1
|
de Souza Carneiro VC, Leon LAA, de Paula VS. miRNAs: Targets to Investigate Herpesvirus Infection Associated with Neurological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15876. [PMID: 37958855 PMCID: PMC10650863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus is associated with various neurological disorders and a specific diagnosis is associated with a better prognosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of neurological diseases triggered by herpetic infection. In this review, we discuss miRNAs that have been associated with neurological disorders related to the action of herpesviruses. Human miRNAs and herpesvirus-encoded miRNAs were listed and discussed. This review article will be valuable in stimulating the search for new diagnostic and prognosis alternatives and understanding the role of these miRNAs in neurological diseases triggered by herpesviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Cristine de Souza Carneiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Parasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (V.C.d.S.C.); (V.S.d.P.)
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Luciane Almeida Amado Leon
- Laboratory of Technological Development in Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Salete de Paula
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Parasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (V.C.d.S.C.); (V.S.d.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
McMahon‑Cole H, Johnson A, Sadat Aghamiri S, Helikar T, Crawford LB. Modeling and Remodeling the Cell: How Digital Twins and HCMV Can Elucidate the Complex Interactions of Viral Latency, Epigenetic Regulation, and Immune Responses. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 10:141-151. [PMID: 37901689 PMCID: PMC10601359 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-023-00201-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), while asymptomatic in most, causes significant complications during fetal development, following transplant or in immunosuppressed individuals. The host-virus interactions regulating viral latency and reactivation and viral control of the cellular environment (immune regulation, differentiation, epigenetics) are highly complex. Understanding these processes is essential to controlling infection and can be leveraged as a novel approach for understanding basic cell biology. Recent Findings Immune digital twins (IDTs) are digital simulations integrating knowledge of human immunology, physiology, and patient-specific clinical data to predict individualized immune responses and targeted treatments. Recent studies used IDTs to elucidate mechanisms of T cells, dendritic cells, and epigenetic control-all key to HCMV biology. Summary Here, we discuss how leveraging the unique biology of HCMV and IDTs will clarify immune response dynamics, host-virus interactions, and viral latency and reactivation and serve as a powerful IDT-validation platform for individualized and holistic health management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hana McMahon‑Cole
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Alicia Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Sara Sadat Aghamiri
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Tomáš Helikar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Lindsey B. Crawford
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Nebraska Center for Virology, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, Lincoln, NE, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a betaherpesvirus that establishes lifelong infection in its host and can cause severe comorbidities in individuals with suppressed or compromised immune systems. The lifecycle of HCMV consists of lytic and latent phases, largely dependent upon the cell type infected and whether transcription from the major immediate early locus can ensue. Control of this locus, which acts as a critical "switch" region from where the lytic gene expression cascade originates, as well as regulation of the additional ~235 kilobases of virus genome, occurs through chromatinization with cellular histone proteins after infection. Upon infection of a host cell, an initial intrinsic antiviral response represses gene expression from the incoming genome, which is relieved in permissive cells by viral and host factors in concert. Latency is established in a subset of hematopoietic cells, during which viral transcription is largely repressed while the genome is maintained. As these latently infected cells differentiate, the cellular milieu and epigenetic modifications change, giving rise to the initial stages of virus reactivation from latency. Thus, throughout the cycle of infection, chromatinization, chromatin modifiers, and the recruitment of specific transcription factors influence the expression of genes from the HCMV genome. In this review, we discuss epigenetic regulation of the HCMV genome during the different phases of infection, with an emphasis on recent reports that add to our current perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Matthews
- Infection Biology, Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ian J. Groves
- Infection Biology, Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Christine M. O'Connor
- Infection Biology, Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
While many viral infections are limited and eventually resolved by the host immune response or by death of the host, other viruses establish long-term relationships with the host by way of a persistent infection, that range from chronic viruses that may be eventually cleared to those that establish life-long persistent or latent infection. Viruses infecting hosts from bacteria to humans establish quiescent infections that must be reactivated to produce progeny. For mammalian viruses, most notably herpesviruses, this quiescent maintenance of viral genomes in the absence of virus replication is referred to as latency. The latent strategy allows the virus to persist quiescently within a single host until conditions indicate a need to reactivate to reach a new host or, to re-seed a reservoir within the host. Here, I review common themes in viral strategies to regulate the latent cycle and reactivate from it ranging from bacteriophage to herpesviruses with a focus on human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Themes central to herpesvirus latency include, epigenetic repression of viral gene expression and mechanisms to regulate host signaling and survival. Critical to the success of a latent program are mechanisms by which the virus can "sense" fluctuations in host biology (within the host) or environment (outside the host) and make appropriate "decisions" to maintain latency or re-initiate the replicative program. The signals or environments that indicate the establishment of a latent state, the very nature of the latent state, as well as the signals driving reactivation have been topics of intense study from bacteriophage to human viruses, as these questions encompass the height of complexity in virus-host interactions-where the host and the virus coexist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Goodrum
- Department of Immunobiology, BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
CD4 T Cell-Mediated Immune Control of Cytomegalovirus Infection in Murine Salivary Glands. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10121531. [PMID: 34959486 PMCID: PMC8704252 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4 T cells are well known for their supportive role in CD8 T cell and B cell responses during viral infection. However, during murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection in the salivary glands (SGs), CD4 T cells exhibit direct antiviral effector functions to control the infection. In this mucosal organ, opposed to other infected tissues, MCMV establishes a sustained lytic replication that lasts for several weeks. While the protective function of CD4 T cells is exerted through the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interferon gamma (IFNγ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF), the reasons for their markedly delayed control of lytic MCMV infection remain elusive. Here, we review the current knowledge on the dynamics and mechanisms of the CD4 T cell-mediated control of MCMV-infected SGs, including their localization in the SG in relation to MCMV infected cells and other immune cells, their mode of action, and their regulation.
Collapse
|
6
|
iTRAQ-based proteomics analysis of HCMV latency and reactivation in T98G cells. J Virol 2021; 96:e0147621. [PMID: 34730396 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01476-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) establishes a persistent/latent infection after primary infection, and host factor(s) plays a key role in regulating HCMV infection status. The spread of reactivated HCMV via the hematogenous or neural route usually results in severe diseases in newborns and immunocompromised individuals. As the primary reservoirs in vivo, cells of myeloid lineage have been utilized extensively to study HCMV infection. However, the molecular mechanism of HCMV latency/reactivation in neural cells is still poorly understood. We previously showed that HCMV infected T98G cells maintain a large number of viral genomes and support HCMV reactivation from latency upon cAMP/IBMX treatment. Here we employed iTRAQ-based proteomics to characterize cellular protein changes during HCMV latency and reactivation in T98G cells. A total of 168 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified, including 89 proteins in latency and 85 proteins in reactivation. Bioinformatics analysis showed that a few biological pathways were associated with HCMV latency or reactivation. Moreover, we validated 16 DEPs by both mRNA and protein expression profiles and further evaluated the effects of ApoE and PI3K pathway on HCMV infection. ApoE knockdown reduced HCMV loads and virus release, whereas overexpressing ApoE hampered HCMV latent infection, indicating a role in HCMV latency establishment/maintenance. Blocking the PI3K pathway by LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, induced HCMV reactivation from latency in T98G cells. Overall, this comparative proteomic analysis delineates the cellular protein changes during HCMV latency and reactivation and provides a road map to advance our understanding of the mechanism(s) in the context of neural cells. IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a highly transmissible beta-herpesvirus that has a prevalence of 60%-90% worldwide. This opportunist pathogen poses a significant threat to newborns and immunosuppressed individuals. One major obstacle for developing effective therapeutics is a poor understanding of HCMV latency/reactivation mechanisms. This study presents, for the first time, a systemic analysis of host cell protein expression changes during HCMV latency establishment and reactivation processes in neural cells. We showed that ApoE was downregulated by HCMV to facilitate latent infection. Also, the proteomic analysis has associated a few PI3K pathway-related proteins with HCMV reactivation. Altogether, this study highlights multiple host proteins and signaling pathways that can be further investigated as potential druggable targets for HCMV-related diseases, especially brain disorders.
Collapse
|
7
|
Essentials in the diagnosis of postoperative myocardial lesions similar to or unrelated to rejection in heart transplant. REV ROMANA MED LAB 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/rrlm-2021-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background, objectives: Histological diagnosis of control biopsies in patients with heart transplant represents a significant step of monitoring, with a great influence on adjusting immunosuppressive treatment. Histological lesions are usually related to ischemia and reperfusion, with varying degrees of intensity. This study aimed to highlight the most important aspects of the histological diagnosis and differential diagnosis of postoperative myocardial lesions associated or unrelated to rejection in heart transplant.
Materials and Methods: This retrospective study involved 53 patients who received cardiac transplant between 2000 and 2017. Patients were monitored by lesion quantification of endomyocardial biopsies, with diagnoses established based on biopsy material in the early, medium and late post-transplant periods. Hematoxylin eosin, Masson’s trichrome, and Van Gieson stains were used; immunohistochemical determinations used CD4, CD20, CD45, CD68, HLA-DR, VEGF and CD31.
Results: Ischemia and reperfusion lesions were diagnosed on all biopsies in the first 6 weeks post-transplant. Nine cases of the Quilty effect were identified, and in 12 cases, the biopsies were performed on the same spot as previous biopsies. A significant number of transplanted patients presented cytomegalovirus that was difficult to diagnose on endomyocardial biopsies.
Conclusions: The detailed study of ischemia and reperfusion lesions, as well as of changes un-related to rejection becomes a major objective in the short, medium and late post-transplant period. Overdiagnosis of rejection induces changes of the immunosuppressive therapeutic protocol, with alarming repercussions on cytomegalovirus reactivation, and risks of potentiating inflammation, myocyte destruction and the recurrence of disorders related to both inducing and aggravating heart failure.
Collapse
|
8
|
Regulation of the MIE Locus During HCMV Latency and Reactivation. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110869. [PMID: 33113934 PMCID: PMC7690695 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous herpesviral pathogen that results in life-long infection. HCMV maintains a latent or quiescent infection in hematopoietic cells, which is broadly defined by transcriptional silencing and the absence of de novo virion production. However, upon cell differentiation coupled with immune dysfunction, the virus can reactivate, which leads to lytic replication in a variety of cell and tissue types. One of the mechanisms controlling the balance between latency and reactivation/lytic replication is the regulation of the major immediate-early (MIE) locus. This enhancer/promoter region is complex, and it is regulated by chromatinization and associated factors, as well as a variety of transcription factors. Herein, we discuss these factors and how they influence the MIE locus, which ultimately impacts the phase of HCMV infection.
Collapse
|
9
|
New Insights Into the Molecular Mechanisms and Immune Control of Cytomegalovirus Reactivation. Transplantation 2020; 104:e118-e124. [PMID: 31996662 PMCID: PMC7790173 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a β-herpesvirus that establishes lifelong latency in infected hosts. Following transplantation of a latently infected organ, reactivation can occur and consists of a spectrum of clinically apparent syndromes from mild symptoms to tissue-invasive, resulting in both direct and indirect sequelae. Before the advent of effective antiviral agents, the primary treatment was reduction in immunosuppression (IS). While antiviral agents provide effective prophylaxis, there are several important caveats associated with their use, including drug toxicity and resistance. The traditional view attributes CMV reactivation and the ensuing clinical disease primarily to IS, either intrinsic to disease-related immune compromise or from the extrinsic administration of IS agents. However, previous data from both animal models and human subjects showed that inflammatory signals could induce upregulation of latent viral gene expression. New data demonstrate that ischemia/reperfusion is necessary and sufficient to induce CMV reactivation following murine transplantation of a latently infected graft. In this article, we review a growing body of evidence that suggests that reactivation of both human CMV and murine CMV is first triggered by molecular events that activate CMV gene expression and lytic infection and viral dissemination are then facilitated by IS. The initial activation of viral gene expression may be mediated by oxidative stress, DNA damage, or inflammatory cytokines, and these factors may act synergistically. New therapeutic approaches are needed to capture this complex array of targets.
Collapse
|
10
|
Forte E, Zhang Z, Thorp EB, Hummel M. Cytomegalovirus Latency and Reactivation: An Intricate Interplay With the Host Immune Response. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:130. [PMID: 32296651 PMCID: PMC7136410 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CMV is an ancient herpesvirus that has co-evolved with its host over millions of years. The 236 kbp genome encodes at least 165 genes, four non-coding RNAs and 14 miRNAs. Of the protein-coding genes, 43-44 are core replication genes common to all herpesviruses, while ~30 are unique to betaherpesviruses. Many CMV genes are involved in evading detection by the host immune response, and others have roles in cell tropism. CMV replicates systemically, and thus, has adapted to various biological niches within the host. Different biological niches may place competing demands on the virus, such that genes that are favorable in some contexts are unfavorable in others. The outcome of infection is dependent on the cell type. In fibroblasts, the virus replicates lytically to produce infectious virus. In other cell types, such as myeloid progenitor cells, there is an initial burst of lytic gene expression, which is subsequently silenced through epigenetic repression, leading to establishment of latency. Latently infected monocytes disseminate the virus to various organs. Latency is established through cell type specific mechanisms of transcriptional silencing. In contrast, reactivation is triggered through pathways activated by inflammation, infection, and injury that are common to many cell types, as well as differentiation of myeloid cells to dendritic cells. Thus, CMV has evolved a complex relationship with the host immune response, in which it exploits cell type specific mechanisms of gene regulation to establish latency and to disseminate infection systemically, and also uses the inflammatory response to infection as an early warning system which allows the virus to escape from situations in which its survival is threatened, either by cellular damage or infection of the host with another pathogen. Spontaneous reactivation induced by cellular aging/damage may explain why extensive expression of lytic genes has been observed in recent studies using highly sensitive transcriptome analyses of cells from latently infected individuals. Recent studies with animal models highlight the potential for harnessing the host immune response to blunt cellular injury induced by organ transplantation, and thus, prevent reactivation of CMV and its sequelae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Forte
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Edward B. Thorp
- Department of Pathology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mary Hummel
- Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Adamson CS, Nevels MM. Bright and Early: Inhibiting Human Cytomegalovirus by Targeting Major Immediate-Early Gene Expression or Protein Function. Viruses 2020; 12:v12010110. [PMID: 31963209 PMCID: PMC7019229 DOI: 10.3390/v12010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), one of eight human herpesviruses, establishes lifelong latent infections in most people worldwide. Primary or reactivated HCMV infections cause severe disease in immunosuppressed patients and congenital defects in children. There is no vaccine for HCMV, and the currently approved antivirals come with major limitations. Most approved HCMV antivirals target late molecular processes in the viral replication cycle including DNA replication and packaging. “Bright and early” events in HCMV infection have not been exploited for systemic prevention or treatment of disease. Initiation of HCMV replication depends on transcription from the viral major immediate-early (IE) gene. Alternative transcripts produced from this gene give rise to the IE1 and IE2 families of viral proteins, which localize to the host cell nucleus. The IE1 and IE2 proteins are believed to control all subsequent early and late events in HCMV replication, including reactivation from latency, in part by antagonizing intrinsic and innate immune responses. Here we provide an update on the regulation of major IE gene expression and the functions of IE1 and IE2 proteins. We will relate this insight to experimental approaches that target IE gene expression or protein function via molecular gene silencing and editing or small chemical inhibitors.
Collapse
|
12
|
Cook CH. Cytomegalovirus reactivation: Another reason to minimize graft ischemia/reperfusion. Am J Transplant 2019; 19:2399-2400. [PMID: 31215764 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Cook
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang Z, Qiu L, Yan S, Wang JJ, Thomas PM, Kandpal M, Zhao L, Iovane A, Liu XF, Thorp EB, Chen Q, Hummel M, Kanwar YS, Abecassis MM. A clinically relevant murine model unmasks a "two-hit" mechanism for reactivation and dissemination of cytomegalovirus after kidney transplant. Am J Transplant 2019; 19:2421-2433. [PMID: 30947382 PMCID: PMC6873708 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Reactivation of latent cytomegalovirus remains an important complication after transplant. Although immunosuppression (IS) has been implicated as a primary cause, we have previously shown that the implantation response of a kidney allograft can lead to early transcriptional activation of latent murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) genes in an immune-competent host and to MCMV reactivation and dissemination to other organs in a genetically immune-deficient recipient. We now describe a model that allows us to separately analyze the impact of the implantation effect vs that of a clinically relevant IS regimen. Treatment with IS of latently infected mice alone does not induce viral reactivation, but transplant of latently infected allogeneic kidneys combined with IS facilitates MCMV reactivation in the graft and dissemination to other organs. The IS regimen effectively dampens allo-immune inflammatory pathways and depletes recipient anti-MCMV but does not affect ischemia-reperfusion injury pathways. MCMV reactivation similar to that seen in allogeneic transplants combined with also occurs after syngeneic transplants. Thus, our data strongly suggest that while ischemia-reperfusion injury of the implanted graft is sufficient and necessary to initiate transcriptional reactivation of latent MCMV ("first hit"), IS is permissive to the first hit and facilitates dissemination to other organs ("second hit").
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois,Department of Surgery, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Longhui Qiu
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shixian Yan
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jiao-Jing Wang
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Paul M. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Manoj Kandpal
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois,Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lihui Zhao
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois,Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Andre Iovane
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xue-feng Liu
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois,Department of Surgery, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Edward B. Thorp
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mary Hummel
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois,Department of Surgery, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yashpal S. Kanwar
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois,Department of Nephrology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Michael M. Abecassis
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois,Department of Surgery, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Identification of a novel strong promoter from the anhydrobiotic midge, Polypedilum vanderplanki, with conserved function in various insect cell lines. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7004. [PMID: 31065019 PMCID: PMC6504868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43441-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Larvae of the African midge Polypedilum vanderplanki (Diptera: Chironomidae) show a form of extreme desiccation tolerance known as anhydrobiosis. The cell line Pv11 was recently established from the species, and these cells can also survive under desiccated conditions, and proliferate normally after rehydration. Here we report the identification of a new promoter, 121, which has strong constitutive transcriptional activity in Pv11 cells and promotes effective expression of exogenous genes. Using a luciferase reporter assay, this strong transcriptional activity was shown to be conserved in cell lines from various insect species, including S2 (Drosophila melanogaster, Diptera), SaPe-4 (Sarcophaga peregrina, Diptera), Sf9 (Spodoptera frugiperda, Lepidoptera) and Tc81 (Tribolium castaneum, Coleoptera) cells. In conjunction with an appropriate selection maker gene, the 121 promoter was able to confer zeocin resistance on SaPe-4 cells and allowed the establishment of stable SaPe-4 cell lines expressing the fluorescent protein AcGFP1; this is the first report of heterologous gene expression in this cell line. These results show the 121 promoter to be a versatile tool for exogenous gene expression in a wide range of insect cell lines, particularly useful to those from non-model insect species.
Collapse
|
15
|
Nehme Z, Pasquereau S, Herbein G. Control of viral infections by epigenetic-targeted therapy. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:55. [PMID: 30917875 PMCID: PMC6437953 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0654-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics is defined as the science that studies the modifications of gene expression that are not owed to mutations or changes in the genetic sequence. Recently, strong evidences are pinpointing toward a solid interplay between such epigenetic alterations and the outcome of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. Guided by the previous possibly promising experimental trials of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epigenetic reprogramming, the latter is paving the road toward two major approaches to control viral gene expression or latency. Reactivating HCMV from the latent phase ("shock and kill" paradigm) or alternatively repressing the virus lytic and reactivation phases ("block and lock" paradigm) by epigenetic-targeted therapy represent encouraging options to overcome latency and viral shedding or otherwise replication and infectivity, which could lead eventually to control the infection and its complications. Not limited to HIV and HCMV, this concept is similarly studied in the context of hepatitis B and C virus, herpes simplex virus, and Epstein-Barr virus. Therefore, epigenetic manipulations stand as a pioneering research area in modern biology and could constitute a curative methodology by potentially consenting the development of broad-spectrum antivirals to control viral infections in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeina Nehme
- Department Pathogens & Inflammation-EPILAB, UPRES EA4266, University of Franche-Comté, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, F-25030 Besançon cedex, France
- Université Libanaise, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sébastien Pasquereau
- Department Pathogens & Inflammation-EPILAB, UPRES EA4266, University of Franche-Comté, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, F-25030 Besançon cedex, France
| | - Georges Herbein
- Department Pathogens & Inflammation-EPILAB, UPRES EA4266, University of Franche-Comté, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, F-25030 Besançon cedex, France
- Department of Virology, CHRU Besancon, F-25030 Besançon, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Watson Levings RS, Broome TA, Smith AD, Rice BL, Gibbs EP, Myara DA, Hyddmark EV, Nasri E, Zarezadeh A, Levings PP, Lu Y, White ME, Dacanay EA, Foremny GB, Evans CH, Morton AJ, Winter M, Dark MJ, Nickerson DM, Colahan PT, Ghivizzani SC. Gene Therapy for Osteoarthritis: Pharmacokinetics of Intra-Articular Self-Complementary Adeno-Associated Virus Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Delivery in an Equine Model. HUM GENE THER CL DEV 2019; 29:90-100. [PMID: 29869540 DOI: 10.1089/humc.2017.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Toward the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA), the authors have been investigating self-complementary adeno-associated virus (scAAV) for intra-articular delivery of therapeutic gene products. As OA frequently affects weight-bearing joints, pharmacokinetic studies of scAAV gene delivery were performed in the joints of the equine forelimb to identify parameters relevant to clinical translation in humans. Using interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) as a secreted therapeutic reporter, scAAV vector plasmids containing codon-optimized cDNA for equine IL-1Ra (eqIL-1Ra) were generated, which produced eqIL-1Ra at levels 30- to 50-fold higher than the native sequence. The most efficient cDNA was packaged in AAV2.5 capsid, and following characterization in vitro, the virus was injected into the carpal and metacarpophalangeal joints of horses over a 100-fold dose range. A putative ceiling dose of 5 × 1012 viral genomes was identified that elevated the steady-state eqIL-1Ra in the synovial fluids of injected joints by >40-fold over endogenous levels and was sustained for at least 6 months. No adverse effects were seen, and eqIL-1Ra in serum and urine remained at background levels throughout. Using the 5 × 1012 viral genome dose of scAAV, and green fluorescent protein as a cytologic marker, the local and systemic distribution of vector and transduced cells following intra-articular injection scAAV.GFP were compared in healthy equine joints and in those with late-stage, naturally occurring OA. In both cases, 99.7% of the vector remained within the injected joint. Strikingly, the pathologies characteristic of OA (synovitis, osteophyte formation, and cartilage erosion) were associated with a substantial increase in transgenic expression relative to tissues in healthy joints. This was most notable in regions of articular cartilage with visible damage, where foci of brilliantly fluorescent chondrocytes were observed. Overall, these data suggest that AAV-mediated gene transfer can provide relatively safe, sustained protein drug delivery to joints of human proportions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ted A Broome
- 2 Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Andrew D Smith
- 2 Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Brett L Rice
- 2 Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Eric P Gibbs
- 1 Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - David A Myara
- 1 Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - E Viktoria Hyddmark
- 1 Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Elham Nasri
- 1 Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Ali Zarezadeh
- 1 Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Padraic P Levings
- 1 Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Yuan Lu
- 1 Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Margaret E White
- 1 Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - E Anthony Dacanay
- 1 Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Gregory B Foremny
- 1 Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Christopher H Evans
- 3 Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Alison J Morton
- 2 Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Mathew Winter
- 4 Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Michael J Dark
- 5 Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - David M Nickerson
- 6 Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Central Florida , Orlando, Florida
| | - Patrick T Colahan
- 2 Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Steven C Ghivizzani
- 1 Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Stoeger T, Adler H. "Novel" Triggers of Herpesvirus Reactivation and Their Potential Health Relevance. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3207. [PMID: 30666238 PMCID: PMC6330347 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Stoeger
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heiko Adler
- Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), and University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Reddehase MJ, Lemmermann NAW. Mouse Model of Cytomegalovirus Disease and Immunotherapy in the Immunocompromised Host: Predictions for Medical Translation that Survived the "Test of Time". Viruses 2018; 10:v10120693. [PMID: 30563202 PMCID: PMC6315540 DOI: 10.3390/v10120693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Cytomegalovirus (hCMV), which is the prototype member of the β-subfamily of the herpesvirus family, is a pathogen of high clinical relevance in recipients of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). hCMV causes multiple-organ disease and interstitial pneumonia in particular upon infection during the immunocompromised period before hematopoietic reconstitution restores antiviral immunity. Clinical investigation of pathomechanisms and of strategies for an immune intervention aimed at restoring antiviral immunity earlier than by hematopoietic reconstitution are limited in patients to observational studies mainly because of ethical issues including the imperative medical indication for chemotherapy with antivirals. Aimed experimental studies into mechanisms, thus, require animal models that match the human disease as close as possible. Any model for hCMV disease is, however, constrained by the strict host-species specificity of CMVs that prevents the study of hCMV in any animal model including non-human primates. During eons of co-speciation, CMVs each have evolved a set of "private genes" in adaptation to their specific mammalian host including genes that have no homolog in the CMV virus species of any other host species. With a focus on the mouse model of CD8 T cell-based immunotherapy of CMV disease after experimental HCT and infection with murine CMV (mCMV), we review data in support of the phenomenon of "biological convergence" in virus-host adaptation. This includes shared fundamental principles of immune control and immune evasion, which allows us to at least make reasoned predictions from the animal model as an experimental "proof of concept." The aim of a model primarily is to define questions to be addressed by clinical investigation for verification, falsification, or modification and the results can then give feedback to refine the experimental model for research from "bedside to bench".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias J Reddehase
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center and Center for Immunotherapy of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Niels A W Lemmermann
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center and Center for Immunotherapy of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Elgert PA, Yee-Chang M, Simsir A. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in cervical cancer screening tests: A series of 8 cases and review of the literature. Diagn Cytopathol 2018; 46:593-599. [DOI: 10.1002/dc.23951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Elgert
- NYU School of Medicine Affiliation with NYC Health + Hospitals Bellevue; Cytopathology Supervisor, Pathology, 462 First Avenue; New York, 10016 New York
| | - Melissa Yee-Chang
- Cytopathology NYC Health + Hospitals Bellevue; Clinical Assistant Professor, NYU School of Medicine, Director, Cytopathology NYC Health + Hospitals Bellevue, 462 First Avenue; New York, 10016 New York
| | - Aylin Simsir
- NYU School of Medicine, Professor, Assistant Director, Cytopathology NYC Health + Hospitals Bellevue, Director, Anatomic Pathology; NYU Langone Health, 560 First Ave; New York, 10016 New York
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sasaki M, Shimizu N, Zushi Y, Saito T, Tsunemine H, Itoh K, Aoyama Y, Goto Y, Kodaka T, Tsuji G, Senda E, Fujimori T, Itoh T, Takahashi T. Analysis of gastrointestinal virus infection in immunocompromised hosts by multiplex virus PCR assay. AIMS Microbiol 2018; 4:225-239. [PMID: 31294212 PMCID: PMC6604934 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2018.2.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Regarding viral infection of intestinal mucosa, there have been only a few studies on limited diseases, targeting a few herpes family viruses. In this study, we analyzed 12 kinds of DNA viruses including 8 species of herpes family viruses in the gastrointestinal mucosa of patients with hematologic malignancies, inflammatory bowel diseases, collagen diseases, or other miscellaneous forms of gastroenteritis using the multiplex virus PCR assay, which we recently developed. The virus PCR assay yielded positive results in 63 of 102 patients; Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was the most frequently detected, followed by cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6), HHV-7, parvovirus B19, and herpes simplex virus type 1. The frequencies of viral detection in the 4 diseases were similar involving these 6 viruses. Regarding CMV colitis, the multiplex virus PCR assay was superior to the immunohistopathologic method in detecting CMV. All viruses were more efficiently detected in the mucosa than in the blood in individual patients. These results suggest that CMV, EBV, and HHV-6 were commonly detected in the gastrointestinal mucosa of patients with these 4 diseases, and our multiplex virus PCR assay was useful for the early diagnosis of gastrointestinal virus infection, especially CMV colitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miho Sasaki
- Laboratory of Cell Therapy, Shinko Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Norio Shimizu
- Departments of Virology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuriko Zushi
- Laboratory of Cell Therapy, Shinko Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | | | | | - Kiminari Itoh
- Laboratory of Hematology, Shinko Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yumi Aoyama
- Laboratory of Hematology, Shinko Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuta Goto
- Laboratory of Hematology, Shinko Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Goh Tsuji
- Laboratory of Rheumatology, Shinko Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Eri Senda
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shinko Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Tomoo Itoh
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Estekizadeh A, Landázur N, Bartek J, Beltoft Brøchner C, Davoudi B, Broholm H, Karimi M, Ekström TJ, Rahbar A. Increased cytomegalovirus replication by 5-Azacytidine and viral-induced cytoplasmic expression of DNMT‑1 in medulloblastoma and endothelial cells. Int J Oncol 2018; 52:1317-1327. [PMID: 29484388 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Among all brain tumors diagnosed in children, medulloblastomas (MBs) are associated with a poor prognosis. The etiology of MB is not fully understood, yet the impact of epigenetic alterations of oncogenes has previously been established. During the past decade, the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has been detected in several types of cancer, including MB. Since DNA methylation occurs in the cell nucleus and this is considered a host defence response, we studied the impact of HCMV infection on DNA methyltransferase (DNMT‑1) in MB (D324) cells, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) as well as in MB tissue sections. We hypothesized that infection and DNMT‑1 intracellular localization are linked. Uninfected and HCMV‑infected D324 cells and HUVECs were analyzed for HCMV immediate early (HCMV‑IE) protein, HCMV‑glycoprotein B (HCMV‑gB) and DNMT‑1 using immunofluorescence staining and quantitative ELISA. DNMT‑1 localized to the nucleus of uninfected and HCMV‑IE- expressing D324 cells and HUVECs, but accumulated in the extra nuclear space in all HCMV‑gB-positive cells. Inhibition of HCMV late protein expression by Cymevene® (ganciclovir) prevented the cytoplasmic localization of DNMT‑1. Treatment of HCMV‑ infected D324 cells and HUVECs with the methylation inhibitor 5-Azacytidine (5AZA), significantly increased HCMV‑IE and HCMV‑gB gene transcription and protein expression. Immunohistochemical staining of DNMT‑1 and HCMV proteins in MB cancer tissue sections revealed both nuclear and cytoplasmic DNMT‑1 localization. In conclusion, DNMT‑1 resides in the cytoplasm of HCMV‑gB-expressing HUVECs and D324 cells. Increased viral protein synthesis in 5AZA-treated cells suggests that HCMV replication may benefit from a DNA methyltransferase-free cellular environment. Our findings emphasize the importance of assessing potential viral activation in the treatment of MB patients with epigenetic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atosa Estekizadeh
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE_17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natalia Landázur
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE_17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Department of Medicine, Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE_17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Belghis Davoudi
- Department of Medicine, Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE_17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helle Broholm
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mohsen Karimi
- Department of Medicine, Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE_17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas J Ekström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE_17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Afsar Rahbar
- Department of Medicine, Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE_17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
Almanan M, Raynor J, Sholl A, Wang M, Chougnet C, Cardin RD, Hildeman DA. Tissue-specific control of latent CMV reactivation by regulatory T cells. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006507. [PMID: 28796839 PMCID: PMC5552023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) causes a persistent, lifelong infection. CMV persists in a latent state and undergoes intermittent subclinical viral reactivation that is quelled by ongoing T cell responses. While T cells are critical to maintain control of infection, the immunological factors that promote CMV persistence remain unclear. Here, we investigated the role of regulatory T cells (Treg) in a mouse model of latent CMV infection using Foxp3-diphtheria toxin receptor (Foxp3-DTR) mice. Eight months after infection, MCMV had established latency in the spleen, salivary gland, lung, and pancreas, which was accompanied by an increased frequency of Treg. Administration of diphtheria toxin (DT) after establishment of latency efficiently depleted Treg and drove a significant increase in the numbers of functional MCMV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Strikingly, Treg depletion decreased the number of animals with reactivatable latent MCMV in the spleen. Unexpectedly, in the same animals, ablation of Treg drove a significant increase in viral reactivation in the salivary gland that was accompanied with augmented local IL-10 production by Foxp3-CD4+T cells. Further, neutralization of IL-10 after Treg depletion significantly decreased viral load in the salivary gland. Combined, these data show that Treg have divergent control of MCMV infection depending upon the tissue. In the spleen, Treg antagonize CD8+ effector function and promote viral persistence while in the salivary gland Treg prevent IL-10 production and limit viral reactivation and replication. These data provide new insights into the organ-specific roles of Treg in controlling the reactivation of latent MCMV infection. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in both mice and humans is normally initially contained by a vigorous adaptive immune response that drives the virus into latency in multiple tissues. However, the immunologic mechanisms that control latency are not well understood. In this report, we have examined the role of regulatory T cells (Treg) in a mouse model of CMV infection. Interestingly, depletion of regulatory T cells had profound consequences on MCMV latent infection, depending upon the tissue. In the spleen, Treg depletion enhanced CD8+ T cell responses and reduced reactivatable latent infection from the spleen. In striking contrast, in the salivary gland, Treg depletion enhanced the production of IL-10 from CD4+ T cells as well as viral reactivation. Thus, Treg play divergent and tissue specific roles in controlling MCMV reactivation from latency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maha Almanan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Jana Raynor
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Allyson Sholl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Claire Chougnet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Rhonda D Cardin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - David A Hildeman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gan X, Wang H, Yu Y, Yi W, Zhu S, Li E, Liang Y. Epigenetically repressing human cytomegalovirus lytic infection and reactivation from latency in THP-1 model by targeting H3K9 and H3K27 histone demethylases. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175390. [PMID: 28407004 PMCID: PMC5391200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Cytomegalovirus (hCMV) infects a broad range of the population and establishes life-long latency in the infected individuals. Periodically the latently infected virus can reactivate and becomes a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals. In latent infection, the viral genome is suppressed in a heterochromatic state and viral gene transcription is silenced. Upon reactivation, the repressive chromatin is remodeled to an active form, allowing viral lytic gene transcription, initiated by the expression of viral Immediate Early (IE) genes. During this process, a number of histone modification enzymes, including histone demethylases (HDMs), play important roles in driving IE expression, but the mechanisms involved are not fully understood. To get a better understanding of these mechanisms, we focused on two HDMs, KDM4 and KDM6, which reverse the repressive histone H3-lysine 9 and lysine 27 methylation, respectively. Our studies show that in lytic infection, both demethylases are important in the activation of viral IE gene expression. Simultaneous disruption of both via genetic or chemical methods leads to severely impaired viral IE gene expression and viral replication. Additionally, in an experimental latency-reactivation model in THP-1 cells, the KDM6 family member JMJD3 is induced upon viral reactivation and its knockdown resulted in reduced IE gene transcription. These findings suggest pharmacological inhibition of these HDMs may potentially block hCMV lytic infection and reactivation, and control the viral infection associated diseases, which are of significant unmet medical needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gan
- China Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4218 JinKe Rd, Pudong, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- China Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4218 JinKe Rd, Pudong, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Yu
- China Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4218 JinKe Rd, Pudong, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yi
- China Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4218 JinKe Rd, Pudong, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Zhu
- China Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4218 JinKe Rd, Pudong, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - En Li
- China Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4218 JinKe Rd, Pudong, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yu Liang
- China Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4218 JinKe Rd, Pudong, Shanghai, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Arcangeletti MC, Vasile Simone R, Rodighiero I, De Conto F, Medici MC, Maccari C, Chezzi C, Calderaro A. Human cytomegalovirus reactivation from latency: validation of a "switch" model in vitro. Virol J 2016; 13:179. [PMID: 27770817 PMCID: PMC5075216 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0634-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an opportunistic pathogen leading to severe and even fatal diseases in ‘at-risk’ categories of individuals upon primary infection or the symptomatic reactivation of the endogenous virus. The mechanisms which make the virus able to reactivate from latency are still matter of intense study. However, the very low number of peripheral blood monocytes (an important latent virus reservoir) harbouring HCMV DNA makes it very difficult to obtain adequate viral quantities to use in such studies. Thus, the aim of the present study was to demonstrate the usefulness of human THP-1 monocytes, mostly employed as HCMV latent or lytic infection system, as a reactivation model. Methods THP-1 monocytes were infected with HCMV TB40E strain (latency model) at multiplicities of infection (MOI) of 0.5, 0.25 or 0.125. After infection, THP-1 aliquots were differentiated into macrophages (reactivation model). Infections were carried out for 30 h, 4, 6 and 7 days. Viral DNA evaluation was performed with viable and UV-inactivated virus by q-Real-Time PCR. RNA extracted from latency and reactivation models at 7 days post-infection (p.i.) was subjected to RT-PCR to analyse viral latency and lytic transcripts. To perform viral progeny analysis and titration, the culture medium from infected THP-1 latency and reactivation models (7 days p.i.) was used to infect human fibroblasts; it was also checked for the presence of exosomes. For viral progeny analysis experiments, the Towne strain was also used. Results Our results showed that, while comparable TB40E DNA amounts were present in both latent and reactivation models at 30 h p.i., gradually increased quantities of viral DNA were only evident in the latter model at 4, 6, 7 days p.i.. The completion of the lytic cycle upon reactivation was also proved by the presence of HCMV lytic transcripts and an infectious viral yield at 7 days p.i. Conclusions Our data demonstrate the effectiveness of THP-1 cells as a “switch” model for studying the mechanisms that regulate HCMV reactivation from latency. This system is able to provide adequate quantities of cells harbouring latent/reactivated virus, thereby overcoming the intrinsic difficulties connected to the ex vivo system. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-016-0634-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Cristina Arcangeletti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Microbiology and Virology, University of Parma, Viale A. Gramsci, 14, Parma, 43126, Italy.
| | - Rosita Vasile Simone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Microbiology and Virology, University of Parma, Viale A. Gramsci, 14, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Isabella Rodighiero
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Microbiology and Virology, University of Parma, Viale A. Gramsci, 14, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Flora De Conto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Microbiology and Virology, University of Parma, Viale A. Gramsci, 14, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Maria-Cristina Medici
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Microbiology and Virology, University of Parma, Viale A. Gramsci, 14, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Clara Maccari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Microbiology and Virology, University of Parma, Viale A. Gramsci, 14, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Carlo Chezzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Microbiology and Virology, University of Parma, Viale A. Gramsci, 14, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Adriana Calderaro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Microbiology and Virology, University of Parma, Viale A. Gramsci, 14, Parma, 43126, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Luganini A, Terlizzi ME, Gribaudo G. Bioactive Molecules Released From Cells Infected with the Human Cytomegalovirus. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:715. [PMID: 27242736 PMCID: PMC4865657 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Following primary infection in humans, the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) persists in a latent state throughout the host’s lifetime despite a strong and efficient immune response. If the host experiences some form of immune dysregulation, such as immunosuppression or immunodeficiency, HCMV reactivates, thereby emerging from latency. Thus, in the absence of effective functional immune responses, as occurs in immunocompromised or immunoimmature individuals, both HCMV primary infections and reactivations from latency can cause significant morbidity and mortality. However, even in immunocompetent hosts, HCMV represents a relevant risk factor for the development of several chronic inflammatory diseases and certain forms of neoplasia. HCMV infection may shift between the lytic and latent state, regulated by a delicate and intricate balance between virus-mediated immunomodulation and host immune defenses. Indeed, HCMV is a master in manipulating innate and adaptive host defense pathways, and a large portion of its genome is devoted to encoding immunomodulatory proteins; such proteins may thus represent important virulence determinants. However, the pathogenesis of HCMV-related diseases is strengthened by the activities of bioactive molecules, of both viral and cellular origin, that are secreted from infected cells and collectively named as the secretome. Here, we review the state of knowledge on the composition and functions of HCMV-derived secretomes. In lytic infections of fibroblasts and different types of endothelial cells, the majority of HCMV-induced secreted proteins act in a paracrine fashion to stimulate the generation of an inflammatory microenvironment around infected cells; this may lead to vascular inflammation and angiogenesis that, in turn, foster HCMV replication and its dissemination through host tissues. Conversely, the HCMV secretome derived from latently infected hematopoietic progenitor cells induces an immunosuppressive extracellular environment that interferes with immune recognition and elimination of latently infected cells, thereby promoting viral persistence. Characterization of the composition and biological activities of HCMV secretomes from different types of infected cells will lay the foundation for future advances in our knowledge about the pathogenesis HCMV diseases and may provide targets for the development of novel antiviral intervention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Luganini
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin Turin, Italy
| | - Maria E Terlizzi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin Turin, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gribaudo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) establishes a latent infection that generally remains asymptomatic in immune-competent hosts for decades but can cause serious illness in immune-compromised individuals. The long-term control of CMV requires considerable effort from the host immune system and has a lasting impact on the profile of the immune system. One hallmark of CMV infection is the maintenance of large populations of CMV-specific memory CD8(+) T cells - a phenomenon termed memory inflation - and emerging data suggest that memory inflation is associated with impaired immunity in the elderly. In this Review, we discuss the molecular triggers that promote memory inflation, the idea that memory inflation could be considered a natural pathway of T cell maturation that could be harnessed in vaccination, and the broader implications of CMV infection and the T cell responses it elicits.
Collapse
|
28
|
Kanduc D. Role of codon usage and tRNA changes in rat cytomegalovirus latency and (re)activation. J Basic Microbiol 2016; 56:617-26. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201500621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darja Kanduc
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics; University of Bari; Bari 70126 Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Liu XF, Jie C, Zhang Z, Yan S, Wang JJ, Wang X, Kurian S, Salomon DR, Abecassis M, Hummel M. Transplant-induced reactivation of murine cytomegalovirus immediate early gene expression is associated with recruitment of NF-κB and AP-1 to the major immediate early promoter. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:941-954. [PMID: 26795571 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactivation of latent human cytomegalovirus is a significant infectious complication of organ transplantation and current therapies target viral replication once reactivation of latent virus has already occurred. The specific molecular pathways that activate viral gene expression in response to transplantation are not well understood. Our studies aim to identify these factors, with the goal of developing novel therapies that prevent transcriptional reactivation in transplant recipients. Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) is a valuable model for studying latency and reactivation of CMV in vivo. We previously demonstrated that transplantation of MCMV-latently infected kidneys into allogeneic recipients induces reactivation of immediate early (IE) gene expression and epigenetic reprogramming of the major immediate early promoter (MIEP) within 48 h. We hypothesize that these events are mediated by activation of signalling pathways that lead to binding of transcription factors to the MIEP, including AP-1 and NF-κB. Here we show that transplantation induces rapid activation of several members of the AP-1 and NF-κB transcription factor family and we demonstrate that canonical NF-κB (p65/p50), the junD component of AP-1, and nucleosome remodelling complexes are recruited to the MIEP following transplantation. Proteomic analysis of recipient plasma and transcriptome analysis of kidney RNA identified five extracellular ligands, including TNF, IL-1β, IL-18, CD40L and IL-6, and three intracellular signalling pathways associated with reactivation of IE gene expression. Identification of the factors that mediate activation of these signalling pathways may eventually lead to new therapies to prevent reactivation of CMV and its sequelae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Liu
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chunfa Jie
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shixian Yan
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jiao-Jing Wang
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xueqiong Wang
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sunil Kurian
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, LaJolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel R Salomon
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, LaJolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Abecassis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mary Hummel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Dupont L, Reeves MB. Cytomegalovirus latency and reactivation: recent insights into an age old problem. Rev Med Virol 2015; 26:75-89. [PMID: 26572645 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection remains a major cause of morbidity in patient populations. In certain clinical settings, it is the reactivation of the pre-existing latent infection in the host that poses the health risk. The prevailing view of HCMV latency was that the virus was essentially quiescent in myeloid progenitor cells and that terminal differentiation resulted in the initiation of the lytic lifecycle and reactivation of infectious virus. However, our understanding of HCMV latency and reactivation at the molecular level has been greatly enhanced through recent advancements in systems biology approaches to perform global analyses of both experimental and natural latency. These approaches, in concert with more classical reductionist experimentation, are furnishing researchers with new concepts in cytomegalovirus latency and suggest that latent infection is far more active than first thought. In this review, we will focus on new studies that suggest that distinct sites of cellular latency could exist in the human host, which, when coupled with recent observations that report different transcriptional programmes within cells of the myeloid lineage, argues for multiple latent phenotypes that could impact differently on the biology of this virus in vivo. Finally, we will also consider how the biology of the host cell where the latent infection persists further contributes to the concept of a spectrum of latent phenotypes in multiple cell types that can be exploited by the virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liane Dupont
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew B Reeves
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kumar A, Herbein G. Epigenetic regulation of human cytomegalovirus latency: an update. Epigenomics 2015; 6:533-46. [PMID: 25431945 DOI: 10.2217/epi.14.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous virus which infects 50-90% of the population worldwide. In immunocompetent hosts, HCMV either remains unnoticed or causes mild symptoms. Upon primary infection it establishes latent infection in a few cells. However, in certain situations where immunity is either immature or compromised, HCMV may reactivate and cause mortality and morbidity. Therefore, it is utmost important to understand how HCMV establishes latent infection and associated mechanisms responsible for its reactivation. Several mechanisms are involved in the regulation of latency including chromatin remodeling by an array of enzymes and microRNAs. Here we will describe the epigenetic regulation of HCMV latency. Further we will discuss the unique HCMV latency signature and patho-physiological relevance of latent HCMV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Virology, University of Franche-Comte, CHRU Besançon, UPRES EA4266 Pathogens & Inflammation Department, SFR FED 4234, F-25030 Besançon, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Miousse IR, Currie R, Datta K, Ellinger-Ziegelbauer H, French JE, Harrill AH, Koturbash I, Lawton M, Mann D, Meehan RR, Moggs JG, O'Lone R, Rasoulpour RJ, Pera RAR, Thompson K. Importance of investigating epigenetic alterations for industry and regulators: An appraisal of current efforts by the Health and Environmental Sciences Institute. Toxicology 2015; 335:11-9. [PMID: 26134581 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent technological advances have led to rapid progress in the characterization of epigenetic modifications that control gene expression in a generally heritable way, and are likely involved in defining cellular phenotypes, developmental stages and disease status from one generation to the next. On November 18, 2013, the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI) held a symposium entitled "Advances in Assessing Adverse Epigenetic Effects of Drugs and Chemicals" in Washington, D.C. The goal of the symposium was to identify gaps in knowledge and highlight promising areas of progress that represent opportunities to utilize epigenomic profiling for risk assessment of drugs and chemicals. Epigenomic profiling has the potential to provide mechanistic information in toxicological safety assessments; this is especially relevant for the evaluation of carcinogenic or teratogenic potential and also for drugs that directly target epigenetic modifiers, like DNA methyltransferases or histone modifying enzymes. Furthermore, it can serve as an endpoint or marker for hazard characterization in chemical safety assessment. The assessment of epigenetic effects may also be approached with new model systems that could directly assess transgenerational effects or potentially sensitive stem cell populations. These would enhance the range of safety assessment tools for evaluating xenobiotics that perturb the epigenome. Here we provide a brief synopsis of the symposium, update findings since that time and then highlight potential directions for future collaborative efforts to incorporate epigenetic profiling into risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle R Miousse
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Richard Currie
- Syngenta Jealotts Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, UK
| | | | - Heidrun Ellinger-Ziegelbauer
- Toxicology, Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany; Member of the Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) BioMARkers & molecular tumor classification for non-genotoxic CARcinogenesis (MARCAR) consortium www.imi-marcar.eu
| | - John E French
- National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, Division of the National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Alison H Harrill
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - Derek Mann
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Richard R Meehan
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Member of the Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) BioMARkers & molecular tumor classification for non-genotoxic CARcinogenesis (MARCAR) consortium www.imi-marcar.eu
| | - Jonathan G Moggs
- Discovery and Investigative Safety, Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland; Member of the Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) BioMARkers & molecular tumor classification for non-genotoxic CARcinogenesis (MARCAR) consortium www.imi-marcar.eu
| | - Raegan O'Lone
- ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Reza J Rasoulpour
- Toxicology Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, USA
| | | | - Karol Thompson
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, OCP, CDER, US FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Maricato JT, Furtado MN, Takenaka MC, Nunes ERM, Fincatti P, Meliso FM, da Silva IDCG, Jasiulionis MG, Cecília de Araripe Sucupira M, Diaz RS, Janini LMR. Epigenetic modulations in activated cells early after HIV-1 infection and their possible functional consequences. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119234. [PMID: 25875202 PMCID: PMC4395311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications refer to a number of biological processes which alter the structure of chromatin and its transcriptional activity such as DNA methylation and histone post-translational processing. Studies have tried to elucidate how the viral genome and its products are affected by epigenetic modifications imposed by cell machinery and how it affects the ability of the virus to either, replicate and produce a viable progeny or be driven to latency. The purpose of this study was to evaluate epigenetic modifications in PBMCs and CD4+ cells after HIV-1 infection analyzing three approaches: (i) global DNA- methylation; (ii) qPCR array and (iii) western blot. HIV-1 infection led to methylation increases in the cellular DNA regardless the activation status of PBMCs. The analysis of H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 suggested a trend towards transcriptional repression in activated cells after HIV-1 infection. Using a qPCR array, we detected genes related to epigenetic processes highly modulated in activated HIV-1 infected cells. SETDB2 and RSK2 transcripts showed highest up-regulation levels. SETDB2 signaling is related to transcriptional silencing while RSK2 is related to either silencing or activation of gene expression depending on the signaling pathway triggered down-stream. In addition, activated cells infected by HIV-1 showed lower CD69 expression and a decrease of IL-2, IFN-γ and metabolism-related factors transcripts indicating a possible functional consequence towards global transcriptional repression found in HIV-1 infected cells. Conversely, based on epigenetic markers studied here, non-stimulated cells infected by HIV-1, showed signs of global transcriptional activation. Our results suggest that HIV-1 infection exerts epigenetic modulations in activated cells that may lead these cells to transcriptional repression with important functional consequences. Moreover, non-stimulated cells seem to increase gene transcription after HIV-1 infection. Based on these observations, it is possible to speculate that the outcome of viral infections may be influenced by the cellular activation status at the moment of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana T. Maricato
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria N. Furtado
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maisa C. Takenaka
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edsel R. M. Nunes
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Fincatti
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana M. Meliso
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Luiz M. R. Janini
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Inoue-Toyoda M, Kato K, Nagata K, Yoshikawa H. Glucocorticoids facilitate the transcription from the human cytomegalovirus major immediate early promoter in glucocorticoid receptor- and nuclear factor-I-like protein-dependent manner. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 458:180-5. [PMID: 25640841 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.01.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a common and usually asymptomatic virus agent in healthy individuals. Initiation of HCMV productive infection depends on expression of the major immediate early (MIE) genes. The transcription of HCMV MIE genes is regulated by a diverse set of transcription factors. It was previously reported that productive HCMV infection is triggered probably by elevation of the plasma hydroxycorticoid level. However, it is poorly understood whether the transcription of MIE genes is directly regulated by glucocorticoid. Here, we found that the dexamethasone (DEX), a synthetic glucocorticoid, facilitates the transcription of HCMV MIE genes through the MIE promoter and enhancer in a glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-dependent manner. By competitive EMSA and reporter assays, we revealed that an NF-I like protein is involved in DEX-mediated transcriptional activation of the MIE promoter. Thus, this study supports a notion that the increased level of hydroxycorticoid in the third trimester of pregnancy reactivates HCMV virus production from the latent state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maki Inoue-Toyoda
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Kato
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Nagata
- University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Yoshikawa
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
The interplay between latent and lytic modes of infection is central to successful infection of all herpesviruses, yet knowledge of the determinants that govern reactivation of these viruses from latent to lytic infection is limited. Recently, several studies have identified roles for specific cellular microRNAs in inhibiting reactivation of various herpesviruses, thereby promoting latent infections. These studies are discussed in the context of current knowledge on mechanisms of regulation of reactivation of specific herpesviruses.
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Although originally described in Staphylococcus aureus, resistance among bacteria has now become a race to determine which classes of bacteria will become more resistant. Availability of antibacterial agents has allowed the development of entirely new diseases caused by nonbacterial pathogens, related largely to fungi that are inherently resistant to antibacterials. This article presents the growing body of knowledge of the herpes family of viruses, and their occurrence and consequences in patients with concomitant surgical disease or critical illness. The focus is on previously immunocompetent patients, as the impact of herpes viruses in immunosuppressed patients has received thorough coverage elsewhere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Guidry
- Division of Acute Care Surgery and Outcomes Research, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Sara A Mansfield
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, and Burn, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Robert G Sawyer
- Division of Acute Care Surgery and Outcomes Research, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Charles H Cook
- Division of Acute Care Surgery, Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis Street, Lowry 2G, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Human cytomegalovirus tegument protein pp65 is detected in all intra- and extra-axial brain tumours independent of the tumour type or grade. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108861. [PMID: 25268364 PMCID: PMC4182568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has been indicated being a significant oncomodulator. Recent reports have suggested that an antiviral treatment alters the outcome of a glioblastoma. We analysed the performance of commercial HCMV-antibodies applying the immunohistochemical (IHC) methods on brain sample obtained from a subject with a verified HCMV infection, on samples obtained from 14 control subjects, and on a tissue microarray block containing cores of various brain tumours. Based on these trials, we selected the best performing antibody and analysed a cohort of 417 extra- and intra-axial brain tumours such as gliomas, medulloblastomas, primary diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, and meningiomas. HCMV protein pp65 immunoreactivity was observed in all types of tumours analysed, and the IHC expression did not depend on the patient's age, gender, tumour type, or grade. The labelling pattern observed in the tumours differed from the labelling pattern observed in the tissue with an active HCMV infection. The HCMV protein was expressed in up to 90% of all the tumours investigated. Our results are in accordance with previous reports regarding the HCMV protein expression in glioblastomas and medulloblastomas. In addition, the HCMV protein expression was seen in primary brain lymphomas, low-grade gliomas, and in meningiomas. Our results indicate that the HCMV protein pp65 expression is common in intra- and extra-axial brain tumours. Thus, the assessment of the HCMV expression in tumours of various origins and pathologically altered tissue in conditions such as inflammation, infection, and even degeneration should certainly be facilitated.
Collapse
|