 PMCID: PMC9340491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis among children. In Haiti, the most frequent genotype in the pre-vaccine period was G12P[8]. Equine-like G3P[8] strains dominated most years following vaccine introduction.
Background Haiti introduced a monovalent human group A rotavirus (RVA) vaccine (Rotarix) into its routine infant immunization program in April 2014. The goal of the surveillance program was to characterize RVA strains circulating in Haiti before and after RVA vaccine introduction. Methods Stool samples were collected from children <5 years old presenting with acute gastroenteritis at 16 hospitals in Haiti. RVA antigen enzyme immunoassay (EIA) testing was performed, and G and P genotypes were determined for positive specimens. In this study, genotype data for samples collected from May 2012 through April 2014 (the pre-vaccine introduction era) and May 2014 through July 2019 (post-vaccine introduction era) were analyzed. Results A total of 809 specimens were tested by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. During the pre-vaccine introduction era (May 2012 through April 2014), G12P[8] was the predominant genotype, detected in 88–94% of specimens. There was a high prevalence of the equine-like G3P[8] genotype among Haitian children with RVA after vaccine introduction. Conclusions The predominance of equine-like G3P[8] in three of five RVA seasons post-vaccine introduction suggests possible vaccine-specific selection pressure in Haiti. These temporal variations in RVA genotype predominance will require continued monitoring in Haiti as the vaccination program continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mentor Ali Ber Lucien
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
- Corresponding author: Mentor Ali Ber Lucien, Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
| | - Mathew D. Esona
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Gerard Joseph
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | | | - Eyal Leshem
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Negar Aliabadi
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jacqueline Tate
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jacques Boncy
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | | | - Eleanor Burnett
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Umesh D. Parashar
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael D. Bowen
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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13
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Palit P, Ahmed MMM, Gazi MA, Haque MA, Alam MA, Haque R, Mahfuz M, Ahmed T. Association of Secretor Status with Enteropathy and Growth among Children in Bangladesh Aged 1-24 Months. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 107:449-456. [PMID: 35895378 PMCID: PMC9393443 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretor status refers to the ability of an individual to secrete blood group antigens into body fluids and onto the different epithelial surfaces. Concurrent findings have demonstrated an association of the secretor status of children with susceptibility to a plethora of enteropathogens. We aimed to determine a possible association of secretor status of children with childhood enteropathy, an important causal factor for childhood growth failure. Participants of the Malnutrition and Enteric Disease (MAL-ED) birth cohort study from the Bangladesh site were enrolled along with their mothers. Saliva was analyzed for determining blood groups and secretor status of the children and their mothers by using an in-house ELISA. Approximately 59% of children and 65% of mothers were found to be secretor positive. Secretor-positive children were found to have a significantly positive association with alpha-1-antitrypsin (β-coefficient: 0.11, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.21, P < 0.01) and with environmental enteric dysfunction score (β-coefficient: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.29, 0.65, P = 0.05). However, despite a negative effect size, secretor-positive children did not show any statistical significance with length-for-age and weight-for-age z scores (LAZ and WAZ), respectively. Our findings indicate toward the genetic factor of secretor status of children being associated with childhood growth faltering, through increased susceptibility to distinct enteropathogens and the consequent development of enteric inflammation and enteropathy among children. However, these findings are only applicable in Bangladeshi settings and thus need to be validated in several other similar settings, to establish a possible relationship between the secretor status of children with enteropathy and resulting childhood growth failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag Palit
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (icddr,b)
| | - Mondar Maruf Moin Ahmed
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (icddr,b)
| | - Md Amran Gazi
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (icddr,b)
| | - Md Ahshanul Haque
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (icddr,b)
| | - Md Ashraful Alam
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (icddr,b)
| | - Rashidul Haque
- Emerging Infections and Parasitology Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (icddr,b)
| | - Mustafa Mahfuz
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (icddr,b)
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (icddr,b)
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14
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Hu M, Zhang X, Li J, Chen L, He X, Sui T. Fucosyltransferase 2: A Genetic Risk Factor for Intestinal Diseases. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:940196. [PMID: 35923409 PMCID: PMC9339987 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.940196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The fucosyltransferase 2 gene (FUT2) mediates the synthesis of histoblood group antigens (HBGA) that occur in vivo from multiple organs, particularly on the surface of intestinal epithelial cells and body fluids. To date, many studies have demonstrated that the interaction of HBGA with the host microbiota is the cause of pathogenesis of intestinal diseases, making FUT2 non-secretor a risk factor for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) due to the lack of HBGA. As HBGA also acts as an attachment site for norovirus (NoV) and rotavirus (RV), the non-secretor becomes a protective factor for both viral infections. In addition, the interaction of norovirus and rotavirus with symbiotic bacteria has been found to play an important role in regulating enteroviral infection in IBD. Given the current incomplete understanding of the complex phenomenon and the underlying pathogenesis of intestinal diseases such as IBD, it has recently been hypothesized that the FUT2 gene regulates intestinal bacteria through attachment sites, may help to unravel the role of FUT2 and intestinal flora in the mechanism of intestinal diseases in the future, and provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of intestinal diseases through more in-depth studies.
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15
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El-Heneidy A, Cheung C, Lambert SB, Wang CYT, Whiley DM, Sly PD, Ware RS, Grimwood K. Histo-blood group antigens and rotavirus vaccine virus shedding in Australian infants. Pathology 2022; 54:928-934. [PMID: 35817636 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus vaccine performance varies between high and low income countries. One possible explanation is inherited histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) the expression of which differs between populations. HBGAs are polymorphic glycans on mucosal surfaces. Their presence indicates the secretor phenotype, while their absence identifies a non-secretor status. HBGAs can act as rotavirus receptors and might influence live-attenuated rotavirus vaccine virus replication and shedding. Studies in low and middle income countries of the human rotavirus vaccine Rotarix (RV1), suggest HBGA secretor phenotype is important for vaccine immunogenicity. We investigated in a high income country the association between HBGA phenotype (secretor and Lewis) and the bovine-human reassortment vaccine RotaTeq (RV5) vaccine shedding in the stools of infants following each vaccine dose. Eighty-two infants from an Australian birth cohort provided saliva and weekly stool samples after RV5 vaccination doses. Lewis and secretor HBGA phenotyping was identified from saliva samples and confirmed by genotyping. Vaccine virus strains were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. No significant association between secretor status and vaccine virus shedding was identified. The proportion of infants who shed rotavirus following the first RV5 dose for secretor and non-secretor infants was 57/64 (89%) and 17/18 (94%), respectively, decreasing to 24/64 (33%) and 9/18 (50%) after the second dose and 26/64 (42%) and 8/18 (44%) following the third vaccine dose, respectively. Similarly, no significant differences were observed in vaccine virus shedding by Lewis, or combined Lewis and secretor status, after each vaccine dose. We found HBGAs were not associated with RV5 vaccine virus shedding in Australian infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa El-Heneidy
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Qld, Australia.
| | - Catherine Cheung
- Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, South Brisbane, Qld, Australia; Child Heath Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Stephen B Lambert
- Child Heath Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Claire Y T Wang
- Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, South Brisbane, Qld, Australia; Child Heath Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - David M Whiley
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, and Pathology Queensland Central Laboratory, Herston, Qld, Australia
| | - Peter D Sly
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Robert S Ware
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Qld, Australia
| | - Keith Grimwood
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Qld, Australia; Departments of Paediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Gold Coast Health, Southport, Qld, Australia
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16
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Witte D, Handley A, Jere KC, Bogandovic-Sakran N, Mpakiza A, Turner A, Pavlic D, Boniface K, Mandolo J, Ong DS, Bonnici R, Justice F, Bar-Zeev N, Iturriza-Gomara M, Ackland J, Donato CM, Cowley D, Barnes G, Cunliffe NA, Bines JE. Neonatal rotavirus vaccine (RV3-BB) immunogenicity and safety in a neonatal and infant administration schedule in Malawi: a randomised, double-blind, four-arm parallel group dose-ranging study. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 22:668-678. [PMID: 35065683 PMCID: PMC9021029 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00473-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Rotavirus vaccines reduce rotavirus-related deaths and hospitalisations but are less effective in high child mortality countries. The human RV3-BB neonatal G3P[6] rotavirus vaccine administered in a neonatal schedule was efficacious in reducing severe rotavirus gastroenteritis in Indonesia but had not yet been evaluated in African infants. Methods We did a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, parallel group dose-ranging study of three doses of oral RV3-BB rotavirus vaccine in infants in three primary health centres in Blantyre, Malawi. Healthy infants less than 6 days of age with a birthweight 2·5 to 4·0 kg were randomly assigned (1:1:1:1) into one of four treatment groups: neonatal vaccine group, which included high-titre (1·0 × 107 focus-forming unit [FFU] per mL), mid-titre (3·0 × 106 FFU per mL), or low-titre (1·0 × 106 FFU per mL); and infant vaccine group, which included high-titre (1·0 × 107 FFU per mL) using a computer generated code (block size of four), stratified by birth (singleton vs multiple). Neonates received their three doses at 0–5 days to 10 weeks and infants at 6–14 weeks. Investigators, participant families, and laboratory staff were masked to group allocation. Anti-rotavirus IgA seroconversion and vaccine take (IgA seroconversion and stool shedding) were evaluated. Safety was assessed in all participants who received at least one dose of vaccine or placebo. The primary outcome was the cumulative IgA seroconversion 4 weeks after three doses of RV3-BB in the neonatal schedule in the high-titre, mid-titre, and low-titre groups in the per protocol population, with its 95% CI. With the high-titre group as the active control group, we did a non-inferiority analysis of the proportion of participants with IgA seroconversion in the mid-titre and low-titre groups, using a non-inferiority margin of less than 20%. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03483116). Findings Between Sept 17, 2018, and Jan 27, 2020, 711 participants recruited were randomly assigned into four treatment groups (neonatal schedule high titre n=178, mid titre n=179, low titre n=175, or infant schedule high titre n=179). In the neonatal schedule, cumulative IgA seroconversion 4 weeks after three doses of RV3-BB was observed in 79 (57%) of 139 participants in the high-titre group, 80 (57%) of 141 participants in the mid-titre group, and 57 (41%) of 138 participants in the low-titre group and at 18 weeks in 100 (72%) of 139 participants in the high-titre group, 96 (67%) of 143 participants in the mid-titre group, and 86 (62%) of 138 of participants in the low-titre. No difference in cumulative IgA seroconversion 4 weeks after three doses of RV3-BB was observed between high-titre and mid-titre groups in the neonatal schedule (difference in response rate 0·001 [95%CI −0·115 to 0·117]), fulfilling the criteria for non-inferiority. In the infant schedule group 82 (59%) of 139 participants had a cumulative IgA seroconversion 4 weeks after three doses of RV3-BB at 18 weeks. Cumulative vaccine take was detected in 483 (85%) of 565 participants at 18 weeks. Three doses of RV3-BB were well tolerated with no difference in adverse events among treatment groups: 67 (39%) of 170 participants had at least one adverse event in the high titre group, 68 (40%) of 172 participants had at least one adverse event in the mid titre group, and 69 (41%) of 169 participants had at least one adverse event in the low titre group. Interpretation RV3-BB was well tolerated and immunogenic when co-administered with Expanded Programme on Immunisation vaccines in a neonatal or infant schedule. A lower titre (mid-titre) vaccine generated similar IgA seroconversion to the high-titre vaccine presenting an opportunity to enhance manufacturing capacity and reduce costs. Neonatal administration of the RV3-BB vaccine has the potential to improve protection against rotavirus disease in children in a high-child mortality country in Africa. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Australian Tropical Medicine Commercialisation Grant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Witte
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi; Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Amanda Handley
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Medicines Development for Global Health, Southbank, VIC, Australia
| | - Khuzwayo C Jere
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi; Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | - Ashley Mpakiza
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Ann Turner
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi; Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daniel Pavlic
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Karen Boniface
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jonathan Mandolo
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | - Rhian Bonnici
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Frances Justice
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Naor Bar-Zeev
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Miren Iturriza-Gomara
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Centre for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Program for Appropriate Technology in Health, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jim Ackland
- Global BioSolutions, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Celeste M Donato
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel Cowley
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Graeme Barnes
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Nigel A Cunliffe
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Julie E Bines
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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17
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Omatola CA, Olaniran AO. Rotaviruses: From Pathogenesis to Disease Control—A Critical Review. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050875. [PMID: 35632617 PMCID: PMC9143449 DOI: 10.3390/v14050875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their first recognition in human cases about four decades ago, rotaviruses have remained the leading cause of acute severe dehydrating diarrhea among infants and young children worldwide. The WHO prequalification of oral rotavirus vaccines (ORV) a decade ago and its introduction in many countries have yielded a significant decline in the global burden of the disease, although not without challenges to achieving global effectiveness. Poised by the unending malady of rotavirus diarrhea and the attributable death cases in developing countries, we provide detailed insights into rotavirus biology, exposure pathways, cellular receptors and pathogenesis, host immune response, epidemiology, and vaccination. Additionally, recent developments on the various host, viral and environmental associated factors impacting ORV performance in low-and middle-income countries (LMIC) are reviewed and their significance assessed. In addition, we review the advances in nonvaccine strategies (probiotics, candidate anti-rotaviral drugs, breastfeeding) to disease prevention and management.
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18
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Leveraging Beneficial Off-Target Effects of Live-Attenuated Rotavirus Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10030418. [PMID: 35335050 PMCID: PMC8948921 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10030418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the introduction of live-attenuated rotavirus vaccines in many countries, a notable reduction in deaths and hospitalisations associated with diarrhoea in children <5 years of age has been reported. There is growing evidence to suggest that live-attenuated vaccines also provide protection against other infections beyond the vaccine-targeted pathogens. These so called off-target effects of vaccination have been associated with the tuberculosis vaccine Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG), measles, oral polio and recently salmonella vaccines, and are thought to be mediated by modified innate and possibly adaptive immunity. Indeed, rotavirus vaccines have been reported to provide greater than expected reductions in acute gastroenteritis caused by other enteropathogens, that have mostly been attributed to herd protection and prior underestimation of rotavirus disease. Whether rotavirus vaccines also alter the immune system to reduce non targeted gastrointestinal infections has not been studied directly. Here we review the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying off-target effects of vaccines and propose a mechanism by which the live-attenuated neonatal rotavirus vaccine, RV3-BB, could promote protection beyond the targeted pathogen. Finally, we consider how vaccine developers may leverage these properties to improve health outcomes in children, particularly those in low-income countries where disease burden and mortality is disproportionately high relative to developed countries.
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19
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Amimo JO, Raev SA, Chepngeno J, Mainga AO, Guo Y, Saif L, Vlasova AN. Rotavirus Interactions With Host Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 12:793841. [PMID: 35003114 PMCID: PMC8727603 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.793841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is the foremost enteric pathogen associated with severe diarrheal illness in young children (<5years) and animals worldwide. RV primarily infects mature enterocytes in the intestinal epithelium causing villus atrophy, enhanced epithelial cell turnover and apoptosis. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) being the first physical barrier against RV infection employs a range of innate immune strategies to counteract RVs invasion, including mucus production, toll-like receptor signaling and cytokine/chemokine production. Conversely, RVs have evolved numerous mechanisms to escape/subvert host immunity, seizing translation machinery of the host for effective replication and transmission. RV cell entry process involve penetration through the outer mucus layer, interaction with cell surface molecules and intestinal microbiota before reaching the IECs. For successful cell attachment and entry, RVs use sialic acid, histo-blood group antigens, heat shock cognate protein 70 and cell-surface integrins as attachment factors and/or (co)-receptors. In this review, a comprehensive summary of the existing knowledge of mechanisms underlying RV-IECs interactions, including the role of gut microbiota, during RV infection is presented. Understanding these mechanisms is imperative for developing efficacious strategies to control RV infections, including development of antiviral therapies and vaccines that target specific immune system antagonists within IECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Oluoch Amimo
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sergei Alekseevich Raev
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Juliet Chepngeno
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Alfred Omwando Mainga
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yusheng Guo
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Linda Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Anastasia N Vlasova
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
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20
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Whole genome analysis of rotavirus strains circulating in Benin before vaccine introduction, 2016-2018. Virus Res 2022; 313:198715. [PMID: 35247484 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Species A Rotaviruses (RVA) still play a major role in causing acute diarrhea in children under five years old worldwide. Currently, an 11-gene classification system is used to designate the full genotypic constellations of circulating strains. Viral proteins and non-structural proteins in the order VP7-VP4-VP6-VP1-VP2-VP3-NSP1-NSP2-NSP3-NSP4-NSP5/6 are represented by the genotypes Gx-P[x]-Ix-Rx-Cx-Mx-Ax-Nx-Tx-Ex-Hx, respectively. In Benin, ROTAVAC® vaccine was introduced into the Expanded Programme on Immunization in December 2019. To monitor circulating RVA strains for changes that may affect vaccine performance, in-depth analysis of strains prior to vaccine introduction are needed. Here we report, the whole-gene characterization (11 ORFs) for 72 randomly selected RVA strains of common and unusual genotypes collected in Benin from the 2016-2018 seasons. The sequenced strains were 15 G1P[8], 20 G2P[4], 5 G9P[8], 14 G12P[8], 9 G3P[6], 2 G1P[6], 3 G2P[6], 2 G9P[4], 1 G12P[6], and 1 G1G9P[8]/P[4]. The study strains exhibited two genetic constellations designed as Wa-like G1/G9/G12-P[6]/P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 and DS-1-like G2/G3/G12-P[4]/P[6]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E2-H2. Genotype G9P[4] strains possessed a DS-1-like genetic constellation with an E6 NSP4 gene, G9-P[4]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E6-H2. The mixed genotype showed both Wa-like and DS-1-like profiles with a T6 NSP3 gene G1/G9P[8]/[4]-I1/I2-R1/R2-C1/C2-M1/M2-A1/A2-N1/N2-T1/T6-E1/E6-H1/H2. At the allelic level, the analysis of the Benin strains, reference strains (with known alleles), vaccine strains (with known alleles) identified 2-13 and 1-17 alleles for DS-1-like and Wa-like strains, respectively. Most of the study strains clustered into previously defined alleles, but we defined 3 new alleles for the VP7 (G3=1 new allele and G12=2 new alleles) and VP4 (P[4]=1 new allele and P[6]=2 new alleles) genes which formed the basis of the VP7 and VP4 gene clusters, respectively. For the remaining 9 genes, 0-6 new alleles were identified for both Wa-like and DS-1-like strains. This analysis of whole genome sequences of RVA strains circulating in Benin described genetic point mutations and reassortment events as well as novel alleles. Further detailed studies on these new alleles are needed and these data can also provide a baseline for studies on RVA in the post-vaccination period.
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21
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Sadiq A, Bostan N, Aziz A. Effect of rotavirus genetic diversity on vaccine impact. Rev Med Virol 2022; 32:e2259. [PMID: 34997676 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RVAs) are the leading cause of gastroenteritis, causing 0.2 million deaths and several million hospitalisations globally each year. Four rotavirus vaccines (RotarixTM , RotaTeqTM , Rotavac® and ROTASIIL® ) have been pre-qualified by the World Health Organization (WHO), but the two newly pre-qualified vaccines (Rotavac® and ROTASIIL® ) are currently only in use in Palestine and India, respectively. In 2009, WHO strongly proposed that rotavirus vaccines be included in the routine vaccination schedule of all countries around the world. By the end of 2019, a total of 108 countries had administered rotavirus vaccines, and 10 countries have currently been approved by Gavi for the introduction of rotavirus vaccine in the near future. With 39% of global coverage, rotavirus vaccines have had a substantial effect on diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in different geographical areas, although efficacy appears to be higher in high income settings. Due to the segmented RNA genome, the pattern of RVA genotypes in the human population is evolving through interspecies transmission and/or reassortment events for which the vaccine might be less effective in the future. However, despite the relative increase in some particular genotypes after rotavirus vaccine use, the overall efficacy of rotavirus mass vaccination worldwide has not been affected. Some of the challenges to improve the effect of current rotavirus vaccines can be solved in the future by new rotavirus vaccines and by vaccines currently in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Sadiq
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Virology Laboratory, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazish Bostan
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Virology Laboratory, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aamir Aziz
- Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Sarhad University, Peshawar, Pakistan
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22
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Peña-Gil N, Santiso-Bellón C, Gozalbo-Rovira R, Buesa J, Monedero V, Rodríguez-Díaz J. The Role of Host Glycobiology and Gut Microbiota in Rotavirus and Norovirus Infection, an Update. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413473. [PMID: 34948268 PMCID: PMC8704558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) and norovirus (NoV) are the leading causes of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide. Several studies have demonstrated that histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) have a role in NoV and RV infections since their presence on the gut epithelial surfaces is essential for the susceptibility to many NoV and RV genotypes. Polymorphisms in genes that code for enzymes required for HBGAs synthesis lead to secretor or non-secretor and Lewis positive or Lewis negative individuals. While secretor individuals appear to be more susceptible to RV infections, regarding NoVs infections, there are too many discrepancies that prevent the ability to draw conclusions. A second factor that influences enteric viral infections is the gut microbiota of the host. In vitro and animal studies have determined that the gut microbiota limits, but in some cases enhances enteric viral infection. The ways that microbiota can enhance NoV or RV infection include virion stabilization and promotion of virus attachment to host cells, whereas experiments with microbiota-depleted and germ-free animals point to immunoregulation as the mechanism by which the microbiota restrict infection. Human trials with live, attenuated RV vaccines and analysis of the microbiota in responder and non-responder individuals also allowed the identification of bacterial taxa linked to vaccine efficacy. As more information is gained on the complex relationships that are established between the host (glycobiology and immune system), the gut microbiota and intestinal viruses, new avenues will open for the development of novel anti-NoV and anti-RV therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazaret Peña-Gil
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (N.P.-G.); (C.S.-B.); (R.G.-R.); (J.B.)
| | - Cristina Santiso-Bellón
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (N.P.-G.); (C.S.-B.); (R.G.-R.); (J.B.)
| | - Roberto Gozalbo-Rovira
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (N.P.-G.); (C.S.-B.); (R.G.-R.); (J.B.)
| | - Javier Buesa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (N.P.-G.); (C.S.-B.); (R.G.-R.); (J.B.)
| | - Vicente Monedero
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Paterna, Spain;
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (N.P.-G.); (C.S.-B.); (R.G.-R.); (J.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-963-864-903; Fax: +34-963-864-960
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23
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Miya TV, Groome MJ, de Assis Rosa D. TLR genetic variation is associated with Rotavirus-specific IgA seroconversion in South African Black infants after two doses of Rotarix vaccine. Vaccine 2021; 39:7028-7035. [PMID: 34740476 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Live oral rotavirus vaccines have significantly reduced rotavirus-related diarrheal morbidity and mortality globally, but low efficacy of these vaccines is observed in low-income countries where disease burden is highest. The biological basis of rotavirus vaccine failure remains unknown but likely includes both microbial and host factors. We investigated associations between 19 candidate SNPs in the TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, DDX58 and IFIH1 genes that play a role in innate immunity, and seroconversion in Black South African infants after vaccination with Rotarix at 6 and 14 weeks of age. Rotavirus-specific IgA antibody titre was measured by ELISA before each vaccine dose and four weeks after the second dose, and seroconversion was defined as a four-fold or greater increase in IgA antibody titre at 18 weeks of age when compared to pre-vaccine titres. A total of 95/138 individuals seroconverted (68.8%) and seroconversion was significantly affected by birthweight (P = 0.010), pre-vaccine IgA and IgG titres (P = 0.0002 and P = 0.007 respectively). rs2159377 SNP in TLR8 was significantly associated with seroconversion in a univariate allelic model (P = 0.015) and was borderline significant in a multivariable logistic regression adjusted for birthweight and pre-vaccine titres (P = 0.071), although these values did not remain significant after Bonferroni correction. A haplotype of six SNPs on the X chromosome across TLR7 and TLR8, including rs179008 and rs5935438 minor alleles, was significantly associated with seroconversion in a univariate model (P = 0.042), but not in a multivariable model or after Bonferroni correction. Epistatic interaction between rs5743305 in TLR3 and rs55789327 in DDX58 was significantly associated with seroconversion (P = 0.034) but a genetic risk score constructed from all 19 minor alleles was not. Our results suggest that TLR variants may influence IgA antibody production and seroconversion to Rotarix vaccine in South Africans. Host genetic variation contributes to the varying immunogenicity of live oral rotavirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabiso V Miya
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Witwatersrand, Jhb, South Africa
| | - Michelle J Groome
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics (VIDA) Research Unit, SA Medical Research Council and Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Jhb, South Africa; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Jhb, South Africa
| | - Debra de Assis Rosa
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Witwatersrand, Jhb, South Africa.
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24
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Kerbage A, Haddad SF, Nasr L, Riachy A, Mekhael E, Nassim N, Hoyek K, Sleilaty G, Nasr F, Riachy M. Impact of ABO and Rhesus blood groups on COVID-19 susceptibility and severity: A case-control study. J Med Virol 2021; 94:1162-1166. [PMID: 34755349 PMCID: PMC8662239 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Early evidence from China suggested that blood groups may be involved in susceptibility to COVID‐19. Several subsequent studies reported controversial results. We conducted a retrospective matched case‐control study that aims to investigate the association between blood groups and the risk and/or severity of COVID‐19. We compared the blood groups distribution of 474 patients admitted to the hospital for COVID‐19 between March 2020 and March 2021, to that of a positive control group of outpatients infected with COVID‐19 and matched them for sex and age, as well as to the distribution in the general population. Three hundred and eighteen HC+ pairs with available blood group information were matched. The proportion of group A Rh+ in hospitalized patients (HC+) was 39.9% (CI 35.2%–44.7%), compared to 44.8% (CI 39.8%–49.9%) and 32.3% in the positive outpatient controls (C+) and the general population (C−), respectively. Both COVID‐19‐positive groups (HC+ and C+) had significantly higher proportions of group A Rh+ compared to the general population (p = 0.0019 and p < 0.001, respectively), indicating that group A Rh+ increases susceptibility to COVID‐19. Although blood group A Rh+ was more frequent in the outpatients C+ compared to the hospitalized group HC+, the association did not reach statistical significance, indicating that blood group A Rh+ is not associated with severity. There was no significant relationship between COVID‐19 and other blood groups. Our findings indicate that blood group A Rh+ increases the susceptibility for COVID‐19 but is not associated with higher disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Kerbage
- Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sara F Haddad
- Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lewis Nasr
- Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Albert Riachy
- Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Elio Mekhael
- Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nabil Nassim
- Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Karim Hoyek
- Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ghassan Sleilaty
- Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fadi Nasr
- Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, Hôtel-Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Moussa Riachy
- Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Hôtel-Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
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25
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Caddy S, Papa G, Borodavka A, Desselberger U. Rotavirus research: 2014-2020. Virus Res 2021; 304:198499. [PMID: 34224769 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are major causes of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide and also cause disease in the young of many other mammalian and of avian species. During the recent 5-6 years rotavirus research has benefitted in a major way from the establishment of plasmid only-based reverse genetics systems, the creation of human and other mammalian intestinal enteroids, and from the wide application of structural biology (cryo-electron microscopy, cryo-EM tomography) and complementary biophysical approaches. All of these have permitted to gain new insights into structure-function relationships of rotaviruses and their interactions with the host. This review follows different stages of the viral replication cycle and summarizes highlights of structure-function studies of rotavirus-encoded proteins (both structural and non-structural), molecular mechanisms of viral replication including involvement of cellular proteins and lipids, the spectrum of viral genomic and antigenic diversity, progress in understanding of innate and acquired immune responses, and further developments of prevention of rotavirus-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Caddy
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease Jeffery Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK.
| | - Guido Papa
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.
| | - Alexander Borodavka
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK.
| | - Ulrich Desselberger
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Tenge VR, Hu L, Prasad BVV, Larson G, Atmar RL, Estes MK, Ramani S. Glycan Recognition in Human Norovirus Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:2066. [PMID: 34696500 PMCID: PMC8537403 DOI: 10.3390/v13102066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of cell-surface glycans is an important step in the attachment of several viruses to susceptible host cells. The molecular basis of glycan interactions and their functional consequences are well studied for human norovirus (HuNoV), an important gastrointestinal pathogen. Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), a family of fucosylated carbohydrate structures that are present on the cell surface, are utilized by HuNoVs to initially bind to cells. In this review, we describe the discovery of HBGAs as genetic susceptibility factors for HuNoV infection and review biochemical and structural studies investigating HuNoV binding to different HBGA glycans. Recently, human intestinal enteroids (HIEs) were developed as a laboratory cultivation system for HuNoV. We review how the use of this novel culture system has confirmed that fucosylated HBGAs are necessary and sufficient for infection by several HuNoV strains, describe mechanisms of antibody-mediated neutralization of infection that involve blocking of HuNoV binding to HBGAs, and discuss the potential for using the HIE model to answer unresolved questions on viral interactions with HBGAs and other glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria R. Tenge
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (V.R.T.); (B.V.V.P.); (R.L.A.); (M.K.E.)
| | - Liya Hu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - B. V. Venkataram Prasad
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (V.R.T.); (B.V.V.P.); (R.L.A.); (M.K.E.)
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Robert L. Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (V.R.T.); (B.V.V.P.); (R.L.A.); (M.K.E.)
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (V.R.T.); (B.V.V.P.); (R.L.A.); (M.K.E.)
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (V.R.T.); (B.V.V.P.); (R.L.A.); (M.K.E.)
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Zweigart MR, Becker-Dreps S, Bucardo F, González F, Baric RS, Lindesmith LC. Serological Humoral Immunity Following Natural Infection of Children with High Burden Gastrointestinal Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:2033. [PMID: 34696463 PMCID: PMC8538683 DOI: 10.3390/v13102033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, resulting in an estimated 440,571 deaths of children under age 5 annually. Rotavirus, norovirus, and sapovirus are leading causes of childhood AGE. A successful rotavirus vaccine has reduced rotavirus hospitalizations by more than 50%. Using rotavirus as a guide, elucidating the determinants, breath, and duration of serological antibody immunity to AGE viruses, as well as host genetic factors that define susceptibility is essential for informing development of future vaccines and improving current vaccine candidates. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of disease burden and serological antibody immunity following natural infection to inform further vaccine development for these three high-burden viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Zweigart
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.R.Z.); (S.B.-D.)
| | - Sylvia Becker-Dreps
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.R.Z.); (S.B.-D.)
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Filemón Bucardo
- Department of Microbiology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León 21000, Nicaragua; (F.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Fredman González
- Department of Microbiology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León 21000, Nicaragua; (F.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.R.Z.); (S.B.-D.)
| | - Lisa C. Lindesmith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.R.Z.); (S.B.-D.)
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Abstract
Histo-blood group antigen contains oligosaccharides that serve as receptors for norovirus (NoV) and rotavirus (RV). The receptors are only present on the surface of intestinal mucosal epithelial cells of secretors; therefore, secretors are susceptible to NoV and RV diarrhea and nonsecretors are resistant. The prevalence of secretors in different countries varies between 50% and 90%. Secretor rates evolved in response to environmental pressures such as infectious diseases.
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Sharma S, Nordgren J. Effect of Infant and Maternal Secretor Status on Rotavirus Vaccine Take-An Overview. Viruses 2021; 13:1144. [PMID: 34198720 PMCID: PMC8232156 DOI: 10.3390/v13061144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Histo-blood group antigens, which are present on gut epithelial surfaces, function as receptors or attachment factors and mediate susceptibility to rotavirus infection. The major determinant for susceptibility is a functional FUT2 enzyme which mediates the presence of α-1,2 fucosylated blood group antigens in mucosa and secretions, yielding the secretor-positive phenotype. Secretors are more susceptible to infection with predominant rotavirus genotypes, as well as to the commonly used live rotavirus vaccines. Difference in susceptibility to the vaccines is one proposed factor for the varying degree of efficacy observed between countries. Besides infection susceptibility, secretor status has been found to modulate rotavirus specific antibody levels in adults, as well as composition of breastmilk in mothers and microbiota of the infant, which are other proposed factors affecting rotavirus vaccine take. Here, the known and possible effects of secretor status in both infant and mother on rotavirus vaccine take are reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johan Nordgren
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden;
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Olivares AIO, Leitão GAA, Pimenta YC, Cantelli CP, Fumian TM, Fialho AM, da Silva E Mouta S, Delgado IF, Nordgren J, Svensson L, Miagostovich MP, Leite JPG, de Moraes MTB. Epidemiology of enteric virus infections in children living in the Amazon region. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 108:494-502. [PMID: 34052409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To verify the frequency of viruses causing acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in association with the histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) and Rotarix™ vaccination coverage in children from the Amazon region. DESIGN Fecal and saliva samples were collected from children with AGE (n = 485) and acute respiratory infection (ARI) (n = 249) clinical symptoms. Rotavirus A (RVA), norovirus, human adenovirus (HAdV), and sapovirus (SaV) were verified in feces by molecular detection. Saliva samples were used for HBGA phenotyping/FUT3 genotyping. Blood group types, clinical aspects and Rotarix™ RVA vaccination data were recorded. RESULTS Norovirus remained the most prevalently detected cause of AGE (38%, 184/485 and ARI 21.3%, 53/249). High HAdV frequencies were observed in AGE children (28.6%, 139/485) and ARI children (37.3%, 93/249). RVA was the third most prevalent virus causing AGE (22.7%, 110/485 and ARI 19.3%, 48/249) and a low RV1 coverage (61%, 448/734) was verified. The SaV frequencies were lower (7.2%, 35/485 for AGE and 6.8%, 17/249 for ARI). Secretor children were HBGA susceptible to HAdV infection (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0-2.3; P = 0.04) but not to RVA, norovirus or SaV infection. CONCLUSIONS Norovirus could be considered the main etiological agent of AGE. No association was verified for HBGA susceptibility to RVA, norovirus and SaV. Secretor children showed a slight susceptibility to HAdV infection and the Le (a-b-) heterogeneous SNPs on the FUT3 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ignacio Olivares Olivares
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Parasite Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Azevedo Alves Leitão
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Sanitary Surveillance, National Institute for Quality Control in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Yan Cardoso Pimenta
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Sanitary Surveillance, National Institute for Quality Control in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carina Pacheco Cantelli
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tulio Machado Fumian
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Madi Fialho
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sergio da Silva E Mouta
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Isabella Fernandes Delgado
- Post-Graduate Program in Sanitary Surveillance, National Institute for Quality Control in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Johan Nordgren
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lennart Svensson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Paulo Gagliardi Leite
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcia Terezinha Baroni de Moraes
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Bonura F, Bányai K, Mangiaracina L, Bonura C, Martella V, Giammanco GM, De Grazia S. Emergence in 2017-2019 of novel reassortant equine-like G3 rotavirus strains in Palermo, Sicily. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:813-835. [PMID: 33905178 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus A (RVA) is a major etiologic agent of gastroenteritis in children worldwide. Hospital-based surveillance of viral gastroenteritis in paediatric population in Palermo (Italy) from 2017 onwards revealed a sharp increase in G3P[8] RVAs, accounting for 71% of all the RVAs detected in 2019. This pattern had not been observed before in Italy, with G3 RVA usually being detected at rates lower than 3%. In order to investigate this unique epidemiological pattern, the genetic diversity of G3 RVAs identified during a 16-year long surveillance (2004-2019) was explored by systematic sequencing of the VP7 and VP4 genes and by whole genome sequencing of selected G3 strains, representative of the various RVA seasons. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the VP7 and VP4 genes revealed the emergence, in 2017 of reassortant equine-like G3P[8], which gradually replaced former G3P[8] strains. The G3P[8] circulating before 2017 showed a Wa-like constellation of genome segments while the G3P[8] that emerged in 2017 had a DS-1-like backbone. On direct inspection of the VP7 and VP4 antigenic epitopes, the equine-like G3P[8] strains possessed several amino acid variations in neutralizing regions compared with vaccine strains. The equine-like G3P[8] RVAs are a further example of the zoonotic impact of animal viruses on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriana Bonura
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro" (PROSAMI), Università di Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, Palermo, Italy
| | - Kristián Bányai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Leonardo Mangiaracina
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro" (PROSAMI), Università di Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, Palermo, Italy
| | - Celestino Bonura
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro" (PROSAMI), Università di Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, Valenzano, Italia
| | - Giovanni M Giammanco
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro" (PROSAMI), Università di Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, Palermo, Italy
| | - Simona De Grazia
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro" (PROSAMI), Università di Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, Palermo, Italy
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32
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Cárcamo-Calvo R, Muñoz C, Buesa J, Rodríguez-Díaz J, Gozalbo-Rovira R. The Rotavirus Vaccine Landscape, an Update. Pathogens 2021; 10:520. [PMID: 33925924 PMCID: PMC8145439 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe acute childhood gastroenteritis, responsible for more than 128,500 deaths per year, mainly in low-income countries. Although the mortality rate has dropped significantly since the introduction of the first vaccines around 2006, an estimated 83,158 deaths are still preventable. The two main vaccines currently deployed, Rotarix and RotaTeq, both live oral vaccines, have been shown to be less effective in developing countries. In addition, they have been associated with a slight risk of intussusception, and the need for cold chain maintenance limits the accessibility of these vaccines to certain areas, leaving 65% of children worldwide unvaccinated and therefore unprotected. Against this backdrop, here we review the main vaccines under development and the state of the art on potential alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cárcamo-Calvo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.C.-C.); (C.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Carlos Muñoz
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.C.-C.); (C.M.); (J.B.)
| | - Javier Buesa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.C.-C.); (C.M.); (J.B.)
- Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.C.-C.); (C.M.); (J.B.)
- Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Roberto Gozalbo-Rovira
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.C.-C.); (C.M.); (J.B.)
- Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Hamidi A, Hoeksema F, Velthof P, Lemckert A, Gillissen G, Luitjens A, Bines JE, Pullagurla SR, Kumar P, Volkin DB, Joshi SB, Havenga M, Bakker WAM, Yallop C. Developing a manufacturing process to deliver a cost effective and stable liquid human rotavirus vaccine. Vaccine 2021; 39:2048-2059. [PMID: 33744044 PMCID: PMC8062787 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite solid evidence of the success of rotavirus vaccines in saving children from fatal gastroenteritis, more than 82 million infants worldwide still lack access to a rotavirus vaccine. The main barriers to global rotavirus vaccine coverage include cost, manufacturing capacity and suboptimal efficacy in low- and lower-middle income countries. One vaccine candidate with the potential to address the latter is based on the novel, naturally attenuated RV3 strain of rotavirus, RV3-BB vaccine administered in a birth dose strategy had a vaccine efficacy against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis of 94% at 12 months of age in infants in Indonesia. To further develop this vaccine candidate, a well-documented and low-cost manufacturing process is required. A target fully loaded cost of goods (COGs) of ≤$3.50 per course of three doses was set based on predicted market requirements. COGs modelling was leveraged to develop a process using Vero cells in cell factories reaching high titers, reducing or replacing expensive reagents and shortening process time to maximise output. Stable candidate liquid formulations were developed allowing two-year storage at 2-8 °C. In addition, the formulation potentially renders needless the pretreatment of vaccinees with antacid to ensure adequate gastric acid neutralization for routine oral vaccination. As a result, the formulation allows small volume dosing and reduction of supply chain costs. A dose ranging study is currently underway in Malawi that will inform the final clinical dose required. At a clinical dose of ≤6.3 log10 FFU, the COGs target of ≤$3.50 per three dose course was met. At a clinical dose of 6.5 log10 FFU, the final manufacturing process resulted in a COGs that is substantially lower than the current average market price, 2.44 USD per dose. The manufacturing and formulation processes were transferred to BioFarma in Indonesia to enable future RV3-BB vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahd Hamidi
- Batavia Biosciences BV, Zernikedreef 16, 2333CL Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Femke Hoeksema
- Batavia Biosciences BV, Zernikedreef 16, 2333CL Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Pim Velthof
- Batavia Biosciences BV, Zernikedreef 16, 2333CL Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Gert Gillissen
- Batavia Biosciences BV, Zernikedreef 16, 2333CL Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alfred Luitjens
- Batavia Biosciences BV, Zernikedreef 16, 2333CL Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Julie E Bines
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Department of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Swathi R Pullagurla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Menzo Havenga
- Batavia Biosciences BV, Zernikedreef 16, 2333CL Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Christopher Yallop
- Batavia Biosciences BV, Zernikedreef 16, 2333CL Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Tosta E. Transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 through asymptomatic carriers and aerosols: A major public health challenge. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2020; 53:e20200669. [PMID: 33331612 PMCID: PMC7747819 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0669-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the absence of vaccines and effective antiviral drugs, control of the spread of coronavirus disease (Covid-19) relies mainly on the adequacy of public health resources and policies. Hence, failure to establish and implement scientifically reliable control measures may have a significant effect on the incidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, severity of the disease, and death toll. The average number of secondary transmissions from an infected person, or reproduction numbers (R0 and R), and the points at which the collective immunity begins to reduce the transmission of the infection, or herd immunity thresholds, are important epidemiological tools used in strategies of Covid-19 control, suppression, and mitigation. However, SARS-CoV-2 transmission through asymptomatic carriers and, possibly, aerosols, has been ignored, and this may affect the effectiveness of Covid-19 control strategies. Therefore, consideration of the two possible ways of transmission would substantially increase the values of reproduction numbers, but if estimates of the contingent of the population naturally resistant to the virus, plus those with pre-existing cross-immunity to SARS-CoV-2 were considered, the evaluation of herd immunity thresholds should reach their real and achievable levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Tosta
- Professor emérito, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de
Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil
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35
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Wang JX, Chen LN, Zhang CJ, Zhou HL, Zhang YH, Zhang XJ, Hao ZY, Qiu C, Ma JC, Zhao YL, Zhong W, Tan M, Jiang X, Wang SM, Wang XY. Genetic susceptibility to rotavirus infection in Chinese children: a population-based case-control study. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 17:1803-1810. [PMID: 33295824 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1835121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in children, while histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) are believed to be host attachment and susceptibility factors of RVs. A large case-control study nested in a population-based diarrhea surveillance targeting children <5 y of age was performed in rural Hebei province, north China. Saliva and serum samples were collected from all participants to determine HBGA phenotyping, FUT2 mutations, and RV IgG antibody titers. A logistic model was employed to assess the association between host HBGA secretor status and risk of RV infection. Among 235 RV cases and 680 non-diarrhea controls studied, 82.4% of participants were IgG positive by an average age of 77 months. Out of the 235 RV cases, 216 (91.9%) were secretors, whereas the secretor rate was 76.3% in the non-diarrhea controls, resulted in an adjusted OR of 3.0 (95%CI: 1.9-4.7, P < .0001) between the two groups. Our population-based case-control study indicated a strong association between host HBGA secretor status and risk of RV infection in Chinese children. The high prevalence of Lewis-positive secretor status strongly suggests that Chinese children may be genetically susceptible to current co-circulating RV strains, and thus, a universal childhood immunization program against RV disease should be successful in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xia Wang
- Key Laboratory Medical Molecular Virology, MoE/MoH, and the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Na Chen
- Key Laboratory Medical Molecular Virology, MoE/MoH, and the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Can-Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory Medical Molecular Virology, MoE/MoH, and the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Lu Zhou
- Key Laboratory Medical Molecular Virology, MoE/MoH, and the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Hong Zhang
- Department of Hepatitis, Zhengding County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengding, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Jiang Zhang
- Department of Hepatitis, Zhengding County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengding, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Yong Hao
- Department of Hepatitis, Zhengding County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengding, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Qiu
- Key Laboratory Medical Molecular Virology, MoE/MoH, and the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Chen Ma
- Vaccine Clinical Research Institute,Hebei Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Liang Zhao
- Vaccine Clinical Research Institute,Hebei Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiming Zhong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, OH, USA
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, OH, USA
| | - Song-Mei Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Training Center of Medical Experiments, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan-Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory Medical Molecular Virology, MoE/MoH, and the Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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FUT2 Secretor Status Influences Susceptibility to VP4 Strain-Specific Rotavirus Infections in South African Children. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100795. [PMID: 32992488 PMCID: PMC7601103 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastroenteritis is a preventable cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Rotavirus vaccination has significantly reduced the disease burden, but the sub-optimal vaccine efficacy observed in low-income regions needs improvement. Rotavirus VP4 'spike' proteins interact with FUT2-defined, human histo-blood group antigens on mucosal surfaces, potentially influencing strain circulation and the efficacy of P[8]-based rotavirus vaccines. Secretor status was investigated in 500 children <5 years-old hospitalised with diarrhoea, including 250 previously genotyped rotavirus-positive cases (P[8] = 124, P[4] = 86, and P[6] = 40), and 250 rotavirus-negative controls. Secretor status genotyping detected the globally prevalent G428A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and was confirmed by Sanger sequencing in 10% of participants. The proportions of secretors in rotavirus-positive cases (74%) were significantly higher than in the rotavirus-negative controls (58%; p < 0.001). The rotavirus genotypes P[8] and P[4] were observed at significantly higher proportions in secretors (78%) than in non-secretors (22%), contrasting with P[6] genotypes with similar proportions amongst secretors (53%) and non-secretors (47%; p = 0.001). This suggests that rotavirus interacts with secretors and non-secretors in a VP4 strain-specific manner; thus, secretor status may partially influence rotavirus VP4 wild-type circulation and P[8] rotavirus vaccine efficacy. The study detected a mutation (rs1800025) ~50 bp downstream of the G428A SNP that would overestimate non-secretors in African populations when using the TaqMan® SNP Genotyping Assay.
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Zhou N, Zhou L, Wang B. Genetic Characterizations and Molecular Evolution of VP7 Gene in Human Group A Rotavirus G1. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080831. [PMID: 32751603 PMCID: PMC7472278 DOI: 10.3390/v12080831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus group A (RVA) G1 is one leading genotype circulating in humans worldwide, and related molecular information from a global perspective is still limited. Here, we present a comprehensive description of the genetic characterizations and molecular evolution of the RVA G1 VP7 gene. Our results show that RVA G1 can be divided into two lineages and multiple sub-lineages with a relatively high genetic diversity. Vaccine strains are phylogenetic, closer to lineage I. The evolutionary rate of the RVA G1 VP7 gene is 8.869 × 10-4 substitutions/site/year, and its most recent common ancestor was in 1933. The RVA G1 VP7 gene shows a linear evolution at the nucleotide level and a linear accumulation of difference at the amino acid level. Sub-lineage replacement of G1 VP7 gene is also observed and the effective population size of the G1 VP7 gene has had great change in the past decades and has remained stable in recent years. Altogether, the RVA G1 VP7 gene constantly evolves and there is no clear evidence that the evolution of the RVA G1 VP7 gene was influenced by vaccines. Continuous surveillance is still indispensable to evaluate the molecular epidemiology of RVA, especially in the post-vaccination era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China;
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Acute Infectious Diseases, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China;
| | - Bei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-83272569
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Castells M, Caffarena RD, Casaux ML, Schild C, Miño S, Castells F, Castells D, Victoria M, Riet-Correa F, Giannitti F, Parreño V, Colina R. Phylogenetic Analyses of Rotavirus A from Cattle in Uruguay Reveal the Circulation of Common and Uncommon Genotypes and Suggest Interspecies Transmission. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9070570. [PMID: 32674420 PMCID: PMC7400708 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Uruguay is one of the main exporters of beef and dairy products, and cattle production is one of the main economic sectors in this country. Rotavirus A (RVA) is the main pathogen associated with neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD), a syndrome that leads to significant economic losses to the livestock industry. The aims of this study are to determine the frequency of RVA infections, and to analyze the genetic diversity of RVA strains in calves in Uruguay. A total of 833 samples from dairy and beef calves were analyzed through RT-qPCR and sequencing. RVA was detected in 57.0% of the samples. The frequency of detection was significantly higher in dairy (59.5%) than beef (28.4%) calves (p < 0.001), while it did not differ significantly among calves born in herds that were vaccinated (64.0%) or not vaccinated (66.7%) against NCD. The frequency of RVA detection and the viral load were significantly higher in samples from diarrheic (72.1%, 7.99 log10 genome copies/mL of feces) than non-diarrheic (59.9%, 7.35 log10 genome copies/mL of feces) calves (p < 0.005 and p = 0.007, respectively). The observed G-types (VP7) were G6 (77.6%), G10 (20.7%), and G24 (1.7%), while the P-types were P[5] (28.4%), P[11] (70.7%), and P[33] (0.9%). The G-type and P-type combinations were G6P[11] (40.4%), G6P[5] (38.6%), G10P[11] (19.3%), and the uncommon genotype G24P[33] (1.8%). VP6 and NSP1-5 genotyping were performed to better characterize some strains. The phylogenetic analyses suggested interspecies transmission, including transmission between animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Castells
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, CENUR Litoral Norte, Centro Universitario de Salto, Universidad de la República, Rivera 1350, Salto 50000, Uruguay;
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Estación Experimental la Estanzuela, Ruta 50 km 11, Colonia 70000, Uruguay; (R.D.C.); (M.L.C.); (C.S.); (F.R.-C.); (F.G.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (R.C.); Tel.: +598-4734-2924 (M.C. & R.C.)
| | - Rubén Darío Caffarena
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Estación Experimental la Estanzuela, Ruta 50 km 11, Colonia 70000, Uruguay; (R.D.C.); (M.L.C.); (C.S.); (F.R.-C.); (F.G.)
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Alberto Lasplaces 1620, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - María Laura Casaux
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Estación Experimental la Estanzuela, Ruta 50 km 11, Colonia 70000, Uruguay; (R.D.C.); (M.L.C.); (C.S.); (F.R.-C.); (F.G.)
| | - Carlos Schild
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Estación Experimental la Estanzuela, Ruta 50 km 11, Colonia 70000, Uruguay; (R.D.C.); (M.L.C.); (C.S.); (F.R.-C.); (F.G.)
| | - Samuel Miño
- Sección de Virus Gastroentéricos, Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA Castelar, Buenos Aires 1686, Argentina; (S.M.); (V.P.)
| | - Felipe Castells
- Doctor en Veterinaria en Ejercicio Libre, Asociado al Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, CENUR Litoral Norte, Centro Universitario de Salto, Universidad de la República, Rivera 1350, Salto 50000, Uruguay;
| | - Daniel Castells
- Centro de Investigación y Experimentación Dr. Alejandro Gallinal, Secretariado Uruguayo de la Lana, Ruta 7 km 140, Cerro Colorado, Florida 94000, Uruguay;
| | - Matías Victoria
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, CENUR Litoral Norte, Centro Universitario de Salto, Universidad de la República, Rivera 1350, Salto 50000, Uruguay;
| | - Franklin Riet-Correa
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Estación Experimental la Estanzuela, Ruta 50 km 11, Colonia 70000, Uruguay; (R.D.C.); (M.L.C.); (C.S.); (F.R.-C.); (F.G.)
| | - Federico Giannitti
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Estación Experimental la Estanzuela, Ruta 50 km 11, Colonia 70000, Uruguay; (R.D.C.); (M.L.C.); (C.S.); (F.R.-C.); (F.G.)
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Sección de Virus Gastroentéricos, Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA Castelar, Buenos Aires 1686, Argentina; (S.M.); (V.P.)
| | - Rodney Colina
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, CENUR Litoral Norte, Centro Universitario de Salto, Universidad de la República, Rivera 1350, Salto 50000, Uruguay;
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (R.C.); Tel.: +598-4734-2924 (M.C. & R.C.)
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39
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Singh JA. The Case for Why Africa Should Host COVID-19 Candidate Vaccine Trials. J Infect Dis 2020; 222:351-355. [PMID: 32492144 PMCID: PMC7313920 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to provocative comments by 2 European clinicians and scientists, the World Health Organization Director General has declared that Africa will not host COVID-19 vaccine trials. Such a stance risks stigmatizing COVID-19 vaccine trials in Africa and depriving Africa of critical research. To the contrary, there is a critical need for Africa to host COVID-19 vaccine trials on public health, scientific, and ethics grounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Amir Singh
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
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