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Szyposzynska A, Bielawska-Pohl A, Paprocka M, Bar J, Murawski M, Klimczak A. Comparative Analysis of Primary Ovarian Cancer Cells and Established Cell Lines as a New Tool for Studies on Ovarian Cancer Cell Complexity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5384. [PMID: 38791431 PMCID: PMC11121816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary cancer cells reflect the genetic background and phenotype of a tumor. Immortalized cells with higher proliferation activity have an advantage over primary cells. The aim of the study was to immortalize the primary ovarian cancer (OvCa) cells using the plasmid-carrying human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene and compare their phenotype and biological activity with the primary cells. The primary OvCa3 A and OvCa7 A cells were isolated from the ascitic fluid of two high-grade serous ovarian cancer patients and were characterized using immunocytochemical methods, flow cytometry, real-time RT-PCR, Western blot, metabolic activity, and migratory potential. Both immortalized ovarian cancer cell lines mirrored the phenotype of primary cancer cells, albeit with modifications. The OvCa3 A hTERT cells kept the mesenchymal stem cell phenotype of CD73/CD90/CD105-positivity and were CD133-negative, whereas the cell population of OvCa7 A hTERT lost CD73 expression, but almost 90% of cells expressed the CD133 characteristic for the CSCs phenotype. Immortalized OvCa cells differed in gene expression level with respect to Sox2 and Oct4, which was associated with stemness properties. The OvCa7 A hTERT cells showed higher metabolic and migratory activity and ALDH1 expression than the corresponding primary OvCa cells. Both primary and immortalized cell lines were able to form spheroids. The newly established unique immortalized cell line OvCa7 A hTERT, with the characteristic of a serous ovarian cancer malignancy feature, and with the accumulation of the p53, Pax8, and overexpression of the CD133 and CD44 molecules, may be a useful tool for research on therapeutic approaches, especially those targeting CSCs in ovarian cancer and in preclinical 2D and 3D models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Szyposzynska
- Laboratory of Biology of Stem and Neoplastic Cells, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.S.); (A.B.-P.)
| | - Aleksandra Bielawska-Pohl
- Laboratory of Biology of Stem and Neoplastic Cells, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.S.); (A.B.-P.)
| | - Maria Paprocka
- Laboratory of Biology of Stem and Neoplastic Cells, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.S.); (A.B.-P.)
| | - Julia Bar
- Department of Immunopathology and Molecular Biology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Marek Murawski
- 1st Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-599 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Klimczak
- Laboratory of Biology of Stem and Neoplastic Cells, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.S.); (A.B.-P.)
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2
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Kwon JE, Jang Y, Yun BS, Kang S, Kim YH, Kim BG, Cho NH. MET overexpression in ovarian cancer via CD24-induced downregulation of miR-181a: A signalling for cellular quiescence-like state and chemoresistance in ovarian CSCs. Cell Prolif 2024; 57:e13582. [PMID: 38030594 PMCID: PMC11056702 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased expression of CD24 and MET, markers for cancer stem-like cells (CSCs), are each associated with ovarian cancer severity. However, whether CD24 and MET are co-expressed in ovarian CSCs and, if so, how they are related to CSC phenotype manifestation remains unknown. Our immunohistochemistry analysis showed that the co-expression of CD24 and MET was associated with poorer patient survival in ovarian cancer than those without. In addition, analyses using KM plotter and ROC plotter presented that the overexpression of CD24 or MET in ovarian cancer patients was associated with resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy. In our miRNA transcriptome and putative target genes analyses, miR-181a was downregulated in CD24-high ovarian cancer cells compared to CD24-low and predicted to bind to CD24 and MET 3'UTRs. In OV90 and SK-OV-3 cells, CD24 downregulated miR-181a expression by Src-mediated YY1 activation, leading to increased expression of MET. And, CD24 or MET knockdown or miR-181a overexpression inhibited the manifestation of CSC phenotypes, cellular quiescence-like state and chemoresistance, in OV90 and SK-OV-3 cells: increased colony formation, decreased G0/G1 phase cell population and increased sensitivity to Cisplatin and Carboplatin. Our findings suggest that CD24-miR-181a-MET may consist of a signalling route for ovarian CSCs, therefore being a combinatory set of markers and therapeutic targets for ovarian CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Kwon
- Department of PathologyAjou University School of MedicineSuwonKorea
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical ScienceYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Yeonsue Jang
- Department of PathologyYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Bo Seong Yun
- Department of Gynecology Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHA Gangnam Medical CenterCHA UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Suki Kang
- Department of PathologyYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Yon Hee Kim
- Department of PathologySoonchunhyang University HospitalSeoulKorea
| | - Baek Gil Kim
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical ScienceYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Department of PathologyYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Nam Hoon Cho
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical ScienceYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Department of PathologyYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute (SBSI)Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
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3
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Mishra AK, Ye T, Banday S, Thakare RP, Su CTT, Pham NNH, Ali A, Kulshreshtha A, Chowdhury SR, Simone TM, Hu K, Zhu LJ, Eisenhaber B, Deibler SK, Simin K, Thompson PR, Kelliher MA, Eisenhaber F, Malonia SK, Green MR. Targeting the GPI transamidase subunit GPAA1 abrogates the CD24 immune checkpoint in ovarian cancer. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114041. [PMID: 38573857 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
CD24 is frequently overexpressed in ovarian cancer and promotes immune evasion by interacting with its receptor Siglec10, present on tumor-associated macrophages, providing a "don't eat me" signal that prevents targeting and phagocytosis by macrophages. Factors promoting CD24 expression could represent novel immunotherapeutic targets for ovarian cancer. Here, using a genome-wide CRISPR knockout screen, we identify GPAA1 (glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor attachment 1), a factor that catalyzes the attachment of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) lipid anchor to substrate proteins, as a positive regulator of CD24 cell surface expression. Genetic ablation of GPAA1 abolishes CD24 cell surface expression, enhances macrophage-mediated phagocytosis, and inhibits ovarian tumor growth in mice. GPAA1 shares structural similarities with aminopeptidases. Consequently, we show that bestatin, a clinically advanced aminopeptidase inhibitor, binds to GPAA1 and blocks GPI attachment, resulting in reduced CD24 cell surface expression, increased macrophage-mediated phagocytosis, and suppressed growth of ovarian tumors. Our study highlights the potential of targeting GPAA1 as an immunotherapeutic approach for CD24+ ovarian cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok K Mishra
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Tianyi Ye
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Shahid Banday
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ritesh P Thakare
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Chinh Tran-To Su
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A(∗)STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, Matrix, #07-01, Singapore 138671, Singapore
| | - Ngoc N H Pham
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Amjad Ali
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ankur Kulshreshtha
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Shreya Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Tessa M Simone
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Kai Hu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Lihua Julie Zhu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Program in Molecular Medicine and Department of Genomics and Computational Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Birgit Eisenhaber
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A(∗)STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, Matrix, #07-01, Singapore 138671, Singapore; Lausitz Advanced Scientific Applications (LASA) gGmbH, Straße der Einheit 2-24, 02943 Weißwasser, Germany
| | - Sara K Deibler
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Karl Simin
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Michelle A Kelliher
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Frank Eisenhaber
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A(∗)STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, Matrix, #07-01, Singapore 138671, Singapore; Lausitz Advanced Scientific Applications (LASA) gGmbH, Straße der Einheit 2-24, 02943 Weißwasser, Germany; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Sunil K Malonia
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Michael R Green
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Zhang W, Liu M, Li W, Song Y. Immune cells in the B-cell lymphoma microenvironment: From basic research to clinical applications. Chin Med J (Engl) 2024; 137:776-790. [PMID: 38269619 PMCID: PMC10997228 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT B-cell lymphoma is a group of hematological malignancies characterized by variable genetic and biological features and clinical behaviors. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex network in tumors, which consists of surrounding blood vessels, extracellular matrix, immune and non-immune cells, and signaling molecules. Increasing evidence has shown that the TME, especially immune cells within, is a double-edged sword, acting either as a tumor killer or as a promoter of tumor progression. These pro-tumor activities are driven by subpopulations of immune cells that express typical markers but have unique transcriptional characteristics, making tumor-associated immune cells good targets for human anti-cancer therapy by ablating immunosuppressive cells or enhancing immune-activated cells. Thus, exploring the role of immune cells in the TME provides distinct insights for immunotherapy in B-cell lymphoma. In this review, we elucidated the interaction between immune cells and tumor cells and their function in the initiation, progression, and prognosis of B-cell lymphoma, from preclinical experiments to clinical trials. Furthermore, we outlined potential therapeutic approaches and discussed the potential clinical value and future perspectives of targeting immune cells in patients with B-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
- Department of Hematology, Henan Provincial Hematology Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
- Department of Research and Foreign Affairs, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
- Department of Hematology, Henan Provincial Hematology Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Yongping Song
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
- Department of Hematology, Henan Provincial Hematology Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
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Kaur S, Reginauld B, Razjooyan S, Phi T, Singh SP, Meyer TJ, Cam MC, Roberts DD. Effects of a humanized CD47 antibody and recombinant SIRPα proteins on triple negative breast carcinoma stem cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1356421. [PMID: 38495618 PMCID: PMC10940465 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1356421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Signal regulatory protein-α (SIRPα, SHPS-1, CD172a) expressed on myeloid cells transmits inhibitory signals when it engages its counter-receptor CD47 on an adjacent cell. Elevated CD47 expression on some cancer cells thereby serves as an innate immune checkpoint that limits phagocytic clearance of tumor cells by macrophages and antigen presentation to T cells. Antibodies and recombinant SIRPα constructs that block the CD47-SIRPα interaction on macrophages exhibit anti-tumor activities in mouse models and are in ongoing clinical trials for treating several human cancers. Based on prior evidence that engaging SIRPα can also alter CD47 signaling in some nonmalignant cells, we compared direct effects of recombinant SIRPα-Fc and a humanized CD47 antibody that inhibits CD47-SIRPα interaction (CC-90002) on CD47 signaling in cancer stem cells derived from the MDA-MB- 231 triple-negative breast carcinoma cell line. Treatment with SIRPα-Fc significantly increased the formation of mammospheres by breast cancer stem cells as compared to CC-90002 treatment or controls. Furthermore, SIRPα-Fc treatment upregulated mRNA and protein expression of ALDH1 and altered the expression of genes involved in epithelial/mesenchymal transition pathways that are associated with a poor prognosis and enhanced metastatic activity. This indicates that SIRPα-Fc has CD47-mediated agonist activities in breast cancer stem cells affecting proliferation and metastasis pathways that differ from those of CC-90002. This SIRPα-induced CD47 signaling in breast carcinoma cells may limit the efficacy of SIRPα decoy therapeutics intended to stimulate innate antitumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhbir Kaur
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Bianca Reginauld
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sam Razjooyan
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Trung Phi
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Satya P. Singh
- Inflammation Biology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Thomas J. Meyer
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics, Resource, Office of Science and Technology Resources, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Margaret C. Cam
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics, Resource, Office of Science and Technology Resources, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - David D. Roberts
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Huang S, Zhang X, Wei Y, Xiao Y. Checkpoint CD24 function on tumor and immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1367959. [PMID: 38487533 PMCID: PMC10937401 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1367959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
CD24 is a protein found on the surface of cells that plays a crucial role in the proliferation, invasion, and spread of cancer cells. It adheres to cell membranes through glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) and is associated with the prognosis and survival rate of cancer patients. CD24 interacts with the inhibitory receptor Siglec-10 that is present on immune cells like natural killer cells and macrophages, leading to the inhibition of natural killer cell cytotoxicity and macrophage-mediated phagocytosis. This interaction helps tumor cells escape immune detection and attack. Although the use of CD24 as a immune checkpoint receptor target for cancer immunotherapy is still in its early stages, clinical trials have shown promising results. Monoclonal antibodies targeting CD24 have been found to be well-tolerated and safe. Other preclinical studies are exploring the use of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, antibody-drug conjugates, and gene therapy to target CD24 and enhance the immune response against tumors. In summary, this review focuses on the role of CD24 in the immune system and provides evidence for CD24 as a promising immune checkpoint for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiming Huang
- Department of Radiology, First Medical Center, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Characteristic Medical Center of the Chinese People’s Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Department of Radiology, First Medical Center, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yingtian Wei
- Department of Radiology, First Medical Center, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yueyong Xiao
- Department of Radiology, First Medical Center, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Alam S, Giri PK. Novel players in the development of chemoresistance in ovarian cancer: ovarian cancer stem cells, non-coding RNA and nuclear receptors. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2024; 7:6. [PMID: 38434767 PMCID: PMC10905178 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2023.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) ranks as the fifth leading factor for female mortality globally, with a substantial burden of new cases and mortality recorded annually. Survival rates vary significantly based on the stage of diagnosis, with advanced stages posing significant challenges to treatment. OC is primarily categorized as epithelial, constituting approximately 90% of cases, and correct staging is essential for tailored treatment. The debulking followed by chemotherapy is the prevailing treatment, involving platinum-based drugs in combination with taxanes. However, the efficacy of chemotherapy is hindered by the development of chemoresistance, both acquired during treatment (acquired chemoresistance) and intrinsic to the patient (intrinsic chemoresistance). The emergence of chemoresistance leads to increased mortality rates, with many advanced patients experiencing disease relapse shortly after initial treatment. This review delves into the multifactorial nature of chemoresistance in OC, addressing mechanisms involving transport systems, apoptosis, DNA repair, and ovarian cancer stem cells (OCSCs). While previous research has identified genes associated with these mechanisms, the regulatory roles of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) and nuclear receptors in modulating gene expression to confer chemoresistance have remained poorly understood and underexplored. This comprehensive review aims to shed light on the genes linked to different chemoresistance mechanisms in OC and their intricate regulation by ncRNA and nuclear receptors. Specifically, we examine how these molecular players influence the chemoresistance mechanism. By exploring the interplay between these factors and gene expression regulation, this review seeks to provide a comprehensive mechanism driving chemoresistance in OC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pankaj Kumar Giri
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi 110068, India
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Jang Y, Kang S, Han HH, Kim BG, Cho NH. CD24 induced cellular quiescence-like state and chemoresistance in ovarian cancer cells via miR-130a/301a-dependent CDK19 downregulation. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:81. [PMID: 38360723 PMCID: PMC10869724 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01858-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem-like cell (CSC) is thought to be responsible for ovarian cancer recurrence. CD24 serves as a CSC marker for ovarian cancer and regulates the expression of miRNAs, which are regulators of CSC phenotypes. Therefore, CD24-regulated miRNAs may play roles in manifesting the CSC phenotypes in ovarian cancer cells. Our miRNA transcriptome analysis showed that 94 miRNAs were up or down-regulated in a CD24-high clone from an ovarian cancer patient compared to a CD24-low one. The CD24-dependent expression trend of the top 7 upregulated miRNAs (miR-199a-3p, 34c, 199a-5p, 130a, 301a, 214, 34b*) was confirmed in other 8 clones (4 clones for each group). CD24 overexpression upregulated the expression of miR-199a-3p, 34c, 199a-5p, 130a, 301a, 214, and 34b* in TOV112D (CD24-low) cells compared to the control, while CD24 knockdown downregulated the expression of miR-199a-3p, 199a-5p, 130a, 301a, and 34b* in OV90 (CD24-high) cells. miR-130a and 301a targeted CDK19, which induced a cellular quiescence-like state (increased G0/G1 phase cell population, decreased cell proliferation, decreased colony formation, and decreased RNA synthesis) and resistance to platinum-based chemotherapeutic agents. CD24 regulated the expression of miR-130a and 301a via STAT4 and YY1 phosphorylation mediated by Src and FAK. miR-130a and 301a were positively correlated in expression with CD24 in ovarian cancer patient tissues and negatively correlated with CDK19. Our results showed that CD24 expression may induce a cellular quiescence-like state and resistance to platinum-based chemotherapeutic agents in ovarian cancer via miR-130a and 301a upregulation. CD24-miR-130a/301a-CDK19 signaling axis could be a prognostic marker for or a potential therapeutic target against ovarian cancer recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonsue Jang
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suki Kang
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ho Han
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Urology, Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Baek Gil Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nam Hoon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute (SBSI), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Feharsal Y, Andrijono A, Singoprawiro CS, Lisnawati L, Pakasi TA, Putra AD, Kusuma F, Anggraeni TD, Erlina E, Sarwanti S, Mardhiyah T. Role of CD44 and CD24 Expression on 2-years Disease Free Survival in Patients with Advanced Epithelial Ovarian Carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2024; 25:513-519. [PMID: 38415537 PMCID: PMC11077116 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2024.25.2.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ovarian cancer is one of the most common cancers with a high mortality rate worldwide. Despite optimal surgical therapy and chemotherapy, recurrence is still common. Cancer stem cells expressing CD44 and CD24 are thought to be contributing factors in recurrence. METHODS A cohort retrospective study with survival analysis was carried out on advanced ovarian cancer patients who underwent optimal debulking surgery followed by 6 cycles of chemotherapy at Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital and Fatmawati General Hospital from January 2019 to March 2023. Immunohistochemical examination was performed on tumor tissue with CD44 and CD24 expression were assessed using the H-Score method then determined the cut off-point expression level using the ROC curve. Furthermore, the relationship between these expression levels with the disease-free survival was assessed using the survival curve. RESULTS There were 48 subjects who were included in the study. There were high expression levels of CD44 in 47.9% and CD24 in 50% of cases. High CD44 expression had mean and median survival of 13.2 ± 1.8 and 11 months (HR 5.05, 95% CI 1.84- 13.85). High CD24 expression had mean and median survival of 13.5 ± 2.4 and 7 months (HR 7.73, 95% CI 2.58 - 23.15). The combination of the two high expressions had mean and median survival of 10.44 ± 1.88 and 7 months. CONCLUSION High expression of CD44 and CD24 will shorten the disease-free survival of patients with advanced ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Feharsal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fatmawati Central General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Andr Andrijono
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | | | - Lisnawati Lisnawati
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | | | - Andi Darma Putra
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Fitriyadi Kusuma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Tricia Dewi Anggraeni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Erlina Erlina
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Fatmawati Central General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Sarwanti Sarwanti
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Fatmawati Central General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Tha’atam Mardhiyah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.
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Frąszczak K, Barczyński B. The Role of Cancer Stem Cell Markers in Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:40. [PMID: 38201468 PMCID: PMC10778113 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynaecological cancer and the eighth most common female cancer. The early diagnosis of ovarian cancer remains a clinical problem despite the significant development of technology. Nearly 70% of patients with ovarian cancer are diagnosed with stages III-IV metastatic disease. Reliable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers are currently lacking. Ovarian cancer recurrence and resistance to chemotherapy pose vital problems and translate into poor outcomes. Cancer stem cells appear to be responsible for tumour recurrence resulting from chemotherapeutic resistance. These cells are also crucial for tumour initiation due to the ability to self-renew, differentiate, avoid immune destruction, and promote inflammation and angiogenesis. Studies have confirmed an association between CSC occurrence and resistance to chemotherapy, subsequent metastases, and cancer relapses. Therefore, the elimination of CSCs appears important for overcoming drug resistance and improving prognoses. This review focuses on the expression of selected ovarian CSC markers, including CD133, CD44, CD24, CD117, and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1, which show potential prognostic significance. Some markers expressed on the surface of CSCs correlate with clinical features and can be used for the diagnosis and prognosis of ovarian cancer. However, due to the heterogeneity and plasticity of CSCs, the determination of specific CSC phenotypes is difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bartłomiej Barczyński
- 1st Chair and Department of Oncological Gynaecology and Gynaecology, Medical University in Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland;
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11
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Wang J, Ford JC, Mitra AK. Defining the Role of Metastasis-Initiating Cells in Promoting Carcinogenesis in Ovarian Cancer. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1492. [PMID: 38132318 PMCID: PMC10740540 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecological malignancy with a high prevalence of transcoelomic metastasis. Metastasis is a multi-step process and only a small percentage of cancer cells, metastasis-initiating cells (MICs), have the capacity to finally establish metastatic lesions. These MICs maintain a certain level of stemness that allows them to differentiate into other cell types with distinct transcriptomic profiles and swiftly adapt to external stresses. Furthermore, they can coordinate with the microenvironment, through reciprocal interactions, to invade and establish metastases. Therefore, identifying, characterizing, and targeting MICs is a promising strategy to counter the spread of ovarian cancer. In this review, we provided an overview of OC MICs in the context of characterization, identification through cell surface markers, and their interactions with the metastatic niche to promote metastatic colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wang
- Indiana University School of Medicine-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (J.W.); (J.C.F.)
- Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - James C. Ford
- Indiana University School of Medicine-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (J.W.); (J.C.F.)
| | - Anirban K. Mitra
- Indiana University School of Medicine-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (J.W.); (J.C.F.)
- Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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12
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Yang Y, Zhu G, Yang L, Yang Y. Targeting CD24 as a novel immunotherapy for solid cancers. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:312. [PMID: 37919766 PMCID: PMC10623753 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01315-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 24 (CD24), a mucin-like highly glycosylated molecule has been extensively studied as a cancer stem cell marker in a variety of solid cancers. The functional role of CD24 is either fulfilled by combining with ligands or participating in signal transduction, which mediate the initiation and progression of neoplasms. Recently, CD24 was also described as an innate immune checkpoint with apparent significance in several types of solid cancers. Herein, we review the current understanding of the molecular fundamentals of CD24, the role of CD24 in tumorigenesis and cancer progression, the possibility as a promising therapeutic target and summarized different therapeutic agents or strategies targeting CD24 in solid cancers. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Tumor-Targeted Drug Development, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, Henan, China
| | - Guangming Zhu
- Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Taian, Taian 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Endometrial Disease Prevention and Treatment Zhengzhou China, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yun Yang
- Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Tumor-Targeted Drug Development, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, Henan, China.
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13
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Kwon J, Kang J, Jo A, Seo K, An D, Baykan MY, Lee JH, Kim N, Eum HH, Hwang S, Lee JM, Park WY, An HJ, Lee HO, Park JE, Choi JK. Single-cell mapping of combinatorial target antigens for CAR switches using logic gates. Nat Biotechnol 2023; 41:1593-1605. [PMID: 36797491 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-01686-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Identification of optimal target antigens that distinguish cancer cells from normal surrounding tissue cells remains a key challenge in chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cell therapy for tumors with intratumoral heterogeneity. In this study, we dissected tissue complexity to the level of individual cells through the construction of a single-cell expression atlas that integrates ~1.4 million tumor, tumor-infiltrating normal and reference normal cells from 412 tumors and 12 normal organs. We used a two-step screening method using random forest and convolutional neural networks to select gene pairs that contribute most to discrimination between individual malignant and normal cells. Tumor coverage and specificity are evaluated for the AND, OR and NOT logic gates based on the combinatorial expression pattern of the pairing genes across individual single cells. Single-cell transcriptome-coupled epitope profiling validates the AND, OR and NOT switch targets identified in ovarian cancer and colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonha Kwon
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Kang
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Areum Jo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kayoung Seo
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyeon An
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mert Yakup Baykan
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyeong Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Hyeon Eum
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohyun Hwang
- Department of Pathology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Pocheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Min Lee
- CHA Advanced Research Institute, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Yang Park
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jung An
- Department of Pathology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hae-Ock Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Eun Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung Kyoon Choi
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- Penta Medix Co., Ltd., Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Moon SY, Han M, Ryu G, Shin SA, Lee JH, Lee CS. Emerging Immune Checkpoint Molecules on Cancer Cells: CD24 and CD200. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15072. [PMID: 37894750 PMCID: PMC10606340 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy strategies are based on the utilization of immune checkpoint inhibitors to instigate an antitumor immune response. The efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade, directed at adaptive immune checkpoints, has been demonstrated in select cancer types. However, only a limited subset of patients has exhibited definitive outcomes characterized by a sustained response after discontinuation of therapy. Recent investigations have highlighted the significance of immune checkpoint molecules that are overexpressed in cancer cells and inhibit myeloid lineage immune cells within a tumor microenvironment. These checkpoints are identified as potential targets for anticancer immune responses. Notably, the immune checkpoint molecules CD24 and CD200 have garnered attention owing to their involvement in tumor immune evasion. CD24 and CD200 are overexpressed across diverse cancer types and serve as signaling checkpoints by engaging their respective receptors, Siglec-10 and CD200 receptor, which are expressed on tumor-associated myeloid cells. In this review, we summarized and discussed the latest advancements and insights into CD24 and CD200 as emergent immune checkpoint moieties, further delving into their therapeutic potentials for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Moon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.M.); (M.H.); (G.R.); (S.-A.S.)
| | - Minjoo Han
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.M.); (M.H.); (G.R.); (S.-A.S.)
| | - Gyoungah Ryu
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.M.); (M.H.); (G.R.); (S.-A.S.)
| | - Seong-Ah Shin
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.M.); (M.H.); (G.R.); (S.-A.S.)
| | - Jun Hyuck Lee
- Research Unit of Cryogenic Novel Material, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Sup Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.M.); (M.H.); (G.R.); (S.-A.S.)
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15
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Kobayashi K, Takemura RD, Miyamae J, Mitsui I, Murakami K, Kutara K, Saeki K, Kanda T, Okamura Y, Sugiyama A. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of novel pulmonary adenocarcinoma cell lines established from a dog. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16823. [PMID: 37798461 PMCID: PMC10556002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44062-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (PAC) resembles human lung tumors in never-smokers, but it is rarer than human pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Therefore, research on canine PAC is challenging. In the present study, we successfully established various novel canine PAC cell lines from a single lesion in a dog, including two parent cell lines and fourteen cloned cell lines, and characterized their cellular properties in vitro. Several of these cell lines showed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like and/or cancer stem cell (CSCs)-like phenotypes. We additionally assessed the sensitivity of the cells to vinorelbine in vitro. Three clonal lines, two of which showed EMT- and CSC-like phenotypes, were resistant to vinorelbine. Furthermore, we evaluated the expression and activation status of EGFR, HER2, and Ras signaling factors. The findings indicated that the cell lines we established preserved the expression and activation of these factors to varying extents. These novel canine PAC cell lines can be utilized in future research for understanding the pathogenesis and development of treatments for canine PAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Kobayashi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ikoino-oka 1-3, Imabari Ehime, Japan.
| | - Reika Deja Takemura
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ikoino-oka 1-3, Imabari Ehime, Japan
| | - Jiro Miyamae
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ikoino-oka 1-3, Imabari Ehime, Japan
| | - Ikki Mitsui
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ikoino-oka 1-3, Imabari Ehime, Japan
| | - Kohei Murakami
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ikoino-oka 1-3, Imabari Ehime, Japan
| | - Kenji Kutara
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ikoino-oka 1-3, Imabari Ehime, Japan
| | - Kohei Saeki
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ikoino-oka 1-3, Imabari Ehime, Japan
| | - Teppei Kanda
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ikoino-oka 1-3, Imabari Ehime, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Okamura
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ikoino-oka 1-3, Imabari Ehime, Japan
| | - Akihiko Sugiyama
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ikoino-oka 1-3, Imabari Ehime, Japan
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16
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Jo A, Green A, Medina JE, Iyer S, Ohman AW, McCarthy ET, Reinhardt F, Gerton T, Demehin D, Mishra R, Kolin DL, Zheng H, Cheon J, Crum CP, Weinberg RA, Rueda BR, Castro CM, Dinulescu DM, Lee H. Inaugurating High-Throughput Profiling of Extracellular Vesicles for Earlier Ovarian Cancer Detection. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301930. [PMID: 37485618 PMCID: PMC10520636 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Detecting early cancer through liquid biopsy is challenging due to the lack of specific biomarkers for early lesions and potentially low levels of these markers. The current study systematically develops an extracellular-vesicle (EV)-based test for early detection, specifically focusing on high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC). The marker selection is based on emerging insights into HGSOC pathogenesis, notably that it arises from precursor lesions within the fallopian tube. This work thus establishes murine fallopian tube (mFT) cells with oncogenic mutations and performs proteomic analyses on mFT-derived EVs. The identified markers are then evaluated with an orthotopic HGSOC animal model. In serially-drawn blood of tumor-bearing mice, mFT-EV markers increase with tumor initiation, supporting their potential use in early cancer detection. A pilot clinical study (n = 51) further narrows EV markers to five candidates, EpCAM, CD24, VCAN, HE4, and TNC. The combined expression of these markers distinguishes HGSOC from non-cancer with 89% sensitivity and 93% specificity. The same markers are also effective in classifying three groups (non-cancer, early-stage HGSOC, and late-stage HGSOC). The developed approach, for the first time inaugurated in fallopian tube-derived EVs, could be a minimally invasive tool to monitor women at high risk of ovarian cancer for timely intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala Jo
- Center for Systems BiologyMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02114USA
- Department of RadiologyMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02114USA
- Center for NanomedicineInstitute for Basic ScienceSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Allen Green
- Division of Women's and Perinatal PathologyDepartment of PathologyBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Jamie E. Medina
- Division of Women's and Perinatal PathologyDepartment of PathologyBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Sonia Iyer
- Whitehead InstituteMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02142USA
| | - Anders W. Ohman
- Division of Women's and Perinatal PathologyDepartment of PathologyBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Eric T. McCarthy
- Division of Women's and Perinatal PathologyDepartment of PathologyBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Ferenc Reinhardt
- Whitehead InstituteMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02142USA
| | - Thomas Gerton
- Division of Women's and Perinatal PathologyDepartment of PathologyBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Daniel Demehin
- Division of Women's and Perinatal PathologyDepartment of PathologyBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Ranjan Mishra
- Whitehead InstituteMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02142USA
| | - David L. Kolin
- Division of Women's and Perinatal PathologyDepartment of PathologyBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Hui Zheng
- Biostatistics CenterMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMA02114USA
| | - Jinwoo Cheon
- Center for NanomedicineInstitute for Basic ScienceSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher P. Crum
- Division of Women's and Perinatal PathologyDepartment of PathologyBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Robert A. Weinberg
- Whitehead InstituteMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02142USA
| | - Bo R. Rueda
- Division of Gynecologic OncologyDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMA02114USA
| | - Cesar M. Castro
- Center for Systems BiologyMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02114USA
- Cancer CenterMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02114USA
| | - Daniela M. Dinulescu
- Division of Women's and Perinatal PathologyDepartment of PathologyBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Hakho Lee
- Center for Systems BiologyMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02114USA
- Department of RadiologyMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02114USA
- Center for NanomedicineInstitute for Basic ScienceSeoul03722Republic of Korea
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Eng ZH, Abdul Aziz A, Ng KL, Mat Junit S. Changes in antioxidant status and DNA repair capacity are corroborated with molecular alterations in malignant thyroid tissue of patients with papillary thyroid cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1237548. [PMID: 37692064 PMCID: PMC10484572 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1237548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) accounts for approximately 80% of all thyroid cancer cases. The mechanism of PTC tumourigenesis is not fully understood, but oxidative imbalance is thought to play a role. To gain further insight, this study evaluated antioxidant status, DNA repair capacity and genetic alterations in individuals diagnosed with benign thyroid lesion in one lobe (BTG) and PTC lesion in another. Methods: Individuals with coexisting BTG and PTC lesions in their thyroid lobes were included in this study. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, ABTS radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant capacity, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities were measured in the thyroid tissue lysate. The expression of selected genes and proteins associated with oxidative stress defence and DNA repair were analysed through quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting. Molecular alterations in genomic DNA were analysed through whole-exome sequencing and the potentially pathogenic driver genes filtered through Cancer-Related Analysis of Variants Toolkit (CRAVAT) analysis were subjected to pathway enrichment analysis using Metascape. Results: Significantly higher ROS level was detected in the PTC compared to the BTG lesions. The PTC lesions had significantly higher expression of GPX1, SOD2 and OGG1 but significantly lower expression of CAT and PRDX1 genes than the BTG lesions. Pathway enrichment analysis identified "regulation of MAPK cascade," "positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade" and "negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process" to be significantly enriched in the PTC lesions only. Four pathogenic genetic variants were identified in the PTC lesions; BRAF V600E, MAP2K7-rs2145142862, BCR-rs372013175 and CD24 NM_001291737.1:p.Gln23fs while MAP3K9 and G6PD were among 11 genes that were mutated in both BTG and PTC lesions. Conclusion: Our findings provided further insight into the connection between oxidative stress, DNA damage, and genetic changes associated with BTG-to-PTC transformation. The increased oxidative DNA damage due to the heightened ROS levels could have heralded the BTG-to-PTC transformation, potentially through mutations in the genes involved in the MAPK signalling pathway and stress-activated MAPK/JNK cascade. Further in-vitro functional analyses and studies involving a larger sample size would need to be carried out to validate the findings from this pilot study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zing Hong Eng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Azlina Abdul Aziz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khoon Leong Ng
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sarni Mat Junit
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Wilczyński JR, Wilczyński M, Paradowska E. "DEPHENCE" system-a novel regimen of therapy that is urgently needed in the high-grade serous ovarian cancer-a focus on anti-cancer stem cell and anti-tumor microenvironment targeted therapies. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1201497. [PMID: 37448521 PMCID: PMC10338102 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1201497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer, especially high-grade serous type, is the most lethal gynecological malignancy. The lack of screening programs and the scarcity of symptomatology result in the late diagnosis in about 75% of affected women. Despite very demanding and aggressive surgical treatment, multiple-line chemotherapy regimens and both approved and clinically tested targeted therapies, the overall survival of patients is still unsatisfactory and disappointing. Research studies have recently brought some more understanding of the molecular diversity of the ovarian cancer, its unique intraperitoneal biology, the role of cancer stem cells, and the complexity of tumor microenvironment. There is a growing body of evidence that individualization of the treatment adjusted to the molecular and biochemical signature of the tumor as well as to the medical status of the patient should replace or supplement the foregoing therapy. In this review, we have proposed the principles of the novel regimen of the therapy that we called the "DEPHENCE" system, and we have extensively discussed the results of the studies focused on the ovarian cancer stem cells, other components of cancer metastatic niche, and, finally, clinical trials targeting these two environments. Through this, we have tried to present the evolving landscape of treatment options and put flesh on the experimental approach to attack the high-grade serous ovarian cancer multidirectionally, corresponding to the "DEPHENCE" system postulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek R Wilczyński
- Department of Gynecological Surgery and Gynecological Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Miłosz Wilczyński
- Department of Gynecological, Endoscopic and Oncological Surgery, Polish Mother's Health Center-Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Surgical and Endoscopic Gynecology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Edyta Paradowska
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
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19
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Englisz A, Smycz-Kubańska M, Mielczarek-Palacz A. Evaluation of the Potential Diagnostic Utility of the Determination of Selected Immunological and Molecular Parameters in Patients with Ovarian Cancer. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13101714. [PMID: 37238197 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13101714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is one of the most serious challenges in modern gynaecological oncology. Due to its non-specific symptoms and the lack of an effective screening procedure to detect the disease at an early stage, ovarian cancer is still marked by a high mortality rate among women. For this reason, a great deal of research is being carried out to find new markers that can be used in the detection of ovarian cancer to improve early diagnosis and survival rates of women with ovarian cancer. Our study focuses on presenting the currently used diagnostic markers and the latest selected immunological and molecular parameters being currently investigated for their potential use in the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Englisz
- The Doctoral School, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Marta Smycz-Kubańska
- Department of Immunology and Serology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Mielczarek-Palacz
- Department of Immunology and Serology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
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20
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Yin Q, Huang X, Yang Q, Lin S, Song Q, Fan W, Li W, Li Z, Gao L. LncRNA model predicts liver cancer drug resistance and validate in vitro experiments. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1174183. [PMID: 37077416 PMCID: PMC10106610 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1174183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients may benefit from chemotherapy, but drug resistance is an important obstacle to favorable prognoses. Overcoming drug resistance is an urgent problem to be solved.Methods: Differential expression analysis was used to identify long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) that differed in chemotherapy-sensitive and chemotherapy-resistant patients. Machine learning algorithms including random forest (RF), lasso regression (LR), and support vector machines (SVMs) were used to identify important chemotherapy-related LncRNAs. A back propagation (BP) network was then used to validate the predictive capacity of important LncRNAs. The molecular functions of hub LncRNAs were investigated via qRT-PCR and cell proliferation assay. Molecular-docking technique was used to explore candidate drug of targets of hub LncRNA in the model.Results: A total of 125 differentially expressed LncRNAs between sensitive and resistant patients. Seventeen important LncRNAs were identified via RF, and seven factors were identified via LR. With respect to SVM, the top 15 LncRNAs of AvgRank were selected. Five merge chemotherapy-related LncRNAs were used to predict chemotherapy resistance with high accuracy. CAHM was a hub LncRNA of model and expression high in sorafenib resistance cell lines. In addition, the results of CCK8 showed that the sensitivity of HepG2-sorafenib cells to sorafenib was significantly lower than that of HepG2; and the sensitivity of HepG2-sorafenib cells transfected with sh-CAHM was significantly higher than that of Sorafenib. In the non-transfection group, the results of clone formation experiments showed that the number of clones formed by HepG2-sorafenib cells treated with sorafenib was significantly more than that of HepG2; after HepG2-sorafenib cells were transfected with sh-CAHM, the number of clones formed by Sorafenib treatment was significantly higher than that of HepG2 cells. The number was significantly less than that of HepG2-s + sh-NC group. Molecular Docking results indicate that Moschus was candidate drug for target protein of CAHM.Conclusion: Five chemotherapy-related LncRNAs could predict drug resistance in HCC with high accuracy, and the hub LncRNA CAHM has potential as a new biomarker for HCC chemotherapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushi Yin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Xiaolong Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Qiuxi Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Shibu Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Qifeng Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Weiqiang Fan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Wang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Zhongyi Li
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lianghui Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
- *Correspondence: Lianghui Gao,
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21
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Twomey JD, Zhang B. Exploring the Role of Hypoxia-Inducible Carbonic Anhydrase IX (CAIX) in Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) of Breast Cancer. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030934. [PMID: 36979915 PMCID: PMC10046014 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the peripheral blood are believed to be the source of metastasis and can be used as a liquid biopsy to monitor cancer progression and therapeutic response. However, it has been challenging to accurately detect CTCs because of their low frequency and the heterogeneity of the population. In this study, we have developed an in vitro model of CTCs by using non-adherent suspension culture. We used this model to study a group of breast cancer cell lines with distinct molecular subtypes (TNBC, HER2+, and ER+/PR+). We found that, when these breast cancer cell lines lost their attachment to the extracellular matrix, they accumulated a subtype of cancer stem cells (CSC) that expressed the surface markers of stem cells (e.g., CD44+CD24-). These stem-like CTCs also showed high expressions of hypoxia-inducible gene products, particularly the hypoxia-inducible carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX). Inhibition of CAIX activity was found to reduce CAIX expression and stem cell phenotypes in the targeted CTCs. Further studies are needed, using CTC samples from breast cancer patients, to determine the role of CAIX in CTC survival, CSC transition, and metastasis. CAIX may be a useful surface marker for the detection of CSCs in the blood, and a potential target for treating metastatic breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne D Twomey
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Baolin Zhang
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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22
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Truxova I, Cibula D, Spisek R, Fucikova J. Targeting tumor-associated macrophages for successful immunotherapy of ovarian carcinoma. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:jitc-2022-005968. [PMID: 36822672 PMCID: PMC9950980 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is among the top five causes of cancer-related death in women, largely reflecting early, prediagnosis dissemination of malignant cells to the peritoneum. Despite improvements in medical therapies, particularly with the implementation of novel drugs targeting homologous recombination deficiency, the survival rates of patients with EOC remain low. Unlike other neoplasms, EOC remains relatively insensitive to immune checkpoint inhibitors, which is correlated with a tumor microenvironment (TME) characterized by poor infiltration by immune cells and active immunosuppression dominated by immune components with tumor-promoting properties, especially tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). In recent years, TAMs have attracted interest as potential therapeutic targets by seeking to reverse the immunosuppression in the TME and enhance the clinical efficacy of immunotherapy. Here, we review the key biological features of TAMs that affect tumor progression and their relevance as potential targets for treating EOC. We especially focus on the therapies that might modulate the recruitment, polarization, survival, and functional properties of TAMs in the TME of EOC that can be harnessed to develop superior combinatorial regimens with immunotherapy for the clinical care of patients with EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Cibula
- Gynecologic Oncology Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio Biotech, Prague, Czech Republic,Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Fucikova
- Sotio Biotech, Prague, Czech Republic .,Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
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23
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Varier L, Sundaram SM, Gamit N, Warrier S. An Overview of Ovarian Cancer: The Role of Cancer Stem Cells in Chemoresistance and a Precision Medicine Approach Targeting the Wnt Pathway with the Antagonist sFRP4. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041275. [PMID: 36831617 PMCID: PMC9954718 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is one of the most prevalent gynecological cancers, having a relatively high fatality rate with a low five-year chance of survival when detected in late stages. The early detection, treatment and prevention of metastasis is pertinent and a pressing research priority as many patients are diagnosed only in stage three of ovarian cancer. Despite surgical interventions, targeted immunotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy, relapses are significantly higher than other cancers, suggesting the dire need to identify the root cause of metastasis and relapse and present more precise therapeutic options. In this review, we first describe types of ovarian cancers, the existing markers and treatment modalities. As ovarian cancer is driven and sustained by an elusive and highly chemoresistant population of cancer stem cells (CSCs), their role and the associated signature markers are exhaustively discussed. Non-invasive diagnostic markers, which can be identified early in the disease using circulating tumor cells (CTCs), are also described. The mechanism of the self-renewal, chemoresistance and metastasis of ovarian CSCs is regulated by the Wnt signaling pathway. Thus, its role in ovarian cancer in promoting stemness and metastasis is delineated. Based on our findings, we propose a novel strategy of Wnt inhibition using a well-known Wnt antagonist, secreted frizzled related protein 4 (sFRP4), wherein short micropeptides derived from the whole protein can be used as powerful inhibitors. The latest approaches to early diagnosis and novel treatment strategies emphasized in this review will help design precision medicine approaches for an effective capture and destruction of highly aggressive ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Varier
- Cuor Stem Cellutions Pvt Ltd., Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore 560 065, India
| | - S. Mohana Sundaram
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular Regeneration, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore 560 065, India
| | - Naisarg Gamit
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular Regeneration, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore 560 065, India
| | - Sudha Warrier
- Cuor Stem Cellutions Pvt Ltd., Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore 560 065, India
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular Regeneration, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore 560 065, India
- Correspondence:
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24
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Jo A, Green A, Medina JE, Iyer S, Ohman AW, McCarthy ET, Reinhardt F, Gerton T, Demehin D, Mishra R, Kolin DL, Zheng H, Crum CP, Weinberg RA, Rueda BR, Castro CM, Dinulescu DM, Lee H. Profiling extracellular vesicles in circulation enables the early detection of ovarian cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.19.524549. [PMID: 36711872 PMCID: PMC9882285 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.19.524549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a heterogeneous group of tumors in both cell type and natural history. While outcomes are generally favorable when detected early, the most common subtype, high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSOC), typically presents at an advanced stage and portends less favorable prognoses. Its aggressive nature has thwarted early detection efforts through conventional detection methods such as serum CA125 and ultrasound screening and thus inspired the investigation of novel biomarkers. Here, we report the systematic development of an extracellular-vesicle (EV)-based test to detect early-stage HGSOC. Our study is based on emerging insights into HGSOC biology, notably that it arises from precursor lesions within the fallopian tube before traveling to ovarian and/or peritoneal surfaces. To identify HGSOC marker candidates, we established murine fallopian tube (mFT) cells with oncogenic mutations in Brca1/2, Tp53 , and Pten genes, and performed proteomic analyses on mFT EVs. The identified markers were then evaluated with an orthotopic HGSOC animal model. In serially-drawn blood samples of tumor-bearing mice, mFT-EV markers increased with tumor initiation, supporting their potential use in early cancer detection. A pilot human clinical study ( n = 51) further narrowed EV markers to five candidates, EpCAM, CD24, VCAN, HE4, and TNC. Combined expression of these markers achieved high OvCa diagnostic accuracy (cancer vs. non-cancer) with a sensitivity of 0.89 and specificity of 0.93. The same five markers were also effective in a three-group classification: non-cancer, early-stage (I & II) HGSOC, and late-stage (III & IV) HGSOC. In particular, they differentiated early-stage HGSOC from the rest with a specificity of 0.91. Minimally invasive and repeatable, this EV-based testing could be a versatile and serial tool for informing patient care and monitoring women at high risk for ovarian cancer.
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25
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Noei-Khesht Masjedi M, Asgari Y, Sadroddiny E. Differential expression analysis in epithelial ovarian cancer using functional genomics and integrated bioinformatics approaches. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2023.101172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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26
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Endometriosis Stem Cells as a Possible Main Target for Carcinogenesis of Endometriosis-Associated Ovarian Cancer (EAOC). Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010111. [PMID: 36612107 PMCID: PMC9817684 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a serious recurrent disease impairing the quality of life and fertility, and being a risk for some histologic types of ovarian cancer defined as endometriosis-associated ovarian cancers (EAOC). The presence of stem cells in the endometriotic foci could account for the proliferative, migrative and angiogenic activity of the lesions. Their phenotype and sources have been described. The similarly disturbed expression of several genes, miRNAs, galectins and chaperones has been observed both in endometriotic lesions and in ovarian or endometrial cancer. The importance of stem cells for nascence and sustain of malignant tumors is commonly appreciated. Although the proposed mechanisms promoting carcinogenesis leading from endometriosis into the EAOC are not completely known, they have been discussed in several articles. However, the role of endometriosis stem cells (ESCs) has not been discussed in this context. Here, we postulate that ESCs may be a main target for the carcinogenesis of EAOC and present the possible sequence of events resulting finally in the development of EAOC.
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27
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Ding J, Zhang Y, Che Y. Ovarian cancer stem cells: Critical roles in anti-tumor immunity. Front Genet 2022; 13:998220. [PMID: 36437919 PMCID: PMC9685611 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.998220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a significant cause of cancer-related mortality in women. Over the past 3 decades, there has been a high incidence of recurrent chemoresistant disease, despite the relative effectiveness of current treatment strategies. This is partly attributed to cancer stem cells (CSC), a subpopulation that has acquired stem cell properties that allow these cells to evade standard chemotherapy and cause disease recurrence. Therefore, there is an urgent need for basic knowledge about CSC to develop innovative therapeutic approaches for ovarian cancer. These CSC subpopulations have been identified in ovarian cancer cell lines, tumors or ascites, and findings suggest that ovarian CSCs may be as heterogeneous as the disease itself. CSCs regulate the phenotype and function of immune cells involved in antitumor immunity, so a better understanding of the signaling pathways that interact between CSCs, immune cells and tumor cells will pave the way for the clinical application of CS in cancer immunotherapy. This review will focus on the markers currently used to identify and isolate these cells summarize current knowledge on the molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for CSC-dependent regulation of antitumor immune responses. We will discuss the signaling pathways involved in CSC survival, replication, and differentiation as well as potential therapeutic targeting strategies.
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28
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Duan X, Luo M, Li J, Shen Z, Xie K. Overcoming therapeutic resistance to platinum-based drugs by targeting Epithelial–Mesenchymal transition. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1008027. [PMID: 36313710 PMCID: PMC9614084 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1008027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Platinum-based drugs (PBDs), including cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin, have been widely used in clinical practice as mainstay treatments for various types of cancer. Although there is firm evidence of notable achievements with PBDs in the management of cancers, the acquisition of resistance to these agents is still a major challenge to efforts at cure. The introduction of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) concept, a critical process during embryonic morphogenesis and carcinoma progression, has offered a mechanistic explanation for the phenotypic switch of cancer cells upon PBD exposure. Accumulating evidence has suggested that carcinoma cells can enter a resistant state via induction of the EMT. In this review, we discussed the underlying mechanism of PBD-induced EMT and the current understanding of its role in cancer drug resistance, with emphasis on how this novel knowledge can be exploited to overcome PBD resistance via EMT-targeted compounds, especially those under clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xirui Duan
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Maochao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Li
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhisen Shen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Ke Xie, ; Zhisen Shen,
| | - Ke Xie
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Ke Xie, ; Zhisen Shen,
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29
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Chen YA, Lu CY, Cheng WF, Kuo KT, Yu CW, Ho HN, Chen HF, Pan SH. An experimental model for ovarian cancer: propagation of ovarian cancer initiating cells and generation of ovarian cancer organoids. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:967. [PMID: 36085021 PMCID: PMC9463800 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal gynecological cancer due to the recurrence of drug-resistance. Cancer initiating cells (CICs) are proposed to be responsible for the aggressiveness of OC. The rarity and difficulty of in vitro long-term cultivation of CICs challenge the development of CIC-targeting therapeutics. Reprogramming cancer cells into induced cancer initiating cell (iCICs) could be an approach to solve these. Several inducible CICs have been acquired by activating the expression of stemness genes in different cancer cells. However, few reports have demonstrated the feasibility in OC. Methods Patients with primary OC receiving surgery were enrolled. Tumor tissue were collected, and OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG expressions were assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining to investigate the association of stemness markers with overall survival (OS). An high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) cell line, OVCAR-3 was reprogrammed by transducing Yamanaka four factors OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and MYC (OSKM) to establish an iOCIC model, iOVCAR-3-OSKM. CIC characteristics of iOVCAR-3-OSKM were evaluated by RT-PCR, sphere formation assay and animal experiments. Drug-resistance and migration ability were accessed by dye-efflux activity assay, MTT assay and migration assay. Gene profile was presented through RNA-sequencing. Lineage differentiation ability and organoid culture were determined by in vitro differentiation assays. Results In OC patients, the co-expression of multiple stem-related transcription factors (OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG) was associated with worse OS. iOVCAR-3-OSKM cells generated by reprogramming successfully exhibited stemness characteristics with strong sphere-forming and tumorigenesis ability. iOVCAR-3-OSKM cells also showed malignant potential with higher drug resistance to chemodrug, Paclitaxel (PTX) and migration ability. iOVCAR-3-OSKM was maintainable and expandable on feeder-dependent culture condition, it also preserved ovarian lineage differentiation abilities, which could well differentiate into OC cells with CK-7 and CA125 expressions and develop into an organoid mimic poor prognostic OC histological feature. Conclusions The establishment of iOVCAR-3-OSKM not only allows us to fill the gap in the information on induced CICs in OC but also provides a potential strategy to develop personalized CICs and organoid models for treating OC in the near future. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-10042-3.
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30
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Doostkam A, Malekmakan L, Hosseinpour A, Janfeshan S, Roozbeh J, Masjedi F. Sialic acid: an attractive biomarker with promising biomedical applications. ASIAN BIOMED 2022; 16:153-167. [PMID: 37551166 PMCID: PMC10321195 DOI: 10.2478/abm-2022-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This broad, narrative review highlights the roles of sialic acids as acidic sugars found on cellular membranes. The role of sialic acids in cellular communication and development has been well established. Recently, attention has turned to the fundamental role of sialic acids in many diseases, including viral infections, cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, diabetic nephropathy, and malignancies. Sialic acid may be a target for developing new drugs to treat various cancers and inflammatory processes. We recommend the routine measurement of serum sialic acid as a sensitive inflammatory marker in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Doostkam
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz7193635899, Iran
| | - Leila Malekmakan
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz7193635899, Iran
| | - Alireza Hosseinpour
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz7134853185, Iran
| | - Sahar Janfeshan
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz7193635899, Iran
| | - Jamshid Roozbeh
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz7193635899, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Masjedi
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz7193635899, Iran
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31
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Wilczyński JR, Wilczyński M, Paradowska E. Cancer Stem Cells in Ovarian Cancer-A Source of Tumor Success and a Challenging Target for Novel Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052496. [PMID: 35269636 PMCID: PMC8910575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal neoplasm of the female genital organs. Despite indisputable progress in the treatment of ovarian cancer, the problems of chemo-resistance and recurrent disease are the main obstacles for successful therapy. One of the main reasons for this is the presence of a specific cell population of cancer stem cells. The aim of this review is to show the most contemporary knowledge concerning the biology of ovarian cancer stem cells (OCSCs) and their impact on chemo-resistance and prognosis in ovarian cancer patients, as well as to present the treatment options targeted exclusively on the OCSCs. The review presents data concerning the role of cancer stem cells in general and then concentrates on OCSCs. The surface and intracellular OCSCs markers and their meaning both for cancer biology and clinical prognosis, signaling pathways specifically activated in OCSCs, the genetic and epigenetic regulation of OCSCs function including the recent studies on the non-coding RNA regulation, cooperation between OCSCs and the tumor microenvironment (ovarian cancer niche) including very specific environment such as ascites fluid, the role of shear stress, autophagy and metabolic changes for the function of OCSCs, and finally mechanisms of OCSCs escape from immune surveillance, are described and discussed extensively. The possibilities of anti-OCSCs therapy both in experimental settings and in clinical trials are presented, including the recent II phase clinical trials and immunotherapy. OCSCs are a unique population of cancer cells showing a great plasticity, self-renewal potential and resistance against anti-cancer treatment. They are responsible for the progression and recurrence of the tumor. Several completed and ongoing clinical trials have tested different anti-OCSCs drugs which, however, have shown unsatisfactory efficacy in most cases. We propose a novel approach to ovarian cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek R Wilczyński
- Department of Gynecological Surgery and Gynecological Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 4 Kosciuszki Str., 90-419 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Miłosz Wilczyński
- Department of Gynecological, Endoscopic and Oncological Surgery, Polish Mother’s Health Center—Research Institute, 281/289 Rzgowska Str., 93-338 Lodz, Poland;
- Department of Surgical and Endoscopic Gynecology, Medical University of Lodz, 4 Kosciuszki Str., 90-419 Lodz, Poland
| | - Edyta Paradowska
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 106 Lodowa Str., 93-232 Lodz, Poland;
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32
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Wang B, Li H, Zhao X, Zhang W, Zhao G, Wu Z, Zhang R, Dong P, Watari H, Tigyi G, Li W, Yue J. A Luminacin D Analog HL142 Inhibits Ovarian Tumor Growth and Metastasis by Reversing EMT and Attenuating the TGFβ and FAK Pathways. J Cancer 2021; 12:5654-5663. [PMID: 34405025 PMCID: PMC8364639 DOI: 10.7150/jca.61066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is known to contribute to tumor metastasis and chemoresistance. Reversing EMT using small molecule inhibitors to target EMT associated gene expression represents an effective strategy for cancer treatment. The purpose of this study is to test whether a new luminacin D analog HL142 reverses EMT in ovarian cancer (OC) and has the therapeutic potential for OC. We chemically synthesized HL142 and tested its functions in OC cells in vitro and its efficacy in inhibiting ovarian tumor growth and metastasis in vivo using orthotopic OC mouse models. We first demonstrate that ASAP1 is co-amplified and interacts with the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) protein in serous ovarian carcinoma. HL142 inhibits ASAP1 and its interaction protein FAK in highly invasive OVCAR8 and moderately invasive OVCAR3 cells. HL142 inhibits EMT phenotypic switch, accompanied by upregulating epithelial marker E-cadherin and cytokeratin-7 and downregulating mesenchymal markers vimentin, β-catenin, and snail2 in both cell lines. Functionally, HL142 inhibits proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion. HL142 also sensitizes cell responses to chemotherapy drug paclitaxel treatment and inhibits ovarian tumor growth and metastasis in orthotopic OC mouse models. We further show that HL142 attenuates the TGFβ and FAK pathways in vitro using OC cells and in vivo using orthotopic mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojin Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.,Center for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Hanxuan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.,Center for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Genomics & Informatics, College of Medicine, the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Guannan Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.,Center for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Zhongzhi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Ruitao Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Peixin Dong
- Department of Gynecology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hidemichi Watari
- Department of Gynecology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Gabor Tigyi
- Center for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Junming Yue
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.,Center for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
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Ni YH, Zhao X, Wang W. CD24, A Review of its Role in Tumor Diagnosis, Progression and Therapy. Curr Gene Ther 2021; 20:109-126. [PMID: 32576128 DOI: 10.2174/1566523220666200623170738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CD24, is a mucin-like GPI-anchored molecules. By immunohistochemistry, it is widely detected in many solid tumors, such as breast cancers, genital system cancers, digestive system cancers, neural system cancers and so on. The functional roles of CD24 are either fulfilled by combination with ligands or participate in signal transduction, which mediate the initiation and progression of neoplasms. However, the character of CD24 remains to be intriguing because there are still opposite voices about the impact of CD24 on tumors. In preclinical studies, CD24 target therapies, including monoclonal antibodies, target silencing by RNA interference and immunotherapy, have shown us brighten futures on the anti-tumor application. Nevertheless, evidences based on clinical studies are urgently needed. Here, with expectancy to spark new ideas, we summarize the relevant studies about CD24 from a tumor perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Hong Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
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Skowron MA, Becker TK, Kurz L, Jostes S, Bremmer F, Fronhoffs F, Funke K, Wakileh GA, Müller MR, Burmeister A, Lenz T, Stefanski A, Stühler K, Petzsch P, Köhrer K, Altevogt P, Albers P, Kristiansen G, Schorle H, Nettersheim D. The signal transducer CD24 suppresses the germ cell program and promotes an ectodermal rather than mesodermal cell fate in embryonal carcinomas. Mol Oncol 2021; 16:982-1008. [PMID: 34293822 PMCID: PMC8847992 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors (GCTs) are stratified into seminomas and nonseminomas. Seminomas share many histological and molecular features with primordial germ cells, whereas the nonseminoma stem cell population—embryonal carcinoma (EC)—is pluripotent and thus able to differentiate into cells of all three germ layers (teratomas). Furthermore, ECs are capable of differentiating into extra‐embryonic lineages (yolk sac tumors, choriocarcinomas). In this study, we deciphered the molecular and (epi)genetic mechanisms regulating expression of CD24, a highly glycosylated signaling molecule upregulated in many cancers. CD24 is overexpressed in ECs compared with other GCT entities and can be associated with an undifferentiated pluripotent cell fate. We demonstrate that CD24 can be transactivated by the pluripotency factor SOX2, which binds in proximity to the CD24 promoter. In GCTs, CD24 expression is controlled by epigenetic mechanisms, that is, histone acetylation, since CD24 can be induced by the application histone deacetylase inhibitors. Vice versa, CD24 expression is downregulated upon inhibition of histone methyltransferases, E3 ubiquitin ligases, or bromodomain (BRD) proteins. Additionally, three‐dimensional (3D) co‐cultivation of EC cells with microenvironmental cells, such as fibroblasts, and endothelial or immune cells, reduced CD24 expression, suggesting that crosstalk with the somatic microenvironment influences CD24 expression. In a CRISPR/Cas9 deficiency model, we demonstrate that CD24 fulfills a bivalent role in differentiation via regulation of homeobox, and phospho‐ and glycoproteins; that is, it is involved in suppressing the germ cell/spermatogenesis program and mesodermal/endodermal differentiation, while poising the cells for ectodermal differentiation. Finally, blocking CD24 by a monoclonal antibody enhanced sensitivity toward cisplatin in EC cells, including cisplatin‐resistant subclones, highlighting CD24 as a putative target in combination with cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaretha A Skowron
- Department of Urology, Urological Research Laboratory, Translational UroOncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Teresa K Becker
- Department of Urology, Urological Research Laboratory, Translational UroOncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lukas Kurz
- Department of Urology, Urological Research Laboratory, Translational UroOncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sina Jostes
- Department of Oncological Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Hess Center for Science and Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Felix Bremmer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - Kai Funke
- Department of Developmental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - Gamal A Wakileh
- Department of Urology, Urological Research Laboratory, Translational UroOncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Urology, University Hospital Ulm, Germany
| | - Melanie R Müller
- Department of Urology, Urological Research Laboratory, Translational UroOncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Aaron Burmeister
- Department of Urology, Urological Research Laboratory, Translational UroOncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Lenz
- Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anja Stefanski
- Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kai Stühler
- Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick Petzsch
- Genomics & Transcriptomics Lab, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Genomics & Transcriptomics Lab, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Altevogt
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Albers
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Hubert Schorle
- Department of Developmental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel Nettersheim
- Department of Urology, Urological Research Laboratory, Translational UroOncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
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Nayim P, Mbaveng AT, Sanjukta M, Rikesh J, Kuete V, Sudhir K. CD24 gene inhibition and TIMP-4 gene upregulation by Imperata cylindrica's root extract prevents metastasis of CaSki cells via inhibiting PI3K/Akt/snail signaling pathway and blocking EMT. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 275:114111. [PMID: 33848610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch (Gramineae) is a medicinal spice traditionally used in the treatment of hypertension and cancer. AIM OF THE STUDY To assess the anti-metastatic potential of the methanol extract of I. cylindrica roots and determined its mechanisms of action. MATERIAL AND METHODS The growth inhibition activity of I. cylindrica root extract in vitro and in vivo in human cervical cancer. The scratch assay and Boyden Chamber assay were used to determine the anti-migrative and anti-invasion actions of the plant extract. The whole-genome gene expression profiling using RNA-Seq was performed to determine the differentially expressed genes in CaSki cells after exposure to I. cylindrica to identify its targeted genes related to metastasis. Using protein analysis (western blotting) and gene expression analysis (RTqPCR), the targeted pathways of the key genes that were initially identified with RNA-Seq, were evaluated. RESULTS I. cylindrica extract showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo in mice bearing tumors. Furthermore, I. cylindrica root extract significantly inhibited cell migration and cell invasion. After the genome-wide transcriptome analysis, we found that important genes involved in cancer progression and metastasis of cervical cancer, that is, CD24 and TIMP-4 were significantly downregulated and upregulated, respectively. Moreover, I. cylindrica root extract significantly inhibited the PI3/AKT/Snail signaling pathway and blocked the EMT of CaSki cells. CONCLUSION These findings provide an anti-metastatic mechanism of action of I. cylindrica root extract toward the human cervical cancer suggesting that this plant maybe developed into selective chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Nayim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon; National Centre for Biological Sciences - Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Bangalore, India.
| | - Armelle T Mbaveng
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon.
| | - Mukherjee Sanjukta
- National Centre for Biological Sciences - Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Bangalore, India.
| | - Jain Rikesh
- Aix-Marseille Université - CNRS UMR 7288, Institut de Biologie Du Développement de Marseille, Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne UMR 7283 and Turing Center for Living Systems. Marseille, France.
| | - Victor Kuete
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon.
| | - Krishna Sudhir
- National Centre for Biological Sciences - Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Bangalore, India.
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Changes in Stem Cell Regulation and Epithelial Organisation during Carcinogenesis and Disease Progression in Gynaecological Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133349. [PMID: 34283069 PMCID: PMC8268501 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Recent advances in our understanding of the stem cell potential in adult tissues have far-reaching implications for cancer research, and this creates new opportunities for the development of new therapeutic strategies. Here we outline changes in stem cell biology that characterize main gynaecological malignancies, ovarian, endometrial, and cervical cancer, and focus on specific differences between them. We highlight the importance of the local niche environment as a driver of malignant transformation in addition to mutations in key cancer-driving genes. Patient-derived organoids capture in vitro main aspects of cancer tissue architecture and stemness regulatory mechanisms, thus providing a valuable new platform for a personalized approach in the treatment of gynecological malignancies. This review summarizes the main achievement and formulates remaining open questions in this fast-evolving research field. Abstract Gynaecological malignancies represent a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with vastly different aetiology, risk factors, molecular drivers, and disease outcomes. From HPV-driven cervical cancer where early screening and molecular diagnostics efficiently reduced the number of advanced-stage diagnosis, prevalent and relatively well-treated endometrial cancers, to highly aggressive and mostly lethal high-grade serous ovarian cancer, malignancies of the female genital tract have unique presentations and distinct cell biology features. Recent discoveries of stem cell regulatory mechanisms, development of organoid cultures, and NGS analysis have provided valuable insights into the basic biology of these cancers that could help advance new-targeted therapeutic approaches. This review revisits new findings on stemness and differentiation, considering main challenges and open questions. We focus on the role of stem cell niche and tumour microenvironment in early and metastatic stages of the disease progression and highlight the potential of patient-derived organoid models to study key events in tumour evolution, the appearance of resistance mechanisms, and as screening tools to enable personalisation of drug treatments.
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Marofi F, Al-Awad AS, Sulaiman Rahman H, Markov A, Abdelbasset WK, Ivanovna Enina Y, Mahmoodi M, Hassanzadeh A, Yazdanifar M, Stanley Chartrand M, Jarahian M. CAR-NK Cell: A New Paradigm in Tumor Immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:673276. [PMID: 34178661 PMCID: PMC8223062 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.673276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is greatly multifaceted and immune escape is an imperative attribute of tumors fostering tumor progression and metastasis. Based on reports, the restricted achievement attained by T cell immunotherapy reflects the prominence of emerging other innovative immunotherapeutics, in particular, natural killer (NK) cells-based treatments. Human NK cells act as the foremost innate immune effector cells against tumors and are vastly heterogeneous in the TME. Currently, there exists a rapidly evolving interest in the progress of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered NK cells for tumor immunotherapy. CAR-NK cells superiorities over CAR-T cells in terms of better safety (e.g., absence or minimal cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), engaging various mechanisms for stimulating cytotoxic function, and high feasibility for 'off-the-shelf' manufacturing. These effector cells could be modified to target various antigens, improve proliferation and persistence in vivo, upturn infiltration into tumors, and defeat resistant TME, which in turn, result in a desired anti-tumor response. More importantly, CAR-NK cells represent antigen receptors against tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), thereby redirecting the effector NK cells and supporting tumor-related immunosurveillance. In the current review, we focus on recent progress in the therapeutic competence of CAR-NK cells in solid tumors and offer a concise summary of the present hurdles affecting therapeutic outcomes of CAR-NK cell-based tumor immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faroogh Marofi
- Immunology Research Center (IRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Heshu Sulaiman Rahman
- College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Alexander Markov
- Tyumen State Medical University, Tyumen, Russia
- Tyumen Industrial University, Tyumen, Russia
| | - Walid Kamal Abdelbasset
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kasr Al-Aini Hospital, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Mahnaz Mahmoodi
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Hassanzadeh
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Yazdanifar
- Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | | | - Mostafa Jarahian
- German Cancer Research Center, Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit (G401), Heidelberg, Germany
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Song Y, Pan S, Li K, Chen X, Wang ZP, Zhu X. Insight into the role of multiple signaling pathways in regulating cancer stem cells of gynecologic cancers. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 85:219-233. [PMID: 34098106 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence has demonstrated that a myriad of developmental signaling pathways, such as the Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog and Hippo, are frequently deregulated and play a critical role in regulating cancer stem cell (CSC) activity in human cancers, including gynecologic malignancies. In this review article, we describe an overview of various signaling pathways in human cancers. We further discuss the developmental roles how these pathways regulate CSCs from experimental evidences in gynecologic cancers. Moreover, we mention several compounds targeting CSCs in gynecologic cancers to enhance the treatment outcomes. Therefore, these signaling pathways might be the potential targets for developing targeted therapy in gynecologic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizuo Song
- Center of Uterine Cancer Diagnosis & Therapy Research of Zhejiang Province, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuya Pan
- Center of Uterine Cancer Diagnosis & Therapy Research of Zhejiang Province, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kehan Li
- Center of Uterine Cancer Diagnosis & Therapy Research of Zhejiang Province, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Center of Uterine Cancer Diagnosis & Therapy Research of Zhejiang Province, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Z Peter Wang
- Center of Uterine Cancer Diagnosis & Therapy Research of Zhejiang Province, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xueqiong Zhu
- Center of Uterine Cancer Diagnosis & Therapy Research of Zhejiang Province, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China.
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Liu S, Wu M, Wang F. Research Progress in Prognostic Factors and Biomarkers of Ovarian Cancer. J Cancer 2021; 12:3976-3996. [PMID: 34093804 PMCID: PMC8176232 DOI: 10.7150/jca.47695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a serious threat to women's health; its early diagnosis rate is low and prone to metastasis and recurrence. The current conventional treatment for ovarian cancer is a combination of platinum and paclitaxel chemotherapy based on surgery. The recurrence and progression of ovarian cancer with poor prognosis is a major challenge in treatment. With rapid advances in technology, understanding of the molecular pathways involved in ovarian cancer recurrence and progression has increased, biomarker-guided treatment options can greatly improve the prognosis of patients. This review systematically discusses and summarizes existing and new information on prognostic factors and biomarkers of ovarian cancer, which is expected to improve the clinical management of patients and lead to effective personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuna Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China, 210029
- National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, China, 210029
| | - Ming Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China, 210029
- National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, China, 210029
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China, 210029
- National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, China, 210029
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40
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Therapeutic Strategies for Targeting Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105059. [PMID: 34064635 PMCID: PMC8151268 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a fatal gynecological malignancy. Although first-line chemotherapy and surgical operation are effective treatments for ovarian cancer, its clinical management remains a challenge owing to intrinsic or acquired drug resistance and relapse at local or distal lesions. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small subpopulation of cells inside tumor tissues, and they can self-renew and differentiate. CSCs are responsible for the cancer malignancy involved in relapses as well as resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. These malignant properties of CSCs are regulated by cell surface receptors and intracellular pluripotency-associated factors triggered by internal or external stimuli from the tumor microenvironment. The malignancy of CSCs can be attenuated by individual or combined restraining of cell surface receptors and intracellular pluripotency-associated factors. Therefore, targeted therapy against CSCs is a feasible therapeutic tool against ovarian cancer. In this paper, we review the prominent roles of cell surface receptors and intracellular pluripotency-associated factors in mediating the stemness and malignancy of ovarian CSCs.
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Meta-analysis based gene expression profiling reveals functional genes in ovarian cancer. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:226877. [PMID: 33135729 PMCID: PMC7677829 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20202911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Ovarian cancer causes high mortality rate worldwide, and despite numerous attempts, the outcome for patients with ovarian cancer are still not well improved. Microarray-based gene expressional analysis provides with valuable information for discriminating functional genes in ovarian cancer development and progression. However, due to the differences in experimental design, the results varied significantly across individual datasets. Methods: In the present study, the data of gene expression in ovarian cancer were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and 16 studies were included. A meta-analysis based gene expression analysis was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The most differentially expressed genes in our meta-analysis were selected for gene expression and gene function validation. Results: A total of 972 DEGs with P-value < 0.001 were identified in ovarian cancer, including 541 up-regulated genes and 431 down-regulated genes, among which 92 additional DEGs were found as gained DEGs. Top five up- and down-regulated genes were selected for the validation of gene expression profiling. Among these genes, up-regulated CD24 molecule (CD24), SRY (sex determining region Y)-box transcription factor 17 (SOX17), WFDC2, epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EPCAM), innate immunity activator (INAVA), and down-regulated aldehyde oxidase 1 (AOX1) were revealed to be with consistent expressional patterns in clinical patient samples of ovarian cancer. Gene functional analysis demonstrated that up-regulated WFDC2 and INAVA promoted ovarian cancer cell migration, WFDC2 enhanced cell proliferation, while down-regulated AOX1 was functional in inducing cell apoptosis of ovarian cancer. Conclusion: Our study shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of ovarian cancer, and facilitated the understanding of novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets in ovarian cancer.
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Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells: Characterization and Role in Tumorigenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1330:151-169. [PMID: 34339036 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-73359-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a heterogenous disease with variable clinicopathological and molecular mechanisms being responsible for tumorigenesis. Despite substantial technological improvement, lack of early diagnosis contributes to its highest mortality. Ovarian cancer is considered to be the most lethal female gynaecological cancer across the world. Conventional treatment modules with platinum- and Taxane-based chemotherapy can cause an initial satisfactory improvement in ovarian cancer patients. However, approximately 75-80% patients of advanced stage ovarian cancer, experience relapse and nearly 40% have overall poor survival rate. It has been observed that a subpopulation of cells referred as cancer stem cells (CSCs), having self renewal property, escape the conventional chemotherapy because of their quiescent nature. Later, these CSCs following its interaction with microenvironment and release of various inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and matrix metalloproteinases, induce invasion and propagation to distant organs of the body mainly peritoneal cavity. These CSCs can be enriched by their specific surface markers such as CD44, CD117, CD133 and intracellular enzyme such as aldehyde dehydrogenase. This tumorigenicity is further aggravated by the epithelial to mesenchymal transition of CSCs and neovascularisation via epigenetic reprogramming and over-expression of various signalling cascades such as Wnt/β-catenin, NOTCH, Hedgehog, etc. to name a few. Hence, a comprehensive understanding of various cellular events involving interaction between cancer cells and cancer stem cells as well as its surrounding micro environmental components would be of unmet need to achieve the ultimate goal of better management of ovarian cancer patients. This chapter deals with the impact of ovarian cancer stem cells in tumorigenesis which would help in the implementation of basic research into the clinical field in the form of translational research in order to reduce the morbidity and mortality in ovarian cancer patients through amelioration of diagnosis and impoverishment of therapeutic resistance.
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The Emerging Role of CD24 in Cancer Theranostics-A Novel Target for Fluorescence Image-Guided Surgery in Ovarian Cancer and Beyond. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10040255. [PMID: 33260974 PMCID: PMC7712410 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10040255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete cytoreductive surgery is the cornerstone of the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). The application of fluorescence image-guided surgery (FIGS) allows for the increased intraoperative visualization and delineation of malignant lesions by using fluorescently labeled targeting biomarkers, thereby improving intraoperative guidance. CD24, a small glycophosphatidylinositol-anchored cell surface receptor, is overexpressed in approximately 70% of solid cancers, and has been proposed as a prognostic and therapeutic tumor-specific biomarker for EOC. Recently, preclinical studies have demonstrated the benefit of CD24-targeted contrast agents for non-invasive fluorescence imaging, as well as improved tumor resection by employing CD24-targeted FIGS in orthotopic patient-derived xenograft models of EOC. The successful detection of miniscule metastases denotes CD24 as a promising biomarker for the application of fluorescence-guided surgery in EOC patients. The aim of this review is to present the clinical and preclinically evaluated biomarkers for ovarian cancer FIGS, highlight the strengths of CD24, and propose a future bimodal approach combining CD24-targeted fluorescence imaging with radionuclide detection and targeted therapy.
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Identification of CD24 as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target for malignant pleural mesothelioma. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:127. [PMID: 33298865 PMCID: PMC7674463 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-00364-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive malignancy of the pleura that is currently incurable due to the lack of an effective early diagnostic method and specific medication. The CDKN2A (p16) and NF2 genes are both frequently mutated in MPM. To understand how these mutations contribute to MPM tumor growth, we generated NF2/p16 double-knockout (DKO) cell clones using human MeT-5A and HOMC-B1 mesothelial cell lines. Cell growth and migration activities were significantly increased in DKO compared with parental cells. cDNA microarray analysis revealed differences in global gene expression profiles between DKO and parental cells. Quantitative PCR and western blot analyses showed upregulation of CD24 concomitant with increased phosphorylation of AKT, p70S6K, and c-Jun in DKO clones. This upregulation was abrogated by exogenous expression of NF2 and p16. CD24 knockdown in DKO cells significantly decreased TGF-β1 expression and increased expression of E-cadherin, an epithelial-mesenchymal transition marker. CD24 was highly expressed in human mesothelioma tissues (28/45 cases, 62%) and associated with the loss of NF2 and p16. Public data analysis revealed a significantly shorter survival time in MPM patients with high CD24 gene expression levels. These results strongly indicate the potential use of CD24 as a prognostic marker as well as a novel diagnostic and therapeutic target for MPM.
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Konishi H, Hayashi M, Taniguchi K, Nakamura M, Kuranaga Y, Ito Y, Kondo Y, Sasaki H, Terai Y, Akao Y, Ohmichi M. The therapeutic potential of exosomal miR-22 for cervical cancer radiotherapy. Cancer Biol Ther 2020; 21:1128-1135. [PMID: 33190594 PMCID: PMC7722788 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2020.1838031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth-most prevalent malignancy in women. For advanced cervical cancer, radiotherapy is a major treatment. Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs that negatively regulate the target gene expression posttranscriptionally. miR-22 is frequently downregulated in various cancers including cervical cancer, and is associated with a poor prognosis in cervical cancer. Exosomes are small endosomally secreted vesicles that carry components such as proteins, messenger RNA (mRNA), DNA and miRNA. We investigated whether or not exosomes can efficiently deliver miR-22 to recipient cervical cancer cells and affect the gene expression in the cells, as well as assessed the role of exosomal miR-22 in radiosensitivity. Exosomes containing high levels of miR-22 were extracted by ultracentrifugation and then characterized by Western blotting, a nanoparticle tracking analysis and electron microscopy. The high presence of miR-22 in the exosome was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. After the administration of the collected exosomal miR-22 to SKG-II and C4-I cervical cancer cells, the level of miR-22 in the cells was significantly increased, indicating the absorption of the exosomal miR-22. When miR-22 encapsulated in exosomes was administered to the SKG-II cells, the level of c-Myc binding protein (MYCBP) and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) was significantly decreased in correlation with increased radiosensitivity determined by a clonogenic assay. Taken together, these results suggest that the administration of exosomal miR-22 may be a novel drug delivery system for cervical cancer radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Konishi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College , Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Masami Hayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College , Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Kohei Taniguchi
- Department of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka Medical College , Takatsuki, Japan.,Translational Research Program, Osaka Medical College , Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Mayumi Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College , Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Yuki Kuranaga
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University , Gifu Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yuko Ito
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Life Sciences, Osaka Medical College , Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Yoichi Kondo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Life Sciences, Osaka Medical College , Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sasaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College , Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Yoshito Terai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine , Kobe Chuo-ku Japan
| | - Yukihiro Akao
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University , Gifu Japan
| | - Masahide Ohmichi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Medical College , Takatsuki, Japan
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Shelygin YA, Sushkov OI, Sukhina MA, Saifutdinova KR, Muratov II, Shakhmatov DG, Achkasov SI. [Effectiveness of intraperitoneal chemotherapy for t4 colon cancer]. Khirurgiia (Mosk) 2020:36-43. [PMID: 33047584 DOI: 10.17116/hirurgia202010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of intraperitoneal chemotherapy (IPC) with mitomycin C on expression of intraperitoneal cancer cells markers in patients with T4 colon cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS For the period from January 2019 to April 2020, 65 patients with T4 colon cancer were included in prospective comparative study. There were 46 patients in the main group and 19 patients in the control group. In the main group, surgical procedure was followed by IPC with mitomycin C. No IPC was performed in the control group. An effectiveness of IPC was evaluated using CD133, CD24, CD26, CD44, CD184 markers expression in peritoneal lavages. RESULTS Significant between-group differences were observed for CD133 (p=0.0168), CD24 (p=0.0455) and CD44 (p=0.0012). There was a tendency to decrease in the level of CD184 expression in both groups in the second lavage (p=0.0605). CONCLUSION IPC in patients with T4 colon cancer can reduce the expression and proliferative potential of free cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu A Shelygin
- Ryzhikh National Medical Research Centre for Coloproctology, Moscow, Russia.,Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - O I Sushkov
- Ryzhikh National Medical Research Centre for Coloproctology, Moscow, Russia
| | - M A Sukhina
- Ryzhikh National Medical Research Centre for Coloproctology, Moscow, Russia.,Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - K R Saifutdinova
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - I I Muratov
- Ryzhikh National Medical Research Centre for Coloproctology, Moscow, Russia
| | - D G Shakhmatov
- Ryzhikh National Medical Research Centre for Coloproctology, Moscow, Russia.,Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - S I Achkasov
- Ryzhikh National Medical Research Centre for Coloproctology, Moscow, Russia.,Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
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Choi KU, Kim A, Kim JY, Kim KH, Hwang C, Lee SJ, Park WY, Jung S, Choi HJ, Kim K. Differences in immune-related gene expressions and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes according to chemotherapeutic response in ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma. J Ovarian Res 2020; 13:65. [PMID: 32513298 PMCID: PMC7278194 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-020-00667-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) of the ovary is the most common subtype of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and has an overall poor prognosis. There is increasing awareness of the importance of immune cell populations and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in various immune pathways in the tumor microenvironment. The present study evaluated immune-related gene expressions and TIL levels, as well as associated chemotherapeutic responses, to elucidate the correlation between gene expression and TIL levels in HGSC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fresh tissue samples from 12 HGSC patients were included in this study. Depending on their response to adjuvant chemotherapy, the patients were divided into two groups: chemosensitive (CS) or chemoresistant (CR). The expression levels of 770 genes were analyzed using the nCounter® PanCancer Immune Profiling Panel of the NanoString nCounter® Analysis System. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed to validate the NanoString data obtained. The TIL levels in representative sections were examined via hematoxylin and eosin staining. Gene and TIL levels were subsequently correlated with the chemotherapeutic response. RESULTS Several genes were differentially expressed in the two study groups. Eleven representative genes were selected for further evaluation. Of those, 9 genes (IRF1, CXCL9, LTB, CCL5, IL-8, GZMA, PSMB9, CD38, and VCAM1) were significantly overexpressed in the CS group; whereas expressions of 2 genes (CD24 and CD164) were increased in the CR group. Results of qPCR were consistent with those of the NanoString nCounter® analysis. Stromal TIL levels were significantly associated with adjuvant chemotherapeutic response (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Significant differences between the CS and CR groups were observed in the expression levels of immune-related genes. Immune-related gene expressions were significantly higher in the CS group, which also had higher levels of TILs. We, therefore, suggest that, in patients with HGSC, immune-related gene expressions and TIL levels may be associated with chemotherapeutic sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Un Choi
- Department of Pathology, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, 49241, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-ro, Mulguem-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahrong Kim
- Department of Pathology, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, 49241, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-ro, Mulguem-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Yeon Kim
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-ro, Mulguem-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50612, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pathology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulguem-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hyung Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, 49241, Republic of Korea
| | - Chungsu Hwang
- Department of Pathology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulguem-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - So Jung Lee
- Department of Pathology, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, 49241, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Young Park
- Diagnostic Pathology Center, Busan-Gyeongnam Reference Lab., Seegene Medical Foundation, 297 Jungang-daero, Dong-gu, Busan, 48792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sejin Jung
- Department of Pathology, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, 49241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jeong Choi
- Department of Pathology, Ulsan University Hospital, 877 Bangeojinsunhwando-ro, Dong-gu, Ulsan, 44033, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungbin Kim
- Department of Pathology, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, 49241, Republic of Korea.
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Kleinmanns K, Fosse V, Davidson B, de Jalón EG, Tenstad O, Bjørge L, McCormack E. CD24-targeted intraoperative fluorescence image-guided surgery leads to improved cytoreduction of ovarian cancer in a preclinical orthotopic surgical model. EBioMedicine 2020; 56:102783. [PMID: 32454402 PMCID: PMC7248677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The completeness of resection is a key prognostic indicator in patients with ovarian cancer, and the application of tumour-targeted fluorescence image-guided surgery (FIGS) has led to improved detection of peritoneal metastases during cytoreductive surgery. CD24 is highly expressed in ovarian cancer and has been shown to be a suitable biomarker for tumour-targeted imaging. METHODS CD24 expression was investigated in cell lines and heterogenous patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumour samples of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC). After conjugation of the monoclonal antibody CD24 to the NIR dye Alexa Fluor 750 and the evaluation of the optimal pharmacological parameters (OV-90, n = 21), orthotopic HGSOC metastatic xenografts (OV-90, n = 16) underwent cytoreductive surgery with real-time feedback. The impact of intraoperative CD24-targeted fluorescence guidance was compared to white light and palpation alone, and the recurrence of disease was monitored post-operatively (OV-90, n = 12). CD24-AF750 was further evaluated in four clinically annotated orthotopic PDX models of metastatic HGSOC, to validate the translational potential for intraoperative guidance. FINDINGS CD24-targeted intraoperative NIR FIGS significantly (47•3%) improved tumour detection and resection, and reduced the post-operative tumour burden compared to standard white-light surgery in orthotopic HGSOC xenografts. CD24-AF750 allowed identification of minuscule tumour lesions which were undetectable with the naked eye in four HGSOC PDX. INTERPRETATION CD24-targeted FIGS has translational potential as an aid to improve debulking surgery of ovarian cancer. FUNDING This study was supported by the H2020 program MSCA-ITN [675743], Helse Vest RHF, and Helse Bergen HF [911809, 911852, 912171, 240222, 911974, HV1269], as well as by The Norwegian Cancer Society [182735], and The Research Council of Norway through its Centres of excellence funding scheme [223250, 262652].
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Kleinmanns
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers, CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91B, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Vibeke Fosse
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers, CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91B, 5021 Bergen, Norway; Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ben Davidson
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Elvira García de Jalón
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers, CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91B, 5021 Bergen, Norway; Department of Chemistry and Centre for Pharmacy, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, 5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Olav Tenstad
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91B, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Line Bjørge
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers, CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91B, 5021 Bergen, Norway; Department of Obstetrics and Gyneacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Emmet McCormack
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers, CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91B, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
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CD24-targeted fluorescence imaging in patient-derived xenograft models of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma. EBioMedicine 2020; 56:102782. [PMID: 32454401 PMCID: PMC7248428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The survival rate of patients with advanced high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) remains disappointing. Clinically translatable orthotopic cell line xenograft models and patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) may aid the implementation of more personalised treatment approaches. Although orthotopic PDX reflecting heterogeneous molecular subtypes are considered the most relevant preclinical models, their use in therapeutic development is limited by lack of appropriate imaging modalities. METHODS We developed novel orthotopic xenograft and PDX models for HGSOC, and applied a near-infrared fluorescently labelled monoclonal antibody targeting the cell surface antigen CD24 for non-invasive molecular imaging of epithelial ovarian cancer. CD24-Alexa Fluor 680 fluorescence imaging was compared to bioluminescence imaging in three orthotopic cell line xenograft models of ovarian cancer (OV-90luc+, Skov-3luc+ and Caov-3luc+, n = 3 per model). The application of fluorescence imaging to assess treatment efficacy was performed in carboplatin-paclitaxel treated orthotopic OV-90 xenografts (n = 10), before the probe was evaluated to detect disease progression in heterogenous PDX models (n = 7). FINDINGS Application of the near-infrared probe, CD24-AF680, enabled both spatio-temporal visualisation of tumour development, and longitudinal therapy monitoring of orthotopic xenografts. Notably, CD24-AF680 facilitated imaging of multiple PDX models representing different histological subtypes of the disease. INTERPRETATION The combined implementation of CD24-AF680 and orthotopic PDX models creates a state-of-the-art preclinical platform which will impact the identification and validation of new targeted therapies, fluorescence image-guided surgery, and ultimately the outcome for HGSOC patients. FUNDING This study was supported by the H2020 program MSCA-ITN [675743], Helse Vest RHF, and Helse Bergen HF [911809, 911852, 912171, 240222, HV1269], as well as by The Norwegian Cancer Society [182735], and The Research Council of Norway through its Centers of excellence funding scheme [223250, 262652].
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Abreu M, Cabezas-Sainz P, Alonso-Alconada L, Ferreirós A, Mondelo-Macía P, Lago-Lestón RM, Abalo A, Díaz E, Palacios-Zambrano S, Rojo-Sebastian A, López-López R, Sánchez L, Moreno-Bueno G, Muinelo-Romay L. Circulating Tumor Cells Characterization Revealed TIMP1 as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Ovarian Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051218. [PMID: 32423054 PMCID: PMC7291036 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent studies showed a relevant role of hematogenous spread in ovarian cancer and the interest of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) monitoring as a prognosis marker. The aim of the present study was the characterization of CTCs from ovarian cancer patients, paying special attention to cell plasticity characteristics to better understand the biology of these cells. Methods: CTCs isolation was carried out in 38 patients with advanced high-grade serous ovarian cancer using in parallel CellSearch and an alternative EpCAM-based immunoisolation followed by RT-qPCR analysis to characterize these cells. Results: Epithelial CTCs were found in 21% of patients, being their presence higher in patients with extraperitoneal metastasis. Importantly, this population was characterized by the expression of epithelial markers as MUC1 and CK19, but also by genes associated with mesenchymal and more malignant features as TIMP1, CXCR4 and the stem markers CD24 and CD44. In addition, we evidenced the relevance of TIMP1 expression to promote tumor proliferation, suggesting its interest as a therapeutic target. Conclusions: Overall, we evidenced the utility of the molecular characterization of EpCAM+ CTCs from advanced ovarian cancer patients to identify biomarkers with potential applicability for disseminated disease detection and as therapeutic targets such as TIMP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Abreu
- Liquid Biopsy Analysis Unit, Translational Medical Oncology (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.A.); (P.M.-M.); (R.M.L.-L.); (A.A.)
| | - Pablo Cabezas-Sainz
- Department of Genetics, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (P.C.-S.); (L.S.)
| | | | - Alba Ferreirós
- Nasasbiotech, S.L., Canton Grande 3, 15003 A Coruña, Spain; (L.A.-A.); (A.F.)
| | - Patricia Mondelo-Macía
- Liquid Biopsy Analysis Unit, Translational Medical Oncology (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.A.); (P.M.-M.); (R.M.L.-L.); (A.A.)
| | - Ramón Manuel Lago-Lestón
- Liquid Biopsy Analysis Unit, Translational Medical Oncology (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.A.); (P.M.-M.); (R.M.L.-L.); (A.A.)
| | - Alicia Abalo
- Liquid Biopsy Analysis Unit, Translational Medical Oncology (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.A.); (P.M.-M.); (R.M.L.-L.); (A.A.)
| | - Eva Díaz
- Fundación MD Anderson Internacional, C/Gómez Hemans 2, 28033 Madrid, Spain; (E.D.); (A.R.-S.)
| | | | | | - Rafael López-López
- Translational Medical Oncology (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Sánchez
- Department of Genetics, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (P.C.-S.); (L.S.)
| | - Gema Moreno-Bueno
- Fundación MD Anderson Internacional, C/Gómez Hemans 2, 28033 Madrid, Spain; (E.D.); (A.R.-S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’ (CSIC-UAM), IdiPaz, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (G.M.-B.); (L.M.-R.); Tel.: +34-91-787-86-00 (G.M.-B.); +34-981955073 (L.M.-R.)
| | - Laura Muinelo-Romay
- Liquid Biopsy Analysis Unit, Translational Medical Oncology (Oncomet), Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.A.); (P.M.-M.); (R.M.L.-L.); (A.A.)
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’ (CSIC-UAM), IdiPaz, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (G.M.-B.); (L.M.-R.); Tel.: +34-91-787-86-00 (G.M.-B.); +34-981955073 (L.M.-R.)
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