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Boye A, Barku VA, Addo JK, Martey O, Asiamah EA, Essuman MA, Doe D. Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Lam.) B. Zepernick & Timler alkaloidal extract exerts hepatoprotective effects in rats with a CCl 4/olive oil-induced hepatocellular carcinoma-like phenotype. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2024; 19:753-765. [PMID: 39105209 PMCID: PMC11298919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2024.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study assessed the prophylactic anti-HCC effects of a combined stem and root alkaloidal extract of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Z. zanthoxyloides) (SRAEZZ) in rats with a CCl4/olive oil-induced HCC-like phenotype. Methods SRAEZZ was prepared from dried stems and roots of Z. zanthoxyloides in a 1:1 proportion and chemically characterized. A total of 30 healthy male Wistar rats (weighing 210-280 g) were randomly assigned to six groups (control, model, capecitabine, and SRAEZZ [50, 100, or 200 mg/kg]). All groups except the control received CCl4/olive oil (3 mL/kg, po) in the morning, whereas in the afternoon of the same dosing day, the model group received normal saline (5 mL/kg, po), the capecitabine group received capecitabine (50 mg/kg, po), and the SRAEZZ groups received SRAEZZ (50, 100, or 200 mg/kg, po, respectively) once per week for 36 days. Survival rate, serum α-fetoprotein (AFP), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were monitored. Gross liver anatomy, liver histology, liver enzymes (ALP, AST, and ALT), bilirubin, creatinine, urea, albumin, globulins, and hematological parameters were assessed. Results SRAEZZ yield was 0.58% from the initial stem and root sample (520 g). Quaternary phenanthridin alkaloids were detected in SRAEZZ. Control rats had a 100% survival rate compared with rats in the model group. SRAEZZ treatment improved the survival rate with respect to that in the model group. Serum AFP, CRP, and bilirubin levels were greater in the model group than the control group. SRAEZZ decreased serum AFP, CRP, and bilirubin below the levels observed in the model group. ALP, AST, and AST were higher in the model group, but lower in SRAEZZ-treated group, than the control group. Conclusion SRAEZZ demonstrated prophylactic anti-HCC effects against CCl4/olive oil-induced HCC-like phenotypes in rats. These findings highlight the potential of crude alkaloids from Z. zanthoxyloides as natural templates for semi-synthesis of anti-HCC pharmacotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Boye
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Victor A. Barku
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Justice K. Addo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Orleans Martey
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Plant Medicine Research, Mampong-Akuapem, Ghana
| | - Ernest A. Asiamah
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Mainprice A. Essuman
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Dennis Doe
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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Fakhri Y, Ranaei V, Pilevar Z, Moradi M, Mahmoudizeh A, Hemmati F, Mousavi Khaneghah A. The prevalence and concentration of aflatoxins in beers: a global systematic review and meta-analysis and probabilistic health risk assessment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38842007 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2024.2362816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins have been identified as considerable contaminants in beer. The current investigation's concentration and prevalence of aflatoxins (AFs) in beer were meta-analyzed. The health risk of consumers was estimated through MOEs in the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) model. The rank order of AFs in beer based on pooled prevalence was AFB1 (26.00%) > AFG1 (14.93%) > AFB2 (7.69%) > AFG2 (7.52%), In addition, the rank order of AFs in beer based on their pooled concentration was AFG1 (0.505 µg/l) > AFB1 (0.469 µg/l) > AFB2 (0.134 µg/l) > AFG2 (0.071 µg/l). The prevalence and concentration of AFs in beer in Malawi were higher than in other countries. The health risk assessment shows consumers in all countries, especially Malawi, Brazil, and Cameroon, are exposed to unacceptably health risks (MOEs <10,000). It is recommended to monitor levels of AFs in beer efficiently and implement control plans in order to decrease health risk of exposed population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadolah Fakhri
- Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Vahid Ranaei
- School of Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Zahra Pilevar
- School of Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Moradi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Hemmati
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Faculty of Biotechnologies (BioTech), ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Halal Research Center of IRI, Iran Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
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Möller C, Virzi J, Chang YJ, Keidel A, Chao MR, Hu CW, Cooke MS. DNA modifications: Biomarkers for the exposome? ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 108:104449. [PMID: 38636743 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The concept of the exposome is the encompassing of all the environmental exposures, both exogenous and endogenous, across the life course. Many, if not all, of these exposures can result in the generation of reactive species, and/or the modulation of cellular processes, that can lead to a breadth of modifications of DNA, the nature of which may be used to infer their origin. Because of their role in cell function, such modifications have been associated with various major human diseases, including cancer, and so their assessment is crucial. Historically, most methods have been able to only measure one or a few DNA modifications at a time, limiting the information available. With the development of DNA adductomics, which aims to determine the totality of DNA modifications, a far more comprehensive picture of the DNA adduct burden can be gained. Importantly, DNA adductomics can facilitate a "top-down" investigative approach whereby patterns of adducts may be used to trace and identify the originating exposure source. This, together with other 'omic approaches, represents a major tool for unraveling the complexities of the exposome and hence allow a better a understanding of the environmental origins of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Möller
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
| | - Jazmine Virzi
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Yuan-Jhe Chang
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Alexandra Keidel
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Mu-Rong Chao
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Wen Hu
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Marcus S Cooke
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; Cancer Biology and Evolution Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Zhang B, Zhou B, Huang G, Huang J, Lin X, Li Z, Lian Y, Huang Q, Ye Y. Nitidine chloride inhibits G2/M phase by regulating the p53/14-3-3 Sigma/CDK1 axis for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24012. [PMID: 38283241 PMCID: PMC10818205 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Liver cancer had become the sixth most common cancer. Nitidine chloride (NC) has demonstrated promising anti-HCC properties; however, further elucidation of its mechanism of action is necessary. Methods The anti-HCC targets of NC were identified through the utilization of multiple databases and ChIPs data analysis. The GO and KEGG analyses to determine the specific pathway affected by NC. The Huh 7 and Hep G2 cells were subjected to a 24-h treatment with NC, followed by evaluating the impact of NC on cell proliferation and cell cycle. The involvement of the p53/14-3-3 Sigma/CDK1 axis in HCC cells was confirmed by qPCR and WB analysis of the corresponding genes and proteins. Results The GO and KEGG analysis showed the targets were related to cell cycle and p53 signaling pathways. In vitro experiments showed that NC significantly inhibited the proliferation of HCC cells and induced G2/M phase arrest. In addition, qPCR and WB experiments showed that the expression of p53 in HCC cells increased after NC intervention, while the expression of 14-3-3 Sigma and CDK1 decreased. Conclusion NC can inhibit the proliferation of HCC cells and induce G2/M cell cycle arrest, potentially by regulating the p53/14-3-3 Sigma/CDK1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Scientific Research Center, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Scientific Research Center, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Guihong Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorders, Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, 541199, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Optimization, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Molecular Screening and Druggability Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, 541199, China
| | - Jing'an Huang
- Scientific Research Center, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Xiaoxin Lin
- Scientific Research Center, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Zonghuai Li
- Scientific Research Center, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Yuanchu Lian
- Scientific Research Center, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Qiujie Huang
- Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Teaching Experiment and Training Center, Nanning, China
| | - Yong Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, China
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Weaver MA, Bowen C, Park LC, Bastidas A, Drewry SG, Mandel JR. Genetic Diversity of Aspergillus flavus on Maize in Guatemala. Foods 2023; 12:3864. [PMID: 37893757 PMCID: PMC10606850 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination of maize is a leading threat to health in Guatemala. This contamination is the result of infection from Aspergillus flavus and has been effectively reduced in other countries through application of nonaflatoxigenic, indigenous strains of A. flavus. We collected 82 maize samples from throughout Guatemala in two years and isolated 272 A. flavus from these samples, including 126 unique genotypes. We provide here a phenotypic and simple sequence repeat (SSR)-based genotypic description of these isolates, as well as an analysis of the diversity of this population. High levels of genetic diversity were observed with the nonaflatoxigenic isolates in this study, but this information contributes to the development of indigenous aflatoxin biocontrol products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Weaver
- USDA ARS National Biological Control Laboratory, 59 Lee Road, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA;
| | - Curt Bowen
- Semilla Nueva, 7 Avenida 14-44 Zona 9 Edificio La Galería, Oficina 35 Guatemala, Guatemala City 01009, Guatemala; (C.B.)
| | - Lilly C. Park
- USDA ARS National Biological Control Laboratory, 59 Lee Road, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA;
| | - Angela Bastidas
- Semilla Nueva, 7 Avenida 14-44 Zona 9 Edificio La Galería, Oficina 35 Guatemala, Guatemala City 01009, Guatemala; (C.B.)
| | - Samantha G. Drewry
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, 3774 Walker Avenue, Memphis, TN 38152, USA; (S.G.D.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Jennifer R. Mandel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, 3774 Walker Avenue, Memphis, TN 38152, USA; (S.G.D.); (J.R.M.)
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Davwar P, David P, Imoh L, Duguru M, Zawaya K, Tsok Y, Sagay A, Okeke E. Aflatoxin exposure in a population of HIV patients at risk of hepatocellular carcinoma North-Central, Nigeria. Afr Health Sci 2023; 23:81-87. [PMID: 38223595 PMCID: PMC10782315 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v23i2.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Aflatoxin B1causes damage to the DNA by the alkylation of bases and P53 mutation. Exposure to this mycotoxin is associated with the development of liver cancer. Measures to reduce grain and cereal contamination have been a focus however, the effects of these measures are still lagging behind and exposure continues to occur even in populations at risk of developing liver cancer. Objective To quantify aflatoxin B1 exposure in a population of HIV infected patients with and without HCC. Method This was a cross-sectional study among 196 patients with HIV and or HCC. We evaluated the exposure to aflatoxin B1 using the Aflatoxin M1 metabolite by ELISA on urine samples. Results A total of 196 participants consisting of 163 (83.2%) HIV positive and 28 (14.3%) HCC. Mean age is 46.64±10.8 years. The median aflatoxin (IQR) aflatoxin M1level is 177.3(112.5-272) pg/ml. Only 8(4.1%) of the participant had no exposure to aflatoxin B1. The median (IQR) aflatoxin for fibrosis score ≥ 13kpa (178.7(112.9-286.8) pg/ml) VS < 13kpa (173.5(107.9-250.4)), p = 0.046. Conclusion There is high prevalence of aflatoxin B1 exposure in this population. Concerted efforts must be put in place to mitigate exposure because of the potential effects of short- and long-term exposure to aflatoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yop Tsok
- Jos University Teaching Hospital
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Leal YA, Torres J, Gamboa R, Mantilla-Morales A, Piña-Sanchez P, Arrieta O, Bonifaz L, Meneses A, Duque C, Piñeros M. Cancer Incidence in Merida, Mexico 2015-2018: First Report from the Population-based Cancer Registry. Arch Med Res 2022; 53:859-866. [PMID: 36462950 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2022.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer registries are essential for monitoring cancer burden and patterns, and document changes in time for cancer control. Hereby, we present the first results of four years of the Merida population-based cancer registry in Mexico. METHODS The registry collects data on all new cancers diagnosed since 2015 using both active and passive methods including a total of 104 information sources. Definitions and coding follow international standards. Using CanReg5 software, age-standardized incidence rates (ASR/100,000 person years) were computed by direct method using the world standard population. RESULTS A total of 5684 new cancer cases were registered during 2015-2018, 2321 in males and 3363 in females corresponding to age-adjusted incidence rates (ASR per 100,000) of 128.5, and 153.1, respectively. Most frequent cancers among males were prostate cancer (ASR 29.8), lymphomas (ASR 10.9) and colorectal cancer (ASR 9.7) while among females it was breast cancer (ASR 49.3), cervical cancer (ASR 17.5) and corpus uteri (ASR 11.5). Childhood cancers (0-14 year) represented 2.9% of all cancers, with leukemias accounting for 52% of the new cases. Overall, 87.6% of new cases were microscopically verified. CONCLUSIONS The data reported provide information on the cancer profile in Merida. Prostate and breast cancer are the main incident cancers. Cervical cancers present high rates among women, while lymphomas and liver cancer data merit further exploration. Efforts to support the Merida cancer registry as well as other registries in Mexico need to be pursued in order to have locally recorded data to support cancer control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelda A Leal
- Centro Institucional de Capacitación y Registro de Cáncer, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Centro Médico Nacional, Ignacio García Téllez, Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social, Mérida, Yucatán, México.
| | - Javier Torres
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ricardo Gamboa
- Departamento de Oncología, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Centro Médico Nacional, Ignacio García Téllez, Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Alejandra Mantilla-Morales
- Laboratorio de Patología de la Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Oncología Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Patricia Piña-Sanchez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital de Oncología, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Oscar Arrieta
- Coordinación del Registro Nacional de Cáncer del Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México
| | - Laura Bonifaz
- Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Abelardo Meneses
- Dirección General del Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Celida Duque
- Dirección de Prestaciones Médicas, Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Marion Piñeros
- Cancer Surveillance Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, Francia
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Du Y, Wu T. Heart failure and cancer: From active exposure to passive adaption. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:992011. [PMID: 36304546 PMCID: PMC9592839 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.992011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body seems like a "balance integrator." On the one hand, the body constantly actively receives various outside stimuli and signals to induce changes. On the other hand, several internal regulations would be initiated to adapt to these changes. In most cases, the body could keep the balance in vitro and in vivo to reach a healthy body. However, in some cases, the body can only get to a pathological balance. Actively exposed to unhealthy lifestyles and passively adapting to individual primary diseases lead to a similarly inner environment for both heart failure and cancer. To cope with these stimuli, the body must activate the system regulation mechanism and face the mutual interference. This review summarized the association between heart failure and cancer from active exposure to passive adaption. Moreover, we hope to inspire researchers to contemplate these two diseases from the angle of overall body consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yantao Du
- Ningbo Institute of Medical Science, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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Berthiller F. Foreword. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2022. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2022.x001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
First and foremost, let me wish you a healthy, lucky and prosperous 2022! Let us hope that this year brings a change for the better, as more than five million human lives were lost due to COVID-19 already (Adam, 2022). While the pandemic continues to affect our daily life more than we would have ever thought, research must continue and maybe it is more important than ever. So even during difficult times, some great scientific achievements were made, and that includes mycotoxins.
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Foreword – special issue Mycotoxins in Latin America. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2021.x003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Latin America with its considerable North-South extent is subject to climate that varies from tropical, subtropical and warm temperate to temperate. Different agricultural products are produced in the area including cereals, oilseeds, beans, fruits and nuts together with animal production including cattle for beef and milk, pigs, poultry and fish. The heterogeneity of agriculture in Latin America is reflected in the diversity of the region’s farm structures. While agriculture in the Southern Cone is dominated by large, commercial and export-oriented farms, particularly in Argentina and Brazil, besides increasingly in other countries like Uruguay, much of the rest of the region is characterised by smallholder and family agriculture. The contamination of agricultural products with mycotoxins has impact both human and animal health, as well as the economy due to losses related to rejections of agricultural products and by-products during trade. The economic burden related to the consumption of mycotoxins by animals is especially important, causing productivity losses up to the death of animals. The relevant mycotoxins are fumonisins, deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) in cereals and cereal-based products, aflatoxins in cereals, oily seeds and nuts, aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products as well as ochratoxin A (OTA) in coffee, grapes and raisins. Co-occurrence of mycotoxins has also been observed mainly with aflatoxins and fumonisins in different Latin American countries (Torres et al., 2015). Advances on legislation in different countries including Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico and Uruguay have been done to establish maximum limits for mycotoxins including aflatoxins, DON, ZEN, OTA, patulin and ergot alkaloids (ANVISA, 2011/2017; CAA, 2019/2021, Norma Oficial Mexicana, N.-243-S., 2010/2010; Reglamento Sanitario de los Alimentos, 2013).
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