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Stull GW. Evolutionary origins of the eastern North American-Mesoamerican floristic disjunction: Current status and future prospects. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:1-11. [PMID: 36794648 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Biogeographic disjunction patterns, where multiple taxa are shared between isolated geographic areas, represent excellent systems for investigating the historical assembly of modern biotas and fundamental biological processes such as speciation, diversification, niche evolution, and evolutionary responses to climate change. Studies on plant genera disjunct across the northern hemisphere, particularly between eastern North America (ENA) and eastern Asia (EAS), have yielded tremendous insight on the geologic history and assembly of rich temperate floras. However, one of the most prevalent disjunction patterns involving ENA forests has been largely overlooked: that of taxa disjunct between ENA and cloud forests of Mesoamerica (MAM), with examples including Acer saccharum, Liquidambar styraciflua, Cercis canadensis, Fagus grandifolia, and Epifagus virginiana. Despite the remarkable nature of this disjunction pattern, which has been recognized for over 75 years, there have been few recent efforts to empirically examine its evolutionary and ecological origins. Here I synthesize previous systematic, paleobotanical, phylogenetic, and phylogeographic studies to establish what is known about this disjunction pattern to provide a roadmap for future research. I argue that this disjunction pattern, and the evolution and fossil record of the Mexican flora more broadly, represents a key missing piece in the broader puzzle of northern hemisphere biogeography. I also suggest that the ENA-MAM disjunction represents an excellent system for examining fundamental questions about how traits and life history strategies mediate plant evolutionary responses to climate change and for predicting how broadleaf temperate forests will respond to the ongoing climatic pressures of the Anthropocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W Stull
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 20013, USA
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2
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Hermsen EJ. Pliocene seeds of Passiflora subgenus Decaloba (Gray Fossil Site, Tennessee) and the impact of the fossil record on understanding the diversification and biogeography of Passiflora. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:1-16. [PMID: 36735676 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Passiflora is a diverse genus of ~570 extant species primarily distributed in the Americas, from the eastern United States to Argentina and Chile. Nevertheless, the known fossil record of Passiflora is small. To date, only two fossil seed species have been unequivocally assigned to the genus. In this contribution, rare sulcate seeds from Gray Fossil Site are described as a third fossil seed species of Passiflora. METHODS Three partial seeds with sulcate sculpture from Gray Fossil Site, early Pliocene, Tennessee, USA, were examined, photographed, and measured. They were compared to samples of sulcate seeds from six extant Passiflora species in supersection Decaloba. A broader survey of sulcate seeds produced by modern species in the subgenera Decaloba, Deidamioides, and Tryphostemmatoides was done using published illustrations and descriptions. RESULTS The Gray Fossil Site seeds are described as Passiflora sulcatasperma, sp. nov., and assigned to subgenus Decaloba, supersection Decaloba. They are characterized by their small size, elliptical shape, ridged-and-sulcate sculpture, rugulose ridges, and thin palisade seed coat. CONCLUSIONS The two largest subgenera of Passiflora can be identified from Neogene fossils. Subgenus Decaloba is represented by two fossil seed species, P. bulgarica (Miocene, Bulgaria) and P. sulcatasperma (Pliocene, USA). Subgenus Passiflora is represented by fossil pollen (Miocene, Argentina and Brazil) and P. appalachiana seeds (Pliocene, USA). The distributions of fossil and modern species suggest that Passiflora may have used both North Atlantic and Antarctic routes to expand into Europe and the Asian-Oceanian Paleotropics, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Hermsen
- Paleontological Research Institution, 1259 Trumansburg Road, Ithaca, New York, 14850, USA
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
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3
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Zhou W, Jenny Xiang QY. Phylogenomics and Biogeography of Castanea (Chestnut) and Hamamelis (Witch-hazel) - Choosing between RAD-seq and Hyb-Seq Approaches. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2022; 176:107592. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Yan Y, Davis CC, Dimitrov D, Wang Z, Rahbek C, Borregaard MK. Phytogeographic history of the Tea family inferred through high-resolution phylogeny and fossils. Syst Biol 2021; 70:1256-1271. [PMID: 34109420 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syab042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tea family (Theaceae) has a highly unusual amphi-Pacific disjunct distribution: most extant species in the family are restricted to subtropical evergreen broadleaf forests in East Asia, while a handful of species occur exclusively in the subtropical and tropical Americas. Here we used an approach that integrates the rich fossil evidence of this group with phylogenies in biogeographic analysis to study the processes behind this distribution pattern. We first combined genome-skimming sequencing with existing molecular data to build a robust species-level phylogeny for c.140 Theaceae species, resolving most important unclarified relationships. We then developed an empirical Bayesian method to incorporate distribution evidence from fossil specimens into historical biogeographic analyses and used this method to account for the spatiotemporal history of Theaceae fossils. We compared our method with an alternative Bayesian approach and show that it provides consistent results while significantly reduces computational demands which allows analyses of much larger datasets. Our analyses revealed a circumboreal distribution of the family from the early Cenozoic to the Miocene and inferred repeated expansions and retractions of the modelled distribution in the Northern Hemisphere, suggesting that the current Theaceae distribution could be the remnant of a larger continuous distribution associated with the boreotropical forest that has been hypothesized to occupy most of the northern latitudes in the early Cenozoic. These results contradict with studies that only considered current species distributions and showcase the necessity of integrating fossil and molecular data in phylogeny-based parametric biogeographic models to improve the reliability of inferred biogeographical events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Yan
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Charles C Davis
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Dimitar Dimitrov
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Zhiheng Wang
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Carsten Rahbek
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Center for Global Mountain Biodiversity, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silkwood Park campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK.,Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Michael Krabbe Borregaard
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Means JC, Hennen DA, Marek PE. A revision of the minor species group in the millipede genus Nannaria Chamberlin, 1918 (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Xystodesmidae). Zookeys 2021; 1030:1-180. [PMID: 33958904 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1030.62544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Millipedes in the family Xystodesmidae (Polydesmida) are often referred to as "colorful, flat-backed millipedes" for their bright aposematic coloration and tendency to form Müllerian mimicry rings in the Appalachian region. However, there are many species of Xystodesmidae that do not display colorful warning patterns, and instead have more cryptic appearances. Perhaps for this reason, groups such as the genus Nannaria have remained understudied, despite containing a large number of undescribed species. Before his death in 2012, R. L. Hoffman worked on a revision of the genus Nannaria, and synthesized material and drawings since 1949. Here the work is continued, inferring a molecular phylogeny of the Nannariini (Nannaria + Oenomaea pulchella), and revealing two clades within the genus. One clade is named the minor species group, and the second is the wilsoni species group. This revision, using a molecular phylogenetic framework, is the basis for descriptions of 35 new species in the minor species group. A multi-gene molecular phylogeny is used to make taxonomic changes in the taxon. Eleven putative species of Nannaria are also illustrated and discussed. Additionally, detailed collection, natural history and habitat notes, distribution maps, and a key to species of the Nannaria minor species group are provided. These items are synthesized as a basis for a revision of the genus, which hopefully will aid conservation and evolutionary investigations of this cryptic and understudied group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson C Means
- Virginia Tech, Department of Entomology, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA Virginia Tech Blacksburg United States of America
| | - Derek A Hennen
- Virginia Tech, Department of Entomology, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA Virginia Tech Blacksburg United States of America
| | - Paul E Marek
- Virginia Tech, Department of Entomology, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA Virginia Tech Blacksburg United States of America
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Melton AE, Chen S, Zhao Y, Fu C, Xiang QYJ, Cheng S, Wong GKS, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Gitzendanner MA. Genetic insights into the evolution of genera with the eastern Asia-eastern North America floristic disjunction: a transcriptomics analysis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:1736-1748. [PMID: 33280088 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Large disjunctions in species distributions provide excellent opportunities to study processes that shape biogeographic patterns. One such disjunction is the eastern Asia-eastern North America (EA-ENA) floristic disjunction. For many genera with this disjunction, species richness is greater in EA than in ENA; this pattern has been attributed, in part, to higher rates of molecular evolution and speciation in EA. Longer branch lengths have been found in some EA clades, relative to their ENA sister clades, suggesting that the EA lineages have evolved at a higher rate, possibly due to environmental heterogeneity, potentially contributing to the species richness anomaly. METHODS To evaluate whether rates of molecular evolution are elevated in EA relative to ENA, we used transcriptomes from species in 11 genera displaying this disjunction. Rates of molecular evolution were estimated for up to 385 orthologous nuclear loci per genus. RESULTS No statistically significant differences were identified in pairwise comparisons between EA and ENA sister species, suggesting equal rates of molecular evolution for both species; the data also suggest similar selection pressures in both regions. For larger genera, evidence likewise argues against more species-rich clades having higher molecular evolutionary rates, regardless of region. Our results suggest that genes across multiple gene ontology categories are evolving at similar rates under purifying selection in species in both regions. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the hypothesis that greater species richness in EA than ENA is due to factors other than an overall increase in rates of molecular evolution in EA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Melton
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Shichao Chen
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhao
- Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany & Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengxin Fu
- Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany & Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiu-Yun Jenny Xiang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Shifeng Cheng
- Beijing Genomics Institute, Building NO.7, BGI Park, No.21 Hongan 3rd Street, Yantian District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gane K-S Wong
- Beijing Genomics Institute, Building NO.7, BGI Park, No.21 Hongan 3rd Street, Yantian District, Shenzhen, China
- Biological Sciences, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Pamela S Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Douglas E Soltis
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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Dong Y, Chen S, Cheng S, Zhou W, Ma Q, Chen Z, Fu CX, Liu X, Zhao YP, Soltis PS, Wong GKS, Soltis DE, Xiang QYJ. Natural selection and repeated patterns of molecular evolution following allopatric divergence. eLife 2019; 8:45199. [PMID: 31373555 PMCID: PMC6744222 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although geographic isolation is a leading driver of speciation, the tempo and pattern of divergence at the genomic level remain unclear. We examine genome-wide divergence of putatively single-copy orthologous genes (POGs) in 20 allopatric species/variety pairs from diverse angiosperm clades, with 16 pairs reflecting the classic eastern Asia-eastern North America floristic disjunction. In each pair, >90% of POGs are under purifying selection, and <10% are under positive selection. A set of POGs are under strong positive selection, 14 of which are shared by 10-15 pairs, and one shared by all pairs; 15 POGs are annotated to biological processes responding to various stimuli. The relative abundance of POGs under different selective forces exhibits a repeated pattern among pairs despite an ~10 million-year difference in divergence time. Species divergence times are positively correlated with abundance of POGs under moderate purifying selection, but negatively correlated with abundance of POGs under strong purifying selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Dong
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, United States.,Plant Biology Division, Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, United States
| | - Shichao Chen
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States.,School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Wenbin Zhou
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, United States
| | - Qing Ma
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, United States
| | - Zhiduan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng-Xin Fu
- Laboratory of Systematic & Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Beijing Genomics Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yun-Peng Zhao
- Laboratory of Systematic & Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pamela S Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
| | - Gane Ka-Shu Wong
- Beijing Genomics Institute, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Douglas E Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
| | - Qiu-Yun Jenny Xiang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, United States
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8
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Allen JL, McKenzie SK, Sleith RS, Alter SE. First genome-wide analysis of the endangered, endemic lichen Cetradonia linearis reveals isolation by distance and strong population structure. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:1556-1567. [PMID: 30157288 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Lichenized fungi are evolutionarily diverse and ecologically important, but little is known about the processes that drive their diversification and genetic differentiation. Distributions are often assumed to be wholly shaped by ecological requirements rather than dispersal limitations. Furthermore, although asexual and sexual reproductive structures are observable, the lack of information about recombination rates makes inferences about reproductive strategies difficult. We investigated the population genomics of Cetradonia linearis, a federally endangered lichen in the southern Appalachians of eastern North America, to test the relative contributions of environmental and geographic distance in shaping genetic structure, and to characterize the mating system and genome-wide recombination. METHODS Whole-genome shotgun sequencing was conducted to generate data for 32 individuals of C. linearis. A reference genome was assembled, and reads from all samples were aligned to generate a set of single-nucleotide polymorphisms for further analyses. KEY RESULTS We found evidence for low rates of recombination and for isolation by distance, but not for isolation by environment. The species is putatively unisexual, given that only one mating-type locus was found. Hindcast species distribution models and the distribution of genetic diversity support C. linearis having a larger range during the Last Glacial Maximum in the southern portion of its current extent. CONCLUSIONS Our findings contribute to the understanding of factors that shape genetic diversity in C. linearis and in fungi more broadly. Because all populations are highly genetically differentiated, the extirpation of any population would mean the loss of unique genetic diversity; therefore, our results support the continued conservation of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Allen
- The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, New York, 10458, USA
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Sean K McKenzie
- Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Robin S Sleith
- The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, New York, 10458, USA
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, New York, 10016, USA
| | - S Elizabeth Alter
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, New York, 10016, USA
- Biology Department, York College, 94-20 Guy R Brewer Blvd., Jamaica, New York, 11451, USA
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Fritsch PW, Nowell CF, Leatherman LST, Gong W, Cruz BC, Burge DO, Delgado-Salinas A. Leaf adaptations and species boundaries in North American Cercis: implications for the evolution of dry floras. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:1577-1594. [PMID: 30207598 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The North American Cercis clade spans dry to mesic climates and exhibits complex morphological variation. We tested various proposed species classifications of this group and whether aspects of leaf morphology, particularly the "drip-tip" in some regional populations, are adaptive and/or linked with phylogeny. METHODS We made measurements on over 1100 herbarium specimens from throughout North America and analyzed the data with univariate and multivariate approaches. We analyzed phylogenetically DNA sequence data from nuclear ITS and three plastid regions from 40 samples, and estimated divergence times with a relaxed-clock Bayesian analysis. We used climate and geographic position data to predict the variation observed in leaf size and shape by using stepwise multiple linear regressions. KEY RESULTS Morphometric analyses yielded a pattern of continuous and often clinal character variation across North America, without correlated gaps in character states. Conversely, phylogenetic and divergence time analyses yielded distinct clades from California, the interior west, and eastern North America separated by between ~12 and 16 million years. Multiple regressions yielded highly significant correlations between leaf apex shape and precipitation of the warmest quarter. CONCLUSIONS Despite a pattern of continuous morphological character variation, the long period of geographic and presumably genetic isolation warrants the delimitation of three species. Predictive modeling supports the adaptive value of acuminate apices or "drip-tips" in mesic habitats. This suggests that Cercis leaves change more rapidly than inferred from parsimony reconstruction, which has implications for the evolution of the dry floras of North America and Eurasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Fritsch
- Botanical Research Institute of Texas, 1700 University Drive, Fort Worth, TX, 76107-3400, USA
| | - Camille F Nowell
- California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA, 94118-4503, USA
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, California, 94132, USA
| | - Lila S T Leatherman
- College of Forestry, Oregon State University, 1500 SW Jefferson Street, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - Wei Gong
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Wushan, Tianhe, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Boni C Cruz
- California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA, 94118-4503, USA
| | - Dylan O Burge
- University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Alfonso Delgado-Salinas
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-233, 04510, CdMex., Mexico
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10
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Harnik PG, Maherali H, Miller JH, Manos PS. Geographic range velocity and its association with phylogeny and life history traits in North American woody plants. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:2632-2644. [PMID: 29531682 PMCID: PMC5838057 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The geographic ranges of taxa change in response to environmental conditions. Yet whether rates of range movement (biotic velocities) are phylogenetically conserved is not well known. Phylogenetic conservatism of biotic velocities could reflect similarities among related lineages in climatic tolerances and dispersal-associated traits. We assess whether late Quaternary biotic velocities were phylogenetically conserved and whether they correlate with climatic tolerances and dispersal-associated traits. We used phylogenetic regression and nonparametric correlation to evaluate associations between biotic velocities, dispersal-associated traits, and climatic tolerances for 28 woody plant genera and subgenera in North America. The velocities with which woody plant taxa shifted their core geographic range limits were positively correlated from time step to time step between 16 and 7 ka. The strength of this correlation weakened after 7 ka as the pace of climate change slowed. Dispersal-associated traits and climatic tolerances were not associated with biotic velocities. Although the biotic velocities of some genera were consistently fast and others consistently slow, biotic velocities were not phylogenetically conserved. The rapid late Quaternary range shifts of plants lacking traits that facilitate frequent long-distance dispersal has long been noted (i.e., Reid's Paradox). Our results are consistent with this paradox and show that it remains robust when phylogenetic information is taken into account. The lack of association between biotic velocities, dispersal-associated traits, and climatic tolerances may reflect several, nonmutually exclusive processes, including rare long-distance dispersal, biotic interactions, and cryptic refugia. Because late Quaternary biotic velocities were decoupled from dispersal-associated traits, trait data for genera and subgenera cannot be used to predict longer-term (millennial-scale) floristic responses to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G. Harnik
- Department of Earth and EnvironmentFranklin and Marshall CollegeLancasterPAUSA
| | - Hafiz Maherali
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelphONCanada
| | - Joshua H. Miller
- Department of GeologyUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOHUSA
- Department of PaleobiologyNational Museum of Natural HistorySmithsonian InstitutionWashingtonDCUSA
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11
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Hipp AL, Manos PS, González-Rodríguez A, Hahn M, Kaproth M, McVay JD, Avalos SV, Cavender-Bares J. Sympatric parallel diversification of major oak clades in the Americas and the origins of Mexican species diversity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:439-452. [PMID: 28921530 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Oaks (Quercus, Fagaceae) are the dominant tree genus of North America in species number and biomass, and Mexico is a global center of oak diversity. Understanding the origins of oak diversity is key to understanding biodiversity of northern temperate forests. A phylogenetic study of biogeography, niche evolution and diversification patterns in Quercus was performed using 300 samples, 146 species. Next-generation sequencing data were generated using the restriction-site associated DNA (RAD-seq) method. A time-calibrated maximum likelihood phylogeny was inferred and analyzed with bioclimatic, soils, and leaf habit data to reconstruct the biogeographic and evolutionary history of the American oaks. Our highly resolved phylogeny demonstrates sympatric parallel diversification in climatic niche, leaf habit, and diversification rates. The two major American oak clades arose in what is now the boreal zone and radiated, in parallel, from eastern North America into Mexico and Central America. Oaks adapted rapidly to niche transitions. The Mexican oaks are particularly numerous, not because Mexico is a center of origin, but because of high rates of lineage diversification associated with high rates of evolution along moisture gradients and between the evergreen and deciduous leaf habits. Sympatric parallel diversification in the oaks has shaped the diversity of North American forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Hipp
- The Morton Arboretum, 4100 Illinois Route 53, Lisle, IL, 60532, USA
- The Field Museum, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | | | - Antonio González-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex Hacienda de Sán José de la Huerta, Morelia, Michoacán, 58190, México
| | - Marlene Hahn
- The Morton Arboretum, 4100 Illinois Route 53, Lisle, IL, 60532, USA
| | - Matthew Kaproth
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Minnesota State University, Mankato, MN 56001, USA
| | | | - Susana Valencia Avalos
- Herbario de la Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, s.n., Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, CP, 04510, México City, México
| | - Jeannine Cavender-Bares
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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Hauser DA, Keuter A, McVay JD, Hipp AL, Manos PS. The evolution and diversification of the red oaks of the California Floristic Province (Quercus section Lobatae, series Agrifoliae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2017; 104:1581-1595. [PMID: 29885216 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1700291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The California Floristic Province (CA-FP) is a unique and diverse region of floral endemism, yet the timing and nature of divergence and diversification of many lineages remain underexplored. We seek to elucidate the evolutionary history of the red oaks of the CA-FP, the Agrifoliae. METHODS We collected PstI-associated RAD-seq data as well as morphometrics from individuals of the four species across their ranges, including varieties and hybrids. Phylogeny and divergence times were estimated. We analyzed morphological differentiation in over 70 plants using PCA and assessed species delimitation and admixture using genotype clustering analysis in over 40 plants. KEY RESULTS We find that the Agrifoliae are monophyletic and sister to all other red oak species. Within the Agrifoliae, all species are supported, with Quercus kelloggii sister to a clade of subevergreen taxa: (Quercus agrifolia - (Q. parvula + Q. wislizeni)). Molecular and morphometric analyses are equivocal for named varieties. Notably, Q. parvula var. tamalpaisensis appears to be part of a hybrid swarm between Q. parvula and Q. wislizeni. Dating estimates were concordant with previous hypotheses and geological evidence, with diversification occurring between 10 and 20 million years ago. CONCLUSIONS The Agrifoliae represent a geographically discrete, early-diverging red oak lineage that diversified during the period of drying and warming associated with Sierran uplift during the middle Miocene. Molecular differentiation within the clade supports the current taxonomy, including an east-west species level pattern (Q. parvula and Q. wislizeni) and north-south intraspecific patterns to some degree, although the latter require additional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan A Hauser
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA
| | - Al Keuter
- Kenneth S. Norris Center for Natural History, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064 USA
| | - John D McVay
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA
| | - Andrew L Hipp
- The Morton Arboretum, 4100 Illinois Route 53, Lisle, Illinois 60532-1293 USA
| | - Paul S Manos
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA
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Cavender-Bares J, Ackerly DD, Hobbie SE, Townsend PA. Evolutionary Legacy Effects on Ecosystems: Biogeographic Origins, Plant Traits, and Implications for Management in the Era of Global Change. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-121415-032229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine Cavender-Bares
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108; ,
| | - David D. Ackerly
- Department of Integrative Biology and Jepson Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
| | - Sarah E. Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108; ,
| | - Philip A. Townsend
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706;
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Carter BE, Shaw B, Shaw AJ. Endemism in the moss flora of North America. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:769-779. [PMID: 27056933 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Identifying regions of high endemism is a critical step toward understanding the mechanisms underlying diversification and establishing conservation priorities. Here, we identified regions of high moss endemism across North America. We also identified lineages that contribute disproportionately to endemism and document the progress of efforts to inventory the endemic flora. METHODS To understand the documentation of endemic moss diversity in North America, we tabulated species publication dates to document the progress of species discovery across the continent. We analyzed herbarium specimen data and distribution data from the Flora of North America project to delineate major regions of moss endemism. Finally, we surveyed the literature to assess the importance of intercontinental vs. within-continent diversification for generating endemic species. KEY RESULTS Three primary regions of endemism were identified and two of these were further divided into a total of nine subregions. Overall endemic richness has two peaks, one in northern California and the Pacific Northwest, and the other in the southern Appalachians. Description of new endemic species has risen steeply over the last few decades, especially in western North America. Among the few studies documenting sister species relationships of endemics, recent diversification appears to have played a larger role in western North America, than in the east. CONCLUSIONS Our understanding of bryophyte endemism continues to grow rapidly. Large continent-wide data sets confirm early views on hotspots of endemic bryophyte richness and indicate a high rate of ongoing species discovery in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Carter
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA
| | - Blanka Shaw
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA
| | - A Jonathan Shaw
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA
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Mitchell TC, Williams BRM, Wood JRI, Harris DJ, Scotland RW, Carine MA. How the temperate world was colonised by bindweeds: biogeography of the Convolvuleae (Convolvulaceae). BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:16. [PMID: 26787507 PMCID: PMC4719731 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0591-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background At a global scale, the temperate zone is highly fragmented both between and within hemispheres. This paper aims to investigate how the world’s disjunct temperate zones have been colonised by the pan-temperate plant group Convolvuleae, sampling 148 of the c. 225 known species. We specifically determine the number and timing of amphitropical and transoceanic disjunctions, investigate the extent to which disjunctions in Convolvuleae are spatio-temporally congruent with those in other temperate plant groups and determine the impact of long-distance dispersal events on diversification rates. Results Eight major disjunctions are observed in Convolvuleae: two Northern Hemisphere, two Southern Hemisphere and four amphitropical. Diversity in the Southern Hemisphere is largely the result of a single colonisation of Africa 3.1–6.4 Ma, and subsequent dispersals from Africa to both Australasia and South America. Speciation rates within this monophyletic, largely Southern Hemisphere group (1.38 species Myr−1) are found to be over twice those of the tribe as a whole (0.64 species Myr-1). Increased speciation rates are also observed in Calystegia (1.65 species Myr−1). Conclusions The Convolvuleae has colonised every continent of the world with a temperate biome in c. 18 Myr and eight major range disjunctions underlie this broad distribution. In keeping with other temperate lineages exhibiting disjunct distributions, long-distance dispersal is inferred as the main process explaining the patterns observed although for one American-Eurasian disjunction we cannot exclude vicariance. The colonisation of the temperate zones of the three southern continents within the last c. 4 Myr is likely to have stimulated high rates of diversification recovered in this group, with lineage accumulation rates comparable to those reported for adaptive radiations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0591-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Mitchell
- Plant Biodiversity Research, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann Strasse 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Bethany R M Williams
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK.
| | - John R I Wood
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK.
| | - David J Harris
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK.
| | - Robert W Scotland
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK.
| | - Mark A Carine
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK.
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