1
|
Sanito RC, Mujiyanti DR, You SJ, Wang YF. A review on medical waste treatment in COVID-19 pandemics: Technologies, managements and future strategies. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2024; 74:72-99. [PMID: 37955449 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2023.2282011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Since the outbreak of COVID-19 few years ago, the increasing of the number of medical waste has become a huge issue because of their harmful impact to environment. A major concern associated to the limitation of technologies for dealing with medical waste, especially conventional technologies, are overcapacities since pandemic occurs. Moreover, the outbreak of new viruses from post COVID-19 should become a serious attention to be prevented not only environmental issues but also the spreading of viruses to new pandemic near the future. The high possibility of an outbreak of new viruses and mutation near the future should be prevented based on the experience associated with the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the last 3 yr. This review presented information and strategies for handling medical waste during the outbreak of COVID-19 and post-COVID-19, and also information on the current issues related to technologies, such as incineration, pyrolysis/gasification, autoclaves and microwave treatment for the dealing with high numbers of medical waste in COVID-19 to prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus, their advantages and disadvantages. Plasma technology can be considered to be implemented as an alternative technology to deal with medical waste since incinerator is usually over capacities during the pandemic situation. Proper treatment of specific medical waste in pandemics, namely face masks, vaccine vials, syringes, and dead bodies, are necessary because those medical wastes are mediums for transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Furthermore, emission controls from incinerator and plasma are necessary to be implemented to reduce the high concentration of CO2, NOx, and VOCs during the treatment. Finally, future strategies of medical waste treatment in the perspective of potential outbreak pandemic from new mutation viruses are discussed in this review paper.Implications: Journal of the air and waste management association may consider our review paper to be published. In this review, we give important information related to the technologies, managements and strategies for handling the medical waste and control the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus, starting from proper technology to control the high number of medical waste, their pollutants and many strategies for controlling the spreading of SARS-CoV-2 virus. Moreover, this review also describes some strategies associated with control the transmission not only the SARS-CoV-2 virus but also the outbreak of new viruses near the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raynard Christianson Sanito
- Surface Engineering Laboratory, Advanced Materials Research Center, Department of Mineral, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Laval University, Pavillon Adrien-Pouliot, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- CHU de Quebec, Hospital Saint-François d'Assise, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dwi Rasy Mujiyanti
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarmasin, Indonesia
| | - Sheng-Jie You
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Center for Environmental Risk Management, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Fen Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Center for Environmental Risk Management, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Khan A, Liaqat A, Masood A, Ali SS, Ali L, Alshammari A, Alasmari AF, Mohammad A, Waheed Y, Wei DQ. Exploring the medicinal potential of Dark Chemical Matters (DCM) to design promising inhibitors for PLpro of SARS-CoV-2 using molecular screening and simulation approaches. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:101775. [PMID: 37719892 PMCID: PMC10504533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing concerns and cases of COVID-19 with the appearance of novel variants i.e., BA.2.75. BA.5 and XBB have prompted demand for more effective treatment options that could overcome the risk of immune evasion. For this purpose, discovering novel small molecules to inhibit druggable proteins such as PLpro required for viral pathogenesis, replication, survival, and spread is the best choice. Compounds from the Dark chemical matter (DCM) database is consistently active in various screening tests and offer intriguing possibilities for finding drugs that are extremely selective or active against uncommon targets. Considering the essential role of PLpro, the current study uses DCMdatabase for the identification of potential hits using in silico virtual molecular screening and simulation approaches to inhibit the current and emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2. Our results revealed the 10 best compounds with docking scores between -7.99 to -7.03 kcal/mol better than the control drug (GRL0617) among which DC 5977-0726, DC 6623-2024, DC C879-0379 and DC D135-0154 were observed as the best hits. Structural-dynamics properties such as dynamic stability, protein packing, and residue flexibility demonstrated the pharmacologically favorable properties of these top hits in contrast to GRL0617. The hydrogen bonding half-life revealed that Asp164, Arg166, Tyr264, and Tyr268 have major contributions to the hydrogen bonding during the simulation. However, some of the important hydrogen bonds were missing in the control drug (GRL0617). Finally, the total binding free energy was reported to be -34.41 kcal/mol for GRL0617 (control), -41.03 kcal/mol for the DC5977-0726-PLpro, for the DC6623-2024-Plpro complex the TBE was -48.87 kcal/mol, for the for DCC879-0379-Plpro complex the TBE was -45.66 kcal/mol while for the DCD135-0154-PLpro complex the TBE was calculated to be -40.09 kcal/mol respectively, which shows the stronger potency of these compounds against PLpro and further in in vivo and in vitro test are required for the possible usage as potential drug against SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Khan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biological Statistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
- Zhongjing Research and Industrialization Institute of Chinese Medicine, Zhongguancun Scientific Park, Meixi, Nayang, Henan 473006, PR China
| | - Ayesha Liaqat
- King Edward Medical University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Adan Masood
- University Medical and Dental College, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Syed Shujait Ali
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Liaqat Ali
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS). Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Abdulrahman Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Post Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah F. Alasmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Post Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar Mohammad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Yasir Waheed
- Office of Research, Innovation, and Commercialization (ORIC), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (SZABMU), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos 1401, Lebanon
| | - Dong-Qing Wei
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biological Statistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
- Zhongjing Research and Industrialization Institute of Chinese Medicine, Zhongguancun Scientific Park, Meixi, Nayang, Henan 473006, PR China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Vanke Cloud City Phase I Building 8, Xili Street, Nashan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guarino M, Perna B, Maritati M, Remelli F, Trevisan C, Spampinato MD, Costanzini A, Volpato S, Contini C, De Giorgio R. Presepsin levels and COVID-19 severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:993-1002. [PMID: 36380007 PMCID: PMC9666937 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-022-00936-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasmatic presepsin (PSP) is a novel biomarker reported to be useful for sepsis diagnosis and prognosis. During the pandemic, only few studies highlighted a possible correlation between PSP and COVID-19 severity, but results remain inconsistent. The present study aims to establish the correlation between PSP and COVID-19 severity. English-language papers assessing a correlation between COVID-19 and PSP from MEDLINE, PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, MeSH, LitCovid NLM, EMBASE, CINAHL Plus and the World Health Organization (WHO) website, published from January 2020 were considered with no publication date limitations. Two independent reviewers performed data abstraction and quality assessment, and one reviewer resolved inconsistencies. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022325971).Fifteen articles met our eligibility criteria. The aggregate study population included 1373 COVID-19 patients who had undergone a PSP assessment. The random-effect meta-analysis was performed in 7 out of 15 selected studies, considering only those reporting the mean PSP levels in low- and high-severity cases (n = 707).The results showed that the pooled mean difference of PSP levels between high- and low-severity COVID-19 patients was 441.70 pg/ml (95%CI: 150.40-732.99 pg/ml).Our data show that presepsin is a promising biomarker that can express COVID-19 severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Guarino
- Department of Translational Medicine, St. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, University Ferrara, Via A. Moro, 44124,, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Benedetta Perna
- Department of Translational Medicine, St. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, University Ferrara, Via A. Moro, 44124,, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Martina Maritati
- Infectious and Dermatology Diseases, St. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesca Remelli
- Department of Medical Sciences, St. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Caterina Trevisan
- Department of Medical Sciences, St. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Michele Domenico Spampinato
- Department of Translational Medicine, St. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, University Ferrara, Via A. Moro, 44124,, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Costanzini
- Department of Translational Medicine, St. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, University Ferrara, Via A. Moro, 44124,, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Volpato
- Department of Medical Sciences, St. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlo Contini
- Infectious and Dermatology Diseases, St. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto De Giorgio
- Department of Translational Medicine, St. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, University Ferrara, Via A. Moro, 44124,, Ferrara, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bajpai J, Kant S, Verma AK, Pradhan A. Monoclonal antibody for COVID-19: Unveiling the recipe of a new cocktail. World J Respirol 2023; 12:1-9. [DOI: 10.5320/wjr.v12.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a tremendous adverse impact on the global health system, public sector, and social aspects. It is unarguably the worst pandemic of the century. However, COVID-19 management is a mystery in front of us, and an authentic treatment is urgently needed. Various repurposed drugs, like ivermectin, remdesivir, tocilizumab, baricitinib, etc., have been used to treat COVID-19, but none are promising. Antibody therapy and their combinations are emerging modalities for treating moderate COVID-19, and they have shown the potential to reduce hospitalisations. One antibody monotherapy, bamlanivimab, and two cocktails, casirivimab/imdevimab and bamlanivimab/ esterivimab, have received authorization for emergency use by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of mild COVID-19 in high risk individuals. The European Emergency has made similar recommendations for use of the drug in COVID-19 patients without oxygen therapy. This brief review will focus on monoclonal antibodies and their combination cocktail therapy in managing COVID-19 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Bajpai
- Department ofRespiratory Medicine, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow 226003, India
| | - Surya Kant
- Department ofRespiratory Medicine, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow 226003, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Verma
- Department ofRespiratory Medicine, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow 226003, India
| | - Akshyaya Pradhan
- Department ofCardiology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow 226003, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Contini C, Rotondo JC, Perna B, Guarino M, De Giorgio R. Special Issue: Advances in SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11041048. [PMID: 37110471 PMCID: PMC10145712 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11041048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a life-threatening disease caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus which was first reported in late 2019 in China, from where it then spread worldwide [...].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Contini
- Infectious and Dermatology Diseases, St. Anna University-Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
| | - John Charles Rotondo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Benedetta Perna
- Department of Translational Medicine, St. Anna University-Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Matteo Guarino
- Department of Translational Medicine, St. Anna University-Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto De Giorgio
- Department of Translational Medicine, St. Anna University-Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nicot F, Trémeaux P, Latour J, Carcenac R, Demmou S, Jeanne N, Ranger N, De Smet C, Raymond S, Dimeglio C, Izopet J. Whole-genome single molecule real-time sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28564. [PMID: 36756931 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
New variants and genetic mutations of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genome can only be identified using accurate sequencing methods. Single molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing has been used to characterize Alpha and Delta variants, but not Omicron variants harboring numerous mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome. This study assesses the performance of a target capture SMRT sequencing protocol for whole genome sequencing (WGS) of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants and compared it to that of an amplicon SMRT sequencing protocol optimized for Omicron variants. The failure rate of the target capture protocol (6%) was lower than that of the amplicon protocol (34%, p < 0.001) on our data set, and the median genome coverage with the target capture protocol (98.6% [interquartile range (IQR): 86-99.4]) was greater than that with the amplicon protocol (76.6% [IQR: 66-89.6], [p < 0.001]). The percentages of samples with >95% whole genome coverage were 64% with the target capture protocol and 19% with the amplicon protocol (p < 0.05). The clades of 96 samples determined with both protocols were 93% concordant and the lineages of 59 samples were 100% concordant. Thus, target capture SMRT sequencing appears to be an efficient method for WGS, genotyping and detecting mutations of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Nicot
- Virology Laboratory, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Pauline Trémeaux
- Virology Laboratory, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Justine Latour
- Virology Laboratory, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Carcenac
- Virology Laboratory, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Sofia Demmou
- Virology Laboratory, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Jeanne
- Virology Laboratory, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Noémie Ranger
- Virology Laboratory, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Stéphanie Raymond
- Virology Laboratory, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- INSERM UMR 1291-CNRS UMR 5051, Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), Toulouse, France
| | - Chloé Dimeglio
- Virology Laboratory, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- INSERM UMR 1291-CNRS UMR 5051, Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- Virology Laboratory, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- INSERM UMR 1291-CNRS UMR 5051, Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Emire MS, Shiferaw BZ. Attitudes towards receiving COVID-19 vaccine and its associated factors among Southwest Ethiopian adults, 2021. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280633. [PMID: 36689539 PMCID: PMC9870108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many countries around the world are still affected by the global pandemic of coronavirus disease. The vaccine is the most effective method of controlling Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, attitudes toward vaccination are heavily affected by different factors besides vaccine availability. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine community attitudes toward the COVID-19 vaccine in Gurage Zone, Ethiopia. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from November 15th to December 15th, 2021. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 364 participants in the study area. An interview-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect the data; the data was entered into Epidata 3.1 version, and then exported to SPSS version 23 for further analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the characteristics of study participants. Binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses with a p-value of less than 0.05 were used as a measure of significance. RESULTS In this study, 44.7% of study participants had a favorable attitude toward the COVID-19 vaccine. Perceived potential vaccine harm [AOR: 1.85; 95% CI (1.15-2.96)], Having ever had a chronic disease [AOR: 3.22; 95% CI (2.02-5.14)], community belief on the effectiveness of the vaccine [AOR: 2.02; 95% CI (1.27-3.22)], and average monthly income 3001-5000 ETB [AOR: 0.54; 95% CI (0.30-0.97)], average monthly income 5001-10000 ETB [AOR: 0.48; 95% CI(0.27-0.86)] were statistically significantly towards COVID-19 vaccination. CONCLUSIONS Overall, less than half of the participants had a favorable attitude toward the COVID-19 vaccine. Perceived potential vaccine harm, having ever had a chronic disease, community belief in the effectiveness of the vaccine, and average monthly income were determinant factors of the community's attitude toward COVID-19 vaccination. As a result, information conversation with the community's awareness of the COVID-19 vaccination in reducing vaccine-related suspicion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mamo Solomon Emire
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
| | - Bisrat Zeleke Shiferaw
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ul Haq I, Krukiewicz K, Yahya G, Haq MU, Maryam S, Mosbah RA, Saber S, Alrouji M. The Breadth of Bacteriophages Contributing to the Development of the Phage-Based Vaccines for COVID-19: An Ideal Platform to Design the Multiplex Vaccine. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:1536. [PMID: 36675046 PMCID: PMC9861788 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Phages are highly ubiquitous biological agents, which means they are ideal tools for molecular biology and recombinant DNA technology. The development of a phage display technology was a turning point in the design of phage-based vaccines. Phages are now recognized as universal adjuvant-free nanovaccine platforms. Phages are well-suited for vaccine design owing to their high stability in harsh conditions and simple and inexpensive large-scale production. The aim of this review is to summarize the overall breadth of the antiviral therapeutic perspective of phages contributing to the development of phage-based vaccines for COVID-19. We show that phage vaccines induce a strong and specific humoral response by targeted phage particles carrying the epitopes of SARS-CoV-2. Further, the engineering of the T4 bacteriophage by CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) presents phage vaccines as a valuable platform with potential capabilities of genetic plasticity, intrinsic immunogenicity, and stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ihtisham Ul Haq
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, M. Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Joint Doctoral School, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Krukiewicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, M. Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Centre for Organic and Nanohybrid Electronics, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 22B, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Galal Yahya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Al Sharqia 44519, Egypt
| | - Mehboob Ul Haq
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Sajida Maryam
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Rasha A. Mosbah
- Infection Control Unit, Zagazig University Hospital, Zagazig University, El Sharkia 44519, Egypt
| | - Sameh Saber
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa 11152, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Alrouji
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Alamri SS, Alsaieedi A, Khouqeer Y, Afeef M, Alharbi S, Algaissi A, Alghanmi M, Altorki T, Zawawi A, Alfaleh MA, Hashem AM, Alhabbab R. The importance of combining serological testing with RT-PCR assays for efficient detection of COVID-19 and higher diagnostic accuracy. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15024. [PMID: 37065688 PMCID: PMC10103696 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Misdiagnosing suspected COVID-19 individuals could largely contribute to the viruses transmission, therefore, making an accurate diagnosis of infected subjects vital in minimizing and containing the disease. Although RT-PCR is the standard method in detecting COVID-19, it is associated with some limitations, including possible false negative results. Therefore, serological testing has been suggested as a complement assay to RT-PCR to support the diagnosis of acute infections. In this study, 15 out of 639 unvaccinated healthcare workers (HCWs) were tested negative for COVID-19 by RT-PCR and were found seropositive for SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein-specific IgM and IgG antibodies. These participants underwent additional confirmatory RT-PCR and SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific ELISA tests. Of the 15 individuals, nine participants were found negative by second RT-PCR but seropositive for anti-spike IgM and IgG antibodies and neutralizing antibodies confirming their acute infection. At the time of collection, these nine individuals were in close contact with COVID-19-confirmed patients, with 77.7% reporting COVID-19-related symptoms. These results indicate that including serological tests in the current testing profile can provide better outcomes and help contain the spread of the virus by increasing diagnostic accuracy to prevent future outbreaks rapidly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sawsan S. Alamri
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahdab Alsaieedi
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef Khouqeer
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwah Afeef
- Study & Research Department, King Fahad General Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samiyah Alharbi
- Intensive Care Unit, King Fahad General Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Algaissi
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Medical Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maimonah Alghanmi
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarfa Altorki
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayat Zawawi
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Alfaleh
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar M. Hashem
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rowa Alhabbab
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Albaqami FF, Altharawi A, Althurwi HN, Alharthy KM, Qasim M, Muhseen ZT, Tahir ul Qamar M. Computational Modeling and Evaluation of Potential mRNA and Peptide-Based Vaccine against Marburg Virus (MARV) to Provide Immune Protection against Hemorrhagic Fever. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:5560605. [PMID: 37101690 PMCID: PMC10125739 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5560605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
A hemorrhagic fever caused by the Marburg virus (MARV) belongs to the Filoviridae family and has been classified as a risk group 4 pathogen. To this day, there are no approved effective vaccinations or medications available to prevent or treat MARV infections. Reverse vaccinology-based approach was formulated to prioritize B and T cell epitopes utilizing a numerous immunoinformatics tools. Potential epitopes were systematically screened based on various parameters needed for an ideal vaccine such as allergenicity, solubility, and toxicity. The most suitable epitopes capable of inducing immune response were shortlisted. Epitopes with population coverage of 100% and fulfilling set parameters were selected for docking with human leukocyte antigen molecules, and binding affinity of each peptide was analyzed. Finally, 4 CTL and HTL each while 6 B cell 16-mers were used for designing multiepitope subunit (MSV) and mRNA vaccine joined via suitable linkers. Immune simulations were used to validate the constructed vaccine's capacity to induce a robust immune response whereas molecular dynamics simulations were used to confirm epitope-HLA complex stability. Based on these parameter's studies, both the vaccines constructed in this study offer a promising choice against MARV but require further experimental verification. This study provides a rationale point to begin with the development of an efficient vaccine against Marburg virus; however, the findings need further experimental validation to confirm the computational finding of this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faisal F. Albaqami
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Altharawi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan N. Althurwi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid M. Alharthy
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ziyad Tariq Muhseen
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, Babylon 51001, Iraq
| | - Muhammad Tahir ul Qamar
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Higher Immunological Response after BNT162b2 Vaccination among COVID-19 Convalescents-The Data from the Study among Healthcare Workers in an Infectious Diseases Center. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122158. [PMID: 36560567 PMCID: PMC9785047 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The BNT162b2 vaccination studies did not specifically focus on groups that were heavily exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, we aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 vaccine among healthcare workers (HCWs). Methods: Study participants were recruited from hospital employees who received BNT162b2 vaccination at the Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw. Blood samples were collected before and after each vaccination dose. At each timepoint, the levels of anti-SARS CoV-2 IgM, anti-n SARS-CoV-2 IgG, and S-RBD antibodies were measured. Data on concomitant diseases and the vaccine’s adverse events (VAE) were collected after each vaccination dose. In the statistical analyses, non-parametric tests were used. Results: In total, 170 healthcare workers were included in the analysis. Their median age was 51 years (interquartile range (IQR): 41−60 years); most of them were women (n = 137, 80.6%) working in direct contact with patients (n = 137, 73.2%); and 46 (27.0%) had concomitant diseases. More than one fifth of subjects had COVID-19 before their first dose of vaccination (n = 38, 22.6%). In terms of immunological responses, our investigations showed a high level of efficacy for the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination as measured by S-RBD antibody concentrations: these were positive in 100% of participants 14 days after the second dose of the vaccine. It was also observed that employees with high S-RBD antibodies (>=433 BAU/mL) were more likely to be COVID-19 convalescents before receiving the first vaccine dose (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The BNT162b2 vaccine is safe and effective among HCWs. Vaccine adverse events occurred, but serious events were not observed. Moreover, the BNT162b2 vaccine is effective against symptomatic and severe COVID-19—none of the workers that acquired a SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination required hospitalization or medical care. We also observed higher immunological responses among COVID-19 convalescents.
Collapse
|
12
|
Fleury H. HIV and SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis and Vaccine Development. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122598. [PMID: 36560600 PMCID: PMC9781173 DOI: 10.3390/v14122598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although both HIV and SARS-CoV-2 are associated with pandemics, they are transmitted differently [...]
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Herve Fleury
- Université de Bordeaux et CNRS, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tao Y, Ma M, Hu F, Li M, Geng Y, Wan Y, Mao M, Chen L, Shen Y, Zhu L, Shen H, Chen Y. A longitudinal study of humoral immune responses induced by a 3-dose inactivated COVID-19 vaccine in an observational, prospective cohort. BMC Immunol 2022; 23:57. [PMID: 36384440 PMCID: PMC9666991 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-022-00532-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
To determine the dynamic SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody levels induced by 3 doses of an inactivated COVID-19 vaccine, CoronaVac. An observational, prospective cohort study was performed with 93 healthy healthcare workers from a tertiary hospital in Nanjing, China. Serum SARS-CoV-2 specific IgM, IgG, and neutralizing antibodies (NAb) were measured at different time points among participants who received 3 doses of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine.
Results
91.3% (85/93) and 100% (72/72) participants showed positive both for SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG and NAb after 2-dose CoronaVac and after 3-dose CoronaVac, respectively. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG responses reached 91.21 (55.66–152.06) AU/mL, and surrogate NAb was 47.60 (25.96–100.81) IU/mL on day 14 after the second dose. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG responses reached 218.29 (167.53–292.16) AU/mL and surrogate NAb was 445.54 (171.54–810.90) IU/mL on day 14 after the third dose. Additionally, SARS-CoV-2 specific surrogate neutralizing antibody titers were highly correlated with serum neutralization activities against Ancestral, Omicron, and Delta strains. Moreover, significantly higher SARS-CoV-2 IgG responses, but not NAb responses, were found in individuals with breakthrough infection when compared to that of 3-dose CoronaVac recipients.
Conclusions
CoronaVac elicited robust SARS-CoV-2 specific humoral responses. Surrogate NAb assay might substitute for pseudovirus neutralization assay. Monitoring SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses induced by vaccination would provide important guidance for the optimization of COVID-19 vaccines.
Collapse
|
14
|
Rahman S, Hossain MJ, Nahar Z, Shahriar M, Bhuiyan MA, Islam MR. Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Subvariants: Challenges and Opportunities in the Context of COVID-19 Pandemic. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2022; 16:11786302221129396. [PMID: 36299441 PMCID: PMC9585367 DOI: 10.1177/11786302221129396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has become the most devastating pandemic of the 21st century since its appearance in December 2019. Like other RNA viruses, continuous mutation is common for coronavirus to create several variants and subvariants. The main reason behind this mutation and evolvement of SARS-CoV-2 was its structural spike (S) glycoprotein. Coronavirus has become a threat to global public health due to its high mutation capability and antibody neutralizing capacity. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there are 5 major variants of concern (VOC) are Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Omicron (B.1.1.529). Recently, different Omicron subvariants have gained worldwide dominance, such as BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.4, and BA.5. However, there is a discernible drop in this symptomatic sickness globally due to the success of numerous monoclonal antibodies and vaccinations. Here we also discussed the currently dominant Omicron subvariants and the effectiveness of antiviral agents and vaccines. Based on the available data and our knowledge, we can suggest that the global healthcare organizations can decide on the declaration of the end of the pandemic phase of COVID-19 soon; however, the covid-19 will continue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Smaranika Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, University of
Asia Pacific, Farmgate, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Jamal Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, State
University of Bangladesh, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Zabun Nahar
- Department of Pharmacy, University of
Asia Pacific, Farmgate, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Shahriar
- Department of Pharmacy, University of
Asia Pacific, Farmgate, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md. Rabiul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, University of
Asia Pacific, Farmgate, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nicot F, Trémeaux P, Latour J, Jeanne N, Ranger N, Raymond S, Dimeglio C, Salin G, Donnadieu C, Izopet J. Whole-genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2: Comparison of target capture and amplicon single molecule real-time sequencing protocols. J Med Virol 2022; 95:e28123. [PMID: 36056719 PMCID: PMC9539136 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Fast, accurate sequencing methods are needed to identify new variants and genetic mutations of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genome. Single-molecule real-time (SMRT) Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) provides long, highly accurate sequences by circular consensus reads. This study compares the performance of a target capture SMRT PacBio protocol for whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of SARS-CoV-2 to that of an amplicon PacBio SMRT sequencing protocol. The median genome coverage was higher (p < 0.05) with the target capture protocol (99.3% [interquartile range, IQR: 96.3-99.5]) than with the amplicon protocol (99.3% [IQR: 69.9-99.3]). The clades of 65 samples determined with both protocols were 100% concordant. After adjusting for Ct values, S gene coverage was higher with the target capture protocol than with the amplicon protocol. After stratification on Ct values, higher S gene coverage with the target capture protocol was observed only for samples with Ct > 17 (p < 0.01). PacBio SMRT sequencing protocols appear to be suitable for WGS, genotyping, and detecting mutations of SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Nicot
- Virology LaboratoryToulouse University HospitalToulouseFrance
| | | | - Justine Latour
- Virology LaboratoryToulouse University HospitalToulouseFrance
| | - Nicolas Jeanne
- Virology LaboratoryToulouse University HospitalToulouseFrance
| | - Noémie Ranger
- Virology LaboratoryToulouse University HospitalToulouseFrance
| | - Stéphanie Raymond
- Virology LaboratoryToulouse University HospitalToulouseFrance,Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy)INSERM UMR 1291 – CNRS UMR 5051ToulouseFrance
| | - Chloé Dimeglio
- Virology LaboratoryToulouse University HospitalToulouseFrance,Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy)INSERM UMR 1291 – CNRS UMR 5051ToulouseFrance
| | - Gérald Salin
- Genotoul‐Genome & Transcriptome—Plateforme Génomique (GeT‐PlaGe), US INRAe 1426Castanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Cécile Donnadieu
- Genotoul‐Genome & Transcriptome—Plateforme Génomique (GeT‐PlaGe), US INRAe 1426Castanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Jacques Izopet
- Virology LaboratoryToulouse University HospitalToulouseFrance,Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy)INSERM UMR 1291 – CNRS UMR 5051ToulouseFrance
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Streibl BI, Lahne H, Grahl A, Agsten P, Bichler M, Büchl C, Damzog M, Eberle U, Gärtner S, Hobmaier B, Margos G, Hoch M, Jungnick S, Jonas W, Katz K, Laubert L, Schutt B, Seidl C, Treis B, Weindl D, Zilch K, Wildner M, Liebl B, Ackermann N, Sing A, Fingerle V. Epidemiological and Serological Analysis of a SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak in a Nursing Home: Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination and Enhanced Neutralizing Immunity Following Breakthrough Infection. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091809. [PMID: 36144413 PMCID: PMC9505589 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite a vaccination rate of 82.0% (n = 123/150), a SARS-CoV-2 (Alpha) outbreak with 64.7% (n = 97/150) confirmed infections occurred in a nursing home in Bavaria, Germany. Objective: the aim of this retrospective cohort study was to examine the effects of the Corminaty vaccine in a real-life outbreak situation and to obtain insights into the antibody response to both vaccination and breakthrough infection. Methods: the antibody status of 106 fully vaccinated individuals (54/106 breakthrough infections) and epidemiological data on all 150 residents and facility staff were evaluated. Results: SARS-CoV-2 infections (positive RT-qPCR) were detected in 56.9% (n = 70/123) of fully vaccinated, compared to 100% (n = 27/27) of incompletely or non-vaccinated individuals. The proportion of hospitalized and deceased was 4.1% (n = 5/123) among fully vaccinated and therewith lower compared to 18.5% (n = 5/27) hospitalized and 11.1% (n = 3/27) deceased among incompletely or non-vaccinated. Ct values were significantly lower in incompletely or non-vaccinated (p = 0.02). Neutralizing antibodies were detected in 99.1% (n = 105/106) of serum samples with significantly higher values (p < 0.001) being measured post-breakthrough infection. α-N-antibodies were detected in 37.7% of PCR positive but not in PCR negative individuals. Conclusion: Altogether, our data indicate that SARS-CoV-2 vaccination does provide protection against infection, severe disease progression and death with regards to the Alpha variant. Nonetheless, it also shows that infection and transmission are possible despite full vaccination. It further indicates that breakthrough infections can significantly enhance α-S- and neutralizing antibody responses, indicating a possible benefit from booster vaccinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara I. Streibl
- Public Health Microbiology Unit, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
- Correspondence: (B.I.S.); (V.F.)
| | - Heidi Lahne
- Public Health Microbiology Unit, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Grahl
- Public Health Microbiology Unit, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Philipp Agsten
- Public Health Microbiology Unit, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Magdalena Bichler
- Public Health Microbiology Unit, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | | | | | - Ute Eberle
- Public Health Microbiology Unit, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | | | - Bernhard Hobmaier
- Public Health Microbiology Unit, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Gabriele Margos
- Public Health Microbiology Unit, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Martin Hoch
- Public Health Microbiology Unit, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Sabrina Jungnick
- Public Health Microbiology Unit, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Walter Jonas
- Public Health Microbiology Unit, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Katharina Katz
- Public Health Microbiology Unit, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | | | | | - Cornelia Seidl
- Public Health Microbiology Unit, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Bianca Treis
- Public Health Microbiology Unit, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Daniel Weindl
- Public Health Microbiology Unit, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Karen Zilch
- Health Office Neumarkt, 92318 Neumarkt, Germany
| | - Manfred Wildner
- Public Health Microbiology Unit, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Bernhard Liebl
- Public Health Microbiology Unit, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Ackermann
- Public Health Microbiology Unit, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Sing
- Public Health Microbiology Unit, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Volker Fingerle
- Public Health Microbiology Unit, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
- Correspondence: (B.I.S.); (V.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Biagio P, Rosa C, Nicola SM, Fabrizio S, Amerigo P, Giulia Z, Riccardo S, Riccardo V, Paolo R, Lorenzo S, Ivan G. Serological Response and Clinical Protection of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination and the Role of Immunosuppressive Drugs in a Cohort of Kidney Transplant Patients. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091951. [PMID: 36146758 PMCID: PMC9503455 DOI: 10.3390/v14091951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against SARS-CoV2 represents a key weapon to prevent COVID-19, but lower response rates to vaccination have frequently been reported in solid organ transplant recipients. The aim of our study was to evaluate the rate of seroconversion to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in a cohort of kidney transplant recipients and the potential role of the different immunosuppressive regimens. We conducted an observational retrospective cohort study in kidney transplant patients vaccinated for COVID-19. For each patient, we evaluated IgG anti-S-RBD SARS-CoV-2 titers immediately before the administration of first COVID-19 vaccination dose, 20 days after the first dose and 40 days after the second dose. Moreover, we evaluated the type of immunosuppressive treatment and the incidence of vaccine breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection. We enrolled 121 kidney transplant patients vaccinated for COVID-19. At the time of administration of the first vaccine dose, all patients had a negative antibody titer; only 4.1% had positive antibody titers 20 days after the first dose. More than half patients 62 (51%) had protective antibody titers 40 days after the second dose. A total of 18 Solid Organ Transplant Recipients (SOTRs) (14.9%) got a SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection during the study period. With regard to immunosuppressive regimen, patients on mycophenolate-based regimen (48.7%) showed the lowest antibody response rates (27.5%) compared to other regimens. Our study confirms that kidney transplant patients show a poor response to two doses of COVID-19 vaccination. Moreover, in our study the use of mycophenolate is significantly associated with a non-response to COVID-19 m-RNA vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pinchera Biagio
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Carrano Rosa
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Schiano Moriello Nicola
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Salemi Fabrizio
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Piccione Amerigo
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Zumbo Giulia
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Scotto Riccardo
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Villari Riccardo
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Romano Paolo
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Spirito Lorenzo
- Section of Urology, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gentile Ivan
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hamill V, Noll L, Lu N, Tsui WNT, Porter EP, Gray M, Sebhatu T, Goerl K, Brown S, Palinski R, Thomason S, Almes K, Retallick J, Bai J. Molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 strains and differentiation of Delta variant strains. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:2879-2889. [PMID: 34964565 PMCID: PMC9240106 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 has now become the predominant strain in the global COVID-19 pandemic. Strain coverage of some detection assays developed during the early pandemic stages has declined due to periodic mutations in the viral genome. We have developed a real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) for SARS-CoV-2 detection that provides nearly 100% strain coverage, and differentiation of highly transmissible Delta variant strains. All full or nearly full (≥28 kb) SARS-CoV-2 genomes (n = 403,812), including 6422 Delta and 280 Omicron variant strains, were collected from public databases at the time of analysis and used for assay design. The two amino acid deletions in the spike gene (S-gene, Δ156-157) that is characteristic of the Delta variant were targeted during the assay design. Although strain coverage for the Delta variant was very high (99.7%), detection coverage for non-Delta wild-type strains was 93.9%, mainly due to the confined region of design. To increase strain coverage of the assay, the design for CDC N1 target was added to the assay. In silico analysis of 403,812 genomes indicated a 95.4% strain coverage for the CDC N1 target, however, in combination with our new non-Delta S-gene target, total coverage for non-Delta wild-type strains increased to 99.8%. A human 18S rRNA gene was also analyzed and used as an internal control. The final four-plex RT-qPCR assay generated PCR amplification efficiencies between 95.4% and 102.0% with correlation coefficients (R2 ) of >0.99 for cloned positive controls; Delta and non-Delta human clinical samples generated PCR efficiencies of 93.4%-97.0% and R2 > 0.99. The assay also detects 98.6% of 280 Omicron sequences. Assay primers and probes have no match to other closely related human coronaviruses, and did not produce a signal from samples positive to selected animal coronaviruses. Genotypes of selected clinical samples identified by the RT-qPCR were confirmed by Sanger sequencing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vaughn Hamill
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Lance Noll
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Nanyan Lu
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Wai Ning Tiffany Tsui
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Elizabeth Poulsen Porter
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Mark Gray
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Tesfaalem Sebhatu
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Kyle Goerl
- Lafene Health Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Susan Brown
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Rachel Palinski
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Sasha Thomason
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Kelli Almes
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Jamie Retallick
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Jianfa Bai
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Laguardia GCDA, Püschel VADA, Oliveira PPD, Faria LRD, Cavalcante RB, Coelho ADCO, Santos KBD, Carbogim FDC. Control of airborne particles in surgical procedures during the Covid-19 pandemic: scoping review. Rev Esc Enferm USP 2022; 56:e20210579. [PMID: 35899926 PMCID: PMC10111397 DOI: 10.1590/1980-220x-reeusp-2021-0579en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To map the technical and managerial strategies for the management and reduction of airborne particles production in surgical procedures settings during the Covid-19 pandemic. METHOD Scoping review, according to the Joana Briggs Institute methodology, based on documents indexed in MEDLINE, VHL, CINAHL Cochrane, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and gray literature, published in Portuguese, English, or Spanish. All studies from indexed scientific journals and recommendations published by international agencies or academic associations from 2019 to January 2022 were considered. Findings were summarized and analyzed using descriptive statistics and narrative synthesis. RESULTS Twenty-two studies were selected, 19 of which were published in English, two in Spanish, one in Portuguese, with a predominance of literature reviews. Findings were categorized into recommendations for the environment, the team, and the surgical technique. CONCLUSION The review mapped the technical and managerial strategies for the management and reduction of the airborne particles production in surgical procedures settings. They involve from the use of personal protective equipment, training, anesthetic modality, airway manipulation, to the execution of the surgical technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vilanice Alves de Araújo Püschel
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Enfermagem, Departamento de Enfermagem Médico-Cirúrgica, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Centro Brasileiro para o Cuidado à Saúde Baseado em Evidências: Centro de Excelência do JBI (JBI Brasil), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Kelli Borges Dos Santos
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Faculdade de Enfermagem, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.,Centro Brasileiro para o Cuidado à Saúde Baseado em Evidências: Centro de Excelência do JBI (JBI Brasil), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio da Costa Carbogim
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Faculdade de Enfermagem, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.,Centro Brasileiro para o Cuidado à Saúde Baseado em Evidências: Centro de Excelência do JBI (JBI Brasil), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Khan A, Khan SA, Zia K, Altowyan MS, Barakat A, Ul-Haq Z. Deciphering the Impact of Mutations on the Binding Efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta Variants With Human ACE2 Receptor. Front Chem 2022; 10:892093. [PMID: 35755247 PMCID: PMC9213841 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.892093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has globally affected the human health and economy. Since the emergence of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the life-threatening virus continues to mutate and evolve. Irrespective of acquired natural immunity and vaccine-induced immunity, the emerging multiple variants are growing exponentially, crossing the territorial barriers of the modern world. The rapid emergence of SARS-CoV-2 multiple variants challenges global researchers regarding the efficacy of available vaccines and variant transmissibility. SARS-CoV-2 surface-anchored S-protein recognizes and interacts with the host-cell ACE2, facilitating viral adherence and entrance into the cell. Understanding the interfacial interactions between the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 variants and human ACE2 receptor is important for the design and development of antiviral therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 emerging variants. Despite extensive research, the crucial determinants related to the molecular interactions between the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 variants and host receptors are poorly understood. Thus, in this study, we explore the comparative interfacial binding pattern of SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD of wild type, Delta, and Omicron with the human ACE2 receptor to determine the crucial determinants at the atomistic level, using MD simulation and MM/GBSA energy calculations. Based on our findings, the substitution of Q493R, G496S, Q498R, and Y505H induced internal conformational changes in Omicron spike RBD, which leads to higher binding affinity than Delta spike RBD with the human ACE2 receptor, eventually contributing to higher transmission and infectivity. Taken together, these results could be used for the structure-based design of effective antiviral therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alamgir Khan
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Salman Ali Khan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Komal Zia
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mezna Saleh Altowyan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Assem Barakat
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Zaheer Ul-Haq
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.,Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rotondo JC, Martini F, Maritati M, Caselli E, Gallenga CE, Guarino M, De Giorgio R, Mazziotta C, Tramarin ML, Badiale G, Tognon M, Contini C. Advanced Molecular and Immunological Diagnostic Methods to Detect SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1193. [PMID: 35744711 PMCID: PMC9231257 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 emerged in late 2019 in China and quickly spread across the globe, causing over 521 million cases of infection and 6.26 million deaths to date. After 2 years, numerous advances have been made. First of all, the preventive vaccine, which has been implemented in record time, is effective in more than 95% of cases. Additionally, in the diagnostic field, there are numerous molecular and antigenic diagnostic kits that are equipped with high sensitivity and specificity. Real Time-PCR-based assays for the detection of viral RNA are currently considered the gold-standard method for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis and can be used efficiently on pooled nasopharyngeal, or oropharyngeal samples for widespread screening. Moreover, additional, and more advanced molecular methods such as droplet-digital PCR (ddPCR), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and next-generation sequencing (NGS), are currently under development to detect the SARS-CoV-2 RNA. However, as the number of subjects infected with SARS-CoV-2 continuously increases globally, health care systems are being placed under increased stress. Thus, the clinical laboratory plays an important role, helping to select especially asymptomatic individuals who are actively carrying the live replicating virus, with fast and non-invasive molecular technologies. Recent diagnostic strategies, other than molecular methods, have been adopted to either detect viral antigens, i.e., antigen-based immunoassays, or human anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, i.e., antibody-based immunoassays, in nasal or oropharyngeal swabs, as well as in blood or saliva samples. However, the role of mucosal sIgAs, which are essential in the control of viruses entering the body through mucosal surfaces, remains to be elucidated, and in particular the role of the immune response in counteracting SARS-CoV-2 infection, primarily at the site(s) of virus entry that appears to be promising.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Charles Rotondo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.M.); (M.M.); (C.E.G.); (C.M.); (M.L.T.); (G.B.); (M.T.)
- Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fernanda Martini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.M.); (M.M.); (C.E.G.); (C.M.); (M.L.T.); (G.B.); (M.T.)
- Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Martina Maritati
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.M.); (M.M.); (C.E.G.); (C.M.); (M.L.T.); (G.B.); (M.T.)
- Orthopaedic Ward, Casa di Cura Santa Maria Maddalena, 45030 Occhiobello, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Caselli
- Section of Microbiology, CIAS Research Center and LTTA, Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Carla Enrica Gallenga
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.M.); (M.M.); (C.E.G.); (C.M.); (M.L.T.); (G.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Matteo Guarino
- Department of Translational Medicine, St. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, 44124 Ferrara, Italy; (M.G.); (R.D.G.)
| | - Roberto De Giorgio
- Department of Translational Medicine, St. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, 44124 Ferrara, Italy; (M.G.); (R.D.G.)
| | - Chiara Mazziotta
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.M.); (M.M.); (C.E.G.); (C.M.); (M.L.T.); (G.B.); (M.T.)
- Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Tramarin
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.M.); (M.M.); (C.E.G.); (C.M.); (M.L.T.); (G.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Giada Badiale
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.M.); (M.M.); (C.E.G.); (C.M.); (M.L.T.); (G.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Mauro Tognon
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.M.); (M.M.); (C.E.G.); (C.M.); (M.L.T.); (G.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Carlo Contini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (F.M.); (M.M.); (C.E.G.); (C.M.); (M.L.T.); (G.B.); (M.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bhosle SM, Tran JP, Yu S, Geiger J, Jackson JD, Crozier I, Crane A, Wada J, Warren TK, Kuhn JH, Worwa G. Duplex One-Step RT-qPCR Assays for Simultaneous Detection of Genomic and Subgenomic RNAs of SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Viruses 2022; 14:1066. [PMID: 35632807 PMCID: PMC9143037 DOI: 10.3390/v14051066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of severe acute respiratory syndrome virus (SARS-CoV-2) replication is the discontinuous transcription of open reading frames (ORFs) encoding structural virus proteins. Real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) assays in previous publications used either single or multiplex assays for SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNA detection and a singleplex approach for subgenomic RNA detection. Although multiplex approaches often target multiple genomic RNA segments, an assay that concurrently detects genomic and subgenomic targets has been lacking. To bridge this gap, we developed two duplex one-step RT-qPCR assays that detect SARS-CoV-2 genomic ORF1a and either subgenomic spike or subgenomic ORF3a RNAs. All primers and probes for our assays were designed to bind to variants of SARS-CoV-2. In this study, our assays successfully detected SARS-CoV-2 Washington strain and delta variant isolates at various time points during the course of live virus infection in vitro. The ability to quantify subgenomic SARS-CoV-2 RNA is important, as it may indicate the presence of active replication, particularly in samples collected longitudinally. Furthermore, specific detection of genomic and subgenomic RNAs simultaneously in a single reaction increases assay efficiency, potentially leading to expedited lucidity about viral replication and pathogenesis of any variant of SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sushma M. Bhosle
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (S.M.B.); (J.P.T.); (S.Y.); (J.G.); (J.D.J.); (A.C.); (J.W.); (T.K.W.)
| | - Julie P. Tran
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (S.M.B.); (J.P.T.); (S.Y.); (J.G.); (J.D.J.); (A.C.); (J.W.); (T.K.W.)
| | - Shuiqing Yu
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (S.M.B.); (J.P.T.); (S.Y.); (J.G.); (J.D.J.); (A.C.); (J.W.); (T.K.W.)
| | - Jillian Geiger
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (S.M.B.); (J.P.T.); (S.Y.); (J.G.); (J.D.J.); (A.C.); (J.W.); (T.K.W.)
| | - Jennifer D. Jackson
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (S.M.B.); (J.P.T.); (S.Y.); (J.G.); (J.D.J.); (A.C.); (J.W.); (T.K.W.)
| | - Ian Crozier
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA;
| | - Anya Crane
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (S.M.B.); (J.P.T.); (S.Y.); (J.G.); (J.D.J.); (A.C.); (J.W.); (T.K.W.)
| | - Jiro Wada
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (S.M.B.); (J.P.T.); (S.Y.); (J.G.); (J.D.J.); (A.C.); (J.W.); (T.K.W.)
| | - Travis K. Warren
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (S.M.B.); (J.P.T.); (S.Y.); (J.G.); (J.D.J.); (A.C.); (J.W.); (T.K.W.)
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (S.M.B.); (J.P.T.); (S.Y.); (J.G.); (J.D.J.); (A.C.); (J.W.); (T.K.W.)
| | - Gabriella Worwa
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (S.M.B.); (J.P.T.); (S.Y.); (J.G.); (J.D.J.); (A.C.); (J.W.); (T.K.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Luan N, Li T, Wang Y, Cao H, Yin X, Lin K, Liu C. Th2-Oriented Immune Serum After SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Does Not Enhance Infection In Vitro. Front Immunol 2022; 13:882856. [PMID: 35464483 PMCID: PMC9024142 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.882856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The relatively lower protection rate of the alum-adjuvanted inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines reminds us of the antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) phenomenon observed in preclinical studies during the development of vaccines for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1). In this study, using the S1 segment of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or inactivated whole SARS-CoV-2 virus as an antigen and aluminum as an adjuvant, the risk of ADE of infection with T helper 2 (Th2)-oriented immune serum from mice (N=6) and humans (N=5) was examined in immune cell lines, which show different expression patterns of Fc receptors. Neither the immune serum from alum-adjuvanted S1 subunit vaccines nor inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination enhanced SARS-CoV-2 S pseudotyped virus infection in any of the tested cell lines in vitro. Because both of these Th2-oriented immune sera could block SARS-CoV-2 infection without ADE of infection, we speculate that the lower protection rate of the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine may be attributed to the lower neutralizing antibody titers induced or the pulmonary eosinophilic immunopathology accompanied by eosinophilic infiltration in the lungs upon virus exposure. Adjustment of the immunization schedule to elevate the neutralizing antibody levels and skew adjuvants toward Th1-oriented responses may be considered to increase the efficacies of both inactivated and spike protein-based subunit SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Luan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Tao Li
- Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Han Cao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Xingxiao Yin
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Kangyang Lin
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Cunbao Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
SARS-CoV-2 Antinucleocapsid Antibody Response of mRNA and Inactivated Virus Vaccines Compared to Unvaccinated Individuals. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10050643. [PMID: 35632399 PMCID: PMC9143597 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative studies of SARS-CoV-2 antinucleocapsid (anti-N) antibody response in the context of inactivated virus vaccines versus natural infection are limited. This study aims to determine and compare the anti-N antibody levels in people vaccinated with Sinopharm’s (Wuhan, China) inactivated virus vaccine in comparison with naturally infected unvaccinated and Pfizer’s spike (S) mRNA-based vaccinated subjects. Two hundred ninety-nine Jordanian adults participated in the study including unvaccinated COVID-19-infected patients (n = 99), Pfizer-vaccinated (n = 100), and Sinopharm-vaccinated recipients (n = 100). Serum samples were assayed for anti-N IgG, anti-N IgM, and anti-S IgG. Sera of 64.6% of naturally infected unvaccinated participants had positive anti-S IgG (median = 36.35 U/mL; range: 0.04−532.5 U/mL) compared to 88% of Pfizer-vaccinated (Manhattan, NY, USA) (median = 26.52 U/mL; range: 0.39−1265 U/mL) and 58% of Sinopharm-vaccinated subjects (median = 14.35 U/mL; range: 0.39−870.17 U/mL). Samples of 60.6% of naturally infected unvaccinated people had positive anti-N IgG (median = 15.03 U/mL; range: 0−265.1 U/mL) compared to 25% of Pfizer-vaccinated (median = 0.02 U/mL; range: 0−68 U/mL) and 48% of Sinopharm-vaccinated subjects (median = 0.8 U/mL; range: 0−146.3 U/mL). Anti-N titers among the three groups were significantly different (p < 0.05). Anti-N IgM antibodies appeared in 23.2% of the naturally infected unvaccinated group (median = 0.29 U/mL; range: 0−15 U/mL) compared to only 9.0% of Pfizer-vaccinated (median = 018 U/mL; range: 0−33 U/mL) and 7.0% of Sinopharm-vaccinated subjects (median = 0.2 U/mL; range: 0−12.02 U/mL). A significant negative correlation was found between anti-S and age for both vaccines and between anti-S and the presence of chronic disease in Sinopharm-vaccinated subjects. A significant positive correlation between anti-N and anti-S titers was found among the three groups. This study shows that the inactivated virus vaccine, Sinopharm, induces an anti-N response that can boost that of natural infection or vice versa. On the other hand, the Pfizer mRNA-based vaccine induces a significantly stronger anti-S Ab response.
Collapse
|
25
|
Hasan DA, Maulud SQ, Jalal PJ, Priyanka, Choudhary OP. SARS-CoV-2 vaccine breakthrough reinfection in a health-care worker of Iraq: a case report. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2055947. [PMID: 35417318 PMCID: PMC9248933 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2055947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has severely affected the entire globe since the first isolation of SARS-CoV-2 from patients with severe respiratory illness in Wuhan, China. Although the global vaccination drive is in full swing, many cases of reinfection have also been reported after vaccination. Currently, there is a scarcity of data available on the reinfection and vaccine breakthrough infections in Iraq. In this letter, we have presented a case report on the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine breakthrough reinfection in a health-care worker after completion of the double-dose vaccination. An increased symptom severity was reported on the second infection, which was confirmed to be of Delta variant. Such vaccine breakthrough infection reports have raised important questions regarding the duration of vaccine-mediated immunity and vaccine effectiveness against all circulating variants. These have further emphasized the importance of following non-pharmaceutical interventions by fully vaccinated individuals, especially at health-care settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sazan Qadir Maulud
- Department of Biology, College of Education, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Kurdistan Region of Iraq
| | - Paywast Jamal Jalal
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulymani, Kurdistan Region of Iraq
| | - Priyanka
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Mahatma Jyotiba Fule College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jaipur, India
| | - Om Prakash Choudhary
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (I), Selesih, Aizawl, India
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Comparative Evaluation of Six SARS-CoV-2 Real-Time RT-PCR Diagnostic Approaches Shows Substantial Genomic Variant–Dependent Intra- and Inter-Test Variability, Poor Interchangeability of Cycle Threshold and Complementary Turn-Around Times. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040462. [PMID: 35456137 PMCID: PMC9029830 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several professional societies advise against using real-time Reverse-Transcription PCR (rtRT-PCR) cycle threshold (Ct) values to guide clinical decisions. We comparatively assessed the variability of Ct values generated by six diagnostic approaches by testing serial dilutions of well-characterized isolates of 10 clinically most relevant SARS-CoV-2 genomic variants: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Eta, Iota, Omicron, A.27, B.1.258.17, and B.1 with D614G mutation. Comparison of three fully automated rtRT-PCR analyzers and a reference manual rtRT-PCR assay using RNA isolated with three different nucleic acid isolation instruments showed substantial inter-variant intra-test and intra-variant inter-test variability. Ct value differences were dependent on both the rtRT-PCR platform and SARS-CoV-2 genomic variant. Differences ranging from 2.0 to 8.4 Ct values were observed when testing equal concentrations of different SARS-CoV-2 variants. Results confirm that Ct values are an unreliable surrogate for viral load and should not be used as a proxy of infectivity and transmissibility, especially when different rtRT-PCR assays are used in parallel and multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants are circulating. A detailed turn-around time (TAT) comparative assessment showed substantially different TATs, but parallel use of different diagnostic approaches was beneficial and complementary, allowing release of results for more than 81% of non-priority samples within 8 h after admission.
Collapse
|
27
|
Guarino M, Perna B, Remelli F, Cuoghi F, Cesaro AE, Spampinato MD, Maritati M, Contini C, De Giorgio R. A New Early Predictor of Fatal Outcome for COVID-19 in an Italian Emergency Department: The Modified Quick-SOFA. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040806. [PMID: 35456856 PMCID: PMC9032690 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Since 2019, the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is causing a rapidly spreading pandemic. The present study aims to compare a modified quick SOFA (MqSOFA) score with the NEWS-2 score to predict in-hospital mortality (IHM), 30-days mortality and recovery setting. Methods: All patients admitted from March to October 2020 to the Emergency Department of St. Anna Hospital, Ferrara, Italy with clinically suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection were retrospectively included in this single-centre study and evaluated with the MqSOFA and NEWS-2 scores. Statistical and logistic regression analyses were applied to our database. Results: A total of 3359 individual records were retrieved. Among them, 2716 patients were excluded because of a negative nasopharyngeal swab and 206 for lacking data; thus, 437 patients were eligible. The data showed that the MqSOFA and NEWS-2 scores equally predicted IHM (p < 0.001) and 30-days mortality (p < 0.001). Higher incidences of coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular accidents, dementia, chronic kidney disease and cancer were found in the deceased vs. survived group. Conclusions: In this study we confirmed that the MqSOFA score was non-inferior to the NEWS-2 score in predicting IHM and 30-days mortality. Furthermore, the MqSOFA score was easier to use than NEWS-2 and is more suitable for emergency settings. Neither the NEWS-2 nor the MqSOFA scores were able to predict the recovery setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Guarino
- Department of Translational Medicine, St. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.G.); (B.P.); (F.C.); (A.E.C.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Benedetta Perna
- Department of Translational Medicine, St. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.G.); (B.P.); (F.C.); (A.E.C.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Francesca Remelli
- Department of Medical Sciences, St. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Francesca Cuoghi
- Department of Translational Medicine, St. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.G.); (B.P.); (F.C.); (A.E.C.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Alice Eleonora Cesaro
- Department of Translational Medicine, St. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.G.); (B.P.); (F.C.); (A.E.C.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Michele Domenico Spampinato
- Department of Translational Medicine, St. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.G.); (B.P.); (F.C.); (A.E.C.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Martina Maritati
- Infectious and Dermatology Diseases, St. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Carlo Contini
- Infectious and Dermatology Diseases, St. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Roberto De Giorgio
- Department of Translational Medicine, St. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.G.); (B.P.); (F.C.); (A.E.C.); (M.D.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0532-236631
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Benefits of Inactivated Vaccine and Viral Vector Vaccine Immunization on COVID-19 Infection in Kidney Transplant Recipients. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10040572. [PMID: 35455322 PMCID: PMC9031304 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted the global healthcare system. In Thailand, the first and most available vaccines were inactivated and viral vector vaccines. We reported the impact of those vaccines in preventing severe disease and death in kidney transplant recipients. This retrospective study comprised 45 kidney transplant recipients with COVID-19 infection, classified by vaccination status. Outcomes of interest were death, pneumonia, and allograft dysfunction. There were 23 patients in vaccinated group and 22 patients in unvaccinated group. All baseline characteristics were similar except mean age was older in vaccinated group, 55 vs. 48 years. Total 11 patients (24%) died (13% vaccinated vs. 36% unvaccinated RR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.29–0.83; p = 0.03). Multivariate analysis showed that vaccination significantly decrease mortality (odds ratio, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.10–0.94; p = 0.03). Pneumonia developed equally in both groups (70%). There was a trend toward less oxygen requirement as well as ventilator requirement in vaccinated group. The rate of allograft dysfunction was similar (47%). Inactivated and viral vector COVID-19 vaccines have beneficial effect on mortality reduction in kidney transplant recipients. Even partial vaccination can exert some protection against death. However, full vaccination should be encouraged to achieve better prevention.
Collapse
|
29
|
Identification of Potential SARS-CoV-2 CD8+ T Cell Escape Mutants. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10040542. [PMID: 35455291 PMCID: PMC9028849 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cell responses induced upon infection or COVID-19 vaccination have been important for protecting against severe COVID-19 disease while being largely robust against variants of concern (VOCs) observed so far. However, T cell immunity may be weakened by genetic mutations in future SARS-CoV-2 variants that lead to widespread T cell escape. The capacity for SARS-CoV-2 mutations to escape memory T cell responses requires comprehensive experimental investigation, though this is prohibited by the large number of SARS-CoV-2 mutations that have been observed. To guide targeted experimental studies, here we provide a screened list of potential SARS-CoV-2 T cell escape mutants. These mutants are identified as candidates for T cell escape as they lie within CD8+ T cell epitopes that are commonly targeted in individuals and are predicted to abrogate HLA–peptide binding.
Collapse
|
30
|
Jaspe RC, Zambrano JL, Hidalgo M, Sulbarán Y, Loureiro CL, Moros ZC, Garzaro DJ, Liprandi F, Rangel HR, Pujol FH. Detection of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 by restriction analysis targeting the mutations K417N and N440K of the spike protein. INVESTIGACIÓN CLÍNICA 2022. [DOI: 10.54817/ic.v63n1a08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
By the end of 2021, the Omicron variant of concern (VOC) emerges in South Africa. This variant caused immediate concern, due to the explosive increase in cases associated with it and the large number of mutations it exhibits. In this study, the restriction sites that allow detecting the mutations K417N and N440K in the Spike gene are described. This analysis allows us to propose a rapid method for the identification of cases infected with the Omicron variant. We show that the proposed methodology can contribute to provide more information on the prevalence and rapid detection of cases of this new VOC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rossana C Jaspe
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - José Luis Zambrano
- Laboratorio de Biología de Virus, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Mariana Hidalgo
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Yoneira Sulbarán
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Carmen L Loureiro
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Zoila C Moros
- Laboratorio de Biología de Virus, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Domingo J Garzaro
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Ferdinando Liprandi
- Laboratorio de Biología de Virus, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Héctor R Rangel
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Flor H Pujol
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
A Review of SARS-CoV-2 Disease (COVID-19): Pandemic in Our Time. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030368. [PMID: 35335691 PMCID: PMC8951506 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Development and deployment of biosensors for the rapid detection of the 2019 novel severe acute respiratory syndrome—coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are of utmost importance and urgency during this recent outbreak of coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, which spread rapidly around the world. Cases now confirmed in February 2022 indicate that more than 170 countries worldwide are affected. Recent evidence indicates over 430 million confirmed cases with over 5.92 million deaths scattered across the globe, with the United States having more than 78 million confirmed cases and over 920,000 deaths. The US now has many more cases than in China where coronavirus cases were first reported in late December 2019. During the initial outbreak in China, many leaders did not anticipate it could reach the whole world, spreading to many countries and posing severe threats to global health. The objective of this review is to summarize the origin of COVID-19, its biological nature, comparison with other coronaviruses, symptoms, prevention, treatment, potential, available methods for SARS-CoV-2 detection, and post-COVID-19 symptoms.
Collapse
|
32
|
Rotondo JC, Mazziotta C, Lanzillotti C, Stefani C, Badiale G, Campione G, Martini F, Tognon M. The Role of Purinergic P2X7 Receptor in Inflammation and Cancer: Novel Molecular Insights and Clinical Applications. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1116. [PMID: 35267424 PMCID: PMC8909580 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is a transmembrane protein whose expression has been related to a variety of cellular processes, while its dysregulation has been linked to inflammation and cancer. P2X7R is expressed in cancer and immune system cell surfaces. ATP plays a key role in numerous metabolic processes due to its abundance in the tumour microenvironment. P2X7R plays an important role in cancer by interacting with ATP. The unusual property of P2X7R is that stimulation with low doses of ATP causes the opening of a permeable channel for sodium, potassium, and calcium ions, whereas sustained stimulation with high doses of ATP favours the formation of a non-selective pore. The latter effect induces a change in intracellular homeostasis that leads to cell death. This evidence suggests that P2X7R has both pro- and anti-tumour proprieties. P2X7R is increasingly recognised as a regulator of inflammation. In this review, we aimed to describe the most relevant characteristics of P2X7R function, activation, and its ligands, while also summarising the role of P2X7R activation in the context of inflammation and cancer. The currently used therapeutic approaches and clinical trials of P2X7R modulators are also described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Charles Rotondo
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (J.C.R.); (C.M.); (C.L.); (C.S.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (F.M.)
- Centre for Studies on Gender Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara Mazziotta
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (J.C.R.); (C.M.); (C.L.); (C.S.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (F.M.)
- Centre for Studies on Gender Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carmen Lanzillotti
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (J.C.R.); (C.M.); (C.L.); (C.S.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (F.M.)
- Centre for Studies on Gender Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara Stefani
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (J.C.R.); (C.M.); (C.L.); (C.S.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (F.M.)
| | - Giada Badiale
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (J.C.R.); (C.M.); (C.L.); (C.S.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (F.M.)
| | - Giulia Campione
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (J.C.R.); (C.M.); (C.L.); (C.S.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (F.M.)
| | - Fernanda Martini
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (J.C.R.); (C.M.); (C.L.); (C.S.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (F.M.)
- Centre for Studies on Gender Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mauro Tognon
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (J.C.R.); (C.M.); (C.L.); (C.S.); (G.B.); (G.C.); (F.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Nicolò MS, Rizzo MG, Palermo N, Gugliandolo C, Cuzzocrea S, Guglielmino SPP. Evaluation of Betacoronavirus OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 Elimination by Zefero Air Sanitizer Device in a Novel Laboratory Recirculation System. Pathogens 2022; 11:221. [PMID: 35215162 PMCID: PMC8877762 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoor air sanitizers contrast airborne diseases and particularly severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)/Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The commercial air sanitizer Zefero (Cf7 S.r.l., San Giovanni La Punta, Italy) works alternatively using a set of integrated disinfecting technologies (namely Photocatalysis/UV mode) or by generating ozone (Ozone mode). Here we evaluated the virucidal efficacy of Zefero setup modes against human Betacoronavirus OC43 and SARS-CoV-2. For this purpose, we designed a laboratory test system in which each virus, as aerosol, was treated with Photocatalysis/UV or Ozone mode and returned into a recirculation plexiglass chamber. Aerosol samples were collected after different times of exposure, corresponding to different volumes of air treated. The viral RNA concentration was determined by qRT-PCR. In Photocatalysis/UV mode, viral RNA of OC43 or SARS-CoV-2 was not detected after 120 or 90 min treatment, respectively, whereas in Ozone mode, viruses were eliminated after 30 or 45 min, respectively. Our results indicated that the integrated technologies used in the air sanitizer Zefero are effective in eliminating both viruses. As a reliable experimental system, the recirculation chamber developed in this study represents a suitable apparatus for effectively comparing the disinfection capacity of different air sanitizers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Salvatore P. P. Guglielmino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (M.S.N.); (M.G.R.); (N.P.); (C.G.); (S.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Marinaki S, Degiannis D, Roussos S, Xagas E, Tsoutsoura P, Adamopoulos S, Sypsa V, Chaidaroglou A, Pavlopoulou ID, Hatzakis A, Boletis IN. Head-To-Head Comparison of Response Rates to the Two mRNA SARS-CοV-2 Vaccines in a Large Cohort of Solid Organ Transplant (SOT) Recipients. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020190. [PMID: 35214649 PMCID: PMC8876597 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their higher risk of developing life-threatening COVID-19 disease, solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients have been prioritized in the vaccination programs of many countries. However, there is increasing evidence of reduced immunogenicity to SARS-CοV-2 vaccination. The present study investigated humoral response, safety, and effectiveness after the two mRNA vaccines in 455 SOT recipients. Overall, the antibody response rate was low, at 39.6%. Higher immunogenicity was detected among individuals vaccinated with the mRNA1273 compared to those with the BNT162b2 vaccine (47% vs. 36%, respectively, p = 0.025) as well as higher median antibody levels of 31 (7, 372) (AU/mL) vs. 11 (7, 215) AU/mL, respectively. Among the covariates assessed, vaccination with the BNT162b2 vaccine, antimetabolite- and steroid-containing immunosuppression, female gender, the type of transplanted organ and older age were factors that negatively influenced immune response. Only mild adverse effects were observed. Our findings confirm poor immunogenicity after vaccination, implicating a reevaluation of vaccination policy in SOT recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Smaragdi Marinaki
- Clinic of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.X.); (P.T.); (I.N.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Dimitrios Degiannis
- Molecular Immunopathology and Histocompatibility Unit, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 17674 Athens, Greece; (D.D.); (A.C.)
| | - Sotirios Roussos
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology & Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece; (S.R.); (V.S.); (A.H.)
| | - Efstathios Xagas
- Clinic of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.X.); (P.T.); (I.N.B.)
| | - Paraskevi Tsoutsoura
- Clinic of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.X.); (P.T.); (I.N.B.)
| | - Stamatis Adamopoulos
- Heart Failure and Transplant Units, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 17674 Athens, Greece;
| | - Vana Sypsa
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology & Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece; (S.R.); (V.S.); (A.H.)
| | - Antigoni Chaidaroglou
- Molecular Immunopathology and Histocompatibility Unit, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 17674 Athens, Greece; (D.D.); (A.C.)
| | - Ioanna D. Pavlopoulou
- Pediatric Research Laboratory, Faculty of Nursing, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece;
| | - Angelos Hatzakis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology & Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece; (S.R.); (V.S.); (A.H.)
| | - Ioannis N. Boletis
- Clinic of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.X.); (P.T.); (I.N.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Álvarez-Díaz DA, Muñoz AL, Tavera-Rodríguez P, Herrera-Sepúlveda MT, Ruiz-Moreno HA, Laiton-Donato K, Franco-Muñoz C, Pelaez-Carvajal D, Cuellar D, Muñoz-Suarez AM, Galindo M, Arias-Ramírez EJ, Mercado-Reyes M. Low Neutralizing Antibody Titers against the Mu Variant of SARS-CoV-2 in 31 BNT162b2 Vaccinated Individuals in Colombia. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020180. [PMID: 35214639 PMCID: PMC8876570 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Global surveillance programs for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are showing the emergence of variants with mutations in the spike protein. Genomic and laboratory surveillance are important to determine if these variants may be more infectious or less susceptible to antiviral treatments and vaccine-induced antibodies. Three of the most predominant SARS-CoV-2 variants in Colombia during the epidemiological peaks of 2021 were isolated: Mu, a variant of interest; Gamma, a variant of concern; B.1.111, which lacks genetic markers associated with greater virulence. Microneutralization assays were performed by incubating 120 mean tissue culture infectious doses (TCID50) of each SARS-CoV-2 isolate with five two-fold serial dilutions of sera from 31 BNT162b2-vaccinated volunteers. The mean neutralization titer (MN50) was calculated by the Reed–Muench method. At the end of August, Mu represented 49% of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in Colombia, followed by 25% of Gamma. In contrast, B.1.111 became almost undetectable. The evaluation of neutralizing antibodies suggests that patients vaccinated with BNT162b2 generate neutralizing antibody titers against the Mu variant at significantly lower concentrations relative to B.1.111 and Gamma. This study shows the importance of continuing surveillance programs of emerging variants, as well as the need to evaluate the neutralizing antibody response induced by other vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego A. Álvarez-Díaz
- Grupo Genómica de Microorganismos Emergentes, Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Av. Calle 26 No 51-20, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (M.T.H.-S.); (H.A.R.-M.); (K.L.-D.); (C.F.-M.); (D.P.-C.); (M.G.); (M.M.-R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-602207700 (ext. 1628)
| | - Ana Luisa Muñoz
- Fundación Banco Nacional de Sangre Hemolife, Bogotá 110911, Colombia;
| | - Pilar Tavera-Rodríguez
- Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (P.T.-R.); (D.C.)
| | - María T. Herrera-Sepúlveda
- Grupo Genómica de Microorganismos Emergentes, Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Av. Calle 26 No 51-20, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (M.T.H.-S.); (H.A.R.-M.); (K.L.-D.); (C.F.-M.); (D.P.-C.); (M.G.); (M.M.-R.)
- Grupo de Parasitología, Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - Hector Alejandro Ruiz-Moreno
- Grupo Genómica de Microorganismos Emergentes, Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Av. Calle 26 No 51-20, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (M.T.H.-S.); (H.A.R.-M.); (K.L.-D.); (C.F.-M.); (D.P.-C.); (M.G.); (M.M.-R.)
| | - Katherine Laiton-Donato
- Grupo Genómica de Microorganismos Emergentes, Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Av. Calle 26 No 51-20, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (M.T.H.-S.); (H.A.R.-M.); (K.L.-D.); (C.F.-M.); (D.P.-C.); (M.G.); (M.M.-R.)
| | - Carlos Franco-Muñoz
- Grupo Genómica de Microorganismos Emergentes, Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Av. Calle 26 No 51-20, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (M.T.H.-S.); (H.A.R.-M.); (K.L.-D.); (C.F.-M.); (D.P.-C.); (M.G.); (M.M.-R.)
- Grupo de Parasitología, Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - Dioselina Pelaez-Carvajal
- Grupo Genómica de Microorganismos Emergentes, Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Av. Calle 26 No 51-20, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (M.T.H.-S.); (H.A.R.-M.); (K.L.-D.); (C.F.-M.); (D.P.-C.); (M.G.); (M.M.-R.)
| | - Diego Cuellar
- Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (P.T.-R.); (D.C.)
| | - Alejandra M. Muñoz-Suarez
- Dirección de Producción, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (A.M.M.-S.); (E.J.A.-R.)
| | - Marisol Galindo
- Grupo Genómica de Microorganismos Emergentes, Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Av. Calle 26 No 51-20, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (M.T.H.-S.); (H.A.R.-M.); (K.L.-D.); (C.F.-M.); (D.P.-C.); (M.G.); (M.M.-R.)
| | - Edgar J. Arias-Ramírez
- Dirección de Producción, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (A.M.M.-S.); (E.J.A.-R.)
| | - Marcela Mercado-Reyes
- Grupo Genómica de Microorganismos Emergentes, Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Av. Calle 26 No 51-20, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (M.T.H.-S.); (H.A.R.-M.); (K.L.-D.); (C.F.-M.); (D.P.-C.); (M.G.); (M.M.-R.)
- Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (P.T.-R.); (D.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Mazziotta C, Pellielo G, Tognon M, Martini F, Rotondo JC. Significantly Low Levels of IgG Antibodies Against Oncogenic Merkel Cell Polyomavirus in Sera From Females Affected by Spontaneous Abortion. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:789991. [PMID: 34970247 PMCID: PMC8712937 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.789991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is a small DNA tumor virus ubiquitous in humans. MCPyV establishes a clinically asymptomatic lifelong infection in healthy immunocompetent individuals. Viral infections are considered to be risk factors for spontaneous abortion (SA), which is the most common adverse complication of pregnancy. The role of MCPyV in SA remains undetermined. Herein, the impact of MCPyV infection in females affected by SA was investigated. Specifically, an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method with two linear synthetic peptides/mimotopes mimicking MCPyV antigens was used to investigate immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against MCPyV in sera from 94 females affected by SA [mean ± standard deviation (SD) age 35 ± (6) years] and from 96 healthy females undergoing voluntary pregnancy interruption [VI, mean (±SD) age 32 ± (7) years]. MCPyV seroprevalence and serological profiles were analyzed. The overall prevalence of serum IgG antibodies against MCPyV was 35.1% (33/94) and 37.5% (36/96) in SA and VI females, respectively (p > 0.05). Notably, serological profile analyses indicated lower optical densities (ODs) in females with SA compared to those undergoing VI (p < 0.05), thus indicating a reduced IgG antibody response in SA females. Circulating IgGs were identified in sera from SA and VI females. Our immunological findings indicate that a relatively reduced fraction of pregnant females carry serum anti-MCPyV IgG antibodies, while SA females presented a more pronounced decrease in IgG antibody response to MCPyV. Although yet to be determined, this immunological decrease might prompt an increase in MCPyV multiplication events in females experiencing abortive events. The role of MCPyV in SA, if present, remains to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Mazziotta
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giulia Pellielo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mauro Tognon
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fernanda Martini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - John Charles Rotondo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Laguardia GCDA, Püschel VADA, Oliveira PPD, Faria LRD, Cavalcante RB, Coelho ADCO, Santos KBD, Carbogim FDC. Controle de partículas aéreas nos procedimentos cirúrgicos durante a pandemia da Covid-19: revisão de escopo. Rev Esc Enferm USP 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-220x-reeusp-2021-0579pt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Objetivo: Mapear as estratégias técnicas e gerenciais para o manejo e a redução da produção de partículas aéreas em ambientes de procedimentos cirúrgicos durante a pandemia da Covid-19. Método: Revisão de escopo, de acordo com metodologia do Joana Briggs Institute, a partir de documentos indexados nas bases MEDLINE, BVS, CINAHL Cochrane, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science e literatura cinza, publicados em português, inglês ou espanhol. Foram considerados todos os estudos provenientes de periódicos científicos indexados e recomendações publicadas por órgãos internacionais ou associações acadêmicas, de 2019 a janeiro de 2022. Os achados foram sumarizados e analisados por estatística descritiva e síntese narrativa. Resultados: Foram selecionados 22 estudos, sendo 19 publicados em inglês, dois em espanhol, um em português, com predominância de revisões da literatura. Os achados foram categorizados em recomendações para o ambiente, a equipe e a técnica cirúrgica. Conclusão: a revisão mapeou as estratégias técnicas e gerenciais para o manejo e a redução da produção de partículas aéreas nos ambientes de procedimentos cirúrgicos. Envolvem desde o uso de equipamentos de proteção individual, treinamentos, modalidade anestésica, manipulação de vias aéreas, até a execução da técnica cirúrgica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vilanice Alves de Araújo Püschel
- Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Centro Brasileiro para o Cuidado à Saúde Baseado em Evidências: Centro de Excelência do JBI (JBI Brasil), Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Kelli Borges dos Santos
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Brazil; Centro Brasileiro para o Cuidado à Saúde Baseado em Evidências: Centro de Excelência do JBI (JBI Brasil), Brazil
| | - Fábio da Costa Carbogim
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Brazil; Centro Brasileiro para o Cuidado à Saúde Baseado em Evidências: Centro de Excelência do JBI (JBI Brasil), Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lhomme S, Latour J, Jeanne N, Trémeaux P, Ranger N, Migueres M, Salin G, Donnadieu C, Izopet J. Prediction of SARS-CoV-2 Variant Lineages Using the S1-Encoding Region Sequence Obtained by PacBio Single-Molecule Real-Time Sequencing. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122544. [PMID: 34960813 PMCID: PMC8707593 DOI: 10.3390/v13122544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is the causal agent of the COVID-19 pandemic that emerged in late 2019. The outbreak of variants with mutations in the region encoding the spike protein S1 sub-unit that can make them more resistant to neutralizing or monoclonal antibodies is the main point of the current monitoring. This study examines the feasibility of predicting the variant lineage and monitoring the appearance of reported mutations by sequencing only the region encoding the S1 domain by Pacific Bioscience Single Molecule Real-Time sequencing (PacBio SMRT). Using the PacBio SMRT system, we successfully sequenced 186 of the 200 samples previously sequenced with the Illumina COVIDSeq (whole genome) system. PacBio SMRT detected mutations in the S1 domain that were missed by the COVIDseq system in 27/186 samples (14.5%), due to amplification failure. These missing positions included mutations that are decisive for lineage assignation, such as G142D (n = 11), N501Y (n = 6), or E484K (n = 2). The lineage of 172/186 (92.5%) samples was accurately determined by analyzing the region encoding the S1 domain with a pipeline that uses key positions in S1. Thus, the PacBio SMRT protocol is appropriate for determining virus lineages and detecting key mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Lhomme
- Infinity, Université Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France; (M.M.); (J.I.)
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, France; (J.L.); (N.J.); (P.T.); (N.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-5-67-69-04-24
| | - Justine Latour
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, France; (J.L.); (N.J.); (P.T.); (N.R.)
| | - Nicolas Jeanne
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, France; (J.L.); (N.J.); (P.T.); (N.R.)
| | - Pauline Trémeaux
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, France; (J.L.); (N.J.); (P.T.); (N.R.)
| | - Noémie Ranger
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, France; (J.L.); (N.J.); (P.T.); (N.R.)
| | - Marion Migueres
- Infinity, Université Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France; (M.M.); (J.I.)
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, France; (J.L.); (N.J.); (P.T.); (N.R.)
| | - Gérald Salin
- INRAE, US 1426, GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; (G.S.); (C.D.)
| | - Cécile Donnadieu
- INRAE, US 1426, GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; (G.S.); (C.D.)
| | - Jacques Izopet
- Infinity, Université Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France; (M.M.); (J.I.)
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, France; (J.L.); (N.J.); (P.T.); (N.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Vasudevan S, Baraniuk JN. Understanding COVID-19 Pathogenesis: A Drug-Repurposing Effort to Disrupt Nsp-1 Binding to Export Machinery Receptor Complex. Pathogens 2021; 10:1634. [PMID: 34959589 PMCID: PMC8709492 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-structural protein 1 (Nsp1) is a virulence factor found in all beta coronaviruses (b-CoVs). Recent studies have shown that Nsp1 of SARS-CoV-2 virus interacts with the nuclear export receptor complex, which includes nuclear RNA export factor 1 (NXF1) and nuclear transport factor 2-like export factor 1 (NXT1). The NXF1-NXT1 complex plays a crucial role in the transport of host messenger RNA (mRNA). Nsp1 interferes with the proper binding of NXF1 to mRNA export adaptors and its docking to the nuclear pore complex. We propose that drugs targeting the binding surface between Nsp1 and NXF1-NXT1 may be a useful strategy to restore host antiviral gene expression. Exploring this strategy forms the main goals of this paper. Crystal structures of Nsp1 and the heterodimer of NXF1-NXT1 have been determined. We modeled the docking of Nsp1 to the NXF1-NXT1 complex, and discovered repurposed drugs that may interfere with this binding. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt at drug-repurposing of this complex. We used structural analysis to screen 1993 FDA-approved drugs for docking to the NXF1-NXT1 complex. The top hit was ganirelix, with a docking score of -14.49. Ganirelix competitively antagonizes the gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor (GNRHR) on pituitary gonadotrophs, and induces rapid, reversible suppression of gonadotropin secretion. The conformations of Nsp1 and GNRHR make it unlikely that they interact with each other. Additional drug leads were inferred from the structural analysis of this complex, which are discussed in the paper. These drugs offer several options for therapeutically blocking Nsp1 binding to NFX1-NXT1, which may normalize nuclear export in COVID-19 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sona Vasudevan
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - James N Baraniuk
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Pedersen ESL, Mallet MC, Lam YT, Bellu S, Cizeau I, Copeland F, Fernandez TL, Manion M, Harris AL, Lucas JS, Santamaria F, Goutaki M, Kuehni CE. COVID-19 Vaccinations: Perceptions and Behaviours in People with Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1496. [PMID: 34960242 PMCID: PMC8707304 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare genetic disease that causes recurrent respiratory infections. People with PCD may be at higher risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and therefore vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is important. We studied vaccination willingness, speed of vaccination uptake, side effects, and changes in social contact behaviour after vaccination in people with PCD. We used data from COVID-PCD, an international participatory cohort study. A COVID-19 vaccination questionnaire was emailed to participants in May 2021 and 423 participants from 31 countries replied (median age: 30 years, range 1-85 years; 261 (62%) female). Vaccination uptake and willingness were high, with 273 of 287 adults (96%) being vaccinated or willing to be in June 2021; only 4% were hesitant. The most common reason for hesitancy was fear of side effects, reported by 88%. Mild side effects were common, but no participant reported severe side effects. Half of the participants changed their social behaviour after vaccination by seeing friends and family more often. The high vaccination willingness in the study population might reflect the extraordinary effort taken by PCD support groups to inform people about COVID-19 vaccination. Clear and specific information and involvement of representatives is important for high vaccine uptake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva S. L. Pedersen
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (E.S.L.P.); (M.C.M.); (Y.T.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Maria Christina Mallet
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (E.S.L.P.); (M.C.M.); (Y.T.L.); (M.G.)
- Graduate School for Health Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yin Ting Lam
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (E.S.L.P.); (M.C.M.); (Y.T.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Sara Bellu
- Associazione Italiana Discinesia Ciliare Primaria Sindrome di Kartagener Onlus, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | | | | | - Trini Lopez Fernandez
- Asociación Española de Pacientes con Discinesia Ciliar Primaria, Santo Ángel 30151, Philippines;
| | | | - Amanda L. Harris
- Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (A.L.H.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Jane S. Lucas
- Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (A.L.H.); (J.S.L.)
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Francesca Santamaria
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Myrofora Goutaki
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (E.S.L.P.); (M.C.M.); (Y.T.L.); (M.G.)
- Division of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Paediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claudia E. Kuehni
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (E.S.L.P.); (M.C.M.); (Y.T.L.); (M.G.)
- Division of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Paediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kohmer N, Eckermann L, Böddinghaus B, Götsch U, Berger A, Herrmann E, Kortenbusch M, Tinnemann P, Gottschalk R, Hoehl S, Ciesek S. Self-Collected Samples to Detect SARS-CoV-2: Direct Comparison of Saliva, Tongue Swab, Nasal Swab, Chewed Cotton Pads and Gargle Lavage. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10245751. [PMID: 34945047 PMCID: PMC8709431 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10245751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Testing for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by RT-PCR is a vital public health tool in the pandemic. Self-collected samples are increasingly used as an alternative to nasopharyngeal swabs. Several studies suggested that they are sufficiently sensitive to be a useful alternative. However, there are limited data directly comparing several different types of self-collected materials to determine which material is preferable. A total of 102 predominantly symptomatic adults with a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection self-collected native saliva, a tongue swab, a mid-turbinate nasal swab, saliva obtained by chewing a cotton pad and gargle lavage, within 48 h of initial diagnosis. Sample collection was unsupervised. Both native saliva and gargling with tap water had high diagnostic sensitivity of 92.8% and 89.1%, respectively. Nasal swabs had a sensitivity of 85.1%, which was not significantly inferior to saliva (p = 0.092), but 16.6% of participants reported they had difficult in self-collection of this sample. A tongue swab and saliva obtained by chewing a cotton pad had a significantly lower sensitivity of 74.2% and 70.2%, respectively. Diagnostic sensitivity was not related to the presence of clinical symptoms or to age. When comparing self-collected specimens from different material, saliva, gargle lavage or mid-turbinate nasal swabs may be considered for most symptomatic patients. However, complementary experiments are required to verify that differences in performance observed among the five sampling modes were not attributed to collection impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niko Kohmer
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany; (N.K.); (L.E.); (A.B.); (M.K.); (R.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Lisa Eckermann
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany; (N.K.); (L.E.); (A.B.); (M.K.); (R.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Boris Böddinghaus
- Health Protection Authority, City of Frankfurt, 60313 Frankfurt, Germany; (B.B.); (U.G.); (P.T.)
| | - Udo Götsch
- Health Protection Authority, City of Frankfurt, 60313 Frankfurt, Germany; (B.B.); (U.G.); (P.T.)
| | - Annemarie Berger
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany; (N.K.); (L.E.); (A.B.); (M.K.); (R.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Eva Herrmann
- Institute of Biostatistics and Mathematical Modelling, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany;
| | - Marhild Kortenbusch
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany; (N.K.); (L.E.); (A.B.); (M.K.); (R.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Peter Tinnemann
- Health Protection Authority, City of Frankfurt, 60313 Frankfurt, Germany; (B.B.); (U.G.); (P.T.)
| | - Rene Gottschalk
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany; (N.K.); (L.E.); (A.B.); (M.K.); (R.G.); (S.C.)
- Health Protection Authority, City of Frankfurt, 60313 Frankfurt, Germany; (B.B.); (U.G.); (P.T.)
| | - Sebastian Hoehl
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany; (N.K.); (L.E.); (A.B.); (M.K.); (R.G.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-69-6301-0
| | - Sandra Ciesek
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany; (N.K.); (L.E.); (A.B.); (M.K.); (R.G.); (S.C.)
- German Centre for Infection Research, External Partner Site, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
AbuAlhommos AK, Alhadab FE, Almajhad MM, Almutawaa R, Alabdulkareem ST. Community Knowledge of and Attitudes towards COVID-19 Prevention Techniques in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312783. [PMID: 34886506 PMCID: PMC8657056 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to assess the community knowledge of and to obtain a broad overview of attitudes towards appropriate prevention techniques that are recommended by the Ministry of Health to prevent COVID-19 transmission in Saudi Arabia. METHODS A cross-sectional study using an online survey was conducted in Saudi Arabia between 1 May and 30 November 2020 to assess the community knowledge of and attitudes towards appropriate COVID-19 prevention techniques in Saudi Arabia. The study tool was developed based on an extensive literature review. RESULTS A total of 577 individuals were involved in this study. The majority of the participants knew that COVID-19 is classified as a severe acute respiratory syndrome, is caused by viral infection, and that it is more common among the elderly and those who have a chronic illness. More than half of the participants were able to identify the symptoms of COVID-19 correctly, which are fever, dry cough, and loss of taste. Approximately half the study participants were knowledgeable about appropriate distancing, handwashing, and preventive measures (e.g., wearing a cloth mask, smoking cessation, avoiding dangerous cultural behaviors that increase the probability of disease transmission). More than half of the study participants were able to identify the appropriate actions that should be taken if common COVID-19 symptoms appear. CONCLUSION A promising level of knowledge and positive attitudes towards COVID-19 was observed in Saudi Arabia. Continuous efforts should be maintained to sustain the level of awareness among the public. Further studies are warranted to explore the level of knowledge and attitudes after the introduction of COVID-19 vaccines.
Collapse
|
43
|
Ferreira CS, Martins YC, Souza RC, Vasconcelos ATR. EpiCurator: an immunoinformatic workflow to predict and prioritize SARS-CoV-2 epitopes. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12548. [PMID: 34909278 PMCID: PMC8641484 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, triggered by the emerging SARS-CoV-2 virus, represents a global public health challenge. Therefore, the development of effective vaccines is an urgent need to prevent and control virus spread. One of the vaccine production strategies uses the in silico epitope prediction from the virus genome by immunoinformatic approaches, which assist in selecting candidate epitopes for in vitro and clinical trials research. This study introduces the EpiCurator workflow to predict and prioritize epitopes from SARS-CoV-2 genomes by combining a series of computational filtering tools. To validate the workflow effectiveness, SARS-CoV-2 genomes retrieved from the GISAID database were analyzed. We identified 11 epitopes in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of Spike glycoprotein, an important antigenic determinant, not previously described in the literature or published on the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB). Interestingly, these epitopes have a combination of important properties: recognized in sequences of the current variants of concern, present high antigenicity, conservancy, and broad population coverage. The RBD epitopes were the source for a multi-epitope design to in silico validation of their immunogenic potential. The multi-epitope overall quality was computationally validated, endorsing its efficiency to trigger an effective immune response since it has stability, high antigenicity and strong interactions with Toll-Like Receptors (TLR). Taken together, the findings in the current study demonstrated the efficacy of the workflow for epitopes discovery, providing target candidates for immunogen development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina S. Ferreira
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, National Laboratory of Scientific Computation, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Yasmmin C. Martins
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, National Laboratory of Scientific Computation, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rangel Celso Souza
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, National Laboratory of Scientific Computation, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Tereza R. Vasconcelos
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, National Laboratory of Scientific Computation, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lee SH. A Routine Sanger Sequencing Target Specific Mutation Assay for SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern and Interest. Viruses 2021; 13:2386. [PMID: 34960655 PMCID: PMC8706074 DOI: 10.3390/v13122386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As SARS-CoV-2 continues to spread among human populations, genetic changes occur and accumulate in the circulating virus. Some of these genetic changes have caused amino acid mutations, including deletions, which may have a potential impact on critical SARS-CoV-2 countermeasures, including vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics. Considerable efforts have been made to categorize the amino acid mutations of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein, along with certain mutations in other regions within the S protein as specific variants, in an attempt to study the relationship between these mutations and the biological behavior of the virus. However, the currently used whole genome sequencing surveillance technologies can test only a small fraction of the positive specimens with high viral loads and often generate uncertainties in nucleic acid sequencing that needs additional verification for precision determination of mutations. This article introduces a generic protocol to routinely sequence a 437-bp nested RT-PCR cDNA amplicon of the ACE2 RBD and a 490-bp nested RT-PCR cDNA amplicon of the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the S gene for detection of the amino acid mutations needed for accurate determination of all variants of concern and variants of interest according to the definitions published by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This protocol was able to amplify both nucleic acid targets into cDNA amplicons to be used as templates for Sanger sequencing on all 16 clinical specimens that were positive for SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sin Hang Lee
- Affiliation Milford Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, 2044 Bridgeport Avenue, Milford, CT 06460, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lane MA, Walawender M, Webster AS, Brownsword EA, Ingersoll JM, Miller C, Waggoner J, Uyeki TM, Lindsley WG, Kraft CS. Sampling for SARS-CoV-2 Aerosols in Hospital Patient Rooms. Viruses 2021; 13:2347. [PMID: 34960615 PMCID: PMC8703426 DOI: 10.3390/v13122347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence varies as to how far aerosols spread from individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 in hospital rooms. We investigated the presence of aerosols containing SARS-CoV-2 inside of dedicated COVID-19 patient rooms. Three National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health BC 251 two-stage cyclone samplers were set up in each patient room for a six-hour sampling period. Samplers were place on tripods, which each held two samplers at various heights above the floor. Extracted samples underwent reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for selected gene regions of the SARS-CoV-2 virus nucleocapsid. Patient medical data were compared between participants in rooms where virus-containing aerosols were detected and those where they were not. Of 576 aerosols samples collected from 19 different rooms across 32 participants, 3% (19) were positive for SARS-CoV-2, the majority from near the head and foot of the bed. Seven of the positive samples were collected inside a single patient room. No significant differences in participant clinical characteristics were found between patients in rooms with positive and negative aerosol samples. SARS-CoV-2 viral aerosols were detected from the patient rooms of nine participants (28%). These findings provide reassurance that personal protective equipment that was recommended for this virus is appropriate given its spread in hospital rooms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan A. Lane
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (A.S.W.); (E.A.B.); (J.W.); (C.S.K.)
| | - Maria Walawender
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Andrew S. Webster
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (A.S.W.); (E.A.B.); (J.W.); (C.S.K.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Atlanta VA Health Care System, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Erik A. Brownsword
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (A.S.W.); (E.A.B.); (J.W.); (C.S.K.)
| | - Jessica M. Ingersoll
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (J.M.I.); (C.M.)
| | - Candace Miller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (J.M.I.); (C.M.)
| | - Jesse Waggoner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (A.S.W.); (E.A.B.); (J.W.); (C.S.K.)
- Emory Healthcare, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Timothy M. Uyeki
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - William G. Lindsley
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV 26508, USA;
| | - Colleen S. Kraft
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (A.S.W.); (E.A.B.); (J.W.); (C.S.K.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (J.M.I.); (C.M.)
- Emory Healthcare, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Protective Role of Combined Polyphenols and Micronutrients against Influenza A Virus and SARS-CoV-2 Infection In Vitro. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111721. [PMID: 34829949 PMCID: PMC8615651 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols have been widely studied for their antiviral effect against respiratory virus infections. Among these, resveratrol (RV) has been demonstrated to inhibit influenza virus replication and more recently, it has been tested together with pterostilbene against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. In the present work, we evaluated the antiviral activity of polydatin, an RV precursor, and a mixture of polyphenols and other micronutrients, named A5+, against influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 infections. To this end, we infected Vero E6 cells and analyzed the replication of both respiratory viruses in terms of viral proteins synthesis and viral titration. We demonstrated that A5+ showed a higher efficacy in inhibiting both influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 infections compared to polydatin treatment alone. Indeed, post infection treatment significantly decreased viral proteins expression and viral release, probably by interfering with any step of virus replicative cycle. Intriguingly, A5+ treatment strongly reduced IL-6 cytokine production in influenza virus-infected cells, suggesting its potential anti-inflammatory properties during the infection. Overall, these results demonstrate the synergic and innovative antiviral efficacy of A5+ mixture, although further studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms underlying its inhibitory effect.
Collapse
|
47
|
Thrombotic Adverse Events Reported for Moderna, Pfizer and Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccines: Comparison of Occurrence and Clinical Outcomes in the EudraVigilance Database. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111326. [PMID: 34835256 PMCID: PMC8624459 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against COVID-19 is the cornerstone of controlling and mitigating the ongoing pandemic. Thrombotic adverse events linked to Moderna, Pfizer and the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine have been documented and described as extremely rare. While the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine has received much of the attention, the other vaccines should not go unchallenged. This study aimed to determine the frequency of reported thrombotic adverse events and clinical outcomes for these three COVID-19 vaccines, namely, Moderna, Pfizer and Oxford-AstraZeneca. A retrospective descriptive analysis was conducted of spontaneous reports for Moderna, Pfizer and Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines submitted to the EudraVigilance database in the period from 17 February to 14 June 2021. There were 729,496 adverse events for the three vaccines, of which 3420 were thrombotic, mainly Oxford-AstraZeneca (n = 1988; 58.1%) followed by Pfizer (n = 1096; 32.0%) and Moderna (n = 336; 9.8%). As serious adverse events, there were 705 reports of pulmonary embolism for the three vaccines, of which 130 reports (18.4%) were for Moderna, 226 reports (32.1%) for Pfizer and 349 (49.5%) for Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines. The occurrence of pulmonary embolism is significantly associated with a fatal outcome (p ≤ 0.001). Sixty-three fatalities were recorded (n = 63/3420; 1.8%), of which Moderna (n = 6), Pfizer (n = 25) and Oxford-AstraZeneca (n = 32).
Collapse
|
48
|
Epigenetic Dysregulations in Merkel Cell Polyomavirus-Driven Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111464. [PMID: 34768895 PMCID: PMC8584046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is a small DNA virus with oncogenic potential. MCPyV is the causative agent of Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC), a rare but aggressive tumor of the skin. The role of epigenetic mechanisms, such as histone posttranslational modifications (HPTMs), DNA methylation, and microRNA (miRNA) regulation on MCPyV-driven MCC has recently been highlighted. In this review, we aim to describe and discuss the latest insights into HPTMs, DNA methylation, and miRNA regulation, as well as their regulative factors in the context of MCPyV-driven MCC, to provide an overview of current findings on how MCPyV is involved in the dysregulation of these epigenetic processes. The current state of the art is also described as far as potentially using epigenetic dysregulations and related factors as diagnostic and prognostic tools is concerned, in addition to targets for MCPyV-driven MCC therapy. Growing evidence suggests that the dysregulation of HPTMs, DNA methylation, and miRNA pathways plays a role in MCPyV-driven MCC etiopathogenesis, which, therefore, may potentially be clinically significant for this deadly tumor. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms and related factors may improve diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy for MCPyV-driven MCC.
Collapse
|
49
|
COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Resistance in India Explored through a Population-Based Longitudinal Survey. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101064. [PMID: 34696172 PMCID: PMC8537475 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization has recommended that individual governments identify vaccine hesitancy areas. It is proposed that the governments, with the aid of local organizations, educate and implement social insights on the vaccination so that high population levels are covered with this safe immune program. METHODS A longitudinal online survey covered 3000 adults from India. We examined the demography, behavioral (socio-economic) attitude, vaccine hesitancy, vaccine resistance for the COVID-19 vaccine. The specific reasons for the COVID-19 vaccine decline were also evaluated. RESULTS Our survey revealed 59% definite response, 29% low-level response, and 7% high-level response for vaccine hesitancy, while 6% had resistant views on the COVID-19 vaccine. Individuals who had higher income levels, lived in a society, maintained social distancing, had downloaded the COVID-19 update app, showed a positive attitude towards their government, and more confidence in their healthcare system were more inclined towards the vaccination. On the contrary, individuals who had overstated the risks of COVID-19 and had a religious and populistic attitude towards vaccination were more hesitant/resistant to vaccination. The respondents who declined vaccine administration were further evaluated for their specific reason for their response. The most common reasons for declining the COVID-19 vaccine were post-vaccine scare of adverse health effects and accepting the information spread by social media. CONCLUSIONS The results in our study show that by identifying population "hot spots" that have negative or unclear information on the COVID-19 vaccination, these "hot spots" can be addressed by involving friendly organizations that can clear their strong disbeliefs and increase the percentage of vaccine-definite people within the population. The role of government-induced COVID-19 vaccine policy measures can always be beneficial to cause this shift from disbelief to confidence within the population.
Collapse
|
50
|
Linardou H, Spanakis N, Koliou GA, Christopoulou A, Karageorgopoulou S, Alevra N, Vagionas A, Tsoukalas N, Sgourou S, Fountzilas E, Sgouros J, Razis E, Chatzokou D, Lampaki S, Res E, Saridaki Z, Mountzios G, Saroglou G, Fountzilas G. Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Patients with Cancer (ReCOVer Study): A Prospective Cohort Study of the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4621. [PMID: 34572848 PMCID: PMC8466969 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Data on the effectiveness and safety of approved SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in cancer patients are limited. This observational, prospective cohort study investigated the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in 232 cancer patients from 12 HeCOG-affiliated oncology departments compared to 100 healthcare volunteers without known active cancer. The seropositivity rate was measured 2-4 weeks after two vaccine doses, by evaluating neutralising antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein using a commercially available immunoassay. Seropositivity was defined as ≥33.8 Binding-Antibody-Units (BAU)/mL. A total of 189 patients and 99 controls were eligible for this analysis. Among patients, 171 (90.5%) were seropositive after two vaccine doses, compared to 98% of controls (p = 0.015). Most seronegative patients were males (66.7%), >70-years-old (55.5%), with comorbidities (61.1%), and on active treatment (88.9%). The median antibody titers among patients were significantly lower than those of the controls (523 vs. 2050 BAU/mL; p < 0.001). The rate of protective titers was 54.5% in patients vs. 97% in controls (p < 0.001). Seropositivity rates and IgG titers in controls did not differ for any studied factor. In cancer patients, higher antibody titers were observed in never-smokers (p = 0.006), women (p = 0.022), <50-year-olds (p = 0.004), PS 0 (p = 0.029), and in breast or ovarian vs. other cancers. Adverse events were comparable to registration trials. In this cohort study, although the seropositivity rate after two vaccine doses in cancer patients seemed satisfactory, their antibody titers were significantly lower than in controls. Monitoring of responses and further elucidation of the clinical factors that affect immunity could guide adaptations of vaccine strategies for vulnerable subgroups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Linardou
- Fourth Oncology Department and Comprehensive Clinical Trials Centre, Metropolitan Hospital, 18547 Athens, Greece; (N.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Nikolaos Spanakis
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11524 Athens, Greece;
- AlfaLab, Hellenic HealthCare Group, 11524 Athens, Greece;
| | - Georgia-Angeliki Koliou
- Section of Biostatistics, Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group, Data Office, 11526 Athens, Greece;
| | | | | | - Nephely Alevra
- Fourth Oncology Department and Comprehensive Clinical Trials Centre, Metropolitan Hospital, 18547 Athens, Greece; (N.A.); (S.S.)
| | | | - Nikolaos Tsoukalas
- Department of Oncology, 401 General Military Hospital of Athens, 11525 Athens, Greece;
| | - Stavroula Sgourou
- Fourth Oncology Department and Comprehensive Clinical Trials Centre, Metropolitan Hospital, 18547 Athens, Greece; (N.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Elena Fountzilas
- Second Department of Medical Oncology, Euromedica General Clinic of Thessaloniki, 54645 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus
| | - Joseph Sgouros
- Third Department of Medical Oncology, Agii Anargiri Cancer Hospital, 14564 Athens, Greece; (J.S.); (E.R.)
| | - Evangelia Razis
- Third Department of Medical Oncology, Hygeia Hospital, 15123 Athens, Greece;
| | | | - Sofia Lampaki
- Pulmonary Department, Lung Cancer Oncology Unit, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, G. Papanicolaou Hospital, 57010 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Eleni Res
- Third Department of Medical Oncology, Agii Anargiri Cancer Hospital, 14564 Athens, Greece; (J.S.); (E.R.)
| | | | - Giannis Mountzios
- Fourth Department of Medical Oncology and Clinical Trials Unit, Henry Dunant Hospital Center, 11526 Athens, Greece;
| | - George Saroglou
- Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
- Internal Medicine Department, Metropolitan Hospital, 18547 Athens, Greece
| | - George Fountzilas
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Medical Oncology, German Oncology Center, Limassol 4108, Cyprus
| |
Collapse
|