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Jayathilake AG, Luwor RB, Nurgali K, Su XQ. Molecular Mechanisms Associated with the Inhibitory Role of Long Chain n-3 PUFA in Colorectal Cancer. Integr Cancer Ther 2024; 23:15347354241243024. [PMID: 38708673 PMCID: PMC11072084 DOI: 10.1177/15347354241243024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the world. Multiple evidence suggests that there is an association between excess fat consumption and the risk of CRC. The long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are essential for human health, and both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that these fatty acids can prevent CRC development through various molecular mechanisms. These include the modulation of arachidonic acid (AA) derived prostaglandin synthesis, alteration of growth signaling pathways, arrest of the cell cycle, induction of cell apoptosis, suppression of angiogenesis and modulation of inflammatory response. Human clinical studies found that LC n-3 PUFA combined with chemotherapeutic agents can improve the efficacy of treatment and reduce the dosage of chemotherapy and associated side effects. In this review, we discuss comprehensively the anti-cancer effects of LC n-3 PUFA on CRC, with a main focus on the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodney Brain Luwor
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Muscular Skeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xiao Qun Su
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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2
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Aly A, Laszlo ZI, Rajkumar S, Demir T, Hindley N, Lamont DJ, Lehmann J, Seidel M, Sommer D, Franz-Wachtel M, Barletta F, Heumos S, Czemmel S, Kabashi E, Ludolph A, Boeckers TM, Henstridge CM, Catanese A. Integrative proteomics highlight presynaptic alterations and c-Jun misactivation as convergent pathomechanisms in ALS. Acta Neuropathol 2023; 146:451-475. [PMID: 37488208 PMCID: PMC10412488 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02611-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease mainly affecting upper and lower motoneurons. Several functionally heterogeneous genes have been associated with the familial form of this disorder (fALS), depicting an extremely complex pathogenic landscape. This heterogeneity has limited the identification of an effective therapy, and this bleak prognosis will only improve with a greater understanding of convergent disease mechanisms. Recent evidence from human post-mortem material and diverse model systems has highlighted the synapse as a crucial structure actively involved in disease progression, suggesting that synaptic aberrations might represent a shared pathological feature across the ALS spectrum. To test this hypothesis, we performed the first comprehensive analysis of the synaptic proteome from post-mortem spinal cord and human iPSC-derived motoneurons carrying mutations in the major ALS genes. This integrated approach highlighted perturbations in the molecular machinery controlling vesicle release as a shared pathomechanism in ALS. Mechanistically, phosphoproteomic analysis linked the presynaptic vesicular phenotype to an accumulation of cytotoxic protein aggregates and to the pro-apoptotic activation of the transcription factor c-Jun, providing detailed insights into the shared pathobiochemistry in ALS. Notably, sub-chronic treatment of our iPSC-derived motoneurons with the fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid exerted a neuroprotective effect by efficiently rescuing the alterations revealed by our multidisciplinary approach. Together, this study provides strong evidence for the central and convergent role played by the synaptic microenvironment within the ALS spinal cord and highlights a potential therapeutic target that counteracts degeneration in a heterogeneous cohort of human motoneuron cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Aly
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Zsofia I Laszlo
- Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Sandeep Rajkumar
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tugba Demir
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nicole Hindley
- Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Douglas J Lamont
- FingerPrints Proteomics Facility, Discovery Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Johannes Lehmann
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mira Seidel
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniel Sommer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Francesca Barletta
- Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC), University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simon Heumos
- Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC), University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Biomedical Data Science, Department of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Czemmel
- Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC), University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Edor Kabashi
- Laboratory of Translational Research for Neurological Disorders, Imagine Institute, Université de Paris, INSERM, UMR 1163, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Albert Ludolph
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University School of Medicine, Ulm, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ulm Site, Germany
| | - Tobias M Boeckers
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ulm Site, Germany
| | - Christopher M Henstridge
- Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK.
| | - Alberto Catanese
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ulm Site, Germany.
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Ding Q, Hao Q, Zhang Q, Yang Y, Olsen RE, Ringø E, Ran C, Zhang Z, Zhou Z. Excess DHA Induces Liver Injury via Lipid Peroxidation and Gut Microbiota-Derived Lipopolysaccharide in Zebrafish. Front Nutr 2022; 9:870343. [PMID: 35571918 PMCID: PMC9096794 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.870343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Being highly unsaturated, n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) are prone to lipid peroxidation. In this study, zebrafish were fed with low-fat diet (LFD), high-fat diet (HFD), or 2% DHA-supplemented HFD (HFDHA2.0). To study the possible negative effects of the high level of dietary DHA, growth rates, blood chemistry, liver histology, hepatic oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammatory processes were assessed. The cell studies were used to quantify the effects of DHA and antioxidant on cellular lipid peroxidation and viability. The possible interaction between gut microbiota and zebrafish host was evaluated in vitro. HFDHA2.0 had no effect on hepatic lipid level but induced liver injury, oxidative stress, and hepatocellular apoptosis, including intrinsic and death receptor-induced apoptosis. Besides, the inclusion of 2% DHA in HFD increased the abundance of Proteobacteria in gut microbiota and serum endotoxin level. In the zebrafish liver cell model, DHA activated intrinsic apoptosis while the antioxidant 4-hydroxy-Tempo (tempo) inhibited the pro-apoptotic negative effects of DHA. The apoptosis induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was unaffected by the addition of tempo. In conclusion, the excess DHA supplementation generates hepatocellular apoptosis-related injury to the liver. The processes might propagate along at least two routes, involving lipid peroxidation and gut microbiota-generated LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Ding
- China-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gastrointestinal Microbiota, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Norway-China Joint Lab on Fish Gastrointestinal Microbiota, Institute of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Qiang Hao
- China-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gastrointestinal Microbiota, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingshuang Zhang
- China-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gastrointestinal Microbiota, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yalin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rolf Erik Olsen
- Norway-China Joint Lab on Fish Gastrointestinal Microbiota, Institute of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Einar Ringø
- Norway-China Joint Lab on Fish Gastrointestinal Microbiota, Institute of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Faculty of Bioscience, Fisheries and Economics, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Chao Ran
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Zhou
- China-Norway Joint Lab on Fish Gastrointestinal Microbiota, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Franchi C, Ardoino I, Bosetti C, Negri E, Serraino D, Crispo A, Giacosa A, Fattore E, Dolci A, Bravi F, Turati F, La Vecchia C, D’Avanzo B. Inverse Association between Canned Fish Consumption and Colorectal Cancer Risk: Analysis of Two Large Case-Control Studies. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081663. [PMID: 35458225 PMCID: PMC9025960 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish is among the foods exerting favourable effects on colorectal cancer (CRC), but the possible role of canned fish has been insufficiently investigated. We aimed to investigate the relationship between canned fish consumption and CRC risk. We analysed data from two case−control studies conducted between 1992 and 2010 in several Italian areas, comprising a total of 2419 incident cases and 4723 hospital controls. Canned fish consumption was analysed according to the weekly frequency of consumption as <1 serving per week (s/w) (reference category), 1 < 2 s/w, and ≥2 s/w. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using unconditional logistic regression models, adjusting for several recognised confounding factors. Overall, canned fish consumption was lower among cases than among controls (23.8% vs. 28.6%). An inverse association was found between canned fish consumption and CRC risk with a significant trend in risk (OR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.71−0.92 for intermediate consumption and OR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.51−0.85 for the highest one), which was consistent across strata of several covariates. This study is the first to offer a basis of support for canned fish consumption as a component of a healthy diet, and it has relevant public health implications given the high ranking of CRC in incidence and mortality worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Franchi
- Department of Health Policy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (I.A.); (B.D.)
- Italian Institute for Planetary Health (IIPH), 20156 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-39014580; Fax: +39-02-39001916
| | - Ilaria Ardoino
- Department of Health Policy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (I.A.); (B.D.)
| | - Cristina Bosetti
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy;
| | - Eva Negri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Diego Serraino
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, National Cancer Institute IRCCS, 33108 Aviano, Italy;
| | - Anna Crispo
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori IRCCS, Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Attilio Giacosa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, Policlinico di Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy;
| | - Elena Fattore
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy;
| | - Alberto Dolci
- Research and Development Department, Bolton Food SpA, 20124 Milan, Italy;
| | - Francesca Bravi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (F.B.); (F.T.); (C.L.V.)
| | - Federica Turati
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (F.B.); (F.T.); (C.L.V.)
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (F.B.); (F.T.); (C.L.V.)
| | - Barbara D’Avanzo
- Department of Health Policy, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy; (I.A.); (B.D.)
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Tan X, Zou L, Qin J, Xia D, Zhou Y, Jin G, Jiang Z, Li H. SQSTM1/p62 is involved in docosahexaenoic acid-induced cellular autophagy in glioblastoma cell lines. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2019; 55:703-712. [PMID: 31429038 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-019-00387-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is the most abundant n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in the human brain and works as an anticancer agent to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell lines. However, little is known about the connection between DHA and autophagy in GBM cells. We found that high-dose DHA caused cellular autophagy in cultured U251 and U118 GBM cell lines, but there was no effect with a low dose. Moreover, after treatment with a high dose of DHA at 12, 24, and 48 h, the protein expression of SQSTM1/p62 decreased in DHA-treated U251 cells at 12 and 24 h, but increased at 48 h, while in DHA-treated U118 cells, the protein expression increased at all time points. Interestingly, the level of SQSTM1/p62 mRNA was elevated in both DHA-treated U251 and U118 cells at all time points, indicating that DHA activated SQSTM1/p62 transcription in both cell lines. Furthermore, downregulation of SQSTM1/p62 by siRNA attenuated DHA-induced cellular autophagy in both cell lines. This report confirms that high-dose DHA induces cellular autophagy in GBM cells, and demonstrates that SQSTM1/p62 acts as a regulator and participates in DHA-induced autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Tan
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Medical School of Nantong University, No. 19 Qixiu Road, No. 3 Building of Qixiu Campus, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Medical School of Nantong University, No. 19 Qixiu Road, No. 3 Building of Qixiu Campus, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Linqing Zou
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Medical School of Nantong University, No. 19 Qixiu Road, No. 3 Building of Qixiu Campus, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Medical School of Nantong University, No. 19 Qixiu Road, No. 3 Building of Qixiu Campus, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianbing Qin
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Medical School of Nantong University, No. 19 Qixiu Road, No. 3 Building of Qixiu Campus, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Medical School of Nantong University, No. 19 Qixiu Road, No. 3 Building of Qixiu Campus, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Donglin Xia
- Public Health School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Youlang Zhou
- Hand Surgery Research Center, Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Guohua Jin
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Medical School of Nantong University, No. 19 Qixiu Road, No. 3 Building of Qixiu Campus, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Medical School of Nantong University, No. 19 Qixiu Road, No. 3 Building of Qixiu Campus, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhuang Jiang
- Clinical Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Haoming Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Medical School of Nantong University, No. 19 Qixiu Road, No. 3 Building of Qixiu Campus, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Medical School of Nantong University, No. 19 Qixiu Road, No. 3 Building of Qixiu Campus, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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Shin JI, Jeon YJ, Lee S, Lee YG, Kim JB, Lee K. G-Protein-Coupled Receptor 120 Mediates DHA-Induced Apoptosis by Regulating IP3R, ROS and, ER Stress Levels in Cisplatin-Resistant Cancer Cells. Mol Cells 2019; 42:252-261. [PMID: 30764601 PMCID: PMC6449711 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.2440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is known to induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest via the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in many types of cancers. However, the roles of DHA in drug-resistant cancer cells have not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effects of DHA in cisplatin-resistant gastric cancer SNU-601/cis2 cells. DHA was found to induce ROS-dependent apoptosis in these cells. The inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor (IP3R) blocker 2-aminoethyl diphenylboninate (2-APB) reduced DHA-induced ROS production, consequently reducing apoptosis. We also found that G-protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120), a receptor of long-chain fatty acids, is expressed in SNU-601/cis2 cells, and the knockdown of GPR120 using specific shRNAs alleviated DHA-mediated ROS production and apoptosis. GPR120 knockdown reduced the expression of ER stress response genes, similar to the case for the pre-treatment of the cells with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), an ROS scavenger, or 2-APB. Indeed, the knockdown of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), a transcription factor that functions under ER stress conditions, markedly reduced DHA-mediated apoptosis, indicating that CHOP plays an essential role in the anti-cancer activity of DHA. These results suggest that GPR120 mediates DHA-induced apoptosis by regulating IP3R, ROS, and ER stress levels in cisplatin-resistant cancer cells, and that GPR120 is an effective chemotherapeutic target for cisplatin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Il Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Yong-Joon Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Sol Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Yoon Gyeong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Ji Beom Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Kyungho Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
- Research Center for Coupled Human and Natural System for Ecowelfare, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
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Ortea I, González-Fernández MJ, Ramos-Bueno RP, Guil-Guerrero JL. Proteomics Study Reveals That Docosahexaenoic and Arachidonic Acids Exert Different In Vitro Anticancer Activities in Colorectal Cancer Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:6003-6012. [PMID: 29804451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Two polyunsaturated fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA), as well as derivatives, such as eicosanoids, regulate different activities, affecting transcription factors and, therefore, DNA transcription, being a critical step for the functioning of fatty-acid-derived signaling. This work has attempted to determine the in vitro anticancer activities of these molecules linked to the gene transcription regulation of HT-29 colorectal cancer cells. We applied the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide test along with lactate dehydrogenase and caspase-3 assays; proteome changes were assessed by "sequential windowed acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra" quantitative proteomics, followed by pathway analysis, to determine the affected molecular mechanisms. In all assays, DHA inhibited cell proliferation of HT-29 cells to a higher extent than ARA and acted primarily by downregulating proteasome particles, while ARA presented a dramatic effect on all six DNA replication helicase particles. The results indicated that both DHA and ARA are potential chemopreventive agent candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Ortea
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía , Universidad de Córdoba , E14004 Córdoba , Spain
| | - María José González-Fernández
- Food Technology Division, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3) , University of Almería , E40120 Almería , Spain
| | - Rebeca P Ramos-Bueno
- Food Technology Division, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3) , University of Almería , E40120 Almería , Spain
| | - José Luis Guil-Guerrero
- Food Technology Division, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3) , University of Almería , E40120 Almería , Spain
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Omega-3 PUFA Loaded in Resveratrol-Based Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Physicochemical Properties and Antineoplastic Activities in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020586. [PMID: 29462928 PMCID: PMC5855808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
New strategies are being investigated to ameliorate the efficacy and reduce the toxicity of the drugs currently used in colorectal cancer (CRC), one of the most common malignancies in the Western world. Data have been accumulated demonstrating that the antineoplastic therapies with either conventional or single-targeted drugs could take advantage from a combined treatment with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFA). These nutrients, shown to be safe at the dosage generally used in human trials, are able to modulate molecules involved in colon cancer cell growth and survival. They have also the potential to act against inflammation, which plays a critical role in CRC development, and to increase the anti-cancer immune response. In the present study, omega-3 PUFA were encapsulated in solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) having a lipid matrix containing resveratrol esterified to stearic acid. Our aim was to increase the efficiency of the incorporation of these fatty acids into the cells and prevent their peroxidation and degradation. The Resveratrol-based SLN were characterized and investigated for their antioxidant activity. It was observed that the encapsulation of omega-3 PUFA into the SLN enhanced significantly their incorporation in human HT-29 CRC cells in vitro, and their growth inhibitory effects in these cancer cells, mainly by reducing cell proliferation.
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Lipase-Catalyzed Transesterification of Egg-Yolk Phophatidylcholine with Concentrate of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids from Cod Liver Oil. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101771. [PMID: 29048366 PMCID: PMC6151611 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipids containing PUFAs are important vehicles for their delivering to the targeted tissues. In our research project we established enzymatic methods for the enrichment of natural egg-yolk PC with n-3 PUFAs. Instead of synthetic PUFA ethyl esters, the new strategy was developed using polyunsaturated fatty acids enriched fraction (PUFA-EF) from cod liver oil as the natural acyl donors. PUFA-EF was produced by urea-complexation and contained 86.9% PUFA including 8.5% stearidonic acid (SDA; 18:4(n-3)), 26.7% EPA, and 45.2% DHA. The transesterification of PC with PUFA was catalyzed by lipases. After screening of enzymes the effect of reaction medium; molar ratio of substrates and etc. was investigated. The highest incorporation of PUFA was 45.6%; including 36.8% DHA and 5.8% EPA at the following reaction conditions: hexane; 55 °C; PUFA-EF/PC acyl ratio of 10; 48 h of reaction time and lipase B from Candida antarctica as a biocatalyst (20% of enzyme load).
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10
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The omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid inhibits proliferation and progression of non-small cell lung cancer cells through the reactive oxygen species-mediated inactivation of the PI3K /Akt pathway. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:87. [PMID: 28468627 PMCID: PMC5415787 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0474-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) inhibits tumor growth and progression in various cancers, including lung cancer. However, the mechanisms involved remain unclear. The aim of this study was to identify the mechanism of DHA in inhibiting progression of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in vitro. METHODS The proliferation of A549 was tested by MTT, and cell apoptosis was analysed using flow cytometer. The migration and invasion were examined respectively by wound healing assay and Transwell invasion assay. The level of ROS (reactive oxygen species, ROS) was checked by DCF (dichlorodihydrofluorescein, DCF) production in cells. The apoptosis associated protein (caspase-3, PARP,Bax,Bcl-2 and survivin) and metastases associated proteins including HEF1, MMP9 and VEGF were detected by Western blot, and the same method was used in the expression of PI3K and Akt. RESULTS DHA inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis of A549 cells. Moreover, it suppressed the invasion and metastasis of A549 cells, while downregulating the levels of metastasis-associated proteins, including HEF1, matrix metallopeptidase (MMP9), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), in a dose -dependent manner. In addition, DHA inactivated Akt phosphorylation. All of these responses were associated with the accumulation of intracellular ROS. DHA downregulated the level of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, while the antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) reversed the effect of DHA, which further validated our findings. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates that DHA inhibits the development of non-small lung tumors through an ROS-mediated inactivation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Garg M, Ooi CY. The Enigmatic Gut in Cystic Fibrosis: Linking Inflammation, Dysbiosis, and the Increased Risk of Malignancy. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2017; 19:6. [PMID: 28155088 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-017-0546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Intestinal inflammation, dysbiosis, and increased gastrointestinal malignancy risks are well-described in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). However, there is limited understanding of their pathophysiology. This review aims to discuss these issues and assess potential links between them. RECENT FINDINGS Evidence of links between intestinal inflammation and dysbiosis (an imbalance in intestinal microbial populations) exist. Recent studies have demonstrated reduction in intestinal inflammation with probiotic administration. Both bacterial dysbiosis and gut inflammation contribute to the suboptimal nutritional status seen in children with CF. Short-chain fatty acids may be reduced in the gut lumen as a result of bacterial imbalances and may promote inflammation. Inflammation and bacterial dysbiosis in CF may also contribute to emerging adult complications such as gastrointestinal malignancy. An increase in carcinogenic microbes and reduction in microbes protective against cancer have been found in CF, linking bacterial dysbiosis and cancer. Murine studies suggest the CF gene, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, itself may be a tumour suppressor gene. The pathophysiology of interactions among intestinal inflammation, dysbiosis, and malignancy in CF is not clearly understood and requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millie Garg
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Medicine, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Chee Y Ooi
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Medicine, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia.
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia.
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12
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Li Q, Wang J, Shahidi F. Chemical Characteristics of Cold-Pressed Blackberry, Black Raspberry, and Blueberry Seed Oils and the Role of the Minor Components in Their Oxidative Stability. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:5410-5416. [PMID: 27203814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The chemical characteristics of cold-pressed blackberry, black raspberry, and blueberry seed oils were evaluated for their fatty acid composition, positional distribution of fatty acids, triacylglycerol (TAG) profile, and minor component profile. The role of minor components, including tocols and pigments, on the oxidative stability was also investigated using high-temperature- and fluorescent-lighting-induced oxidation before and after tested berry seed oils were stripped of their minor components. The results indicated that all tested berry seed oils contained significant levels of palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), oleic (18:1), linoleic (C18:2ω-6), and α-linolenic (C18:3ω-3) acids, along with a favorable ratio of ω-6/ω-3 fatty acids (1.49-3.86); palmitic, stearic, oleic, and α-linolenic acids were predominantly distributed on the terminal positions. Six TAGs, namely, LnLnLn, LnLLn, LLLn, LLL, OLL, and OLLn, were the major species detected in the tested berry seed oils. Total tocol contents were 286.3-1302.9 mg/kg, which include α-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols as well as δ-tocotrienol. Oxidative stability of the three berry seed oils was compromised after the removal of tocols under high-temperature-induced oxidation, while the loss of pigments (chlorophylls) led to weak oxidative stability when exposed to fluorescent lights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanquan Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Jiankang Wang
- Northern Lights Biotechnology, Limited , St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador A1C 2H3, Canada
| | - Fereidoon Shahidi
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3X9, Canada
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13
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Pan J, Sinclair E, Xuan Z, Dyba M, Fu Y, Sen S, Berry D, Creswell K, Hu J, Roy R, Chung FL. Nucleotide excision repair deficiency increases levels of acrolein-derived cyclic DNA adduct and sensitizes cells to apoptosis induced by docosahexaenoic acid and acrolein. Mutat Res 2016; 789:33-8. [PMID: 27036235 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The acrolein derived cyclic 1,N(2)-propanodeoxyguanosine adduct (Acr-dG), formed primarily from ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) under oxidative conditions, while proven to be mutagenic, is potentially involved in DHA-induced apoptosis. The latter may contribute to the chemopreventive effects of DHA. Previous studies have shown that the levels of Acr-dG are correlated with apoptosis induction in HT29 cells treated with DHA. Because Acr-dG is shown to be repaired by the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway, to further investigate the role of Acr-dG in apoptosis, in this study, NER-deficient XPA and its isogenic NER-proficient XAN1 cells were treated with DHA. The Acr-dG levels and apoptosis were sharply increased in XPA cells, but not in XAN1 cells when treated with 125μM of DHA. Because DHA can induce formation of various DNA damage, to specifically investigate the role of Acr-dG in apoptosis induction, we treated XPA knockdown HCT116+ch3 cells with acrolein. The levels of both Acr-dG and apoptosis induction increased significantly in the XPA knockdown cells. These results clearly demonstrate that NER deficiency induces higher levels of Acr-dG in cells treated with DHA or acrolein and sensitizes cells to undergo apoptosis in a correlative manner. Collectively, these results support that Acr-dG, a ubiquitously formed mutagenic oxidative DNA adduct, plays a role in DHA-induced apoptosis and suggest that it could serve as a biomarker for the cancer preventive effects of DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jishen Pan
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, United States
| | - Elizabeth Sinclair
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, United States
| | - Zhuoli Xuan
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, United States
| | - Marcin Dyba
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, United States
| | - Ying Fu
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, United States
| | - Supti Sen
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, United States
| | - Deborah Berry
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, United States
| | - Karen Creswell
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, United States
| | - Jiaxi Hu
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, United States
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, United States
| | - Fung-Lung Chung
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, United States.
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14
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Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cancer Cell Cytotoxicity: Implications for Multi-Targeted Cancer Therapy. J Clin Med 2016; 5:jcm5020015. [PMID: 26821053 PMCID: PMC4773771 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major disease worldwide. Despite progress in cancer therapy, conventional cytotoxic therapies lead to unsatisfactory long-term survival, mainly related to development of drug resistance by tumor cells and toxicity towards normal cells. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), can exert anti-neoplastic activity by inducing apoptotic cell death in human cancer cells either alone or in combination with conventional therapies. Indeed, n-3 PUFAs potentially increase the sensitivity of tumor cells to conventional therapies, possibly improving their efficacy especially against cancers resistant to treatment. Moreover, in contrast to traditional therapies, n-3 PUFAs appear to cause selective cytotoxicity towards cancer cells with little or no toxicity on normal cells. This review focuses on studies investigating the cytotoxic activity of n-3 PUFAs against cancer cells via apoptosis, analyzing the molecular mechanisms underlying this effective and selective activity. Here, we highlight the multiple molecules potentially targeted by n-3 PUFAs to trigger cancer cell apoptosis. This analysis can allow a better comprehension of the potential cytotoxic therapeutic role of n-3 PUFAs against cancer, providing specific information and support to design future pre-clinical and clinical studies for a better use of n-3 PUFAs in cancer therapy, mainly combinational therapy.
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15
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Sam MR, Ahangar P, Nejati V, Habibian R. Treatment of LS174T colorectal cancer stem-like cells with n-3 PUFAs induces growth suppression through inhibition of survivin expression and induction of caspase-3 activation. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2015; 39:69-77. [PMID: 26671842 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-015-0254-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Colorectal cancer stem cells (CCSCs) are thought to contribute to tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, chemo-resistance and therapy failure. Therefore, assessment of the effectiveness of agents with anti-proliferative activities against CCSCs is warranted. Several studies have shown that different tumorigenic steps, ranging from initiation to metastasis, can be affected by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Here, we evaluated the effects of the PUFA components docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), alone or in combination, on LS174T cells that serve as a model for colorectal cancer initiating cells with stem cell-like properties. METHODS LS174T cells were treated with 50, 100 and 150 μM DHA and EPA, or equal mixtures of DHA/EPA (i.e., 25/25, 50/50 and 75/75 μM), after which cell number, viability, growth inhibition, survivin expression, caspase-3 activation and apoptotic rate were evaluated. RESULTS We found that treatment of LS174T cells with increasing PUFA concentrations significantly increased growth inhibition in a dose- and time-dependent manner. After a 72 h treatment with 150 μM DHA and EPA, or their combination (75/75 μM), growth rates were inhibited by 80.3 ± 5.5%, 79.3 ± 5% and 71.1 ± 1%, respectively, compared to untreated cells. We also found that treatment for 48 h with 100 μM DHA and EPA, or their combination (50/50 μM), resulted in 2.9-, 3- and 2.6-fold increases in caspase-3 activation, as well as 54, 62.4 and 100% decreases in survivin mRNA expression levels, respectively, compared to untreated cells. Low survivin mRNA levels combined with high caspase-3 activity levels were found to correlate with a higher growth inhibition in PUFA-treated cells. DHA appears to be a more potent growth inhibitor than EPA and the DHA/EPA combination. An increase in the number of apoptotic cells (early + late), ranging from 12.9 to 44.7%, was observed with increasing DHA doses. CONCLUSION From our data we conclude that PUFAs induce growth inhibition via targeting survivin expression in LS174T cells, which serve as a model for CCSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Sam
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran, P.O. Box: 165. .,Royan Stem Cell Technology Company, West Azerbaijan Cord Blood Bank, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Parinaz Ahangar
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran, P.O. Box: 165
| | - Vahid Nejati
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Reza Habibian
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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16
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Stephenson JA, Al-Taan O, Arshad A, Morgan B, Metcalfe MS, Dennison AR. The multifaceted effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated Fatty acids on the hallmarks of cancer. J Lipids 2013; 2013:261247. [PMID: 23762563 PMCID: PMC3671553 DOI: 10.1155/2013/261247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, in particular eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid have been shown to have multiple beneficial antitumour actions that affect the essential alterations that dictate malignant growth. In this review we explore the putative mechanisms of action of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in cancer protection in relation to self-sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals, apoptosis, limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, and tissue invasion, and how these will hopefully translate from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Stephenson
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
- Department of Imaging, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
| | - O. Al-Taan
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
- Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK
| | - A. Arshad
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
- Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK
| | - B. Morgan
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
- Department of Imaging, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
| | - M. S. Metcalfe
- Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK
| | - A. R. Dennison
- Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK
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17
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Dai J, Shen J, Pan W, Shen S, Das UN. Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the growth of gastric cancer cells in vitro. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:71. [PMID: 23663688 PMCID: PMC3689620 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have tumoricidal action, though the exact mechanism of their action is not clear. The results of the present study showed that of all the fatty acids tested, linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) were the most effective in suppressing the growth of normal gastric cells (GES1) at 180 and 200 μM, while gastric carcinoma cells (MGC and SGC) were inhibited at 200 μM. Arachidonic acid (AA) suppressed the growth of GES1, MGC and SGC cells and lower concentrations (120 and 160 μM) of AA were more effective against gastric carcinoma (MGC and SGC) cells compared to normal gastric cells (GES1). Paradoxically, both eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids though are more unsaturated than AA, were less effective compared with LA, ALA and AA in suppressing the growth of both normal and cancer cells. At the concentration used, methotrexate showed much less growth suppressive action compared to all the fatty acids tested. PUFAs-treated cells showed accumulation of lipid droplets. A close association was noted between apoptosis and lipid peroxides formed compared to the ability of normal and tumor cells to generate ROS (reactive oxygen species) and induce SOD (superoxide dismutase activity) in response to fatty acids tested and methotrexate. Both normal and tumor cells generated lipoxin A4 (LXA4) in response to supplementation of fatty acids and methotrexate though no significant correlation was noted between their ability to induce apoptosis and LXA4 formed. These results suggest that PUFAs induced apoptosis of normal gastric and gastric carcinoma cells could, partly, be attributed to lipid peroxidation process.
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18
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Dietary derived compounds in cancer chemoprevention. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2012; 16:394-400. [PMID: 23788916 PMCID: PMC3687449 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2012.31767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer chemoprevention is defined as the application of natural or synthetic agents to suppress or reverse cancer development and progression. In this field especially diet derived compounds have recently attracted researchers' attention as potential therapeutics generally exerting low toxicity compared with regular drugs. This review presents a survey of recent findings concerning the most promising dietary chemopreventive agents such as green tea polyphenols (i.e. catechins), long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids, glucosinolates/isothiocyanates, vitamins (i.e. vitamin D and folate) and minerals (i.e. calcium and selenium). Molecular targets involved in intrinsic pathways affected by these natural compounds are also shortly discussed.
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19
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Gillies PJ, Bhatia SK, Belcher LA, Hannon DB, Thompson JT, Vanden Heuvel JP. Regulation of inflammatory and lipid metabolism genes by eicosapentaenoic acid-rich oil. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:1679-89. [PMID: 22556214 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m022657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3-PUFAs, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are associated with prevention of various aspects of metabolic syndrome. In the present studies, the effects of oil rich in EPA on gene expression and activation of nuclear receptors was examined and compared with other ω3-PUFAs. The EPA-rich oil (EO) altered the expression of FA metabolism genes in THP-1 cells, including stearoyl CoA desaturase (SCD) and FA desaturase-1 and -2 (FASDS1 and -2). Other ω3-PUFAs resulted in a similar gene expression response for a subset of genes involved in lipid metabolism and inflammation. In reporter assays, EO activated human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and PPARβ/γ with minimal effects on PPARγ, liver X receptor, retinoid X receptor, farnesoid X receptor, and retinoid acid receptor γ (RARγ); these effects were similar to that observed for purified EPA. When serum from a 6 week clinical intervention with dietary supplements containing olive oil (control), DHA, or two levels of EPA were applied to THP-1 cells, the expression of SCD and FADS2 decreased in the cells treated with serum from the ω3-PUFA-supplemented individuals. Taken together, these studies indicate regulation of gene expression by EO that is consistent with treating aspects of dyslipidemia and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Gillies
- Central Research and Development, DuPont Experimental Station, E328/140B, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA
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20
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Vedin I, Cederholm T, Freund-Levi Y, Basun H, Garlind A, Irving GF, Eriksdotter-Jönhagen M, Wahlund LO, Dahlman I, Palmblad J. Effects of DHA-rich n-3 fatty acid supplementation on gene expression in blood mononuclear leukocytes: the OmegAD study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35425. [PMID: 22545106 PMCID: PMC3335851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary fish oil, rich in n-3 fatty acids (n-3 FAs), e.g. docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), regulate inflammatory reactions by various mechanisms, e.g. gene activation. However, the effects of long-term treatment with DHA and EPA in humans, using genome wide techniques, are poorly described. Hence, our aim was to determine the effects of 6 mo of dietary supplementation with an n-3 FA preparation rich in DHA on global gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. METHODS AND FINDINGS In the present study, blood samples were obtained from a subgroup of 16 patients originating from the randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled OmegAD study, where 174 Alzheimer disease (AD) patients received daily either 1.7 g of DHA and 0.6 g EPA or placebo for 6 months. In blood samples obtained from 11 patients receiving n-3 FA and five placebo, expressions of approximately 8000 genes were assessed by gene array. Significant changes were confirmed by real-time PCR. At 6 months, the n-3 FAs group displayed significant rises of DHA and EPA plasma concentrations, as well as up- and down-regulation of nine and ten genes, respectively, was noticed. Many of these genes are involved in inflammation regulation and neurodegeneration, e.g. CD63, MAN2A1, CASP4, LOC399491, NAIP, and SORL1 and in ubiqutination processes, e.g. ANAPC5 and UBE2V1. Down-regulations of ANAPC5 and RHOB correlated to increases of plasma DHA and EPA levels. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that 6 months of dietary n-3 FA supplementation affected expression of genes that might influence inflammatory processes and could be of significance for AD. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00211159.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Vedin
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Huang T, Wahlqvist ML, Li D. Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid on gene expression of the critical enzymes involved in homocysteine metabolism. Nutr J 2012; 11:6. [PMID: 22260268 PMCID: PMC3292920 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-11-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies showed that plasma n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) was negatively associated with plasma homocysteine (Hcy). OBJECTIVE We investigated the regulatory effect of n-3 PUFA on mRNA expression of the critical genes encoding the enzymes involved in Hcy metabolism. METHODS HepG2 cells were treated with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) respectively for 48 h. The cells were collected and total RNA was isolated. The mRNA expression levels of the genes were determined by using Real Time-PCR. RESULTS Compared with controls, the mRNA expression levels of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) were significantly increased in the DHA group (p < 0.05) and ALA group (p < 0.05); Significantly down-regulated mRNA expression of methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) was observed with the treatments compared with the controls; the level of MAT expression was significant lower in the DHA group than the ALA group (p < 0.05); Cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) expression was significantly increased in the DHA (p < 0.05) and EPA groups (p < 0.05) compared with control. No significant changes were shown in mRNA expression levels of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolases (SAHH), cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase (MTR). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that DHA up-regulates CSE and MTHFR mRNA expression and down-regulates MAT mRNA expression involved in Hcy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029 China
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22
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Guo T, Liu XF, Ding XB, Yang FF, Nie YW, An YJ, Guo H. Fat-1 transgenic cattle as a model to study the function of ω-3 fatty acids. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:244. [PMID: 22206437 PMCID: PMC3267699 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have been shown to play an important role in health. Enriched with ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate expression of a number of genes with such broad functions as cell proliferation, growth and apoptosis and cell signaling and transduction, these effects, seem to regulate coronary artery disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, psychiatric disorders and various cancer. In this context, fat-1 transgenic cattle was designed to convert ω-6 to ω-3 fatty acids could form an ideal model to study the effect of ω-3 fatty acids on the above functions. This study focuses on the total genomic difference of gene expression between fat-1 transgenic cattle and wild-type using cDNA microarrays, several genes were found to be overexpressed or suppressed in transgenic cattle relative to wild-type, these discrepancy genes related with lipid metabolism, immunity, inflammation nervous development and fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Guo
- Department of Animal Science, Tianjin Agriculture University, Tianjin 300384, China
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23
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Ritchie SA, Jayasinghe D, Davies GF, Ahiahonu P, Ma H, Goodenowe DB. Human serum-derived hydroxy long-chain fatty acids exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2011; 30:59. [PMID: 21586136 PMCID: PMC3108922 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-30-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Circulating levels of novel long-chain hydroxy fatty acids (called GTAs) were recently discovered in the serum of healthy subjects which were shown to be reduced in subjects with colorectal cancer (CRC), independent of tumor burden or disease stage. The levels of GTAs were subsequently observed to exhibit an inverse association with age in the general population. The current work investigates the biological activity of these fatty acids by evaluating the effects of enriched human serum extracts on cell growth and inflammation. Methods GTAs were extracted from commercially available bulk human serum and then chromatographically separated into enriched (GTA-positive) and depleted (GTA-negative) fractions. SW620, MCF7 and LPS stimulated RAW264.7 cells were treated with various concentrations of the GTA-positive and GTA-negative extracts, and the effects on cell growth and inflammation determined. Results Enriched fractions resulted in poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage, suppression of NFκB, induction of IκBα, and reduction in NOS2 mRNA transcript levels. In RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cells, incubation with enriched fractions prior to treatment with LPS blocked the induction of several pro-inflammatory markers including nitric oxide, TNFα, IL-1β, NOS2 and COX2. Conclusions Our results show that human serum extracts enriched with endogenous long-chain hydroxy fatty acids possess anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activity. These findings support a hypothesis that the reduction of these metabolites with age may result in a compromised ability to defend against uncontrolled cell growth and inflammation, and could therefore represent a significant risk for the development of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn A Ritchie
- Phenomenome Discoveries, Inc, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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Kim HW, Rao JS, Rapoport SI, Igarashi M. Dietary n-6 PUFA deprivation downregulates arachidonate but upregulates docosahexaenoate metabolizing enzymes in rat brain. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2010; 1811:111-7. [PMID: 21070866 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) deprivation increases expression of arachidonic acid (AA 20:4n-6)-selective cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) IVA and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in rat brain, while decreasing expression of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA 22:6n-3)-selective calcium-independent iPLA(2) VIA. Assuming that these enzyme changes represent brain homeostatic responses to deprivation, we hypothesized that dietary n-6 PUFA deprivation would produce changes in the opposite directions. METHODS Brain expression of PUFA-metabolizing enzymes and their transcription factors was quantified in male rats fed an n-6 PUFA adequate or deficient diet for 15weeks post-weaning. RESULTS The deficient compared with adequate diet increased brain mRNA, protein and activity of iPLA(2) VIA and 15-lipoxygenase (LOX), but decreased cPLA(2) IVA and COX-2 expression. The brain protein level of the iPLA(2) transcription factor SREBP-1 was elevated, while protein levels were decreased for AP-2α and NF-κB p65, cPLA(2) and COX-2 transcription factors, respectively. CONCLUSIONS With dietary n-6 PUFA deprivation, rat brain PUFA metabolizing enzymes and some of their transcription factors change in a way that would homeostatically dampen reductions in brain n-6 PUFA concentrations and metabolism, while n-3 PUFA metabolizing enzyme expression is increased. The changes correspond to reported in vitro enzyme selectivities for AA compared with DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Wook Kim
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Mernitz H, Lian F, Smith DE, Meydani SN, Wang XD. Fish oil supplementation inhibits NNK-induced lung carcinogenesis in the A/J mouse. Nutr Cancer 2010; 61:663-9. [PMID: 19838940 DOI: 10.1080/01635580902825589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
High intake of fish oil with a low omega-6 (n-6)/omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio has been suggested to protect against many chronic diseases. However, the effect of different ratios of dietary n-6 and n-3 PUFA on lung tumorigenesis has not been investigated. In this study, we examined the effect of a 4 mo dietary supplementation with corn oil (with a high n-6/n-3 ratio) and fish oil (with a low n-6/n-3 ratio) as compared with soybean oil (isocaloric control with the same n-6/n-3 ratio as the base diet) on tumor incidence and tumor prevalence in the A/J mouse model of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)-induced lung carcinogenesis. We found that dietary supplementation had no effect on overall lung tumor incidence, but fish oil supplementation was able to decrease lung tumor prevalence by 78% and 80% compared to groups receiving soybean oil and corn oil supplementation, respectively. The inhibitory effect of fish oil on lung tumor prevalence was associated with increased expressions of cell cycle inhibitor p21Cip1 and lipoxygenase isoform 15-LOX in the lungs. These data suggest that fish oil with a low ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA could be beneficial in the prevention of lung carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Mernitz
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Anderson BM, Ma DWL. Are all n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids created equal? Lipids Health Dis 2009; 8:33. [PMID: 19664246 PMCID: PMC3224740 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-8-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
N-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids have been shown to have potential beneficial effects for chronic diseases including cancer, insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in particular have been studied extensively, whereas substantive evidence for a biological role for the precursor, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), is lacking. It is not enough to assume that ALA exerts effects through conversion to EPA and DHA, as the process is highly inefficient in humans. Thus, clarification of ALA's involvement in health and disease is essential, as it is the principle n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid consumed in the North American diet and intakes of EPA and DHA are typically very low. There is evidence suggesting that ALA, EPA and DHA have specific and potentially independent effects on chronic disease. Therefore, this review will assess our current understanding of the differential effects of ALA, EPA and DHA on cancer, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease. Potential mechanisms of action will also be reviewed. Overall, a better understanding of the individual role for ALA, EPA and DHA is needed in order to make appropriate dietary recommendations regarding n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanne M Anderson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1 Canada.
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Giros A, Grzybowski M, Sohn VR, Pons E, Fernandez-Morales J, Xicola RM, Sethi P, Grzybowski J, Goel A, Boland CR, Gassull MA, Llor X. Regulation of colorectal cancer cell apoptosis by the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids Docosahexaenoic and Eicosapentaenoic. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2009; 2:732-42. [PMID: 19638488 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-08-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have suggested that the n-3 fatty acids Docosahexaenoic (DHA) and Eicosapentaenoic (EPA) have an important protective effect on colorectal cancer, and this could be at least partly due to their proapoptotic activity. It is unclear, however, how this phenomenon is triggered and what mechanisms are implicated. Here, we show that both DHA and EPA have an important proapoptotic effect on colorectal cancer cells with different molecular phenotypes but not in noncancerous cells. Apoptosis is caspase dependent, and both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways are implicated. The dimerization of Bax and Bak, the depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, and the subsequent release of cytochrome c and Smac/Diablo to the cytosol evidence the activation of the intrinsic pathway. The implication of the extrinsic pathway is shown by the activation of caspase-8, along with the down-regulation of FLIP. The timing of caspase-8 activation, and the oligomerization of Bid with Bax, suggest a cross-talk with the intrinsic pathway. None of the death receptors that commonly initiate the extrinsic pathway: FAS, TNF-R1, and TRAIL-R2 are found to be responsible for triggering the apoptosis cascade induced by DHA and EPA. Neither PPARgamma nor cyclooxygenase-2, two likely candidates to regulate this process, play a significant role. Our findings suggest that the down-regulation of two key regulatory elements of the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, FLIP and XIAP, respectively, is determinant in the induction of apoptosis by DHA and EPA. These fatty acids could potentially be useful adjuvant anticancer agents in combination with other chemotherapeutic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Giros
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 South Wood Street (M/C 716), Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Habbel P, Weylandt KH, Lichopoj K, Nowak J, Purschke M, Wang JD, He CW, Baumgart DC, Kang JX. Docosahexaenoic acid suppresses arachidonic acid-induced proliferation of LS-174T human colon carcinoma cells. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:1079-84. [PMID: 19266600 PMCID: PMC2655186 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the impact of arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and their combination on colon cancer cell growth.
METHODS: The LS-174T colon cancer cell line was used to study the role of the prostaglandin precursor AA and the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid DHA on cell growth. Cell viability was assessed in XTT assays. For analysis of cell cycle and cell death, flow cytometry and DAPI staining were applied. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), p21 and bcl-2 in cells incubated with AA or DHA was examined by real-time RT-PCR. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) generation in the presence of AA and DHA was measured using a PGE2-ELISA.
RESULTS: AA increased cell growth, whereas DHA reduced viability of LS 174T cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, DHA down- regulated mRNA of bcl-2 and up-regulated p21. Interestingly, DHA was able to suppress AA-induced cell proliferation and significantly lowered AA-derived PGE2 formation. DHA also down-regulated COX-2 expression. In addition to the effect on PGE2 formation, DHA directly reduced PGE2-induced cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner.
CONCLUSION: These results suggest that DHA can inhibit the pro-proliferative effect of abundant AA or PGE2.
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Habermann N, Lund EK, Pool-Zobel BL, Glei M. Modulation of gene expression in eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid treated human colon adenoma cells. GENES AND NUTRITION 2009; 4:73-6. [PMID: 19234733 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-009-0112-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that high fish intake is associated with a decreased risk of colorectal cancer which has been linked to the high content of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in some fish. The aim of the study was to compare the modulation of gene expression in LT97 colon adenoma cells in response to EPA and DHA treatment. Therefore, we used custom-designed cDNA arrays containing probes for 306 genes related to stress response, apoptosis and carcinogenesis and hybridised them with cDNA from LT97 cells which were treated for 10 or 24 h with 50 muM EPA or DHA. There was a marked influence of n-3 PUFA on the expression of several gene types, such as detoxification, cell cycle control, signaling pathways, apoptosis and inflammation. DHA and EPA generally modulated different sets of genes, although a few common effects were noted. In our approach, we used preneoplastic adenoma cells which are a relevant model for target cells of chemoprevention. If verified with real time PCR, these results identify genes and targets for chemoprevention of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Habermann
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute for Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburger Strasse 24, 07743, Jena, Germany,
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Zand H, Rahimipour A, Salimi S, Shafiee SM. Docosahexaenoic acid sensitizes Ramos cells to Gamma-irradiation-induced apoptosis through involvement of PPAR-gamma activation and NF-kappaB suppression. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 317:113-20. [PMID: 18566752 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9838-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-irradiation (Gamma-IR) resistance is a character of many malignant cells that decreases the efficacy of radiotherapy. Although ionizing radiation activates multiple cellular factors that vary depending on dose and tissue specificity, the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B appears to be a well-conserved response in tumor cells exposed to Gamma-IR which can lead to the inhibition of radiation-induced apoptosis. Thus, inhibition of NF-kappaB activation is an important strategy to abolish radioresistance. Recently, we have demonstrated that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids)-induced apoptosis may occur via ligand-dependent transcription factor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-gamma. Moreover, many reports described that activation of PPAR-gamma can lead to the induction of apoptosis through NF-kappaB inhibition. Therefore, we addressed the mechanism that NF-kappaB is a downstream target of DHA and may be involved in the process of radiosensitization. Ramos cells are a highly radiation-resistant and p53-deficient Burkitt's lymphoma cell line. The results of present study showed that cotreatment of Ramos cells with low doses of DHA and Gamma-IR leads to marked phosphorylation of IkappaB and translocation of p65/NF-kappaB to nucleus in parallel with increase in apoptosis. Preincubation of the cells with GW9662, a selective antagonist for PPAR-gamma, significantly prevented NF-kappaB activation profile. Taken together, these results suggest that low concentration of DHA inhibited Gamma-IR-induced activation of NF-kappaB and sensitized Ramos cells to IR-induced cytotoxicity. Pretreatment of Ramos cells with GW9662 abrogated the ability of DHA to inhibit Gamma-IR-induced activation of NF-kappaB and diminished the DHA radiosensitizing effect indicating that PPAR-gamma may act as a mediator of DHA in inhibition of NF-kappaB. Taken together, these results suggest that low concentration of DHA inhibited Gamma-IR-induced activation of NF-kappaB and sensitized Ramos cells to IR-induced cytotoxicity. Pretreatment of Ramos cells with GW9662 abrogated the ability of DHA to inhibit Gamma-IR-induced activation of NF-kappaB and diminished the DHA radiosensitizing effect indicating that PPAR-gamma may act as a mediator of DHA in inhibition of NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Zand
- National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University M. C., Tehran, Iran.
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Zand H, Rhimipour A, Bakhshayesh M, Shafiee M, Nour Mohammadi I, Salimi S. Involvement of PPAR-gamma and p53 in DHA-induced apoptosis in Reh cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 304:71-7. [PMID: 17487454 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-007-9487-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoeic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) is an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid that is found in fish oil and exerts cytotoxic effect on a variety of cell lines. The molecular target, responsible for mediating this effect of DHA, still remains unknown. In this report, we presented experimental evidences for the role of PPAR-gamma in conveying the cytotoxic effect of DHA. We showed that DHA induces apoptosis in Reh and Ramos cells and apoptotic effect of DHA is inhibited by the PPAR-gamma antagonist GW9662, indicating that PPAR-gamma functions as the mediator of the apoptotic effect of DHA. Furthermore, our result showed that DHA induces the PPAR-gamma protein levels in both Reh and Ramos cells. Interestingly, DHA was found to induce the expression of p53 protein in Reh cells in a PPAR-gamma-dependent manner. The up-regulation of p53 protein by DHA kinetically correlated with the activation of caspase 9, caspase 3, and induction of apoptosis, suggesting a role for p53 in DHA-mediated apoptosis in Reh cells. Taken together, these findings suggest a new signaling pathway, DHA-PPAR-gamma-p53, in mediating the apoptotic effect of DHA in Reh cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Zand
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Tabriz Medical Sciences University, Tabriz, Iran.
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Kothapalli KS, Anthony JC, Pan BS, Hsieh AT, Nathanielsz PW, Brenna JT. Differential cerebral cortex transcriptomes of baboon neonates consuming moderate and high docosahexaenoic acid formulas. PLoS One 2007; 2:e370. [PMID: 17426818 PMCID: PMC1847718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) are the major long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) of the central nervous system (CNS). These nutrients are present in most infant formulas at modest levels, intended to support visual and neural development. There are no investigations in primates of the biological consequences of dietary DHA at levels above those present in formulas but within normal breastmilk levels. METHODS AND FINDINGS Twelve baboons were divided into three formula groups: Control, with no DHA-ARA; "L", LCPUFA, with 0.33%DHA-0.67%ARA; "L3", LCPUFA, with 1.00%DHA-0.67%ARA. All the samples are from the precentral gyrus of cerebral cortex brain regions. At 12 weeks of age, changes in gene expression were detected in 1,108 of 54,000 probe sets (2.05%), with most showing <2-fold change. Gene ontology analysis assigns them to diverse biological functions, notably lipid metabolism and transport, G-protein and signal transduction, development, visual perception, cytoskeleton, peptidases, stress response, transcription regulation, and 400 transcripts having no defined function. PLA2G6, a phospholipase recently associated with infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy, was downregulated in both LCPUFA groups. ELOVL5, a PUFA elongase, was the only LCPUFA biosynthetic enzyme that was differentially expressed. Mitochondrial fatty acid carrier, CPT2, was among several genes associated with mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation to be downregulated by high DHA, while the mitochondrial proton carrier, UCP2, was upregulated. TIMM8A, also known as deafness/dystonia peptide 1, was among several differentially expressed neural development genes. LUM and TIMP3, associated with corneal structure and age-related macular degeneration, respectively, were among visual perception genes influenced by LCPUFA. TIA1, a silencer of COX2 gene translation, is upregulated by high DHA. Ingenuity pathway analysis identified a highly significant nervous system network, with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as the outstanding interaction partner. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that LCPUFA concentrations within the normal range of human breastmilk induce global changes in gene expression across a wide array of processes, in addition to changes in visual and neural function normally associated with formula LCPUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar S.D. Kothapalli
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Savage Hall, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Joshua C. Anthony
- Mead Johnson and Company, Evansville, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Bruce S. Pan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Savage Hall, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrea T. Hsieh
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Savage Hall, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Peter W. Nathanielsz
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - J. Thomas Brenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Savage Hall, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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Reddy BS, Patlolla JM, Simi B, Wang SH, Rao CV. Prevention of colon cancer by low doses of celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, administered in diet rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Cancer Res 2005; 65:8022-7. [PMID: 16140976 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic and animal studies suggest that a high-fat diet containing mixed lipids promotes colorectal cancer, whereas fish oil lacks promoting effect. Although cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors are effective chemopreventive agents against colon carcinogenesis, administration of high doses of these agents over time may induce side effects. Here, we compared the efficacy of moderately high and low doses of celecoxib administered in diets high in mixed lipids (HFML) or fish oil (HFFO) against azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in male F344 rats. One day after the last azoxymethane treatment (15 mg/kg body weight once weekly for 2 weeks), groups of rats were fed the HFML and HFFO diets containing 0, 250, 500, and 1,000 ppm celecoxib. Rats were killed 26 weeks later and colon tumors were subjected to histopathologic examination and analyzed for total COX and COX-2 synthetic activities and COX-2 expression. Rats fed the HFFO diet showed significantly lower colon tumor incidence and multiplicity compared with rats fed the HFML diet. Celecoxib at 250, 500, and 1,000 ppm in either diet significantly suppressed colon carcinogenesis. Inhibition of colon adenocarcinomas were more pronounced in animals given 250 ppm celecoxib in HFFO diet compared with 250 ppm celecoxib given in HFML diet, suggesting some synergism between omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and celecoxib. Inhibition of colon tumors by celecoxib was associated with lower levels of COX-2 activity and expression in colon tumors. These studies support the use of low doses of celecoxib in omega-3 PUFA-rich diet as a promising approach for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandaru S Reddy
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
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Edwards IJ, Berquin IM, Sun H, O'flaherty JT, Daniel LW, Thomas MJ, Rudel LL, Wykle RL, Chen YQ. Differential effects of delivery of omega-3 fatty acids to human cancer cells by low-density lipoproteins versus albumin. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 10:8275-83. [PMID: 15623603 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids (FA) have been proposed to confer tumor-inhibitory properties. In vivo, dietary FA are delivered to tumor cells by two main routes: low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and albumin complexes. High FA concentration in LDL and up-regulation of LDL receptors in tumor cells suggest that the LDL receptor pathway may be the major route for FA delivery. We compared effects of n-3FA delivered to human cancer cells by LDL and albumin. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN LDL was isolated from plasma of African Green monkeys fed diets enriched in fish oil (n-3 FA) or linoleic acid (n-6FA) and used to deliver FA to MCF-7 and PC3 cancer cells. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, and changes in global gene expression were monitored. RESULTS Both LDL and albumin were effective in delivering FA to tumor cells and modifying the composition of cell phospholipids. The molar ratio of 20:4 (n-6) to 20:5 (n-3) in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine was profoundly decreased. Although cell phospholipids were similarly modified by LDL and albumin-delivered FA, effects on cell proliferation and on transcription were markedly different. LDL-delivered n-3 FA were more effective at inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Expression microarray profiling showed that a significantly higher number of genes were regulated by LDL-delivered than albumin-delivered n-3 FA with little overlap between the two sets of genes. CONCLUSIONS These results show the importance of the LDL receptor pathway in activating molecular mechanisms responsible for the tumor inhibitory properties of n-3FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris J Edwards
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University, School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA.
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Ng Y, Barhoumi R, B.Tjalkens R, Fan YY, Kolar S, Wang N, R.Lupton J, S.Chapkin R. The role of docosahexaenoic acid in mediating mitochondrial membrane lipid oxidation and apoptosis in colonocytes. Carcinogenesis 2005; 26:1914-21. [PMID: 15975958 PMCID: PMC4477626 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) from fish oil, and butyrate, a fiber fermentation product, work coordinately to protect against colon tumorigenesis in part by inducing apoptosis. We have recently demonstrated that dietary DHA is incorporated into mitochondrial membrane phospholipids, thereby enhancing oxidative stress induced by butyrate metabolism. In order to elucidate the subcellular origin of oxidation induced by DHA and butyrate, immortalized young adult mouse colonocytes were treated with 0-200 microM DHA or linoleic acid (LA, 18:2 n-6; control) for 72 h with or without 5 mM butyrate for the final 24 h. Cytosolic reactive oxygen species, membrane lipid oxidation, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MP), were measured by live-cell fluorescence microscopy. After 24 h of butyrate treatment, DHA primed cells exhibited a 151% increase in lipid oxidation (P < 0.01), compared with no butyrate treatment, which could be blocked by a mitochondria-specific antioxidant, 10-(6'-ubiquinoyl) decyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (MitoQ) (P < 0.05). Butyrate treatment of LA pretreated cells did not show any significant effect. In the absence of butyrate, DHA treatment, compared with LA, increased resting MP by 120% (P < 0.01). In addition, butyrate-induced mitochondrial membrane potential (MP), dissipation was 21% greater in DHA primed cells as compared with LA at 6 h. This effect was reversed by preincubation with inhibitors of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, cyclosporin A or bongkrekic acid (1 microM). The functional importance of these events is supported by the demonstration that DHA and butyrate-induced apoptosis is blocked by MitoQ. These data indicate that DHA and butyrate potentiate mitochondrial lipid oxidation and the dissipation of MP which contribute to the induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeevoon Ng
- Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Rola Barhoumi
- Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ronald B.Tjalkens
- Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Faculty of Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Integrated Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Yang-Yi Fan
- Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Satya Kolar
- Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Naisyin Wang
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Joanne R.Lupton
- Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Robert S.Chapkin
- Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Faculty of Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Integrated Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +979 845 0448; Fax: +979 862 2662;
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Davidson LA, Nguyen DV, Hokanson RM, Callaway ES, Isett RB, Turner ND, Dougherty ER, Wang N, Lupton JR, Carroll RJ, Chapkin RS. Chemopreventive n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reprogram genetic signatures during colon cancer initiation and progression in the rat. Cancer Res 2004; 64:6797-804. [PMID: 15374999 PMCID: PMC4459750 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-1068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) decrease colon tumor formation have not been fully elucidated. Examination of genes up- or down-regulated at various stages of tumor development via the monitoring of gene expression relationships will help to determine the biological processes ultimately responsible for the protective effects of n-3 PUFA. Therefore, using a 3 x 2 x 2 factorial design, we used Codelink DNA microarrays containing approximately 9000 genes to help decipher the global changes in colonocyte gene expression profiles in carcinogen-injected Sprague Dawley rats. Animals were assigned to three dietary treatments differing only in the type of fat (corn oil/n-6 PUFA, fish oil/n-3 PUFA, or olive oil/n-9 monounsaturated fatty acid), two treatments (injection with the carcinogen azoxymethane or with saline), and two time points (12 hours and 10 weeks after first injection). Only the consumption of n-3 PUFA exerted a protective effect at the initiation (DNA adduct formation) and promotional (aberrant crypt foci) stages. Importantly, microarray analysis of colonocyte gene expression profiles discerned fundamental differences among animals treated with n-3 PUFA at both the 12 hours and 10-week time points. Thus, in addition to demonstrating that dietary fat composition alters the molecular portrait of gene expression profiles in the colonic epithelium at both the initiation and promotional stages of tumor development, these findings indicate that the chemopreventive effect of fish oil is due to the direct action of n-3 PUFA and not to a reduction in the content of n-6 PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie A. Davidson
- Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
- Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Danh V. Nguyen
- Division of Biostatistics, University of California School of Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Regina M. Hokanson
- Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | | | - Robert B. Isett
- Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Nancy D. Turner
- Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
- Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Edward R. Dougherty
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Naisyin Wang
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Joanne R. Lupton
- Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
- Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Raymond J. Carroll
- Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Robert S. Chapkin
- Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
- Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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37
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Ding WQ, Vaught JL, Yamauchi H, Lind SE. Differential sensitivity of cancer cells to docosahexaenoic acid–induced cytotoxicity: The potential importance of down-regulation of superoxide dismutase 1 expression. Mol Cancer Ther 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.1109.3.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3), a polyunsaturated fatty acid found in fish oil, exerts cytotoxic effects on cancer cells. Although DHA was toxic toward five human cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, SiHa, Raji, and DHL-4), the lines were not uniformly sensitive. DHL-4, a bcl-2 overexpressing lymphoid line, was the most sensitive (IC50, 5.2 μmol/L) and the cervical cancer cell line, SiHa, was the most resistant (IC50, >300 μmol/L). Lipid peroxidation has been cited by others as an important component of DHA toxicity, and we confirmed that vitamin E prevents the cytotoxic effects of DHA. Lipid peroxidation was greater following DHA treatment of the sensitive DHL-4 cells than in the resistant SiHa cells, as assessed by thiobarbituric acid reactive substance generation. DHL-4 cells treated with DHA for 20 hours showed a 3.5-fold increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, whereas SiHa cells showed no increase. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis detected a down-regulation of the expression of the major antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1, in DHL-4 cells but not in SiHa cells after DHA treatment. Knockdown of SOD1 expression in SiHa cells with small interfering RNA significantly enhanced lipid peroxidation and cytotoxicity on exposure to DHA. These results show that DHL-4 cells are highly sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of DHA and that regulation of SOD1 expression may play an important role in determining the sensitivity of different tumor cells to the cytotoxic effects of DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Qun Ding
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Joshua L. Vaught
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Hanako Yamauchi
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Stuart E. Lind
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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38
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Narayanan BA, Narayanan NK, Desai D, Pittman B, Reddy BS. Effects of a combination of docosahexaenoic acid and 1,4-phenylene bis(methylene) selenocyanate on cyclooxygenase 2, inducible nitric oxide synthase and beta-catenin pathways in colon cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2004; 25:2443-9. [PMID: 15297372 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgh252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and preclinical studies suggest that diets that are rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and selenium (Se) reduce the risk of colon cancer. Studies conducted in our laboratory have indicated that synthetic organoselenium 1,4-phenylene bis(methylene) selenocyanate (p-XSC) is less toxic and more effective than inorganic Se and selenomethionine, the major Se compound in natural selenium yeast. Through cDNA microarray analysis, we have demonstrated earlier that the n-3 PUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), modulated more than one signaling pathway by altering several genes involved in colon cancer growth. There is increasing interest in the use of combinations of low doses of chemopreventive agents that differ in their specific modes of action as this approach can minimize toxicity and increase efficacy in model assays. In the present study we assessed the efficacy of DHA and p-XSC individually and in combination at low doses in CaCo-2 colon cancer cells, using cell growth inhibition and apoptosis as measures of chemopreventive efficacy. On the basis of western blot and RT-PCR analysis, we also determined the effects of DHA and p-XSC on the levels of expression of cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclin D1, beta-catenin and nuclear factor kappaB, all of which presumably participate in colon carcinogenesis. A 48 h incubation of CaCo-2 cells with 5 microM each DHA or p-XSC induced cell growth inhibition and apoptosis and altered the expression of the above molecular parameters. Interestingly, the modulation of these cellular and molecular parameters was more pronounced in cells treated with low doses of DHA and p-XSC (2.5 microM each) in combination than in cells treated with these agents individually at higher concentrations (5.0 microM each). These findings are viewed as highly significant since they will provide the basis for the development of combinations of low dose regimens of DHA and p-XSC in preclinical models against colon carcinogenesis and, ultimately, in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagavathi A Narayanan
- Chemoprevention and Nutritional Carcinogenesis Program, Institute for Cancer Prevention Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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39
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Siddiqui RA, Jenski LJ, Harvey KA, Wiesehan JD, Stillwell W, Zaloga GP. Cell-cycle arrest in Jurkat leukaemic cells: a possible role for docosahexaenoic acid. Biochem J 2003; 371:621-9. [PMID: 12492401 PMCID: PMC1223278 DOI: 10.1042/bj20021667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2002] [Revised: 12/11/2002] [Accepted: 12/19/2002] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is known to have anti-cancer activities by mechanisms that are not well understood. In the present study, we test one possible pathway for DHA action in Jurkat leukaemic cells. Low doses of DHA (10 microM) are shown to induce cell-cycle arrest, whereas higher doses are cytotoxic. However, when cells that were pre-treated with 10 microM DHA are given an additional 10 microM DHA dose, cell viability rapidly decreases. Immunoblotting reveals that repeated low doses of DHA results in activation of caspase 3, implying induction of apoptosis. DHA (10 microM) is shown to increase ceramide levels after 6 h of incubation and, after 24 h, the cells appear to be arrested in S phase. With DHA, the amount of phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein (pRb) decreases significantly. Western blot analysis also shows that DHA greatly reduces the level of cyclin A, while increasing the level of p21 WAF1, a cellular inhibitor of cyclin A/cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (cdk2) activity. Furthermore, the observed DHA-induced doubling of the ratio of hypophosphorylated pRb (hypo-pRb) to total pRb is inhibited by tautomycin and phosphatidic acid (PA), known inhibitors of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), and by the PP2 inhibitor okadaic acid. The present study demonstrates one possible connected pathway for DHA action. By this pathway, low doses of DHA increase ceramide levels, which leads to inhibition of cdk2 activity and stimulation of PP1 and PP2A. The net effect of cdk2 inhibition and protein phosphatase activation is an inhibition of pRb phosphorylation, consequently arresting Jurkat cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafat A Siddiqui
- Cellular Biochemistry Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute, Clarian Health Partners, 1701 N. Senate Boulevard, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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40
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Reddy BS. Types and amount of dietary fat and colon cancer risk: Prevention by omega-3 fatty acid-rich diets. Environ Health Prev Med 2002; 7:95-102. [PMID: 21432290 PMCID: PMC2723490 DOI: 10.1265/ehpm.2002.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2002] [Accepted: 04/22/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the second most common malignancy in the Western world including the United Sates. In recent years there is a strong upward trend in colon cancer risk in Japan mainly due to Americanization of Japanese food habits. Several epidemiological studies point to a strong association between nutrient composition of the diet and cancer of the colon. The role of types of dietary fat, especially saturated fats of animal origin, n-6- and n-3-rich polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the etiology of colorectal cancer has become increasingly apparent. Epidemiological studies indicate a positive association between the dietary intake of saturated fat and/or animal fat and colon cancer risk and an inverse relationship between the intake of fish and fish oil rich in n-3 PUFAs and colon cancer development. Although the evidence from case-control studies and international correlational studies is not totally consistent, these inconsistencies may have arisen, at least in part, from methodological limitations. Animal, model studies have unequivocally provided evidence that the colon tumor-promoting effect of dietary fat depends on its fatty acid composition and that high dietary n-3 PUFAs lacks colon tumor-promoting effect, as compared to diets high in n-6 PUFAs or saturated fats. Diets rich in n-3 PUFAs inhibit colon carcinogenesis through the modulation of colonicras-p21, cyclooxygenase-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase activities and apoptosis. Gene expression analysis using DNA microarrays indicates that n-3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid activates cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors such as p21, p27, p57 and p19 and inactivates antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family of genes, and prostagland in family of genes. These results suggest that decreasing the intake of n-6 PUFAs and saturated fats and increasing that of n-3 PUFAs, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid has the potential to be a major component of colon cancer control.
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