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Srivastava AK, Gupta A, Chauhan D, Meena RC, Sugadev R, Eslavath MR, Gupta H, Karuna, Singh S, Singh Y, Tiwari RP, Kohli V, Varshney R, Ganju L. Development of robust, indigenous ELISA for detection of IgG antibodies against CoV-2 N and S proteins: mass screening. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:6225-6238. [PMID: 35976427 PMCID: PMC9382608 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12113-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has adversely affected humankind and caused millions of deaths globally since January 2020. Robust and quick serological tests such as antibody detection assays for SARS-CoV-2 provide relevant information and aid in the process of vaccine development and diagnostics, as well as in sero-epidemiological monitoring of antibody response to the virus. The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of spike and nucleocapsid protein are specific targets for detecting SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Here, we present the development of a stable spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) protein-based ELISA antibody detection test “CoroSuchak,” with 99% sensitivity, 98% specificity, cost-effective, and detection in a minimum time for serodiagnosis and mass screening of the population for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Blood samples were analyzed from 374 SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) positive, 772 negative and asymptomatic, and 874 random groups of subjects. We found that the antibody titer was significantly higher (p < 0.0001) in infected and vaccinated group compared to the only vaccinated and only infected group. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), we detected SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in 118/123 (96%) infected individuals, 570/653 (87%) non-infected but vaccinated individuals, 231/237 (97%) individuals who were both infected and vaccinated, and 499/874 (57%) from randomly selected individuals from the first and second waves of the pandemic. Similarly in the third wave, 14/14 (100%) infected and 16/20 (80%) RT-PCR-negative but symptomatic subjects were detected. Thus, the highly sensitive and specific in-house developed ELISA antibody detection kit “CoroSuchak” is extremely useful to determine the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the coronavirus-exposed population. Key points •Indigenous kit using a combination of spike and nucleocapsid proteins and peptide sequences. •High sensitivity and specificity to detect variants. •Highly sensitive for mass screening. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-022-12113-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar Srivastava
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence, DRDO, Govt. of India, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Avinash Gupta
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence, DRDO, Govt. of India, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Deepika Chauhan
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence, DRDO, Govt. of India, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Ramesh Chand Meena
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence, DRDO, Govt. of India, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Ragumani Sugadev
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence, DRDO, Govt. of India, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Malleswara Rao Eslavath
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence, DRDO, Govt. of India, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Harshita Gupta
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence, DRDO, Govt. of India, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Karuna
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence, DRDO, Govt. of India, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Sayar Singh
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence, DRDO, Govt. of India, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Yamini Singh
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence, DRDO, Govt. of India, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - R P Tiwari
- Vanguard Diagnostics Private Limited, Okhla Industrial Area, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Veena Kohli
- Vanguard Diagnostics Private Limited, Okhla Industrial Area, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Rajeev Varshney
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence, DRDO, Govt. of India, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Lilly Ganju
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Ministry of Defence, DRDO, Govt. of India, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India.
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2
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Afshar D, Moghadam SO, Heidarzadeh S, Fardsanei F, Arshadi M, Ranjbar R. Current and Emerging Technologies for the Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. Open Microbiol J 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1874285802115010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are numerous under development or developed assays with various sensitivities and specificities for diagnosis of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The World Health Organization (WHO) has approved several detection protocols based on real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) and the reliability of tests to detect the N, S, or RdRp/Hel genes of the SARS-Cov-2 virus has also investigated. Among these targets, COVID-19-RdRp/Hel targets represented the highest sensitivity. Reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) has also been developed to rapidly and efficiently amplify RNA under isothermal conditions. Other isothermal amplification approaches such as nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA), recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), and rolling circle amplification (RCA) have also been reported for detecting coronaviruses but like LAMP assay. Different serological tests, including neutralization tests, immunofluorescent (IFA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA), and western blotting assays, are available. Point-of-care tests (POCT) are emerging to detect the virus genome, IgG, or IgM antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. The advent of more sensitive, cheaper, and easier-to-perform diagnostic tests seems to be a fundamental prerequisite to improve the diagnosis of COVID-19 infection. Herein, we reviewed several commercially available diagnostic methods used in many clinical laboratories to detect COVID-19.
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Sah P, Fitzpatrick MC, Zimmer CF, Abdollahi E, Juden-Kelly L, Moghadas SM, Singer BH, Galvani AP. Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2109229118. [PMID: 34376550 PMCID: PMC8403749 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109229118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantification of asymptomatic infections is fundamental for effective public health responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Discrepancies regarding the extent of asymptomaticity have arisen from inconsistent terminology as well as conflation of index and secondary cases which biases toward lower asymptomaticity. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and World Health Organization Global Research Database on COVID-19 between January 1, 2020 and April 2, 2021 to identify studies that reported silent infections at the time of testing, whether presymptomatic or asymptomatic. Index cases were removed to minimize representational bias that would result in overestimation of symptomaticity. By analyzing over 350 studies, we estimate that the percentage of infections that never developed clinical symptoms, and thus were truly asymptomatic, was 35.1% (95% CI: 30.7 to 39.9%). At the time of testing, 42.8% (95% prediction interval: 5.2 to 91.1%) of cases exhibited no symptoms, a group comprising both asymptomatic and presymptomatic infections. Asymptomaticity was significantly lower among the elderly, at 19.7% (95% CI: 12.7 to 29.4%) compared with children at 46.7% (95% CI: 32.0 to 62.0%). We also found that cases with comorbidities had significantly lower asymptomaticity compared to cases with no underlying medical conditions. Without proactive policies to detect asymptomatic infections, such as rapid contact tracing, prolonged efforts for pandemic control may be needed even in the presence of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratha Sah
- Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Meagan C Fitzpatrick
- Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Charlotte F Zimmer
- Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Elaheh Abdollahi
- Agent-Based Modelling Laboratory, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Lyndon Juden-Kelly
- Agent-Based Modelling Laboratory, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Seyed M Moghadas
- Agent-Based Modelling Laboratory, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Burton H Singer
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Alison P Galvani
- Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520
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4
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Fuchs Wightman F, Godoy Herz MA, Muñoz JC, Stigliano JN, Bragado L, Moreno NN, Palavecino M, Servi L, Cabrerizo G, Clemente J, Avaro M, Pontoriero A, Benedetti E, Baumeister E, Rudolf F, Remes Lenicov F, Garcia C, Buggiano V, Kornblihtt AR, Srebrow A, de la Mata M, Muñoz MJ, Schor IE, Petrillo E. A DNA intercalating dye-based RT-qPCR alternative to diagnose SARS-CoV-2. RNA Biol 2021; 18:2218-2225. [PMID: 33966602 PMCID: PMC8174584 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2021.1926648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Early detection of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been proven crucial during the efforts to mitigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Several diagnostic methods have emerged in the past few months, each with different shortcomings and limitations. The current gold standard, RT-qPCR using fluorescent probes, relies on demanding equipment requirements plus the high costs of the probes and specific reaction mixes. To broaden the possibilities of reagents and thermocyclers that could be allocated towards this task, we have optimized an alternative strategy for RT-qPCR diagnosis. This is based on a widely used DNA-intercalating dye and can be implemented with several different qPCR reagents and instruments. Remarkably, the proposed qPCR method performs similarly to the broadly used TaqMan-based detection, in terms of specificity and sensitivity, thus representing a reliable tool. We think that, through enabling the use of vast range of thermocycler models and laboratory facilities for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis, the alternative proposed here can increase dramatically the testing capability, especially in countries with limited access to costly technology and reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Fuchs Wightman
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Micaela A Godoy Herz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan C Muñoz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José N Stigliano
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laureano Bragado
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolas Nieto Moreno
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcos Palavecino
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas Servi
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Cabrerizo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José Clemente
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín Avaro
- National Influenza Centre PAHO/WHO, Servicio Virosis Respiratorias, Departamento Virología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Pontoriero
- National Influenza Centre PAHO/WHO, Servicio Virosis Respiratorias, Departamento Virología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Estefanía Benedetti
- National Influenza Centre PAHO/WHO, Servicio Virosis Respiratorias, Departamento Virología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elsa Baumeister
- National Influenza Centre PAHO/WHO, Servicio Virosis Respiratorias, Departamento Virología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fabian Rudolf
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Federico Remes Lenicov
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cybele Garcia
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidad De Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Estrategias Antivirales- IQUIBICEN, CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Valeria Buggiano
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alberto R Kornblihtt
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anabella Srebrow
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Manuel de la Mata
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Manuel J Muñoz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM), Milan, Italy.,Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio E Schor
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel Petrillo
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigación en Patologías Pediátricas (IMIPP), CONICET - GCBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Naghipour M, Joukar F, Salari A, Asgharnezhad M, Hassanipour S, Mansour-Ghanaei F. Epidemiologic Profile of Hypertension in Northern Iranian Population: The PERSIAN Guilan Cohort Study (PGCS). Ann Glob Health 2021; 87:14. [PMID: 33614420 PMCID: PMC7879995 DOI: 10.5334/aogh.3027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Estimates region-related prevalence of hypertension and attempts to identify its related factors at the district levels are required for prevention and management of hypertension. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemic features and related factors of hypertension and its awareness, treatment, and control rates among the northern Iranian population. Methods It was a community based cross-sectional study based on data from PERSIAN Guilan Cohort Study (PGCS). In total, 10,520 participants (aged 35-70 years) from the Guilan Province in northern Iran included in this study, between October 8, 2014, and January 20, 2017. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg or a prior diagnosis of hypertension or being on antihypertensive medication. Potential correlates of hypertension and its awareness, treatment and control were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression adjusted for demographic factors, anthropometric characteristics, lifestyle variables, past medical history, and laboratory data. Results The prevalence of hypertension was 43.2% and the hypertension awareness, treatment, and control rate were 53.4%, 49.8%, and 73.7%, respectively. The multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that older age, urbanization, lower education, overweight and obesity, lower physical activity, prediabetes and diabetes, cardiovascular disease, psychiatric disorder, positive family history of hypertension and raised serum creatinine were independently associated with presence of hypertension. Awareness of hypertension was greater in the female sex, older age, rural residency, higher education and patient with comorbidities. Older age, rural residency and comorbidities were associated with treatment of hypertension. Control of hypertension was better among younger age, higher education, normal weight and higher physical activity. Conclusion Hypertension is highly prevalent in the northern Iranian population. About half of affected persons are unaware of their disease and untreated. Modifying risk factors (such as weight lose and increase physical activity) and increasing hypertension awareness (by screening) is essential for primary and secondary prevention of high blood pressure in this population, especially in urban areas and among males, younger ages, and less educated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Naghipour
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Farahnaz Joukar
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Heshmat Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Arsalan Salari
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Heshmat Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Asgharnezhad
- Caspian Digestive Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Soheil Hassanipour
- GI Cancer Screening and Prevention Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Caspian Digestive Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- GI Cancer Screening and Prevention Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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6
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Centeno‐Tablante E, Medina‐Rivera M, Finkelstein JL, Rayco‐Solon P, Garcia‐Casal MN, Rogers L, Ghezzi‐Kopel K, Ridwan P, Peña‐Rosas JP, Mehta S. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through breast milk and breastfeeding: a living systematic review. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1484:32-54. [PMID: 32860259 PMCID: PMC7970667 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by infection with a novel coronavirus strain, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). At present, there is limited information on potential transmission of the infection from mother to child, particularly through breast milk and breastfeeding. Here, we provide a living systematic review to capture information that might necessitate changes in the guidance on breast milk and breastfeeding given the uncertainty in this area. Our search retrieved 19,414 total records; 605 were considered for full-text eligibility and no ongoing trials were identified. Our review includes 340 records, 37 with breast milk samples and 303 without. The 37 articles with analyzed breast milk samples reported on 77 mothers who were breastfeeding their children; among them, 19 of 77 children were confirmed COVID-19 cases based on RT-PCR assays, including 14 neonates and five older infants. Nine of the 68 analyzed breast milk samples from mothers with COVID-19 were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA; of the exposed infants, four were positive and two were negative for COVID-19. Currently, there is no evidence of SARS-CoV-2 transmission through breast milk. Studies are needed with longer follow-up periods that collect data on infant feeding practices and on viral presence in breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pura Rayco‐Solon
- Department of Maternal, Newborn,
Child and Adolescent Health and AgeingWorld Health OrganizationGenevaSwitzerland
| | | | - Lisa Rogers
- Department of Nutrition and Food
SafetyWorld Health OrganizationGenevaSwitzerland
| | | | - Pratiwi Ridwan
- Division of Nutritional
SciencesCornell UniversityIthacaNew York
| | | | - Saurabh Mehta
- Division of Nutritional
SciencesCornell UniversityIthacaNew York
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7
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Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES A significant number of reported COVID-19 cases can be traced back to superspreader events (SSEs), where a disproportionally large number of secondary cases relative to the standard reproductive rate, R0, are initiated. Although a superspreader is an individual who undergoes more viral shedding and transmission than others, it appears likely that environmental factors have a substantial role in SSEs. We categorise SSEs into two distinct groups: 'societal' and 'isolated' SSEs. METHODS We summarise SSEs that have occurred using multiple databases that have been cross referenced to ensure numbers are as reliable as we can ascertain. This enables more focussed and productive control of the current pandemic and future pandemics, especially as countries and regions ease lockdown restrictions. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 'Societal' SSEs pose a significant threat as members of the event are free to mingle and can infect individuals in the outside community. On the other hand, 'isolated' SSEs can be effectively quarantined as only a few individuals can transmit the virus from the isolated community to the outside community, therefore lowering further societal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasha Majra
- University of Manchester Medical School, United Kingdom.
| | - Jayme Benson
- Clare College, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Pitts
- Newnham College, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Stebbing
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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8
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Zhang X, Wang H, Wang Y, Lei Y, Xu K, Zhang J, Han Y, Zeng J, Deng S, Wang Y. Epidemiological and clinical based study on four passages of COVID-19 patients: intervention at asymptomatic period contributes to early recovery. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:855. [PMID: 33203362 PMCID: PMC7671187 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05570-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the worldwide spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus, scarce knowledge is available on the clinical features of more than two passages of patients. Further, in China, early intervention policy has been enacted since February. Whether early intervention contributes to swift recovery is still unknown. Hence, in this study, we focused on the patients from an isolated area, investigated the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of four serial passages of the virus. METHODS From January 25 to February 29, 2020, all patient data on the SARS-CoV-2 passages in this isolated area were traced, and the patients were grouped according to the passaging of SARS-CoV-2. Clinical characteristics of patients, including laboratory, radiology, treatment and outcomes, were collected and analyzed. RESULTS A total of 78 patients with four passages of virus transmission were included in this study. One patient transmitted SARS-CoV-2 to 8 patients (passage 2, P2), who next infected 23 patients (passage 3, P3), and then 46 patients (passage 4, P4). P2 received antiviral treatment when they had symptom, whereas P4 received antiviral treatment during their asymptomatic period. The incubation periods for P2, P3 and P4 patients were 7 days (IQR:2-12), 8 days (IQR:4-13) and 10 days (IQR:7-15), respectively. P2 patients showed lymphocytopenia (0.79 × 109/L), decreased lymphocyte percentages (12.15%), increased white blood cell count (6.51 × 109/L), increased total bilirubin levels (25% of P2 patients), increased C-reactive protein levels (100% of P2 patients) and abnormal liver function. By chest CT scans, all P2 patients (100%), 15 of P3 patients (65.22%) and 16 of P4 patients (34.78%) showed abnormality with typical feature of ground glass opacity. All of P2 patients (100%) received oxygen therapy, and in contrast, 19 of P4 patients (41.3%) received oxygen therapy. Further, significant decreased nucleic acid positive periods was found in P4 group (16 days, IQR: 10-23), compared with that of P2 group (22 days, IQR: 16-27). Moreover, the severity ratios were sharply decreased from 50% (P2 patients) to 4.35% (P4 patients), and the case fatality rate is zero. CONCLUSIONS Judged from four passages of patients, early intervention contributes to the early recovery of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Zhang
- Department of Emergency Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, SC, China
| | - Hailian Wang
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, SC, China
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, SC, China
| | - Youwei Wang
- Department of Emergency Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, SC, China
| | - Yu Lei
- Department of Emergency Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, SC, China
| | - Kaiju Xu
- Department of Emergency Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, SC, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Chenfei Hospital, Chengdu, 610091, SC, China
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital, Kangding, 626000, SC, China
| | - Jun Zeng
- Department of Emergency Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, SC, China.
| | - Shaoping Deng
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, SC, China.
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, SC, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Translational Medical Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronics Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, SC, China.
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da Silva SJR, Silva CTAD, Guarines KM, Mendes RPG, Pardee K, Kohl A, Pena L. Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2, the Virus Causing COVID-19. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:2319-2336. [PMID: 32786280 PMCID: PMC7441751 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In December 2019, a novel beta (β) coronavirus eventually named SARS-CoV-2 emerged in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, causing an outbreak of severe and even fatal pneumonia in humans. The virus has spread very rapidly to many countries across the world, resulting in the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare a pandemic on March 11, 2020. Clinically, the diagnosis of this unprecedented illness, called coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), becomes difficult because it shares many symptoms with other respiratory pathogens, including influenza and parainfluenza viruses. Therefore, laboratory diagnosis is crucial for the clinical management of patients and the implementation of disease control strategies to contain SARS-CoV-2 at clinical and population level. Here, we summarize the main clinical and imaging findings of COVID-19 patients and discuss the advances, features, advantages, and limitations of different laboratory methods used for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Targino Alves da Silva
- Department of Virology, Aggeu
Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz),
50670-420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Klarissa Miranda Guarines
- Department of Virology, Aggeu
Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz),
50670-420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Renata Pessôa Germano Mendes
- Department of Virology, Aggeu
Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz),
50670-420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Keith Pardee
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2,
Canada
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus
Research, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, U.K.
| | - Lindomar Pena
- Department of Virology, Aggeu
Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz),
50670-420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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10
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Jutzeler CR, Bourguignon L, Weis CV, Tong B, Wong C, Rieck B, Pargger H, Tschudin-Sutter S, Egli A, Borgwardt K, Walter M. Comorbidities, clinical signs and symptoms, laboratory findings, imaging features, treatment strategies, and outcomes in adult and pediatric patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020; 37:101825. [PMID: 32763496 PMCID: PMC7402237 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since December 2019, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has triggered a world-wide pandemic with an enormous medical and societal-economic toll. Thus, our aim was to gather all available information regarding comorbidities, clinical signs and symptoms, outcomes, laboratory findings, imaging features, and treatments in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS EMBASE, PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for studies published in any language between December 1st, 2019 and March 28th, 2020. Original studies were included if the exposure of interest was an infection with SARS-CoV-2 or confirmed COVID-19. The primary outcome was the risk ratio of comorbidities, clinical signs and symptoms, laboratory findings, imaging features, treatments, outcomes, and complications associated with COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. We performed random-effects pairwise meta-analyses for proportions and relative risks, I2, T2, and Cochrane Q, sensitivity analyses, and assessed publication bias. RESULTS 148 studies met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review and meta-analysis with 12'149 patients (5'739 female) and a median age of 47.0 [35.0-64.6] years. 617 patients died from COVID-19 and its complication. 297 patients were reported as asymptomatic. Older age (SMD: 1.25 [0.78-1.72]; p < 0.001), being male (RR = 1.32 [1.13-1.54], p = 0.005) and pre-existing comorbidity (RR = 1.69 [1.48-1.94]; p < 0.001) were identified as risk factors of in-hospital mortality. The heterogeneity between studies varied substantially (I2; range: 1.5-98.2%). Publication bias was only found in eight studies (Egger's test: p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analyses revealed important risk factors that are associated with severity and mortality of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine R Jutzeler
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland; SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Lucie Bourguignon
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland; SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Caroline V Weis
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland; SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bobo Tong
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Cyrus Wong
- Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Bastian Rieck
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland; SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hans Pargger
- Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Basel, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Tschudin-Sutter
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Egli
- Division of Clinical Bacteriology & Mycology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Applied Microbiology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karsten Borgwardt
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland; SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Walter
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Swiss Paraplegic Center, Nottwil, Switzerland
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11
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Deeks JJ, Dinnes J, Takwoingi Y, Davenport C, Spijker R, Taylor-Phillips S, Adriano A, Beese S, Dretzke J, Ferrante di Ruffano L, Harris IM, Price MJ, Dittrich S, Emperador D, Hooft L, Leeflang MM, Van den Bruel A. Antibody tests for identification of current and past infection with SARS-CoV-2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 6:CD013652. [PMID: 32584464 PMCID: PMC7387103 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus and resulting COVID-19 pandemic present important diagnostic challenges. Several diagnostic strategies are available to identify current infection, rule out infection, identify people in need of care escalation, or to test for past infection and immune response. Serology tests to detect the presence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 aim to identify previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, and may help to confirm the presence of current infection. OBJECTIVES To assess the diagnostic accuracy of antibody tests to determine if a person presenting in the community or in primary or secondary care has SARS-CoV-2 infection, or has previously had SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the accuracy of antibody tests for use in seroprevalence surveys. SEARCH METHODS We undertook electronic searches in the Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register and the COVID-19 Living Evidence Database from the University of Bern, which is updated daily with published articles from PubMed and Embase and with preprints from medRxiv and bioRxiv. In addition, we checked repositories of COVID-19 publications. We did not apply any language restrictions. We conducted searches for this review iteration up to 27 April 2020. SELECTION CRITERIA We included test accuracy studies of any design that evaluated antibody tests (including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, chemiluminescence immunoassays, and lateral flow assays) in people suspected of current or previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, or where tests were used to screen for infection. We also included studies of people either known to have, or not to have SARS-CoV-2 infection. We included all reference standards to define the presence or absence of SARS-CoV-2 (including reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction tests (RT-PCR) and clinical diagnostic criteria). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We assessed possible bias and applicability of the studies using the QUADAS-2 tool. We extracted 2x2 contingency table data and present sensitivity and specificity for each antibody (or combination of antibodies) using paired forest plots. We pooled data using random-effects logistic regression where appropriate, stratifying by time since post-symptom onset. We tabulated available data by test manufacturer. We have presented uncertainty in estimates of sensitivity and specificity using 95% confidence intervals (CIs). MAIN RESULTS We included 57 publications reporting on a total of 54 study cohorts with 15,976 samples, of which 8526 were from cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Studies were conducted in Asia (n = 38), Europe (n = 15), and the USA and China (n = 1). We identified data from 25 commercial tests and numerous in-house assays, a small fraction of the 279 antibody assays listed by the Foundation for Innovative Diagnostics. More than half (n = 28) of the studies included were only available as preprints. We had concerns about risk of bias and applicability. Common issues were use of multi-group designs (n = 29), inclusion of only COVID-19 cases (n = 19), lack of blinding of the index test (n = 49) and reference standard (n = 29), differential verification (n = 22), and the lack of clarity about participant numbers, characteristics and study exclusions (n = 47). Most studies (n = 44) only included people hospitalised due to suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection. There were no studies exclusively in asymptomatic participants. Two-thirds of the studies (n = 33) defined COVID-19 cases based on RT-PCR results alone, ignoring the potential for false-negative RT-PCR results. We observed evidence of selective publication of study findings through omission of the identity of tests (n = 5). We observed substantial heterogeneity in sensitivities of IgA, IgM and IgG antibodies, or combinations thereof, for results aggregated across different time periods post-symptom onset (range 0% to 100% for all target antibodies). We thus based the main results of the review on the 38 studies that stratified results by time since symptom onset. The numbers of individuals contributing data within each study each week are small and are usually not based on tracking the same groups of patients over time. Pooled results for IgG, IgM, IgA, total antibodies and IgG/IgM all showed low sensitivity during the first week since onset of symptoms (all less than 30.1%), rising in the second week and reaching their highest values in the third week. The combination of IgG/IgM had a sensitivity of 30.1% (95% CI 21.4 to 40.7) for 1 to 7 days, 72.2% (95% CI 63.5 to 79.5) for 8 to 14 days, 91.4% (95% CI 87.0 to 94.4) for 15 to 21 days. Estimates of accuracy beyond three weeks are based on smaller sample sizes and fewer studies. For 21 to 35 days, pooled sensitivities for IgG/IgM were 96.0% (95% CI 90.6 to 98.3). There are insufficient studies to estimate sensitivity of tests beyond 35 days post-symptom onset. Summary specificities (provided in 35 studies) exceeded 98% for all target antibodies with confidence intervals no more than 2 percentage points wide. False-positive results were more common where COVID-19 had been suspected and ruled out, but numbers were small and the difference was within the range expected by chance. Assuming a prevalence of 50%, a value considered possible in healthcare workers who have suffered respiratory symptoms, we would anticipate that 43 (28 to 65) would be missed and 7 (3 to 14) would be falsely positive in 1000 people undergoing IgG/IgM testing at days 15 to 21 post-symptom onset. At a prevalence of 20%, a likely value in surveys in high-risk settings, 17 (11 to 26) would be missed per 1000 people tested and 10 (5 to 22) would be falsely positive. At a lower prevalence of 5%, a likely value in national surveys, 4 (3 to 7) would be missed per 1000 tested, and 12 (6 to 27) would be falsely positive. Analyses showed small differences in sensitivity between assay type, but methodological concerns and sparse data prevent comparisons between test brands. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The sensitivity of antibody tests is too low in the first week since symptom onset to have a primary role for the diagnosis of COVID-19, but they may still have a role complementing other testing in individuals presenting later, when RT-PCR tests are negative, or are not done. Antibody tests are likely to have a useful role for detecting previous SARS-CoV-2 infection if used 15 or more days after the onset of symptoms. However, the duration of antibody rises is currently unknown, and we found very little data beyond 35 days post-symptom onset. We are therefore uncertain about the utility of these tests for seroprevalence surveys for public health management purposes. Concerns about high risk of bias and applicability make it likely that the accuracy of tests when used in clinical care will be lower than reported in the included studies. Sensitivity has mainly been evaluated in hospitalised patients, so it is unclear whether the tests are able to detect lower antibody levels likely seen with milder and asymptomatic COVID-19 disease. The design, execution and reporting of studies of the accuracy of COVID-19 tests requires considerable improvement. Studies must report data on sensitivity disaggregated by time since onset of symptoms. COVID-19-positive cases who are RT-PCR-negative should be included as well as those confirmed RT-PCR, in accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) and China National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (CDC) case definitions. We were only able to obtain data from a small proportion of available tests, and action is needed to ensure that all results of test evaluations are available in the public domain to prevent selective reporting. This is a fast-moving field and we plan ongoing updates of this living systematic review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Deeks
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jacqueline Dinnes
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Yemisi Takwoingi
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Clare Davenport
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - René Spijker
- Medical Library, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cochrane Netherlands, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sian Taylor-Phillips
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Ada Adriano
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sophie Beese
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Janine Dretzke
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lavinia Ferrante di Ruffano
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Isobel M Harris
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Malcolm J Price
- Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Lotty Hooft
- Cochrane Netherlands, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mariska Mg Leeflang
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Biomarker and Test Evaluation Programme (BiTE), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ann Van den Bruel
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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12
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Gaddi AV, Capello F, Aluigi L, Antignani PL, Callegaro A, Casu G, Cipolla E, Cipolla M, Cosco L, Culzoni F, Dentali F, Elexpuru-Zabaleta M, Forbes-Hernandez TY, Fragiacomo C, Giampieri F, Gnasso A, Mancini R, Modena MG, Nichelatti M, Paradiso AV, Ortasi P, Savo MT, Tangianu F, Tempesta S, Voci TD, Battino M. The Strategic Alliance between Clinical and Molecular Science in the War against SARS-CoV-2, with the Rapid-Diagnostics Test as an Indispensable Weapon for Front Line Doctors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4446. [PMID: 32580529 PMCID: PMC7352982 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Our work concerns the actual problem of spread of SARS- CoV-2 outbreak which requires fast and correct as possible answer. In current scenario, the need of rapid answer put away the imperative of proper methodology. We focus on the serogical immunoassay for diagnosis of Covid-19 as an important weapon not only for diagnostic purpose, but also for epidemiologic one. The right equilibrium between high speed, low cost and accuracy is obtained with easy-to-use decentralized point-of-care test as the colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic strip assay which detects IgM and IgG antibodies directed against SARS-CoV-2. As our aim is to evaluate the efficacy of Covid-19 rapid tests and of serological assays in real-life settings, we designed a research protocol aimed to establish how to use correctly these diagnostics, taking into account the different possible clinical and epidemiological scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabio Capello
- International Study Center of Society of Telemedicine and Digital Health, 40100 Bologna, Italy;
| | | | | | - Annapaola Callegaro
- Department of Laboratory Medicine ASST-Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy;
| | - Gavino Casu
- Cardiology Dept. – ATS Sardegna ASSL, San Francesco Hospital, 08100 Nuoro, Italy;
| | - Enrico Cipolla
- Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Maurizio Cipolla
- UCCP Catanzaro Lido, ASP Catanzaro; Calabria Society of Telemedicine-Regione Calabria, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Lucio Cosco
- Infectious Disease Department., “Pugliese-Ciaccio” Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | | | - Francesco Dentali
- Department of Clinical Medicine Insubria University Varese, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| | - Maria Elexpuru-Zabaleta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Tamara Y. Forbes-Hernandez
- Nutrition and Food Science Group, department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, CITACA, CACTI, University of Vigo-Vigo Campus, 32004 Vigo, Spain; (T.Y.F.-H.); (F.G.)
| | | | - Francesca Giampieri
- Nutrition and Food Science Group, department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, CITACA, CACTI, University of Vigo-Vigo Campus, 32004 Vigo, Spain; (T.Y.F.-H.); (F.G.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche e Odontostomatologiche, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Ranieri 65, 60130 Ancona, Italy
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Agostino Gnasso
- Department of Applied Medical Science, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | | | - Maria Grazia Modena
- Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Science Department with Transplantology, Oncological and Rigenerative Address, Modena e Reggio Emilia University, 41125 AOU Modena, Italy;
| | - Michele Nichelatti
- Service of Statistics, Fondazione Malattie del Sangue Niguarda Hospital, 20162 Milano, Italy;
| | | | - Pasquale Ortasi
- Primary health care Department, ASL Area Vasta Romagna, National Medical Interdisciplinary Primary health care Ravenna-Forlì-Cesena, Society of Digital Health and Telemedicine, Emilia Romagna, 48121 Ravenna, Italy;
| | - Maria Teresa Savo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, University of Florence, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Flavio Tangianu
- ASST Settelaghi Varese, Medical and Surgical Department, Insubria University, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| | - Sergio Tempesta
- Technobios Prenatale Eurogenlab-Caravelli Group, Medical Genetics Laboratory, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Tommaso Diego Voci
- Associazione Interregionale Cardiologi e Specialisti Medici Ambulatoriali, ACSA, 10125 Torino, Italy;
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Nutrition and Food Science Group, department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, CITACA, CACTI, University of Vigo-Vigo Campus, 32004 Vigo, Spain; (T.Y.F.-H.); (F.G.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche e Odontostomatologiche, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Ranieri 65, 60130 Ancona, Italy
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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Huang Y, Cai C, Zang J, Xie J, Xu D, Zheng F, Zhan T, Huang K, Wang Y, Wang X, Hu ZY, Deng Y, Xie Y. Treatment strategies of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease-19. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:11224-37. [PMID: 32554861 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
With the outbreak of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), Changsha faced an increasing burden of treating the Wuhan migrants and their infected patients. This study is a retrospective, single-center case series of the 238 consecutive hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 at the First Hospital of Changsha city, China, from 01/21 to 02/14, 2020; the final date of follow-up was 02/27, 2020. Of 238 patients 43.7% visited Wuhan, 58.4% got in touch with Wuhan people, and 47.5% had contacted with diagnosed patients. 37.8% patients had family members infected. 190 cases had mild / general disease, and 48 cases had severe / critical disease. Compared to mild or general patients, more severe or critical patients visited Wuhan (59.6% vs 40.2%; P=0.02) and contacted with Wuhan people (74.5% vs 55.0%; P=0.02). All patients received antiviral treatment, including Lopinavir / Ritonavir (29.3%), Interferon (14.6%) and their combination (40.6%), Arbidol (6.7%), Xuebijing (7.1%) and Chloroquine phosphate (1.3%). Severe and critical patients received glucocorticoid, Gamma-globulin and oxygen inhalation. Some received mechanic ventilation support. As of 02/27, 161 patients discharged. The median length of hospital stay was 13 days. The 10-, 14-, 20- and 28-day discharge rate was 19.1%, 42.8%, 65.0% and 76.4%, respectively. No hospital-related transmission was observed.
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14
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Al-Tawfiq JA, Memish ZA. Serologic testing of coronaviruses from MERS-CoV to SARS-CoV-2: Learning from the past and anticipating the future. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020; 37:101785. [PMID: 32534208 PMCID: PMC7286260 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq
- Infectious Disease Unit, Specialty Internal Medicine, and Quality and Patient Safety Department, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Ziad A Memish
- Director Research Center, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia; Al-Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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15
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, Qin Q. Unique epidemiological and clinical features of the emerging 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) implicate special control measures. J Med Virol 2020; 92:568-576. [PMID: 32134116 PMCID: PMC7228347 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 816] [Impact Index Per Article: 204.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
By 27 February 2020, the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused 82 623 confirmed cases and 2858 deaths globally, more than severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) (8273 cases, 775 deaths) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) (1139 cases, 431 deaths) caused in 2003 and 2013, respectively. COVID-19 has spread to 46 countries internationally. Total fatality rate of COVID-19 is estimated at 3.46% by far based on published data from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC). Average incubation period of COVID-19 is around 6.4 days, ranges from 0 to 24 days. The basic reproductive number (R0 ) of COVID-19 ranges from 2 to 3.5 at the early phase regardless of different prediction models, which is higher than SARS and MERS. A study from China CDC showed majority of patients (80.9%) were considered asymptomatic or mild pneumonia but released large amounts of viruses at the early phase of infection, which posed enormous challenges for containing the spread of COVID-19. Nosocomial transmission was another severe problem. A total of 3019 health workers were infected by 12 February 2020, which accounted for 3.83% of total number of infections, and extremely burdened the health system, especially in Wuhan. Limited epidemiological and clinical data suggest that the disease spectrum of COVID-19 may differ from SARS or MERS. We summarize latest literatures on genetic, epidemiological, and clinical features of COVID-19 in comparison to SARS and MERS and emphasize special measures on diagnosis and potential interventions. This review will improve our understanding of the unique features of COVID-19 and enhance our control measures in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Wang
- Laboratory of Human Virology and OncologyShantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongChina
| | - Yuyi Wang
- Laboratory of Human Virology and OncologyShantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongChina
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of PediatricUnion Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Qingsong Qin
- Laboratory of Human Virology and OncologyShantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongChina
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16
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Blouhos K, Boulas KA, Paraskeva A, Triantafyllidis A, Nathanailidou M, Hatzipourganis K, Hatzigeorgiadis A. Understanding Surgical Risk During COVID-19 Pandemic: The Rationale Behind the Decisions. Front Surg 2020; 7:33. [PMID: 32574344 PMCID: PMC7256454 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2020.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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17
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Kontou PI, Braliou GG, Dimou NL, Nikolopoulos G, Bagos PG. Antibody Tests in Detecting SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Meta-Analysis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E319. [PMID: 32438677 PMCID: PMC7278002 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10050319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 made imperative the need for diagnostic tests that can identify the infection. Although Nucleic Acid Test (NAT) is considered to be the gold standard, serological tests based on antibodies could be very helpful. However, individual studies are usually inconclusive, thus, a comparison of different tests is needed. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis in PubMed, medRxiv and bioRxiv. We used the bivariate method for meta-analysis of diagnostic tests pooling sensitivities and specificities. We evaluated IgM and IgG tests based on Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Chemiluminescence Enzyme Immunoassays (CLIA), Fluorescence Immunoassays (FIA), and the Lateral Flow Immunoassays (LFIA). We identified 38 studies containing data from 7848 individuals. Tests using the S antigen are more sensitive than N antigen-based tests. IgG tests perform better compared to IgM ones and show better sensitivity when the samples were taken longer after the onset of symptoms. Moreover, a combined IgG/IgM test seems to be a better choice in terms of sensitivity than measuring either antibody alone. All methods yield high specificity with some of them (ELISA and LFIA) reaching levels around 99%. ELISA- and CLIA-based methods perform better in terms of sensitivity (90%-94%) followed by LFIA and FIA with sensitivities ranging from 80% to 89%. ELISA tests could be a safer choice at this stage of the pandemic. LFIA tests are more attractive for large seroprevalence studies but show lower sensitivity, and this should be taken into account when designing and performing seroprevalence studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota I. Kontou
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, Papasiopoulou 2-4, 35131 Lamia, Greece; (P.I.K.); (G.G.B.)
| | - Georgia G. Braliou
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, Papasiopoulou 2-4, 35131 Lamia, Greece; (P.I.K.); (G.G.B.)
| | - Niki L. Dimou
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69372 Lyon, France;
| | | | - Pantelis G. Bagos
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, Papasiopoulou 2-4, 35131 Lamia, Greece; (P.I.K.); (G.G.B.)
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18
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Tahvildari A, Arbabi M, Farsi Y, Jamshidi P, Hasanzadeh S, Calcagno TM, Nasiri MJ, Mirsaeidi M. Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Treatment of COVID-19 in Hospitalized Patients: A Systematic Review of Case Reports and Case Series. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:231. [PMID: 32574328 PMCID: PMC7242615 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has been declared a public health emergency worldwide. The objective of this systematic review was to characterize the clinical, diagnostic, and treatment characteristics of hospitalized patients presenting with COVID-19. Methods: We conducted a structured search using PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Web of Science to collect both case reports and case series on COVID-19 published up to April 24, 2020. There were no restrictions regarding publication language. Results: Eighty articles were included analyzing a total of 417 patients with a mean age of 48 years. The most common presenting symptom in patients who tested positive for COVID-19 was fever, reported in up to 62% of patients from 82% of the analyzed studies. Other symptoms including rhinorrhea, dizziness, and chills were less frequently reported. Additionally, in studies that reported C-reactive protein (CRP) measurements, a large majority of patients displayed an elevated CRP (60%). Progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was the most common complication of patients testing positive for COVID-19 (21%). CT images displayed ground-glass opacification (GGO) patterns (80%) as well as bilateral lung involvement (69%). The most commonly used antiviral treatment modalities included, lopinavir (HIV protease inhibitor), arbidiol hydrochloride (influenza fusion inhibitor), and oseltamivir (neuraminidase inhibitor). Conclusions: Development of ARDS may play a role in estimating disease progression and mortality risk. Early detection of elevations in serum CRP, combined with a clinical COVID-19 symptom presentation may be used as a surrogate marker for the presence and severity of the disease. There is a paucity of data surrounding the efficacy of treatments. There is currently not a well-established gold standard therapy for the treatment of diagnosed COVID-19. Further prospective investigations are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azin Tahvildari
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahta Arbabi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yeganeh Farsi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parnian Jamshidi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Hasanzadeh
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tess Moore Calcagno
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Nasiri
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Mehdi Mirsaeidi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Sapkal G, Shete-Aich A, Jain R, Yadav PD, Sarkale P, Lakra R, Baradkar S, Deshpande GR, Mali D, Tilekar BN, Majumdar T, Kaushal H, Gurav Y, Gupta N, Mohandas S, Deshpande K, Kaduskar O, Salve M, Patil S, Gaikwad S, Sugunan A, Ashok M, Giri S, Shastri J, Abraham P, Gangakhedkar RR. Development of indigenous IgG ELISA for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG. Indian J Med Res 2020; 151:444-449. [PMID: 32611915 PMCID: PMC7530443 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2232_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Since the beginning of the year 2020, the pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) impacted humankind adversely in almost all spheres of life. The virus belongs to the genus Betacoronavirus of the family Coronaviridae. SARS-CoV-2 causes the disease known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with mild-to-severe respiratory illness. The currently available diagnostic tools for the diagnosis of COVID-19 are mainly based on molecular assays. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction is the only diagnostic method currently recommended by the World Health Organization for COVID-19. With the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2, it is necessary to utilize other tests, which would determine the burden of the disease as well as the spread of the outbreak. Considering the need for the development of such a screening test, an attempt was made to develop and evaluate an IgG-based ELISA for COVID-19. METHODS A total of 513 blood samples (131 positive, 382 negative for SARS-CoV-2) were collected and tested by microneutralization test (MNT). Antigen stock of SARS-CoV-2 was prepared by propagating the virus in Vero CCL-81 cells. An IgG capture ELISA was developed for serological detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG in serum samples. The end point cut-off values were determined by using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Inter-assay variability was determined. RESULTS The developed ELISA was found to be 92.37 per cent sensitive, 97.9 per cent specific, robust and reproducible. The positive and negative predictive values were 94.44 and 98.14 per cent, respectively. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS This indigenously developed IgG ELISA was found to be sensitive and specific for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG in human serum samples. This assay may be used for determining seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in a population exposed to the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajanan Sapkal
- Diagnostic Virology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anita Shete-Aich
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajlaxmi Jain
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pragya D. Yadav
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prasad Sarkale
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajen Lakra
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Srikant Baradkar
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gururaj Rao Deshpande
- Diagnostic Virology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepak Mali
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bipin N. Tilekar
- Diagnostic Virology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Triparna Majumdar
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Himanshu Kaushal
- Human Influenza Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Yogesh Gurav
- Epidemiology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nivedita Gupta
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Sreelekshmy Mohandas
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ketki Deshpande
- Diagnostic Virology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ojas Kaduskar
- Diagnostic Virology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Malvika Salve
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Savita Patil
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shivshankar Gaikwad
- Diagnostic Virology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - A.P. Sugunan
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
| | - M. Ashok
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Bangalore Unit, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sidhartha Giri
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Jayanthi Shastri
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Priya Abraham
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Raman R. Gangakhedkar
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
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20
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Gao Y, Liu R, Zhou Q, Wang X, Huang L, Shi Q, Wang Z, Lu S, Li W, Ma Y, Luo X, Fukuoka T, Ahn HS, Lee MS, Luo Z, Liu E, Chen Y, Shu C, Tian D. Application of telemedicine during the coronavirus disease epidemics: a rapid review and meta-analysis. Ann Transl Med 2020; 8:626. [PMID: 32566563 PMCID: PMC7290625 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-3315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background As COVID-19 has become a global pandemic, early prevention and control of the epidemic is extremely important. Telemedicine, which includes medical advice given over telephone, Internet, mobile phone applications or other similar ways, may be an efficient way to reduce transmission and pressure on medical institutions. Methods We searched MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane, CBM, CNKI and Wanfang databases for literature on the use of telemedicine for COVID-19, SARS and MERS from their inception to March 31st, 2020. We included studies about the content of the consultation (such as symptoms, therapy and prevention, policy, public service), screening of suspected cases, the provision of advice given to those people who may have symptoms or contact history. We conducted meta-analyses on the main outcomes of the studies. Results A total of 2,041 articles were identified after removing duplicates. After reading the full texts, we finally included nine studies. People were most concerned about symptoms (64.2%), epidemic situation and public problems (14.5%), and psychological problems (10.3%) during COVID-19 epidemic. During the SARS epidemic, the proportions of people asking for consultation for symptoms, prevention and therapy, and psychological problems were 35.0%, 22.0%, and 23.0%, respectively. Two studies demonstrated that telemedicine can be used to screen the suspected patients and give advice. One study emphasized the limited possibilities to follow up people calling hotlines and difficulties in identifying all suspect cases. Conclusions Telemedicine services should focus on the issues that the public is most concerned about, such as the symptoms, prevention and treatment of the disease, and provide reasonable advice to patients with symptoms or people with epidemic history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelei Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Evidence-based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xingmei Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Liping Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Qianling Shi
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Evidence-based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zijun Wang
- Evidence-based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shuya Lu
- Evidence-based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Department of Pediatric, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Weiguo Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Yanfang Ma
- Evidence-based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xufei Luo
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Toshio Fukuoka
- Emergency and Critical Care Center, the Department of General Medicine, Department of Research and Medical Education at Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Japan.,Advisory Committee in Cochrane Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hyeong Sik Ahn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Korea Cochrane Centre, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myeong Soo Lee
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.,University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Zhengxiu Luo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Enmei Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Yaolong Chen
- Evidence-based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Lanzhou University, an Affiliate of the Cochrane China Network, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Chinese GRADE Center, Lanzhou 730000, China.,Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Knowledge Translation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chang Shu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Daiyin Tian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
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21
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Borges do Nascimento IJ, Cacic N, Abdulazeem HM, von Groote TC, Jayarajah U, Weerasekara I, Esfahani MA, Civile VT, Marusic A, Jeroncic A, Carvas Junior N, Pericic TP, Zakarija-Grkovic I, Meirelles Guimarães SM, Luigi Bragazzi N, Bjorklund M, Sofi-Mahmudi A, Altujjar M, Tian M, Arcani DMC, O'Mathúna DP, Marcolino MS. Novel Coronavirus Infection (COVID-19) in Humans: A Scoping Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E941. [PMID: 32235486 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9040941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of literature on the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is becoming available, but a synthesis of available data has not been conducted. We performed a scoping review of currently available clinical, epidemiological, laboratory, and chest imaging data related to the SARS-CoV-2 infection. We searched MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL, EMBASE, Scopus and LILACS from 01 January 2019 to 24 February 2020. Study selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment were performed by two independent reviewers. Qualitative synthesis and meta-analysis were conducted using the clinical and laboratory data, and random-effects models were applied to estimate pooled results. A total of 61 studies were included (59,254 patients). The most common disease-related symptoms were fever (82%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 56%-99%; n = 4410), cough (61%, 95% CI 39%-81%; n = 3985), muscle aches and/or fatigue (36%, 95% CI 18%-55%; n = 3778), dyspnea (26%, 95% CI 12%-41%; n = 3700), headache in 12% (95% CI 4%-23%, n = 3598 patients), sore throat in 10% (95% CI 5%-17%, n = 1387) and gastrointestinal symptoms in 9% (95% CI 3%-17%, n = 1744). Laboratory findings were described in a lower number of patients and revealed lymphopenia (0.93 × 109/L, 95% CI 0.83-1.03 × 109/L, n = 464) and abnormal C-reactive protein (33.72 mg/dL, 95% CI 21.54-45.91 mg/dL; n = 1637). Radiological findings varied, but mostly described ground-glass opacities and consolidation. Data on treatment options were limited. All-cause mortality was 0.3% (95% CI 0.0%-1.0%; n = 53,631). Epidemiological studies showed that mortality was higher in males and elderly patients. The majority of reported clinical symptoms and laboratory findings related to SARS-CoV-2 infection are non-specific. Clinical suspicion, accompanied by a relevant epidemiological history, should be followed by early imaging and virological assay.
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22
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Haveri A, Smura T, Kuivanen S, Österlund P, Hepojoki J, Ikonen N, Pitkäpaasi M, Blomqvist S, Rönkkö E, Kantele A, Strandin T, Kallio-Kokko H, Mannonen L, Lappalainen M, Broas M, Jiang M, Siira L, Salminen M, Puumalainen T, Sane J, Melin M, Vapalahti O, Savolainen-Kopra C. Serological and molecular findings during SARS-CoV-2 infection: the first case study in Finland, January to February 2020. Euro Surveill 2020; 25:2000266. [PMID: 32209163 PMCID: PMC7096774 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.11.2000266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The first case of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Finland was confirmed on 29 January 2020. No secondary cases were detected. We describe the clinical picture and laboratory findings 3-23 days since the first symptoms. The SARS-CoV-2/Finland/1/2020 virus strain was isolated, the genome showing a single nucleotide substitution to the reference strain from Wuhan. Neutralising antibody response appeared within 9 days along with specific IgM and IgG response, targeting particularly nucleocapsid and spike proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Haveri
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Smura
- University of Helsinki, Medicum, Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Kuivanen
- University of Helsinki, Medicum, Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pamela Österlund
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Hepojoki
- University of Helsinki, Medicum, Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Niina Ikonen
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjaana Pitkäpaasi
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Soile Blomqvist
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Esa Rönkkö
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Kantele
- Inflammation Center, Infectious Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital (HUSLAB) and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomas Strandin
- University of Helsinki, Medicum, Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannimari Kallio-Kokko
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Helsinki University Hospital (HUSLAB) and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Mannonen
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Helsinki University Hospital (HUSLAB) and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Lappalainen
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Helsinki University Hospital (HUSLAB) and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Broas
- Infection-Hospital Hygiene Unit, Lapland Central Hospital, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Miao Jiang
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lotta Siira
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Salminen
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taneli Puumalainen
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Sane
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Merit Melin
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- University of Helsinki, Medicum, Department of Virology, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Helsinki University Hospital (HUSLAB) and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carita Savolainen-Kopra
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
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