1
|
Link JS, Carrell CS, Jang I, Barstis EJO, Call ZD, Bellows RA, O'Donnell-Sloan JJ, Terry JS, Anderson LBR, Panraksa Y, Geiss BJ, Dandy DS, Henry CS. Capillary flow-driven immunoassay platform for COVID-19 antigen diagnostics. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1277:341634. [PMID: 37604607 PMCID: PMC10476143 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few years, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has made the need for rapid, affordable diagnostics more compelling than ever. While traditional laboratory diagnostics like PCR and well-plate ELISA are sensitive and specific, they can be costly and take hours to complete. Diagnostic tests that can be used at the point-of-care or at home, like lateral flow assays (LFAs) are a simple, rapid alternative, but many commercially available LFAs have been criticized for their lack of sensitivity compared to laboratory methods like well-plate ELISAs. The Capillary-Driven Immunoassay (CaDI) device described in this work uses microfluidic channels and capillary action to passively automate the steps of a traditional well-plate ELISA for visual read out. This work builds on prior capillary-flow devices by further simplifying operation and use of colorimetric detection. Upon adding sample, an enzyme-conjugated secondary antibody, wash steps, and substrate are sequentially delivered to test and control lines on a nitrocellulose strip generating a colorimetric response. The end user can visually detect SARS-CoV-2 antigen in 15-20 min by naked eye, or results can be quantified using a smartphone and software such as ImageJ. An analytical detection limit of 83 PFU/mL for SARS-CoV-2 was determined for virus in buffer, and 222 PFU/mL for virus spiked into nasal swabs using image analysis, similar to the LODs determined by traditional well-plate ELISA. Additionally, a visual detection limit of 100 PFU/mL was determined in contrived nasal swab samples by polling 20 untrained end-users. While the CaDI device was used for detecting clinically relevant levels of SARS-CoV-2 in this study, the CaDI device can be easily adapted to other immunoassay applications by changing the reagents and antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Link
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, USA
| | | | - Ilhoon Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, USA; Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, South Korea
| | | | | | - Rae A Bellows
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, USA
| | | | - James S Terry
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, USA
| | - Loran B R Anderson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, USA
| | - Yosita Panraksa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, USA; Myobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University, USA
| | - Brian J Geiss
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, USA; School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, USA
| | - David S Dandy
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, USA; School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, USA
| | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, USA; School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, USA; Metalluragy and Materials Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shete AM, Patil DY, Jain R, Sahay RR, Chenayil S, Mohandas S, Yadav PD. Assessment of antibody kinetics in mpox cases with indigenously developed IgM and IgG ELISA. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29073. [PMID: 37671729 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anita M Shete
- Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepak Y Patil
- Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajlaxmi Jain
- Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rima R Sahay
- Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shubin Chenayil
- State Surveillance Unit (IDSP), Directorate of Health Services (IDSP), Malappuram, Kerala, India
| | - Sreelekshmy Mohandas
- Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pragya D Yadav
- Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vilca-Alosilla JJ, Candia-Puma MA, Coronel-Monje K, Goyzueta-Mamani LD, Galdino AS, Machado-de-Ávila RA, Giunchetti RC, Ferraz Coelho EA, Chávez-Fumagalli MA. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Comparing the Diagnostic Accuracy Tests of COVID-19. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13091549. [PMID: 37174941 PMCID: PMC10177430 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13091549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we present a systematic review and meta-analysis that aims to evaluate the reliability of coronavirus disease diagnostic tests in 2019 (COVID-19). This article seeks to describe the scientific discoveries made because of diagnostic tests conducted in recent years during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Between 2020 and 2021, searches for published papers on the COVID-19 diagnostic were made in the PubMed database. Ninety-nine scientific articles that satisfied the requirements were analyzed and included in the meta-analysis, and the specificity and sensitivity of the diagnostic accuracy were assessed. When compared to serological tests such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA), lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), and chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA), molecular tests such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) performed better in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Additionally, the area under the curve restricted to the false-positive rates (AUCFPR) of 0.984 obtained by the antiviral neutralization bioassay (ANB) diagnostic test revealed significant potential for the identification of COVID-19. It has been established that the various diagnostic tests have been effectively adapted for the detection of SARS-CoV-2; nevertheless, their performance still must be enhanced to contain potential COVID-19 outbreaks, which will also help contain potential infectious agent outbreaks in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Jeferson Vilca-Alosilla
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04000, Peru
- Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Bioquímicas y Biotecnológicas, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04000, Peru
| | - Mayron Antonio Candia-Puma
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04000, Peru
- Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Bioquímicas y Biotecnológicas, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04000, Peru
| | - Katiusca Coronel-Monje
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04000, Peru
- Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Bioquímicas y Biotecnológicas, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04000, Peru
| | - Luis Daniel Goyzueta-Mamani
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04000, Peru
- Sustainable Innovative Biomaterials Department, Le Qara Research Center, Arequipa 04000, Peru
| | - Alexsandro Sobreira Galdino
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT, Salvador 40015-970, BA, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Antonio Ferraz Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Miguel Angel Chávez-Fumagalli
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04000, Peru
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Polatoğlu I, Oncu‐Oner T, Dalman I, Ozdogan S. COVID-19 in early 2023: Structure, replication mechanism, variants of SARS-CoV-2, diagnostic tests, and vaccine & drug development studies. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e228. [PMID: 37041762 PMCID: PMC10082934 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronaviruses-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a highly pathogenic and transmissible coronavirus. Most cases of COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, including cough, fever, myalgias, and headache. On the other hand, this coronavirus can lead to severe complications and death in some cases. Therefore, vaccination is the most effective tool to prevent and eradicate COVID-19 disease. Also, rapid and effective diagnostic tests are critical in identifying cases of COVID-19. The COVID-19 pandemic has a dynamic structure on the agenda and contains up-to-date developments. This article has comprehensively discussed the most up-to-date pandemic situation since it first appeared. For the first time, not only the structure, replication mechanism, and variants of SARS-CoV-2 (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Omicron, Delta, Epsilon, Kappa, Mu, Eta, Zeta, Theta, lota, Lambda) but also all the details of the pandemic, such as how it came out, how it spread, current cases, what precautions should be taken, prevention strategies, the vaccines produced, the tests developed, and the drugs used are reviewed in every aspect. Herein, the comparison of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2 in terms of procedure, accuracy, cost, and time has been presented. The mechanism, safety, efficacy, and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants have been evaluated. Drug studies, therapeutic targets, various immunomodulators, and antiviral molecules applied to patients with COVID-19 have been reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilker Polatoğlu
- Department of BioengineeringManisa Celal Bayar UniversityYunusemreManisaTurkey
| | - Tulay Oncu‐Oner
- Department of BioengineeringManisa Celal Bayar UniversityYunusemreManisaTurkey
| | - Irem Dalman
- Department of BioengineeringEge UniversityBornovaIzmirTurkey
| | - Senanur Ozdogan
- Department of BioengineeringManisa Celal Bayar UniversityYunusemreManisaTurkey
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sharma S, Shrivastava S, Kausley SB, Rai B, Pandit AB. Coronavirus: a comparative analysis of detection technologies in the wake of emerging variants. Infection 2023; 51:1-19. [PMID: 35471631 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-022-01819-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
An outbreak of the coronavirus disease caused by a novel pathogen created havoc and continues to affect the entire world. As the pandemic progressed, the scientific community was faced by the limitations of existing diagnostic methods. In this review, we have compared the existing diagnostic techniques such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), antigen and antibody detection, computed tomography scan, etc. and techniques in the research phase like microarray, artificial intelligence, and detection using novel materials; on the prospect of sample preparation, detection procedure (qualitative/quantitative), detection time, screening efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and ability to detect different variants. A detailed comparison of different techniques showed that RT-PCR is still the most widely used and accepted coronavirus detection method despite certain limitations (single gene targeting- in context to mutations). New methods with similar efficiency that could overcome the limitations of RT-PCR may increase the speed, simplicity, and affordability of diagnosis. In addition to existing devices, we have also discussed diagnostic devices in the research phase showing high potential for clinical use. Our approach would be of enormous benefit in selecting a diagnostic device under a given scenario, which would ultimately help in controlling the current pandemic caused by the coronavirus, which is still far from over with new variants emerging.
Collapse
|
6
|
Dofuor AK, Quartey NKA, Osabutey AF, Boateng BO, Lutuf H, Osei JHN, Ayivi-Tosuh SM, Aiduenu AF, Ekloh W, Loh SK, Opoku MJ, Aidoo OF. The Global Impact of COVID-19: Historical Development, Molecular Characterization, Drug Discovery and Future Directions. Clin Pathol 2023; 16:2632010X231218075. [PMID: 38144436 PMCID: PMC10748929 DOI: 10.1177/2632010x231218075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
In December 2019, an outbreak of a respiratory disease called the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a new coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) began in Wuhan, China. The SARS-CoV-2, an encapsulated positive-stranded RNA virus, spread worldwide with disastrous consequences for people's health, economies, and quality of life. The disease has had far-reaching impacts on society, including economic disruption, school closures, and increased stress and anxiety. It has also highlighted disparities in healthcare access and outcomes, with marginalized communities disproportionately affected by the SARS-CoV-2. The symptoms of COVID-19 range from mild to severe. There is presently no effective cure. Nevertheless, significant progress has been made in developing COVID-19 vaccine for different therapeutic targets. For instance, scientists developed multifold vaccine candidates shortly after the COVID-19 outbreak after Pfizer and AstraZeneca discovered the initial COVID-19 vaccines. These vaccines reduce disease spread, severity, and mortality. The addition of rapid diagnostics to microscopy for COVID-19 diagnosis has proven crucial. Our review provides a thorough overview of the historical development of COVID-19 and molecular and biochemical characterization of the SARS-CoV-2. We highlight the potential contributions from insect and plant sources as anti-SARS-CoV-2 and present directions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aboagye Kwarteng Dofuor
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
| | - Naa Kwarley-Aba Quartey
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Biosciences, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Belinda Obenewa Boateng
- Coconut Research Program, Oil Palm Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana
| | - Hanif Lutuf
- Crop Protection Division, Oil Palm Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kade, Ghana
| | - Joseph Harold Nyarko Osei
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Selina Mawunyo Ayivi-Tosuh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Albert Fynn Aiduenu
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - William Ekloh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Seyram Kofi Loh
- Department of Built Environment, School of Sustainable Development, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
| | - Maxwell Jnr Opoku
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
| | - Owusu Fordjour Aidoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gozzi-Silva SC, Oliveira LDM, Alberca RW, Pereira NZ, Yoshikawa FS, Pietrobon AJ, Yendo TM, de Souza Andrade MM, Ramos YAL, Brito CA, Oliveira EA, Beserra DR, Orfali RL, Aoki V, Duarte AJDS, Sato MN. Generation of Cytotoxic T Cells and Dysfunctional CD8 T Cells in Severe COVID-19 Patients. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213359. [PMID: 36359755 PMCID: PMC9659290 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, the infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, has spread on a pandemic scale. The viral infection can evolve asymptomatically or can generate severe symptoms, influenced by the presence of comorbidities. Lymphopenia based on the severity of symptoms in patients affected with COVID-19 is frequent. However, the profiles of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells regarding cytotoxicity and antiviral factor expression have not yet been completely elucidated in acute SARS-CoV-2 infections. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the phenotypic and functional profile of T lymphocytes in patients with moderate and severe/critical COVID-19. During the pandemic period, we analyzed a cohort of 62 confirmed patients with SARS-CoV-2 (22 moderate cases and 40 severe/critical cases). Notwithstanding lymphopenia, we observed an increase in the expression of CD28, a co-stimulator molecule, and activation markers (CD38 and HLA-DR) in T lymphocytes as well as an increase in the frequency of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and NK cells that express the immunological checkpoint protein PD-1 in patients with a severe/critical condition compared to healthy controls. Regarding the cytotoxic profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, an increase in the response of CD4+ T cells was already observed at the baseline level and scarcely changed upon PMA and Ionomycin stimulation. Meanwhile, CD8+ T lymphocytes decreased the cytotoxic response, evidencing a profile of exhaustion in patients with severe COVID-19. As observed by t-SNE, there were CD4+ T-cytotoxic and CD8+ T with low granzyme production, evidencing their dysfunction in severe/critical conditions. In addition, purified CD8+ T lymphocytes from patients with severe COVID-19 showed increased constitutive expression of differentially expressed genes associated with the caspase pathway, inflammasome, and antiviral factors, and, curiously, had reduced expression of TNF-α. The cytotoxic profile of CD4+ T cells may compensate for the dysfunction/exhaustion of TCD8+ in acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. These findings may provide an understanding of the interplay of cytotoxicity between CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells in the severity of acute COVID-19 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cristina Gozzi-Silva
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- Correspondence: (S.C.G.-S.); (M.N.S.); Tel.: +55-11-3061-7499 (M.N.S.); Fax: +55-11-3081-7190 (M.N.S.)
| | - Luana de Mendonça Oliveira
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Wesley Alberca
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Natalli Zanete Pereira
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies 56 (LIM-56), Division of Dermatology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar 470, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Fábio Seiti Yoshikawa
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Anna Julia Pietrobon
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Mina Yendo
- Hospital das Clínicas of the University of São Paulo (HCFMUSP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Milena Mary de Souza Andrade
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies 56 (LIM-56), Division of Dermatology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar 470, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Yasmim Alefe Leuzzi Ramos
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies 56 (LIM-56), Division of Dermatology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar 470, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Cyro Alves Brito
- Center of Immunology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Emily Araujo Oliveira
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Danielle Rosa Beserra
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies 56 (LIM-56), Division of Dermatology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar 470, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Raquel Leão Orfali
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies 56 (LIM-56), Division of Dermatology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar 470, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Valéria Aoki
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies 56 (LIM-56), Division of Dermatology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar 470, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Alberto Jose da Silva Duarte
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies 56 (LIM-56), Division of Dermatology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar 470, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Maria Notomi Sato
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies 56 (LIM-56), Division of Dermatology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar 470, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
- Correspondence: (S.C.G.-S.); (M.N.S.); Tel.: +55-11-3061-7499 (M.N.S.); Fax: +55-11-3081-7190 (M.N.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Saini AK, Panda PK, Bahurupi Y, Omar B, T A, Panwar P, Sharma M. Seroprevalence of Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 Among Health Care Workers at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Uttarakhand: A Retrospective Study. Cureus 2022; 14:e24840. [PMID: 35693358 PMCID: PMC9175072 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.24840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The number of confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections is vastly underestimated. In this context, seroprevalence surveys are of utmost importance to assess the proportion of the population that has already developed antibodies against the virus and might potentially be protected against subsequent infection. Health care workers (HCWs) face a greater risk of developing SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, the present retrospective study was undertaken to estimate the prevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 among healthcare workers at a tertiary care institute in Uttarakhand, India. Material and methods Data were gathered from hospital records of 704 healthcare workers admitted to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) unit and attended the COVID OPD of the tertiary care institute between July 15 to Aug 14, 2020. Result Out of the 704 recruited participants, 14 (1.99%) were seropositive for immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. The cumulative prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection (presence of antibodies or past or current positive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)) was 4.40%. Conclusion The present study shows a low prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies among health care workers. In addition, posting in COVID-19-positive areas was not associated with increased seropositivity. More studies are warranted to assess IgG/IgM antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 among those HCWs who are exposed to COVID-19 patients.
Collapse
|
9
|
Prakash O, Solanki B, Sheth JK, Nayak M, Kadam M, Vyas S, Shukla A, Tiwari H. COVID-Kavach-Based Seropositivity in the General Population of Ahmedabad: Just Before the Start of the Vaccination for the Elderly in India. Cureus 2022; 14:e22759. [PMID: 35371875 PMCID: PMC8971097 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.22759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The present study was carried out in succession of three serosurvey studies carried out during 2020 in Ahmedabad with an objective to estimate the seroprevalence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) in Ahmedabad city so as to scientifically understand the pandemic progression. Methods Polio booth-based stratification was followed for the population-based stratified sampling among the general population of Ahmedabad. The seroprevalence was compared with various factors for valid and precise predictions regarding the immunity status of the population. Results As on February 2021, the seroprevalence for IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV2 in the general population of Ahmedabad was 27.92% (95% confidence interval 27.06-28.80), much below the minimum desired for herd immunity. Comparison of seropositivity with age groups showed higher seroprevalence with increasing age groups. Seroprevalence was higher among males (29.08%) than females (27.01%) and the difference was statistically significant (Z=2.30, P=0.02). Calculating the seropositivity among the subcategories, cases had a seropositivity of 64.90% and family contacts had a seropositivity of 28.00%. Seronegative cases indicate the possibility of absent, undetectable, or disappearing IgG antibodies. Seropositivity of 37% among the vaccinated individuals may be related to dose and duration of vaccination, as the COVID vaccination had started just before the present study and none had completed 14 days after the second dose. Conclusions The low level of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV2 using the COVID-Kavach test kit in the general population of Ahmedabad city of India, as on February 2021, before the start of COVID vaccination for the general population suggests that the preventive measures be strongly followed for continued control of the pandemic situation at least till majority of the population is effectively covered with vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Om Prakash
- Indian Administrative Services, Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, Government of Gujarat, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Bhavin Solanki
- Health Department, Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Jay K Sheth
- Community Medicine, Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation Medical Education Trust Medical College, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Milan Nayak
- Health Department, Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Mina Kadam
- Microbiology, Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation Medical Education Trust Medical College, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Sheetal Vyas
- Community Medicine, Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation Medical Education Trust Medical College, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Aparajita Shukla
- Community Medicine, Nathiba Hargovandas Lakhmichand (NHL) Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Hemant Tiwari
- Community Medicine, Nathiba Hargovandas Lakhmichand (NHL) Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad, IND
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Prapty CNBS, Rahmat R, Araf Y, Shounak SK, Noor‐A‐Afrin, Rahaman TI, Hosen MJ, Zheng C, Hossain MG. SARS-CoV-2 and dengue virus co-infection: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and management. Rev Med Virol 2022; 33:e2340. [PMID: 35238422 PMCID: PMC9111128 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 and dengue virus co-infection cases have been on the rise in dengue-endemic regions as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spreads over the world, posing a threat of a co-epidemic. The risk of comorbidity in co-infection cases is greater than that of a single viral infection, which is a cause of concern. Although the pathophysiologies of the two infections are different, the viruses have comparable effects within the body, resulting in identical clinical symptoms in the case of co-infection, which adds to the complexity. Overlapping symptoms and laboratory features make proper differentiation of the infections important. However, specific biomarkers provide precise results that can be utilised to diagnose and treat a co-infection, whether it is simply COVID-19, dengue, or a co-infection. Though their treatment is distinguished, it becomes more complicated in circumstances of co-infection. As a result, regardless of whatever infection the first symptom points to, confirmation diagnosis of both COVID-19 and dengue should be mandatory, particularly in dengue-endemic regions, to prevent health deterioration in individuals treated for a single infection. There is still a scarcity of concise literature on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, therapy, and management of SARS-CoV-2 and dengue virus co-infection. The epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 and dengue virus co-infection, the mechanism of pathogenesis, and the potential impact on patients are summarised in this review. The possible diagnosis with biomarkers, treatment, and management of the SARS-CoV-2 and dengue viruses are also discussed. This review will shed light on the appropriate diagnosis, treatment, and management of the patients suffering from SARS-CoV-2 and dengue virus co-infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chowdhury Nusaiba Binte Sayed Prapty
- Department of ImmunologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina,Biotechnology Program, Department of Mathematics and Natural SciencesBRAC UniversityDhakaBangladesh
| | - Raad Rahmat
- Department of ImmunologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina,Biotechnology Program, Department of Mathematics and Natural SciencesBRAC UniversityDhakaBangladesh
| | - Yusha Araf
- Department of ImmunologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina,Department of Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologySchool of Life SciencesShahjalal University of Science and TechnologySylhetBangladesh
| | - Samiha Kamal Shounak
- Biotechnology Program, Department of Mathematics and Natural SciencesBRAC UniversityDhakaBangladesh
| | - Noor‐A‐Afrin
- Biotechnology Program, Department of Mathematics and Natural SciencesBRAC UniversityDhakaBangladesh
| | - Tanjim Ishraq Rahaman
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaculty of Life SciencesBangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology UniversityGopalganjBangladesh
| | - Mohammad Jakir Hosen
- Department of Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologySchool of Life SciencesShahjalal University of Science and TechnologySylhetBangladesh
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of ImmunologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Md. Golzar Hossain
- Department of Microbiology and HygieneBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has undoubtedly resulted in significant morbidities, mortalities, and economic disruptions across the globe. Affordable and scalable tools to monitor the transmission dynamics of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the longevity of induced antibodies will be paramount to monitor and control the pandemic as multiple waves continue to rage in many countries. Serologic assays detect humoral responses to the virus, to determine seroprevalence in target populations, or induction of antibodies at the individual level following either natural infection or vaccination. With multiple vaccines rolling out globally, serologic assays to detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies will be important tools to monitor the development of herd immunity. To address this need, serologic lateral flow assays (LFAs), which can be easily implemented for both population surveillance and home use, will be vital to monitor the evolution of the pandemic and inform containment measures. Such assays are particularly important for monitoring the transmission dynamics and durability of immunity generated by natural infections and vaccination, particularly in resource-limited settings. In this review, we discuss considerations for evaluating the accuracy of these LFAs, their suitability for different use cases, and implementation opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Ochola
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, PO Box 24481, Nairobi 00502, Kenya
| | - Paul Ogongo
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, PO Box 24481, Nairobi 00502, Kenya; Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Samuel Mungai
- Directorate of Research and Innovation, Mount Kenya University, PO Box 342-01000, Thika, Kenya
| | - Jesse Gitaka
- Directorate of Research and Innovation, Mount Kenya University, PO Box 342-01000, Thika, Kenya
| | - Sara Suliman
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sahay RR, Shete AM, Sapkal GN, Deshpande GR, Shah AD, Kumar S, Abraham P, Yadav PD. Reduced severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection by Kappa variant of interest (B.1.617.1) in a healthcare worker post-vaccination from Gujarat, India. Indian J Med Res 2022; 155:575-577. [PMID: 35975349 PMCID: PMC9807192 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1390_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anita M. Shete
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Sumandeep Vidhyapeeth, Vadodara 391 760, Gujarat, India
| | - Gajanan N. Sapkal
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Sumandeep Vidhyapeeth, Vadodara 391 760, Gujarat, India
| | - Gururaj R. Deshpande
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Sumandeep Vidhyapeeth, Vadodara 391 760, Gujarat, India
| | - Arti D. Shah
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Smt. B. K. Shah Medical Institute & Research Centre, Sumandeep Vidhyapeeth, Vadodara 391 760, Gujarat, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Command Hospital (Southern Command), Armed Forces Medical College, Pune 411 040, Maharashtra, India
| | - Priya Abraham
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pragya D. Yadav
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Sumandeep Vidhyapeeth, Vadodara 391 760, Gujarat, India,For correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Prakash O, Solanki B, Sheth J, Acharya H, Acharya S, Vinzuda M, Patani H. Immunoglobulin-G Antibodies against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - Coronavirus-2 among Health-Care Workers: A Serosurveillance Study from India. Int J Appl Basic Med Res 2022; 12:18-23. [PMID: 35265476 PMCID: PMC8848555 DOI: 10.4103/ijabmr.ijabmr_516_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Seropositivity among health-care workers (HCWs) may help in better understanding of the immune response after COVID-19 infection. Objectives: To estimate seropositivity among HCWs and to compare available variables with seropositivity to understand the factors affecting seropositivity. Materials and Methods: A serosurveillance among HCWs was carried out using population proportion sampling during the second half of October 2020 in the city of Ahmedabad using the Covid-Kavach (immunoglobulin G [IgG] ELISA Antibody testing kit). Simple proportions and appropriate statistical tests were used as needed. Results: As on October' 2020, HCWs in Ahmedabad demonstrated a seropositivity of 20.84% (95% confidence interval [CI] 19.00–22.81%). Seropositivity among HCWs was lower than that of the general population (24.20%) which was estimated as part of the same study. Female HCWs had higher seropositivity 22.14% (95% CI 19.74–24.74%) as compared to 18.82% (95% CI 16.06–21.93%) among male HCWs and the difference was statistically not significant (Z = 1.66, P = 0.097). Age groups with increasing age show increasing trend in the seropositivity among HCWs. Conclusion: As on October 2020, with 20.84% seropositivity among HCWs in Ahmedabad, one in every five HCW already demonstrate IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome– coronavirus-2. Further scientific studies on seropositivity and the factors affecting the seropositivity may be carried out to uncover more details of immune reaction after COVID-19 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Om Prakash
- Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhavin Solanki
- Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Jay Sheth
- Department of Community Medicine, AMC MET Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Swati Acharya
- Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Mital Vinzuda
- Department of Microbiology, AMC MET Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Hari Patani
- Department of Microbiology, AMC MET Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Padma MR, Dinesh P, Sundaresan R, Athreya S, Shiju S, Maroor PS, Hande RL, Akhtar J, Chandra T, Ravi D, Lobo E, Ana Y, Shriyan P, Desai A, Rangaiah A, Munivenkatappa A, Krishna S, Basawarajappa SG, Sreedhara HG, Siddesh KC, Amrutha Kumari B, Umar N, Mythri BA, Mythri KM, Sudarshan MK, Vasanthapuram R, Babu GR. Second round statewide sentinel-based population survey for estimation of the burden of active infection and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in the general population of Karnataka, India, during January-February 2021. IJID Reg 2021; 1:107-116. [PMID: 35721769 PMCID: PMC8620812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective Demonstrate the feasibility of using the existing sentinel surveillance infrastructure to conduct the second round of the serial cross-sectional sentinel-based population survey. Assess active infection, seroprevalence, and their evolution in the general population across Karnataka. Identify local variations for locally appropriate actions. Additionally, assess the clinical sensitivity of the testing kit used on account of variability of antibody levels in the population. Methods The cross-sectional study of 41,228 participants across 290 healthcare facilities in all 30 districts of Karnataka was done among three groups of participants (low, moderate, and high-risk). The geographical spread was sufficient to capture local variations. Consenting participants were subjected to real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing, and antibody (IgG) testing. Clinical sensitivity was assessed by conducting a longitudinal study among participants identified as COVID-19 positive in the first survey round. Results Overall weighted adjusted seroprevalence of IgG was 15.6% (95% CI: 14.9-16.3), crude IgG prevalence was 15.0% and crude active infection was 0.5%. Statewide infection fatality rate (IFR) was estimated as 0.11%, and COVID-19 burden estimated between 26.1 to 37.7% (at 90% confidence). Further, Cases-to-infections ratio (CIR) varied 3-35 across units and IFR varied 0.04-0.50% across units. Clinical sensitivity of the IgG ELISA test kit was estimated as ≥38.9%. Conclusion We demonstrated the feasibility and simplicity of sentinel-based population survey in measuring variations in subnational and local data, useful for locally appropriate actions in different locations. The sentinel-based population survey thus helped identify districts that needed better testing, reporting, and clinical management. The state was far from attaining natural immunity during the survey and hence must step up vaccination coverage and enforce public health measures to prevent the spread of COVD-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Rajagopal Padma
- Department of Health and Family Welfare Services Aarogya Soudha, 1st cross, Magadi road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560023
| | - Prameela Dinesh
- Department of Health and Family Welfare Services Aarogya Soudha, 1st cross, Magadi road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560023
| | - Rajesh Sundaresan
- Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Rd, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012
| | - Siva Athreya
- Indian Statistical Institute – Bengaluru Centre, 8th Mile, Mysore Rd, RVCE Post, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560059
| | - Shilpa Shiju
- Department of Health and Family Welfare Services Aarogya Soudha, 1st cross, Magadi road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560023
| | - Parimala S Maroor
- Department of Health and Family Welfare Services, Aarogya Soudha, 1st cross, Magadi road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560023
| | - R Lalitha Hande
- UNICEF, Karnataka, Aarogya Soudha, 1st cross, Magadi road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560023
| | - Jawaid Akhtar
- Department of Health and Family Welfare Services, Government of Karnataka, Vikasa Soudha, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560008
| | - Trilok Chandra
- Department of Health and Family Welfare Services, Aarogya Soudha, 1st cross, Magadi road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560023
| | - Deepa Ravi
- Indian Institute of Public Health- Bengaluru, Public Health Foundation of India, Magadi Rd 1st cross, next to leprosy hospital, SIHFW premises, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560023
| | - Eunice Lobo
- Indian Institute of Public Health- Bengaluru, Public Health Foundation of India, Magadi Rd 1st cross, next to leprosy hospital, SIHFW premises, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560023
| | - Yamuna Ana
- Indian Institute of Public Health- Bengaluru, Public Health Foundation of India, Magadi Rd 1st cross, next to leprosy hospital, SIHFW premises, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560023
| | - Prafulla Shriyan
- Indian Institute of Public Health- Bengaluru, Public Health Foundation of India, Magadi Rd 1st cross, next to leprosy hospital, SIHFW premises, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560023
| | - Anita Desai
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Hosur Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560029
| | - Ambica Rangaiah
- VRDL, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Fort, K.R. Road, Bengaluru, 560002
| | - Ashok Munivenkatappa
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Bengaluru Unit, Someshwaranagar, 1st Main, Dharmaram College Post, Bengaluru 560029
| | - S Krishna
- Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences, Ballari Karnataka 583104
| | | | - HG Sreedhara
- VRDL Hassan Institute of Medical Sciences, Sri Chamarajendra Hospital Campus, Krishnaraja Pura, Hassan, Karnataka 573201
| | - KC Siddesh
- VRDL, Shimoga Institute of Medical Sciences, Sagar Road, Shimoga, Karnataka, 577201
| | - B Amrutha Kumari
- VRDL Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Irwin Road, Mysuru Karnataka, 570001
| | - Nawaz Umar
- Gulbarga Institute of Medical Sciences, Veeresh Nagar, Sedam Road Kalaburagi, Karnataka, 585105
| | - BA Mythri
- Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, PB Rd, Vidya Nagar, Hubli, Karnataka, 580022
| | - KM Mythri
- Institute of Nephro Urology, Victoria Hospital Campus, Bengaluru, 560002
| | - Mysore Kalappa Sudarshan
- Chairman, Technical Advisory Committee on COVID-19, Department of Health and Family Welfare Services Aarogya Soudha, 1st cross, Magadi road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560023
| | - Ravi Vasanthapuram
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Hosur Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560029
| | - Giridhara R Babu
- Indian Institute of Public Health – Bengaluru, Public Health Foundation of India, Magadi Rd 1st cross, next to leprosy hospital, SIHFW premises, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560023
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Namasivayam V, Jain A, Agrawal V, Prakash R, Dehury B, Becker M, Blanchard J, Isac S, Prasad AM. Understanding the Prevalence and Geographic Heterogeneity of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Findings of the First Serosurvey in Uttar Pradesh, India. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2021; 11:364-76. [PMID: 34734386 DOI: 10.1007/s44197-021-00012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Population-based serological antibody test for SARS-CoV-2 infection helps in estimating the exposure in the community. We present the findings of the first district representative seroepidemiological survey conducted between 4 and 10 September 2020 among the population aged 5 years and above in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Multi-stage cluster sampling was used to select participants from 495 primary sampling units (villages in rural areas and wards in urban areas) across 11 selected districts to provide district-level seroprevalence disaggregated by place of residence (rural/urban), age (5–17 years/aged 18 +) and gender. A venous blood sample was collected to determine seroprevalence. Of 16,012 individuals enrolled in the study, 22.2% [95% CI 21.5–22.9] equating to about 10.4 million population in 11 districts were already exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection by mid-September 2020. The overall seroprevalence was significantly higher in urban areas (30.6%, 95% CI 29.4–31.7) compared to rural areas (14.7%, 95% CI 13.9–15.6), and among aged 18 + years (23.2%, 95% CI 22.4–24.0) compared to aged 5–17 years (18.4%, 95% CI 17.0–19.9). No differences were observed by gender. Individuals exposed to a COVID confirmed case or residing in a COVID containment zone had higher seroprevalence (34.5% and 26.0%, respectively). There was also a wide variation (10.7–33.0%) in seropositivity across 11 districts indicating that population exposed to COVID was not uniform at the time of the study. Since about 78% of the population (36.5 million) in these districts were still susceptible to infection, public health measures remain essential to reduce further spread.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Viral infections are the most common among diseases that globally require around 60 percent of medical care. However, in the heat of the pandemic, there was a lack of medical equipment and inpatient facilities to provide all patients with viral infections. The detection of viral infections is possible in three general ways such as (i) direct virus detection, which is performed immediately 1-3 days after the infection, (ii) determination of antibodies against some virus proteins mainly observed during/after virus incubation period, (iii) detection of virus-induced disease when specific tissue changes in the organism. This review surveys some global pandemics from 1889 to 2020, virus types, which induced these pandemics, and symptoms of some viral diseases. Non-analytical methods such as radiology and microscopy also are overviewed. This review overlooks molecular analysis methods such as nucleic acid amplification, antibody-antigen complex determination, CRISPR-Cas system-based viral genome determination methods. Methods widely used in the certificated diagnostic laboratory for SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A, B, C, HIV, and other viruses during a viral pandemic are outlined. A comprehensive overview of molecular analytical methods has shown that the assay's sensitivity, accuracy, and suitability for virus detection depends on the choice of the number of regions in the viral open reading frame (ORF) genome sequence and the validity of the selected analytical method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julija Dronina
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio av. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geoscience, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Urte Samukaite-Bubniene
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geoscience, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geoscience, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Prakash O, Solanki B, Sheth JK, Shah T, Kadam M, Vyas S, Shukla A, Pethani J, Tiwari H. Seroprevalence of Immunoglobulin-G Antibody Among Confirm Cases of COVID-19. Cureus 2021; 13:e17956. [PMID: 34660144 PMCID: PMC8515500 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.17956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sero-surveillance to find the presence of IgG antibodies among COVID-19 cases helps in the better understanding of the immune response after COVID-19 infection. Objectives To estimate seropositivity among confirmed COVID-19 cases and to correlate the seropositivity with various factors affecting seropositivity. Methods Population-based sero-surveillance among COVID-19 cases was carried out during the second half of August 2020 in Ahmedabad using the COVID KAVACH, Immunoglobulin-G (IgG) Antibody Detection Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kits. Seropositivity among cases was measured and compared with various other factors to understand the immunity status among COVID-19 cases. Results With 1073 positive for IgG antibodies from 1720 samples, the seropositivity among COVID-19 cases is 62.38% [95%CI 60.07-64.64%]. The difference in seropositivity based on gender was statistically not significant (Z=0.26, P=0.79). Children have the highest seropositivity (94.44%) and from young adults, to the elderly, the proportion of positivity among cases shows an increasing trend. Time gap analysis from the date of diagnosis shows that the proportion of cases with IgG antibodies increases gradually reaching its peak at around 10 weeks (third month) and then declines gradually. Conclusion Seropositivity among COVID-19 cases is 62.38%. The proportion of cases with IgG antibodies reaches its peak at around 10 weeks (third month) after diagnosis and then declines gradually. This fall indicates that the detected antibodies may not be long-lasting and may become undetectable/absent over a period of time. The reason for seronegative results in COVID-19 cases needs further in-depth scientific research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Om Prakash
- Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS), Indian Administrative Services (IAS) Government of Gujarat, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Bhavin Solanki
- Health Department, Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Jay K Sheth
- Community Medicine, Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) Medical Education Trust (MET) Medical College, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Tejas Shah
- Health Department, Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Mina Kadam
- Microbiology, Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) Medical Education Trust (MET) Medical College, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Sheetal Vyas
- Community Medicine, Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) Medical Education Trust (MET) Medical College, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Aparajita Shukla
- Community Medicine, Nathiba Hargovandas Lakhmichand (NHL) Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Jayshree Pethani
- Microbiology, Nathiba Hargovandas Lakhmichand (NHL) Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Hemant Tiwari
- Community Medicine, Nathiba Hargovandas Lakhmichand (NHL) Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad, IND
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sukumaran A, Thomas RE, Krishnan RA, Thomas T, Thomas R, Vijayan DK, Paul JK, Vasudevan DM. Sequential Profiling of Anti-SARS CoV-2 IgG Antibody in Post COVID-19 Patients. Indian J Clin Biochem 2021; 37:349-355. [PMID: 34421232 PMCID: PMC8371431 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-021-00998-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Upon SARS CoV-2 infection, humoral immune system triggers production of anti-SARS CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies. Currently, antibodies against SARS CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain play a central role in disease protection, making them potential target for in vitro diagnostics applications. This study determines the expression level and sustainability of anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) SARS CoV-2 IgG in post COVID-19 patients. Anti-RBD SARS CoV-2 IgG antibodies in patient serum were analysed by standardised indirect ELISA using SARS CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain protein and HRP conjugated anti-human IgG antibody (anti-h IgG). The study was conducted using 35 adult patient samples with confirmed SARS CoV-2 infection. Additionally, correlation between antibody response after each stage and disease symptoms in post COVID-19 patients were studied. Maximum antibody titre was seen at Day 40 and decreased relatively to Day 180 in antibody positive samples when compared with controls. Overall, more IgG antibody expression is observed in patients who suffered from loss of smell and taste at Day 40. 71% of the positive subjects in this study showed high SARS CoV-2 IgG antibody concentration of above 10 ng/mL and 37% showed strong antibody concentration above 20 ng/mL at the peak of seroconversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajaikumar Sukumaran
- R&D Reagent Department, Agappe Diagnostics Limited, Agappe Hills, Pattimattom P O, Cochin, Kerala 683562 India
| | - Rhema Elizabeth Thomas
- R&D Reagent Department, Agappe Diagnostics Limited, Agappe Hills, Pattimattom P O, Cochin, Kerala 683562 India
| | - R Arun Krishnan
- R&D Reagent Department, Agappe Diagnostics Limited, Agappe Hills, Pattimattom P O, Cochin, Kerala 683562 India
| | - Thushara Thomas
- R&D Reagent Department, Agappe Diagnostics Limited, Agappe Hills, Pattimattom P O, Cochin, Kerala 683562 India
| | - Riji Thomas
- R&D Reagent Department, Agappe Diagnostics Limited, Agappe Hills, Pattimattom P O, Cochin, Kerala 683562 India
| | - Deepa K Vijayan
- R&D Reagent Department, Agappe Diagnostics Limited, Agappe Hills, Pattimattom P O, Cochin, Kerala 683562 India
| | - Jofy K Paul
- R&D Reagent Department, Agappe Diagnostics Limited, Agappe Hills, Pattimattom P O, Cochin, Kerala 683562 India
| | - D M Vasudevan
- R&D Reagent Department, Agappe Diagnostics Limited, Agappe Hills, Pattimattom P O, Cochin, Kerala 683562 India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sharma N, Sharma P, Basu S, Saxena S, Chawla R, Dushyant K, Mundeja N, Marak Z, Singh S, Singh G, Rustagi R. The seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in Delhi, India: a repeated population-based seroepidemiological study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 116:242-251. [PMID: 34339514 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trab109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three rounds of a repeated cross-sectional serosurvey to estimate the change in seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) were conducted from August to October 2020 in the state of Delhi, India, in the general population ≥5 y of age. METHODS The selection of participants was through a multistage sampling design from all 11 districts and 280 wards of the city-state, with multistage allocation proportional to population size. The blood samples were screened using immunoglobulin G (IgG) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. RESULTS We observed a total of 4267 (N=150 46), 4311 (N=17 409) and 3829 (N=15 015) positive tests indicative of the presence of IgG antibody to SARS-CoV-2 during the August, September and October 2020 serosurvey rounds, respectively. The adjusted seroprevalence declined from 28.39% (95% confidence interval [CI] 27.65 to 29.14) in August to 24.08% (95% CI 23.43 to 24.74) in September and 24.71% (95% CI 24.01 to 25.42) in October. On adjusted analysis, participants with lower per capita income, living in slums or overcrowded households and those with diabetes comorbidity had significantly higher statistical odds of having antibody positivity (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Nearly one in four residents in Delhi, India ≥5 y of age had the SARS-CoV-2 infection during August-October 2020.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Sharma
- Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi 110002
| | - Pragya Sharma
- Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi 110002
| | - Saurav Basu
- Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi 110002
| | - Sonal Saxena
- Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi 110002
| | - Rohit Chawla
- Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi 110002
| | - Kumar Dushyant
- Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi 110002
| | - Nutan Mundeja
- Director General Health, Directorate General Health Services, , F-17, Karkardooma, Delhi 110032
| | - Zeasaly Marak
- Public Health Wing-IV (PHW-IV), Directorate General Health Services, 3rd Floor, DGD Buildling, School Block, Shakarpur, East Delhi 110092
| | - Sanjay Singh
- State Surveillance Unit (SSU), Directorate General Health Services, 3rd Floor, DGD Buildling, School Block, Shakarpur, East Delhi 110092
| | - Gautam Singh
- Room No. 5, C-Wing, 8th Floor, Vikas Bhawan II, Civil Lines, Delhi 110054
| | - Ruchir Rustagi
- State Surveillance Unit (SSU), Directorate General Health Services, 3rd Floor, DGD Buildling, School Block, Shakarpur, East Delhi 110092
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Prakash O, Solanki B, Sheth J, Makwana G, Kadam M, Vyas S, Shukla A, Pethani J, Tiwari H. SARS-CoV2 IgG antibody: Seroprevalence among health care workers. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health 2021; 11:100766. [PMID: 33997477 PMCID: PMC8105124 DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Health Care Workers (HCWs) are at higher risk for Covid19. Sero-surveillance among HCWs using IgG antibodies can add further value to the scientific findings. Objectives To estimate seropositivity among HCWs and to correlate it with various factors affecting seropositivity. Methods Population based large scale sero-surveillance among HCWs was carried out during second half of August’20 in Ahmedabad using “Covid-Kavach” IgG Antibody Detection ELISA kits. Seropositivity among HCWs was estimated and compared with various demographic & other factors to understand their infection & immunity status. Proportions and Z-test were used as appropriate. Results As on August’20, Seropositivity among HCWs from Ahmedabad is 23.65% (95% Confidence Interval 21.70–25.73%). Seropositivity of 25.98% (95%CI 23.47–28.66) among female HCWs is significantly higher than 19.48% (95%CI 16.53–22.80) among male HCWs. The zone wise positivity among HCWs closely correlate with cases reported from the respective zone. The sero-positivity among HCWs from the earliest and worst affected zones have lower level of seropositivity as compared to the zones affected recently. This might be pointing towards the fact that the IgG Antibodies may not be long lasting. Conclusion As on August 2020, the seropositivity of 23.65% in HCWs indicate high level of disease transmission and higher risk of infection among HCWs in Ahmedabad. The seropositivity is significantly higher among female HCWs. Zone wise seropositivity, closely correlate with the reported cases from the respective zone. Their comparison also indicates the possibility of reducing IgG seropositivity, which necessitates further in-depth scientific research to generate greater scientific evidences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Om Prakash
- Deputy Municipal Commissioner, Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, India
| | - Bhavin Solanki
- Health Department, Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, India
| | - Jay Sheth
- Department of Community Medicine, AMC MET Medical College, India
| | - Govind Makwana
- Health Department, Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, India
| | - Mina Kadam
- Department of Microbiology, AMC MET Medical College, India
| | - Sheetal Vyas
- Department of Community Medicine, AMC MET Medical College, India
| | - Aparajita Shukla
- Department of Community Medicine, NHL Municipal Medical College, India
| | - Jayshri Pethani
- Department of Microbiology, NHL Municipal Medical College, India
| | - Hemant Tiwari
- Department of Community Medicine, NHL Municipal Medical College, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nayak K, Gottimukkala K, Kumar S, Reddy ES, Edara VV, Kauffman R, Floyd K, Mantus G, Savargaonkar D, Goel PK, Arora S, Rahi M, Davis CW, Linderman S, Wrammert J, Suthar MS, Ahmed R, Sharma A, Murali-Krishna K, Chandele A. Characterization of neutralizing versus binding antibodies and memory B cells in COVID-19 recovered individuals from India. Virology 2021; 558:13-21. [PMID: 33706207 PMCID: PMC7934698 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
India is one of the most affected countries by COVID-19 pandemic; but little is understood regarding immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in this region. Herein we examined SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies, IgG, IgM, IgA and memory B cells in COVID-19 recovered individual from India. While a vast majority of COVID-19 recovered individuals showed SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies (38/42, 90.47%; 21/42, 50%; 33/42, 78.57% respectively), only half of them had appreciable neutralizing antibody titers. RBD-specific IgG, but not IgA or IgM titers, correlated with neutralizing antibody titers and RBD-specific memory B cell frequencies. These findings have timely significance for identifying potential donors for plasma therapy using RBD-specific IgG assays as surrogate measurement for neutralizing antibodies in India. Further, this study provides useful information needed for designing large-scale studies towards understanding of inter-individual variation in immune memory to SARS CoV-2 natural infection for future vaccine evaluation and implementation efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaustuv Nayak
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Kamalvishnu Gottimukkala
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Elluri Seetharami Reddy
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India; Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Venkata Viswanadh Edara
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Robert Kauffman
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Katharine Floyd
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Grace Mantus
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Pawan Kumar Goel
- Shaheed Hasan Khan Mewat Government Medical College, Nalhar, Mewat, Haryana, India
| | - Satyam Arora
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Super Speciality Pediatric Hospital and Post Graduate Teaching Institute, Noida, UP, India
| | - Manju Rahi
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Carl W Davis
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Deptartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Susanne Linderman
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jens Wrammert
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mehul S Suthar
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Deptartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Amit Sharma
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India; Structural Parasitology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Kaja Murali-Krishna
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India; Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Anmol Chandele
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Babu GR, Sundaresan R, Athreya S, Akhtar J, Pandey PK, Maroor PS, Padma MR, Lalitha R, Shariff M, Krishnappa L, Manjunath CN, Sudarshan MK, Gururaj G, Ranganath TS, Vasanth KDE, Banandur P, Ravi D, Shiju S, Lobo E, Satapathy A, Alahari L, Dinesh P, Thakar V, Desai A, Rangaiah A, Munivenkatappa A, S K, Basawarajappa SG, Sreedhara HG, Kc S, B AK, Umar N, Ba M, Vasanthapuram R. The burden of active infection and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in the general population: Results from a statewide sentinel-based population survey in Karnataka, India. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 108:27-36. [PMID: 34029705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To estimate the burden of active infection and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in Karnataka, India, and to assess variation across geographical regions and risk groups. Methods A cross-sectional survey of 16,416 people covering three risk groups was conducted between 3–16 September 2020 using the state of Karnataka’s infrastructure of 290 healthcare facilities across all 30 districts. Participants were further classified into risk subgroups and sampled using stratified sampling. All participants were subjected to simultaneous detection of SARS-CoV-2 IgG using a commercial ELISA kit, SARS-CoV-2 antigen using a rapid antigen detection test (RAT) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for RNA detection. Maximum-likelihood estimation was used for joint estimation of the adjusted IgG, active and total prevalence (either IgG or active or both), while multinomial regression identified predictors. Results The overall adjusted total prevalence of COVID-19 in Karnataka was 27.7% (95% CI 26.1–29.3), IgG 16.8% (15.5–18.1) and active infection fraction 12.6% (11.5–13.8). The case-to-infection ratio was 1:40 and the infection fatality rate was 0.05%. Influenza-like symptoms or contact with a COVID-19-positive patient were good predictors of active infection. RAT kits had higher sensitivity (68%) in symptomatic people compared with 47% in asymptomatic people. Conclusion This sentinel-based population survey was the first comprehensive survey in India to provide accurate estimates of the COVID-19 burden. The findings provide a reasonable approximation of the population immunity threshold levels. Using existing surveillance platforms coupled with a syndromic approach and sampling framework enabled this model to be replicable.
Collapse
|
23
|
Bhattacharyya R, Kundu R, Bhaduri R, Ray D, Beesley LJ, Salvatore M, Mukherjee B. Incorporating false negative tests in epidemiological models for SARS-CoV-2 transmission and reconciling with seroprevalence estimates. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9748. [PMID: 33963259 PMCID: PMC8105357 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Removed (SEIR)-type epidemiologic models, modeling unascertained infections latently, can predict unreported cases and deaths assuming perfect testing. We apply a method we developed to account for the high false negative rates of diagnostic RT-PCR tests for detecting an active SARS-CoV-2 infection in a classic SEIR model. The number of unascertained cases and false negatives being unobservable in a real study, population-based serosurveys can help validate model projections. Applying our method to training data from Delhi, India, during March 15-June 30, 2020, we estimate the underreporting factor for cases at 34-53 (deaths: 8-13) on July 10, 2020, largely consistent with the findings of the first round of serosurveys for Delhi (done during June 27-July 10, 2020) with an estimated 22.86% IgG antibody prevalence, yielding estimated underreporting factors of 30-42 for cases. Together, these imply approximately 96-98% cases in Delhi remained unreported (July 10, 2020). Updated calculations using training data during March 15-December 31, 2020 yield estimated underreporting factor for cases at 13-22 (deaths: 3-7) on January 23, 2021, which are again consistent with the latest (fifth) round of serosurveys for Delhi (done during January 15-23, 2021) with an estimated 56.13% IgG antibody prevalence, yielding an estimated range for the underreporting factor for cases at 17-21. Together, these updated estimates imply approximately 92-96% cases in Delhi remained unreported (January 23, 2021). Such model-based estimates, updated with latest data, provide a viable alternative to repeated resource-intensive serosurveys for tracking unreported cases and deaths and gauging the true extent of the pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rupam Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1420 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029, USA
| | - Ritoban Kundu
- Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700108, India
| | - Ritwik Bhaduri
- Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700108, India
| | - Debashree Ray
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Lauren J Beesley
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1420 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029, USA
- Center for Precision Health Data Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Maxwell Salvatore
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1420 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029, USA
- Center for Precision Health Data Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Bhramar Mukherjee
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1420 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029, USA.
- Center for Precision Health Data Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sharma P, Chawla R, Bakshi R, Saxena S, Basu S, Bharti PK, Dhuria M, Singh SK, Lal P. Seroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and predictors of seropositivity among employees of a teaching hospital in New Delhi, India. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2021; 12:88-95. [PMID: 33979999 PMCID: PMC8102878 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2021.12.2.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at a high risk of contracting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) due to the increased likelihood of clinical exposure during patient management. The study objective was to determine the seroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and its predictors among hospital employees. Methods The cross-sectional study was conducted at a teaching hospital from August 2020 to September 2020 among 1,401 employees, including 1,217 HCWs, in New Delhi, India. The serum samples were examined for immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 using the COVID Kavach-Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG Antibody Detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Data were collected electronically using the EpiCollect mobile platform. A p < 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. Results A total of 169 participants (12.1%) had detectable IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. The highest seropositivity rate was observed in the administrative staff (20.1%), while it was lowest among medical doctors (5.5%, p < 0.001). Male sex and ever having lived in a containment zone were independently associated with past infection with SARS-CoV-2. Conclusion The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in health workers may be lower than in the general population in New Delhi. However, nonpharmaceutical interventions were not associated with a reduction in the risk of acquisition of SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Sharma
- Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Rohit Chawla
- Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritika Bakshi
- Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Sonal Saxena
- Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Saurav Basu
- Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Meera Dhuria
- Division of Epidemiology, National Centre for Disease Control, Delhi, India
| | - S K Singh
- Division of Epidemiology, National Centre for Disease Control, Delhi, India
| | - Panna Lal
- Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kumar A, Singh R, Kaur J, Pandey S, Sharma V, Thakur L, Sati S, Mani S, Asthana S, Sharma TK, Chaudhuri S, Bhattacharyya S, Kumar N. Wuhan to World: The COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:596201. [PMID: 33859951 PMCID: PMC8042280 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.596201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), caused by SARS-CoV-2, a novel virus which belongs to the family Coronaviridae. It was first reported in December 2019 in the Wuhan city of China and soon after, the virus and hence the disease got spread to the entire world. As of February 26, 2021, SARS-CoV-2 has infected ~112.20 million people and caused ~2.49 million deaths across the globe. Although the case fatality rate among SARS-CoV-2 patient is lower (~2.15%) than its earlier relatives, SARS-CoV (~9.5%) and MERS-CoV (~34.4%), the SARS-CoV-2 has been observed to be more infectious and caused higher morbidity and mortality worldwide. As of now, only the knowledge regarding potential transmission routes and the rapidly developed diagnostics has been guiding the world for managing the disease indicating an immediate need for a detailed understanding of the pathogen and the disease-biology. Over a very short period of time, researchers have generated a lot of information in unprecedented ways in the key areas, including viral entry into the host, dominant mutation, potential transmission routes, diagnostic targets and their detection assays, potential therapeutic targets and drug molecules for inhibiting viral entry and/or its replication in the host including cross-neutralizing antibodies and vaccine candidates that could help us to combat the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In the current review, we have summarized the available knowledge about the pathogen and the disease, COVID-19. We believe that this readily available knowledge base would serve as a valuable resource to the scientific and clinical community and may help in faster development of the solution to combat the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Rita Singh
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Jaskaran Kaur
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sweta Pandey
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Vinita Sharma
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, India
- Central University of Haryana, Mahendragarh, India
| | - Lovnish Thakur
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sangeeta Sati
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, India
| | - Shailendra Mani
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, India
| | - Shailendra Asthana
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, India
| | - Tarun Kumar Sharma
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, India
| | - Susmita Chaudhuri
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, India
| | | | - Niraj Kumar
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abd-Alrazaq A, Schneider J, Mifsud B, Alam T, Househ M, Hamdi M, Shah Z. A Comprehensive Overview of the COVID-19 Literature: Machine Learning-Based Bibliometric Analysis. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e23703. [PMID: 33600346 PMCID: PMC7942394 DOI: 10.2196/23703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shortly after the emergence of COVID-19, researchers rapidly mobilized to study numerous aspects of the disease such as its evolution, clinical manifestations, effects, treatments, and vaccinations. This led to a rapid increase in the number of COVID-19-related publications. Identifying trends and areas of interest using traditional review methods (eg, scoping and systematic reviews) for such a large domain area is challenging. OBJECTIVE We aimed to conduct an extensive bibliometric analysis to provide a comprehensive overview of the COVID-19 literature. METHODS We used the COVID-19 Open Research Dataset (CORD-19) that consists of a large number of research articles related to all coronaviruses. We used a machine learning-based method to analyze the most relevant COVID-19-related articles and extracted the most prominent topics. Specifically, we used a clustering algorithm to group published articles based on the similarity of their abstracts to identify research hotspots and current research directions. We have made our software accessible to the community via GitHub. RESULTS Of the 196,630 publications retrieved from the database, we included 28,904 in our analysis. The mean number of weekly publications was 990 (SD 789.3). The country that published the highest number of COVID-19-related articles was China (2950/17,270, 17.08%). The highest number of articles were published in bioRxiv. Lei Liu affiliated with the Southern University of Science and Technology in China published the highest number of articles (n=46). Based on titles and abstracts alone, we were able to identify 1515 surveys, 733 systematic reviews, 512 cohort studies, 480 meta-analyses, and 362 randomized control trials. We identified 19 different topics covered among the publications reviewed. The most dominant topic was public health response, followed by clinical care practices during the COVID-19 pandemic, clinical characteristics and risk factors, and epidemic models for its spread. CONCLUSIONS We provide an overview of the COVID-19 literature and have identified current hotspots and research directions. Our findings can be useful for the research community to help prioritize research needs and recognize leading COVID-19 researchers, institutes, countries, and publishers. Our study shows that an AI-based bibliometric analysis has the potential to rapidly explore a large corpus of academic publications during a public health crisis. We believe that this work can be used to analyze other eHealth-related literature to help clinicians, administrators, and policy makers to obtain a holistic view of the literature and be able to categorize different topics of the existing research for further analyses. It can be further scaled (for instance, in time) to clinical summary documentation. Publishers should avoid noise in the data by developing a way to trace the evolution of individual publications and unique authors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Abd-Alrazaq
- Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jens Schneider
- Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Borbala Mifsud
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tanvir Alam
- Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mowafa Househ
- Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mounir Hamdi
- Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Zubair Shah
- Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yadav PD, Ella R, Kumar S, Patil DR, Mohandas S, Shete AM, Vadrevu KM, Bhati G, Sapkal G, Kaushal H, Patil S, Jain R, Deshpande G, Gupta N, Agarwal K, Gokhale M, Mathapati B, Metkari S, Mote C, Nyayanit D, Patil DY, Sai Prasad BS, Suryawanshi A, Kadam M, Kumar A, Daigude S, Gopale S, Majumdar T, Mali D, Sarkale P, Baradkar S, Gawande P, Joshi Y, Fulari S, Dighe H, Sharma S, Gunjikar R, Kumar A, Kalele K, Srinivas VK, Gangakhedkar RR, Ella KM, Abraham P, Panda S, Bhargava B. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate, BBV152 in rhesus macaques. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1386. [PMID: 33654090 PMCID: PMC7925524 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21639-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is a global health crisis that poses a great challenge to the public health system of affected countries. Safe and effective vaccines are needed to overcome this crisis. Here, we develop and assess the protective efficacy and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in rhesus macaques. Twenty macaques were divided into four groups of five animals each. One group was administered a placebo, while three groups were immunized with three different vaccine candidates of BBV152 at 0 and 14 days. All the macaques were challenged with SARS-CoV-2 fourteen days after the second dose. The protective response was observed with increasing SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG and neutralizing antibody titers from 3rd-week post-immunization. Viral clearance was observed from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, nasal swab, throat swab and lung tissues at 7 days post-infection in the vaccinated groups. No evidence of pneumonia was observed by histopathological examination in vaccinated groups, unlike the placebo group which exhibited interstitial pneumonia and localization of viral antigen in the alveolar epithelium and macrophages by immunohistochemistry. This vaccine candidate BBV152 has completed Phase I/II (NCT04471519) clinical trials in India and is presently in phase III, data of this study substantiates the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the vaccine candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pragya D Yadav
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 411021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Raches Ella
- Bharat Biotech International Limited, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, 500 078, Telangana, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Command Hospital (Southern Command), Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC), Pune, 411040, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dilip R Patil
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 411021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sreelekshmy Mohandas
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 411021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anita M Shete
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 411021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Krishna M Vadrevu
- Bharat Biotech International Limited, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, 500 078, Telangana, India
| | - Gaurav Bhati
- Army Institute of Cardio-Thoracic Sciences, Pune, 411040, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gajanan Sapkal
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 411021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Himanshu Kaushal
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 411021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Savita Patil
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 411021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajlaxmi Jain
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 411021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gururaj Deshpande
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 411021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nivedita Gupta
- Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Kshitij Agarwal
- Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Mangesh Gokhale
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 411021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Basavaraj Mathapati
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 411021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Siddhanath Metkari
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, 400012, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chandrashekhar Mote
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Krantisinh Nana Patil College of Veterinary Science, Shirwal, 412801, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dimpal Nyayanit
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 411021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepak Y Patil
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 411021, Maharashtra, India
| | - B S Sai Prasad
- Bharat Biotech International Limited, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, 500 078, Telangana, India
| | - Annasaheb Suryawanshi
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 411021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manoj Kadam
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 411021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abhimanyu Kumar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 411021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sachin Daigude
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 411021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanjay Gopale
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 411021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Triparna Majumdar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 411021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepak Mali
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 411021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prasad Sarkale
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 411021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shreekant Baradkar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 411021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pranita Gawande
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 411021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Yash Joshi
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 411021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sidharam Fulari
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 411021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Hitesh Dighe
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 411021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sharda Sharma
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 411021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rashmi Gunjikar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 411021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abhinendra Kumar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 411021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kaumudi Kalele
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 411021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vellimedu K Srinivas
- Bharat Biotech International Limited, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, 500 078, Telangana, India
| | - Raman R Gangakhedkar
- Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Krishna M Ella
- Bharat Biotech International Limited, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, 500 078, Telangana, India
| | - Priya Abraham
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, 411021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Samiran Panda
- Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Balram Bhargava
- Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sakalle S, Saroshe S, Shukla H, Mutha A, Vaze A, Arora A, Athotra A, Ramaswamy S, Jain A, Dhuria M, Patil AD, Rai A, Garg S, Jain SK, Bindal J, Singh SK. Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Indore, Madhya Pradesh: A community-based cross-sectional study, August 2020. J Family Med Prim Care 2021; 10:1479-1484. [PMID: 34041197 PMCID: PMC8140269 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2015_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In India, laboratory diagnosis of SARS - CoV-2 infection has been mostly based on real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Studies have shown that Viral titres peak within the first week of symptoms but may decline later hampering RT-PCR-based diagnostic strategies. Exact estimate is difficult under high-risk screening strategy with evidences of having large number of asymptomatic cases. This has prompted a call for adoption of antibody testing as potential source of data. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study with a sample size of 7000 was conducted for 15 days including all the 85 wards under Indore Municipal Corporation. Stratified Random Sampling was used to collect the samples. Trained teams collected basic sociodemographic information and serum samples which were tested for the presence of specific antibodies to COVID-19 using ICMR-Kavach IgG ELISA kits. The data collected was compiled and analysed using appropriate statistical software. RESULTS Overall weighted seroprevalence of the study population was found to be 7.75%. The prevalence in males and females was comparable (7.91% vs 7.57%). Highest seropositivity (10.04%) was seen among individuals aged more than 60 years. Total number of infections in the population were estimated to be 2,03,160. Overall Case Infection Ratio was found to be 27.43. CONCLUSION The current seroprevalence study provides information on proportion of the population exposed, but the correlation between presence and absence of antibodies is not a marker of total or partial immunity. It must also be noted that more than 90 percent of the population is still susceptible for COVID-19 infection. Hence, non-pharmaceutical interventions like respiratory hygiene, physical distancing, hand sanitization, usage of personal protective equipment such as masks and implementation of public health measures need to be continued.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anita Mutha
- MGM Medical College, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ameya Vaze
- Department of Health Service, Govt. of M.P., Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Arpit Arora
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | - Arania Jain
- Brain Above InfoSol Pvt. Ltd., Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Meera Dhuria
- National Centre for Disease Control, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil D. Patil
- National Centre for Disease Control, New Delhi, India
| | - Arvind Rai
- National Centre for Disease Control, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Jyoti Bindal
- MGM Medical College, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sil BK, Jahan N, Haq MA, Oishee MJ, Ali T, Khandker SS, Kobatake E, Mie M, Khondoker MU, Jamiruddin MR, Adnan N. Development and performance evaluation of a rapid in-house ELISA for retrospective serosurveillance of SARS-CoV-2. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246346. [PMID: 33529223 PMCID: PMC7853452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the ongoing pandemic situation of COVID-19, serological tests can complement the molecular diagnostic methods, and can be one of the important tools of sero-surveillance and vaccine evaluation. AIM To develop and evaluate a rapid SARS-CoV-2 specific ELISA for detection of anti-SARS-CoV2 IgG from patients' biological samples. METHODS In order to develop this ELISA, three panels of samples (n = 184) have been used: panel 1 (n = 19) and panel 2 (n = 60) were collected from RT-PCR positive patients within 14 and after 14 days of onset of clinical symptoms, respectively; whereas panel 3 consisted of negative samples (n = 105) collected either from healthy donors or pre-pandemic dengue patients. As a capturing agent full-length SARS-CoV2 specific recombinant nucleocapsid was immobilized. Commercial SARS-CoV2 IgG kit based on chemiluminescent assay was used for the selection of samples and optimization of the assay. The threshold cut-off point, inter-assay and intra-assay variations were determined. RESULTS The incubation/reaction time was set at a total of 30 minutes with the sensitivity of 84% (95% confidence interval, CI, 60.4%, 96.6%) and 98% (95% CI, 91.1%, 100.0%), for panel 1 and 2, respectively; with overall 94.9% sensitivity (95% CI 87.5%, 98.6%). Moreover, the clinical specificity was 97.1% (95% CI, 91.9%, 99.4%) with no cross reaction with dengue samples. The overall positive and negative predictive values are 96.2% (95% CI 89.2%, 99.2%) and 96.2% (95% CI, 90.6% 99.0%), respectively. In-house ELISA demonstrated 100% positive and negative percent agreement with Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2, with Cohen's kappa value of 1.00 (very strong agreement), while comparing 13 positive and 17 negative confirmed cases. CONCLUSION The assay is rapid and can be applied as one of the early and retrospective sero-monitoring tools in all over the affected areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bijon Kumar Sil
- Gonoshasthaya-RNA Molecular Diagnostic & Research Center, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Microbiology, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nowshin Jahan
- Gonoshasthaya-RNA Molecular Diagnostic & Research Center, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Ahsanul Haq
- Gonoshasthaya-RNA Molecular Diagnostic & Research Center, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mumtarin Jannat Oishee
- Gonoshasthaya-RNA Molecular Diagnostic & Research Center, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Microbiology, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tamanna Ali
- Gonoshasthaya-RNA Molecular Diagnostic & Research Center, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shahad Saif Khandker
- Gonoshasthaya-RNA Molecular Diagnostic & Research Center, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Eiry Kobatake
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masayasu Mie
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mohib Ullah Khondoker
- Gonoshasthaya-RNA Molecular Diagnostic & Research Center, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Gonoshasthaya Samaj Vittik Medical College, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohd. Raeed Jamiruddin
- Gonoshasthaya-RNA Molecular Diagnostic & Research Center, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nihad Adnan
- Gonoshasthaya-RNA Molecular Diagnostic & Research Center, Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mehdi F, Chattopadhyay S, Thiruvengadam R, Yadav S, Kumar M, Sinha SK, Goswami S, Kshetrapal P, Wadhwa N, Chandramouli Natchu U, Sopory S, Koundinya Desiraju B, Pandey AK, Das A, Verma N, Sharma N, Sharma P, Bhartia V, Gosain M, Lodha R, Lamminmäki U, Shrivastava T, Bhatnagar S, Batra G. Development of a Fast SARS-CoV-2 IgG ELISA, Based on Receptor-Binding Domain, and Its Comparative Evaluation Using Temporally Segregated Samples From RT-PCR Positive Individuals. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:618097. [PMID: 33552028 PMCID: PMC7854536 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.618097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection assays are crucial for gathering seroepidemiological information and monitoring the sustainability of antibody response against the virus. The SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein's receptor-binding domain (RBD) is a very specific target for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies detection. Moreover, many neutralizing antibodies are mapped to this domain, linking antibody response to RBD with neutralizing potential. Detection of IgG antibodies, rather than IgM or total antibodies, against RBD is likely to play a larger role in understanding antibody-mediated protection and vaccine response. Here we describe a rapid and stable RBD-based IgG ELISA test obtained through extensive optimization of the assay components and conditions. The test showed a specificity of 99.79% (95% CI: 98.82-99.99%) in a panel of pre-pandemic samples (n = 470) from different groups, i.e., pregnancy, fever, HCV, HBV, and autoantibodies positive. Test sensitivity was evaluated using sera from SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR positive individuals (n = 312) and found to be 53.33% (95% CI: 37.87-68.34%), 80.47% (95% CI: 72.53-86.94%), and 88.24% (95% CI: 82.05-92.88%) in panel 1 (days 0-13), panel 2 (days 14-20) and panel 3 (days 21-27), respectively. Higher sensitivity was achieved in symptomatic individuals and reached 92.14% (95% CI: 86.38-96.01%) for panel 3. Our test, with a shorter runtime, showed higher sensitivity than parallelly tested commercial ELISAs for SARS-CoV-2-IgG, i.e., Euroimmun and Zydus, even when equivocal results in the commercial ELISAs were considered positive. None of the tests, which are using different antigens, could detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgGs in 10.5% RT-PCR positive individuals by the fourth week, suggesting the lack of IgG response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farha Mehdi
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | | | | | - Sarla Yadav
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Manjit Kumar
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | | | - Sandeep Goswami
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | | | - Nitya Wadhwa
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | | | - Shailaja Sopory
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | | | | | - Asim Das
- ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Faridabad, India
| | - Nikhil Verma
- ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Faridabad, India
| | - Nandini Sharma
- Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Pragya Sharma
- Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Vandita Bhartia
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Mudita Gosain
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Rakesh Lodha
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Urpo Lamminmäki
- Department of Biochemistry/Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Gaurav Batra
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ezhilan M, Suresh I, Nesakumar N. SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2: A Diagnostic Challenge. Measurement (Lond) 2021; 168:108335. [PMID: 33519010 PMCID: PMC7833337 DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2020.108335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The highly pathogenic MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 cause acute respiratory syndrome and are often fatal. These new viruses pose major problems to global health in general and primarily to infection control and public health services. Accurate and selective assessment of MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 would assist in the effective diagnosis of infected individual, offer clinical guidance and aid in assessing clinical outcomes. In this mini-review, we review the literature on various aspects, including the history and diversity of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, their detection methods in effective clinical diagnosis, clinical assessment of COVID-19, safety guidelines recommended by World Health Organization and legal regulations. This review article also deals with existing challenges and difficulties in the clinical diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. Developing alternative diagnostic platforms by spotting the shortcomings of the existing point-of-care diagnostic devices would be useful in preventing future outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeshwari Ezhilan
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Indhu Suresh
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Noel Nesakumar
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Siddique F, Abbas RZ, Mansoor MK, Alghamdi ES, Saeed M, Ayaz MM, Rahman M, Mahmood MS, Iqbal A, Manzoor M, Abbas A, Javaid A, Hussain I. An Insight Into COVID-19: A 21st Century Disaster and Its Relation to Immunocompetence and Food Antioxidants. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:586637. [PMID: 33521076 PMCID: PMC7838355 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.586637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) ranks third in terms of fatal coronavirus diseases threatening public health, coming after SARS-CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus), and MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus). SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2) causes COVID-19. On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced that the current outbreak of COVID-19 is the sixth global health emergency. As of December 3, 2020, 64 million people worldwide have been affected by this malaise, and the global economy has experienced a loss of more than $1 trillion. SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Betacoronavirus genus. The high nucleotide sequence identity of SARS-CoV-2 with the BatCoV RaTG13 genome has indicated that bats could be the possible host of SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 penetrates the host cell via binding its spike protein to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, which is similar to the mechanisms of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. COVID-19 can spread from person to person via respiratory droplets and airborne and contaminated fomites. Moreover, it poses a significant risk to smokers, the elderly, immunocompromised people, and those with preexisting comorbidities. Two main approaches are used to control viral infections, namely, vaccination, and biosecurity. Studies to analyze the antigenicity and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates are underway, and few vaccines may be available in the near future. In the current situation, the Human Biosecurity Emergency (HBE) may be the only way to cope effectively with the novel SARS-CoV-2 strain. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the origin of COVID-19 as well as its epidemiological relationship with humans and animals, genomic resemblance, immunopathogenesis, clinical-laboratory signs, diagnosis, control and prevention, and treatment. Moreover, we discuss the interventional effects of various nutrients on COVID-19 in detail. However, multiple possibilities are explored to fight COVID-19, and the greatest efforts targeted toward finding an effective vaccine in the near future. Furthermore, antioxidants, polyphenols, and flavonoids, both synthetic and natural, could play a crucial role in the fight against COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Siddique
- Department of Microbiology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Rao Zahid Abbas
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Etab Saleh Alghamdi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- Department of Poultry Sciences, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mazhar Ayaz
- Department of Parasitology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Moazur Rahman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Asif Iqbal
- Department of Parasitology, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Maida Manzoor
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Asghar Abbas
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Asif Javaid
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Irshad Hussain
- Department of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Prakash O, Solanki B, Sheth JK, Joshi B, Kadam M, Vyas S, Shukla A, Tiwari H, Rathod S, Rajput A, Trivedi T, Ramanuj V, Solanki A. Assessing seropositivity for IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in Ahmedabad city of India: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e044101. [PMID: 33402413 PMCID: PMC7786546 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the percentage seropositivity for SARS-CoV-2 to understand the pandemic status and predict the future situations in Ahmedabad. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTINGS Field area of Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation. PARTICIPANTS More than 30 000 individuals irrespective of their age, sex, acute/past COVID-19 infection participated in the serosurvey which covered all the 75 Urban Primary Health Centres (UPHCs) across 48 wards and 7 zones of the city. Study also involved healthcare workers (HCWs) from COVID-19/non-COVID-19 hospitals. INTERVENTIONS Seropositivity of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 was measured as a mark of COVID-19 infection. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOMES Seropositivity was used to calculate cumulative incidence. Correlation of seropositivity with available demographic detail was used for valid and precise assessment of the pandemic situation. RESULTS From 30 054 samples, the results were available for 29 891 samples and the crude seropositivity is 17.61%. For all the various age groups, the seropositivity calculated between 15% and 20%. The difference in seropositivity for both the sex group is statistically not significant. The seropositivity is significantly lower (13.64%) for HCWs as compared with non-HCWs (18.71%). Seropositivity shows increasing trend with time. Zone with maximum initial cases has high positivity as compared with other zones. UPHCs with recent rise in cases are leading in seropositivity as compared with earlier and widely affected UPHCs. CONCLUSIONS The results of serosurveillance suggest that the population of Ahmedabad is still largely susceptible. People still need to follow preventive measures to protect themselves till an effective vaccine is available to the people at large. The data indicate the possibility of vanishing immunity over time and need further research to cross verify with scientific evidences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Om Prakash
- Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhavin Solanki
- Health Department, Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Jay K Sheth
- Department of Community Medicine, AMC MET Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhavin Joshi
- Health Department, Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Mina Kadam
- Department of Microbiology, AMC MET Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Sheetal Vyas
- Department of Community Medicine, AMC MET Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Aparajita Shukla
- Department of Community Medicine, Smt NHL Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Hemant Tiwari
- Department of Community Medicine, Smt NHL Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Sanjay Rathod
- Department of Microbiology, AMC MET Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Anil Rajput
- Department of Microbiology, AMC MET Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Toral Trivedi
- Department of Microbiology, AMC MET Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Vaibhav Ramanuj
- Department of Community Medicine, Smt NHL Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Anand Solanki
- Department of Community Medicine, AMC MET Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Dastidar MG, Roy S. Public health management during COVID-19 and applications of point-of-care based biomolecular detection approaches. Environmental and Health Management of Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19 ) 2021. [PMCID: PMC8237533 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85780-2.00009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of the novel human coronavirus, characterized as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has led to a worldwide pandemic. The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 was first reported at a local wet market in the city of Wuhan in the Hubei province of China at a local wet market. This virus is highly contagious, which gives it the potential for rapid transmission across the world. The transmission of SARS-CoV-2 can be triggered via respiratory droplets in the air from an infected individual to a healthy individual. Thus, to restrict the transmission of the virus, proper public health management and early diagnosis of infected individual is extremely essential. Considering this, the development of various point-of-care (POC) biomolecular assays lead to the importance of early diagnoses at a larger scale during this pandemic situation. Detecting a minimum level of specific target analytes to a particular disease with less instrumentation and minimum reagents, as well as immidiate outcomes, has appeared a challenging path for researchers. Apart from early-stage diagnosis, public awareness is also important to prevent the spread of the virus. Proper intensive care units, isolation rooms, maintaining hygiene, and wearing masks in public areas are necessary. In this chapter, we have discussed the public health management steps and current clinical diagnostics processes and various advanced technology including, molecular, serological, and nanobiosensing approaches for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Furthermore, we have highlighted the various challenges and limitations associated with health management and early diagnostics technologies during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Additionally, we have summarized various technical aspects of the development of such POC strategies including biomarkers selections, sensing platforms, unit fabrication, and device incorporation.
Collapse
|
35
|
Kulkarni R, Patil HP, Palkar S, Lalwani S, Mishra AC, Arankalle V. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody response among Indian COVID-19 patients using β-propiolactone-inactivated, whole virus-based indirect ELISA. J Virol Methods 2020; 287:113996. [PMID: 33126149 PMCID: PMC7581401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome - coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to affect many countries and large populations. Serologic assays for antibody detection aid patient diagnosis and seroepidemiologic investigations. METHODS An indirect IgG ELISA was developed indigenously using β-propiolactone (BPL) inactivated SARS-CoV-2. This assay was used for screening 200 healthy donor sera collected prior to COVID-19 emergence (2017-2019), 185 serum/plasma samples of confirmed COVID-19 patients (n = 137) and 57 samples of viral RNA positive asymptomatic contacts (n = 51). The IgG response was studied in relation to duration and severity of illness. RESULTS The ELISA demonstrated 97 % specificity and IgG detection in >50 %, 80 %, 93.8 % and 100 % of the patients respectively during the first, second, third and fourth week of illness. IgG detection rate was higher in patients with severe disease (SD, 90.9 %) than those with mild disease (MD, 68.8 %) during the second week of illness (P = 0.027). IgG seropositivity among asymptomatic contacts was 64.7 %. IgG ELISA absorbance values were higher in SD than MD patients during the first 2 weeks of illness (P < 0.05). No significant difference was observed between the absorbance values of asymptomatic subjects and MD patients (P = 0.94). CONCLUSION The BPL inactivated virus-based ELISA could detect IgG antibodies early and in a significant proportion of COVID-19 patients suggesting its potential utility as a supplement to the currently used viral RNA detection tests in patient diagnosis and contact screening algorithms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruta Kulkarni
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, India
| | - Harshad P Patil
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, India
| | - Sonali Palkar
- Department of Pediatrics, Bharati Vidyapeeth Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Sanjay Lalwani
- Department of Pediatrics, Bharati Vidyapeeth Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Akhilesh Chandra Mishra
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, India
| | - Vidya Arankalle
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, India.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Murhekar MV, Bhatnagar T, Selvaraju S, Rade K, Saravanakumar V, Vivian Thangaraj JW, Kumar MS, Shah N, Sabarinathan R, Turuk A, Anand PK, Asthana S, Balachandar R, Bangar SD, Bansal AK, Bhat J, Chakraborty D, Rangaraju C, Chopra V, Das D, Deb AK, Devi KR, Dwivedi GR, Salim Khan SM, Haq I, Kumar MS, Laxmaiah A, (Major) Madhukar, Mahapatra A, Mitra A, Nirmala A, Pagdhune A, Qurieshi MA, Ramarao T, Sahay S, Sharma Y, Shrinivasa MB, Shukla VK, Singh PK, Viramgami A, Wilson VC, Yadav R, Girish Kumar C, Luke HE, Ranganathan UD, Babu S, Sekar K, Yadav PD, Sapkal GN, Das A, Das P, Dutta S, Hemalatha R, Kumar A, Narain K, Narasimhaiah S, Panda S, Pati S, Patil S, Sarkar K, Singh S, Kant R, Tripathy S, Toteja G, Babu GR, Kant S, Muliyil J, Pandey RM, Sarkar S, Singh SK, Zodpey S, Gangakhedkar RR, Reddy D, Bhargava B. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in India: Findings from the national serosurvey, May-June 2020. Indian J Med Res 2020; 152:48-60. [PMID: 32952144 PMCID: PMC7853249 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_3290_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Population-based seroepidemiological studies measure the extent of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a country. We report the findings of the first round of a national serosurvey, conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among adult population of India. METHODS From May 11 to June 4, 2020, a randomly sampled, community-based survey was conducted in 700 villages/wards, selected from the 70 districts of the 21 States of India, categorized into four strata based on the incidence of reported COVID-19 cases. Four hundred adults per district were enrolled from 10 clusters with one adult per household. Serum samples were tested for IgG antibodies using COVID Kavach ELISA kit. All positive serum samples were re-tested using Euroimmun SARS-CoV-2 ELISA. Adjusting for survey design and serial test performance, weighted seroprevalence, number of infections, infection to case ratio (ICR) and infection fatality ratio (IFR) were calculated. Logistic regression was used to determine the factors associated with IgG positivity. RESULTS Total of 30,283 households were visited and 28,000 individuals were enrolled. Population-weighted seroprevalence after adjusting for test performance was 0.73 per cent [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.34-1.13]. Males, living in urban slums and occupation with high risk of exposure to potentially infected persons were associated with seropositivity. A cumulative 6,468,388 adult infections (95% CI: 3,829,029-11,199,423) were estimated in India by the early May. The overall ICR was between 81.6 (95% CI: 48.3-141.4) and 130.1 (95% CI: 77.0-225.2) with May 11 and May 3, 2020 as plausible reference points for reported cases. The IFR in the surveyed districts from high stratum, where death reporting was more robust, was 11.72 (95% CI: 7.21-19.19) to 15.04 (9.26-24.62) per 10,000 adults, using May 24 and June 1, 2020 as plausible reference points for reported deaths. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 was low among the adult population in India around the beginning of May 2020. Further national and local serosurveys are recommended to better inform the public health strategy for containment and mitigation of the epidemic in various parts of the country.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tarun Bhatnagar
- ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
| | | | - Kiran Rade
- WHO Country Office for India, New Delhi, India
| | - V. Saravanakumar
- Division of Epidemiology & Bio-Statistics, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | | | | | - R. Sabarinathan
- Division of Epidemiology & Bio-Statistics, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Alka Turuk
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Smita Asthana
- Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Noida, India
| | | | | | | | - Jyothi Bhat
- Division of Communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Debjit Chakraborty
- Division of Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Chethana Rangaraju
- Division of Advocacy, Communication & Social Mobilisation, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vishal Chopra
- State TB Training & Demonstration Centre, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Dasarathi Das
- ICMRRegional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Alok Kumar Deb
- Division of Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Kangjam Rekha Devi
- Division of Enteric Diseases, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | | | - S. Muhammad Salim Khan
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Inaamul Haq
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - M. Sunil Kumar
- State TB Training & Demonstration Centre Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Avula Laxmaiah
- Division of Public Health Nutrition, ICMRNational Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - (Major) Madhukar
- Division of Clinical Medicine, ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | | | - Anindya Mitra
- State TB Training & Demonstration Centre Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - A.R. Nirmala
- Lady Willingdon State TB Centre, Government of Karnataka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Mariya Amin Qurieshi
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | | | - Seema Sahay
- Social and Behavioural Research Sciences, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Y.K. Sharma
- Directorate Health Services, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | | | | | - Prashant Kumar Singh
- Division of Preventive Oncology, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
| | - Ankit Viramgami
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Rajiv Yadav
- Division of Communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - C.P. Girish Kumar
- Laboratory Division, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Uma Devi Ranganathan
- Immunology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Subash Babu
- NIH-ICER (International Centers for Excellence in Research) Program, Chennai, India
| | | | | | - Gajanan N. Sapkal
- Diagnostic Virology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aparup Das
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Ashwani Kumar
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | - Kanwar Narain
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | | | - Samiran Panda
- ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- ICMRRegional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Shripad Patil
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Kamalesh Sarkar
- ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Shalini Singh
- ICMR-National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | - Rajni Kant
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, India
| | - Srikanth Tripathy
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G.S. Toteja
- ICMR-National Institute for Implementation Research on Non-Communicable Diseases, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Shashi Kant
- Centre for Community Medicine, New Delhi, India
| | - J.P. Muliyil
- Independent Consultant, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ravindra Mohan Pandey
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Swarup Sarkar
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Raman R. Gangakhedkar
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - D.C.S. Reddy
- Independent Consultant, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abraham P, Cherian S, Potdar V. Genetic characterization of SARS-CoV-2 & implications for epidemiology, diagnostics & vaccines in India. Indian J Med Res 2020; 152:12-15. [PMID: 32896836 PMCID: PMC7853292 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_3667_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Abraham
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sarah Cherian
- Bioinformatics & Data management Group, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Varsha Potdar
- Human Influenza Group, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Deshpande GR, Sapkal GN, Tilekar BN, Yadav PD, Gurav Y, Gaikwad S, Kaushal H, Deshpande KS, Kaduskar O, Sarkale P, Baradkar S, Suryawanshi A, Lakra R, Sugunan AP, Balakrishnan A, Abraham P, Salve P. Neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients. Indian J Med Res 2020; 152:82-87. [PMID: 32859866 PMCID: PMC7853248 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2382_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: The global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus has challenged public health system worldwide due to the unavailability of approved preventive and therapeutic options. Identification of neutralizing antibodies (NAb) and understanding their role is important. However, the data on kinetics of NAb response among COVID-19 patients are unclear. To understand the NAb response in COVID-19 patients, we compared the findings of microneutralization test (MNT) and plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for the SARS-CoV-2. Further, the kinetics of NAb response among COVID-19 patients was assessed. Methods: A total of 343 blood samples (89 positive, 58 negative for SARS-CoV-2 and 17 cross-reactive and 179 serum from healthy individuals) were collected and tested by MNT and PRNT. SARS-CoV-2 virus was prepared by propagating the virus in Vero CCL-81 cells. The intra-class correlation was calculated to assess the correlation between MNT and PRNT. The neutralizing endpoint as the reduction in the number of plaque count by 90 per cent (PRNT90) was also calculated. Results: The analysis of MNT and PRNT quantitative results indicated that the intra-class correlation was 0.520. Of the 89 confirmed COVID-19 patients, 64 (71.9%) showed NAb response. Interpretation & conclusions: The results of MNT and PRNT were specific with no cross-reactivity. In the early stages of infection, the NAb response was observed with variable antibody kinetics. The neutralization assays can be used for titration of NAb in recovered/vaccinated or infected COVID-19 patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gururaj Rao Deshpande
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gajanan N Sapkal
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bipin N Tilekar
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pragya D Yadav
- Maximum Containment Facility, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Yogesh Gurav
- Epidemiology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shivshankar Gaikwad
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Himanshu Kaushal
- Influenza Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ketki S Deshpande
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ojas Kaduskar
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prasad Sarkale
- Maximum Containment Facility, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Srikant Baradkar
- Maximum Containment Facility, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Annasaheb Suryawanshi
- Maximum Containment Facility, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajen Lakra
- Maximum Containment Facility, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - A P Sugunan
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
| | | | - Priya Abraham
- Diagnostic Virology Group, Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pavan Salve
- Medical Department, Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abd-alrazaq A, Schneider J, Mifsud B, Alam T, Househ M, Hamdi M, Shah Z. A Comprehensive Overview of the COVID-19 Literature: Machine Learning–Based Bibliometric Analysis (Preprint).. [DOI: 10.2196/preprints.23703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Shortly after the emergence of COVID-19, researchers rapidly mobilized to study numerous aspects of the disease such as its evolution, clinical manifestations, effects, treatments, and vaccinations. This led to a rapid increase in the number of COVID-19–related publications. Identifying trends and areas of interest using traditional review methods (eg, scoping and systematic reviews) for such a large domain area is challenging.
OBJECTIVE
We aimed to conduct an extensive bibliometric analysis to provide a comprehensive overview of the COVID-19 literature.
METHODS
We used the COVID-19 Open Research Dataset (CORD-19) that consists of a large number of research articles related to all coronaviruses. We used a machine learning–based method to analyze the most relevant COVID-19–related articles and extracted the most prominent topics. Specifically, we used a clustering algorithm to group published articles based on the similarity of their abstracts to identify research hotspots and current research directions. We have made our software accessible to the community via GitHub.
RESULTS
Of the 196,630 publications retrieved from the database, we included 28,904 in our analysis. The mean number of weekly publications was 990 (SD 789.3). The country that published the highest number of COVID-19–related articles was China (2950/17,270, 17.08%). The highest number of articles were published in bioRxiv. Lei Liu affiliated with the Southern University of Science and Technology in China published the highest number of articles (n=46). Based on titles and abstracts alone, we were able to identify 1515 surveys, 733 systematic reviews, 512 cohort studies, 480 meta-analyses, and 362 randomized control trials. We identified 19 different topics covered among the publications reviewed. The most dominant topic was public health response, followed by clinical care practices during the COVID-19 pandemic, clinical characteristics and risk factors, and epidemic models for its spread.
CONCLUSIONS
We provide an overview of the COVID-19 literature and have identified current hotspots and research directions. Our findings can be useful for the research community to help prioritize research needs and recognize leading COVID-19 researchers, institutes, countries, and publishers. Our study shows that an AI-based bibliometric analysis has the potential to rapidly explore a large corpus of academic publications during a public health crisis. We believe that this work can be used to analyze other eHealth-related literature to help clinicians, administrators, and policy makers to obtain a holistic view of the literature and be able to categorize different topics of the existing research for further analyses. It can be further scaled (for instance, in time) to clinical summary documentation. Publishers should avoid noise in the data by developing a way to trace the evolution of individual publications and unique authors.
Collapse
|
40
|
Chaudhuri S, Thiruvengadam R, Chattopadhyay S, Mehdi F, Kshetrapal P, Shrivastava T, Desiraju BK, Batra G, Kang G, Bhatnagar S; DBT India Consortium for COVID-19 Research. Comparative evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 IgG assays in India. J Clin Virol 2020; 131:104609. [PMID: 32866811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction IgG immunoassays have been developed and used widely for clinical samples and serosurveys for SARS-CoV2, with most detecting antibodies against the spike/receptor-binding-domain or nucleocapsid. Limited information is available on comparative evaluation of IgG immunoassays against a clinical reference standard, i.e., RT-PCR positivity with >20 days of illness. This study addresses the need for comparing clinical performance of IgG immunoassays with respect to this alternate reference standard. Methods We compared the performance of three immunoassays, an in-house RBD assay, and two commercial assays, the Diasorin LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 S1/S1 IgG CLIA which detects antibodies against S1/S2 domains of the Spike protein and the Zydus Kavach assay based on inactivated virus using a well-characterized panel of sera. 379 sera and plasma samples from RTPCR positive individuals >20 days of illness in symptomatic or RT-PCR positivity in asymptomatic individuals and 184 samples collected prior to 2019 were used for assay evaluation. Results The sensitivity of the assays were 84.7 (95 %CI 80.6–88.1), 82.6 (95 %CI 78.3–86.2) and 75.7 (95 %CI 71.0–79.9) respectively for RBD, LIAISON and Kavach. Kavach and the in-house RBD ELISA showed a specificity of 99.5 % and 100 %, respectively. The RBD and LIAISON (S1/S2) assays showed high agreement (94.7 %; 95 %CI: 92.0, 96.6) and were able to correctly identify more positive sera/plasma than Kavach. Conclusion Independent comparisons support the evaluation of performance characteristics of immunoassays. All three assays are suitable for serosurveillance studies, but in low prevalence sites, estimation of exposure may require adjustment based on our findings.
Collapse
|