1
|
Luo W, Du C, Huang H, Kong J, Ge Z, Lin L, Wang H. The Role of Macrophage Death in Periodontitis: A Review. Inflammation 2024:10.1007/s10753-024-02015-4. [PMID: 38691250 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-024-02015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Periodontitis, an infectious inflammatory disease influenced by various factors, disrupts the delicate balance between the host microbiota and immunity. The resulting excessive immune response exacerbates the progressive destruction of the supporting periodontal tissue. Macrophages are essential elements of the host innate immune system. They are pivotal components in the periodontal immune microenvironment and actively participate in both physiological and pathological processes of periodontal tissue. When confronted with periodontitis-related irritant factors, macrophages may differentiate to pro- or anti-inflammatory subtypes that affect tissue homeostasis. Additionally, macrophages may die in response to bacterial infections, potentially affecting the severity of periodontitis. This article reviews the typical mechanisms underlying macrophage death and its effects on periodontitis. We describe five forms of macrophage death in periodontitis: apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, and ETosis. Our review of macrophage death in the pathophysiology of periodontitis enhances comprehension of the pathogenesis of periodontitis that will be useful for clinical practice. Although our review elucidates the complex mechanisms by which macrophage death and inflammatory pathways perpetuate periodontitis, unresolved issues remain, necessitating further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Luo
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Nanjing North Street 117, Shenyang, 110000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Chengying Du
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Nanjing North Street 117, Shenyang, 110000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hsiuwei Huang
- School of Stomatology, China Medical University, North Second Road 92, Shenyang, 110002, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jie Kong
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Nanjing North Street 117, Shenyang, 110000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ziming Ge
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Nanjing North Street 117, Shenyang, 110000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Nanjing North Street 117, Shenyang, 110000, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Nanjing North Street 117, Shenyang, 110000, Liaoning Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xiao Z, Wei X, Li M, Yang K, Chen R, Su Y, Yu Z, Liang Y, Ge J. Myeloid-specific deletion of Capns1 attenuates myocardial infarction injury via restoring mitochondrial function and inhibiting inflammasome activation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2023; 183:54-66. [PMID: 37689005 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial dysfunction of macrophage-mediated inflammatory response plays a key pathophysiological process in myocardial infarction (MI). Calpains are a well-known family of calcium-dependent cysteine proteases that regulate a variety of processes, including cell adhesion, proliferation, and migration, as well as mitochondrial function and inflammation. CAPNS1, the common regulatory subunit of calpain-1 and 2, is essential for the stabilization and activity of the catalytic subunit. Emerging studies suggest that calpains may serve as key mediators in mitochondria and NLRP3 inflammasome. This study investigated the role of myeloid cell calpains in MI. METHODS MI models were constructed using myeloid-specific Capns1 knockout mice. Cardiac function, cardiac fibrosis, and inflammatory infiltration were investigated. In vitro, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were isolated from mice. Mitochondrial function and NLRP3 activation were assessed in BMDMs under LPS stimulation. ATP5A1 knockdown and Capns1 knock-out mice were subjected to MI to investigate their roles in MI injury. RESULTS Ablation of calpain activities by Capns1 deletion improved the cardiac function, reduced infarct size, and alleviated cardiac fibrosis in mice subjected to MI. Mechanistically, Capns1 knockout reduced the cleavage of ATP5A1 and restored the mitochondria function thus inhibiting the inflammasome activation. ATP5A1 knockdown antagonized the protective effect of Capns1 mKO and aggravated MI injury. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that Capns1 depletion in macrophages mitigates MI injury via maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and inactivating the NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway. This study may offer novel insights into MI injury treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minghui Li
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruizhen Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangang Su
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziqing Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixiu Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Junbo Ge
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu M, Shao J, Zhao Y, Ma B, Ge S. Porphyromonas gingivalis Evades Immune Clearance by Regulating Lysosome Efflux. J Dent Res 2023; 102:555-564. [PMID: 36800907 DOI: 10.1177/00220345221146097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major periodontal pathogen, invades autophagosomes of cells, including gingival epithelial cells, endothelial cells, gingival fibroblasts, macrophages, and dendritic cells, to escape antimicrobial autophagy and lysosome fusion. However, it is not known how P. gingivalis resists autophagic immunity, survives within cells, and induces inflammation. Thus, we investigated whether P. gingivalis could escape antimicrobial autophagy by promoting lysosome efflux to block autophagic maturation, leading to intracellular survival, and whether the growth of P. gingivalis within cells results in cellular oxidative stress, causing mitochondrial damage and inflammatory responses. P. gingivalis invaded human immortalized oral epithelial cells in vitro and mouse oral epithelial cells of gingival tissues in vivo. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased upon bacterial invasion, as well as mitochondrial dysfunction-related parameters with downregulated mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP), upregulated mitochondrial membrane permeability, intracellular Ca2+ influx, mitochondrial DNA expression, and extracellular ATP. Lysosome excretion was elevated, the number of intracellular lysosomes was diminished, and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 was downregulated. Expression of autophagy-related proteins, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3, sequestosome-1, the NLRP3 inflammasome, and interleukin-1β increased with P. gingivalis infection. P. gingivalis may survive in vivo by promoting lysosome efflux, blocking autophagosome-lysosome fusion, and destroying autophagic flux. As a result, ROS and damaged mitochondria accumulated and activated the NLRP3 inflammasome, which recruited the adaptor protein ASC and caspase 1, leading to the production of proinflammatory factor interleukin-1β and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Liu
- Department of Periodontology & Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - J Shao
- Department of Periodontology & Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Y Zhao
- Department of Periodontology & Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - B Ma
- Department of Periodontology & Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - S Ge
- Department of Periodontology & Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Development of a cell line-based in vitro assay for assessment of Diphtheria, Tetanus and acellular Pertussis (DTaP)-induced inflammasome activation. Vaccine 2022; 40:5601-5607. [PMID: 35999078 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Safety and potency assessment for batch release testing of established vaccines still relies partly on animal tests. An important avenue to move to batch release without animal testing is the consistency approach. This approach is based on thorough characterization of the vaccine to identify critical quality attributes that inform the use of a comprehensive set of non-animal tests to release the vaccine, together with the principle that the quality of subsequent batches follows from their consistent production. Many vaccine antigens are by themselves not able to induce a protective immune response. The antigens are therefore administered together with adjuvant, most often by adsorption to aluminium salts. Adjuvant function is an important component of vaccine potency, and an important quality attribute of the final product. Aluminium adjuvants are capable of inducing NLRP3 inflammasome activation. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate an in vitro assay for NLRP3 inflammasome activation by aluminium-adjuvanted vaccines. We evaluated the effects of Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis combination vaccines from two manufacturers and their respective adjuvants, aluminium phosphate (AP) and aluminium hydroxide (AH), in an in vitro assay for NLRP3 inflammasome activation. All vaccines and adjuvants tested showed a dose-dependent increase in IL-1β production and a concomitant decrease in cell viability, suggesting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. The results were analysed by benchmark dose modelling, showing a similar 50% effective dose (ED50) for the two vaccine batches and corresponding adjuvant of manufacturer A (AP), and a similar ED50 for the two vaccine batches and corresponding adjuvant of manufacturer B (AH). This suggests that NLRP3 inflammasome activation is determined by the adjuvant only. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles reduced the adjuvant biological activity of AH, but not AP. Inflammasome activation may be used to measure adjuvant biological activity as an important quality attribute for control or characterization of the adjuvant.
Collapse
|
5
|
Du X, Li B, Cai Q, Qiao S, Wang Z, Li Z, Li Y, Meng W. D-aspartic acid protects against gingival fibroblasts inflammation by suppressing pyroptosis. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:5821-5829. [PMID: 35716284 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07335-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peri-implantitis is the main cause of dental implant failure, which is associated with pyroptosis. The roles of D-aspartic acid (D-Asp) on pyroptosis and the mechanism of the protective effect of D-Asp on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) remain unknown. This study investigated the effects of D-Asp on the pyroptosis of HGFs induced by high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1). METHODS The cytotoxic effects of D-Asp on HGFs was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, the membrane permeability was investigated by propidium iodide/ Hoechst 33,342 double staining, flow cytometry analysis, and lactate dehydrogenase releasing, The gene and protein expression levels were detected by real-time quantitative PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS Cell viability analysis showed that D-Asp ≤ 30 mM had no cytotoxicity to HGFs. HMGB1 drastically raised the membrane permeability of HGFs, while 1/10/30 mM D-Asp suppressed the permeability and remained the integrity of the membrane. HMGB1 promoted the mRNA expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-1β, and IL-18, and the protein expression of IL-1β, IL-18, caspase-1, GSDMD, and NLRP3. CONCLUSIONS With the pretreatment of HGFs with D-Asp of 1/10/30 mM for 24 h, the cell membrane permeability was reduced and the expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-1β, and IL-18 was significantly decreased compared with the HMGB1 group, indicating the competitive antagonism of D-Asp against HMGB1 on the binding with toll-like receptors. Hence, this study may provide a novel insight into preventing pyroptosis and propose a new strategy for the treatment of peri-implantitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuechun Du
- Department of Dental Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, 130021, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Baosheng Li
- Department of Dental Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, 130021, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Qing Cai
- Department of Dental Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, 130021, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shuwei Qiao
- Department of Dental Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, 130021, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- Department of Dental Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, 130021, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Dental Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, 130021, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuyang Li
- Department of Dental Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, 130021, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiyan Meng
- Department of Dental Implantology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, 130021, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vandebriel RJ, Remy S, Vermeulen JP, Hurkmans EGE, Kevenaar K, Bastús NG, Pelaz B, Soliman MG, Puntes VF, Parak WJ, Pennings JLA, Nelissen I. Pathways Related to NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation Induced by Gold Nanorods. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105763. [PMID: 35628574 PMCID: PMC9145314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread and increasing use of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) increases the risk of human exposure, generating concern that ENM may provoke adverse health effects. In this respect, their physicochemical characteristics are critical. The immune system may respond to ENM through inflammatory reactions. The NLRP3 inflammasome responds to a wide range of ENM, and its activation is associated with various inflammatory diseases. Recently, anisotropic ENM have become of increasing interest, but knowledge of their effects on the immune system is still limited. The objective of the study was to compare the effects of gold ENM of different shapes on NLRP3 inflammasome activation and related signalling pathways. Differentiated THP-1 cells (wildtype, ASC- or NLRP3-deficient), were exposed to PEGylated gold nanorods, nanostars, and nanospheres, and, thus, also different surface chemistries, to assess NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Next, the exposed cells were subjected to gene expression analysis. Nanorods, but not nanostars or nanospheres, showed NLRP3 inflammasome activation. ASC- or NLRP3-deficient cells did not show this effect. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis revealed that gold nanorod-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation was accompanied by downregulated sterol/cholesterol biosynthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and purinergic receptor signalling. At the level of individual genes, downregulation of Paraoxonase-2, a protein that controls oxidative stress, was most notable. In conclusion, the shape and surface chemistry of gold nanoparticles determine NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Future studies should include particle uptake and intracellular localization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rob J. Vandebriel
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health & the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (J.P.V.); (E.G.E.H.); (K.K.); (J.L.A.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sylvie Remy
- Health Unit, VITO NV, 2400 Mol, Belgium; (S.R.); (I.N.)
| | - Jolanda P. Vermeulen
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health & the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (J.P.V.); (E.G.E.H.); (K.K.); (J.L.A.P.)
| | - Evelien G. E. Hurkmans
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health & the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (J.P.V.); (E.G.E.H.); (K.K.); (J.L.A.P.)
| | - Kirsten Kevenaar
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health & the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (J.P.V.); (E.G.E.H.); (K.K.); (J.L.A.P.)
| | - Neus G. Bastús
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (N.G.B.); (V.F.P.)
| | - Beatriz Pelaz
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago, Spain;
- Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago, Spain
| | - Mahmoud G. Soliman
- Fachbereich Physik, CHyN, University of Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany; (M.G.S.); (W.J.P.)
| | - Victor F. Puntes
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (N.G.B.); (V.F.P.)
- Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wolfgang J. Parak
- Fachbereich Physik, CHyN, University of Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany; (M.G.S.); (W.J.P.)
| | - Jeroen L. A. Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health & the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (J.P.V.); (E.G.E.H.); (K.K.); (J.L.A.P.)
| | - Inge Nelissen
- Health Unit, VITO NV, 2400 Mol, Belgium; (S.R.); (I.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Murakami T, Nakaminami Y, Takahata Y, Hata K, Nishimura R. Activation and Function of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Bone and Joint-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105365. [PMID: 35628185 PMCID: PMC9141484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a pivotal response to a variety of stimuli, and inflammatory molecules such as cytokines have central roles in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including bone and joint diseases. Proinflammatory cytokines are mainly produced by immune cells and mediate inflammatory and innate immune responses. Additionally, proinflammatory cytokines accelerate bone resorption and cartilage destruction, resulting in the destruction of bone and joint tissues. Thus, proinflammatory cytokines are involved in regulating the pathogenesis of bone and joint diseases. Interleukin (IL)-1 is a representative inflammatory cytokine that strongly promotes bone and cartilage destruction, and elucidating the regulation of IL-1 will advance our understanding of the onset and progression of bone and joint diseases. IL-1 has two isoforms, IL-1α and IL-1β. Both isoforms signal through the same IL-1 receptor type 1, but the activation mechanisms are completely different. In particular, IL-1β is tightly regulated by protein complexes termed inflammasomes. Recent research using innovative technologies has led to a series of discoveries about inflammasomes. This review highlights the current understanding of the activation and function of the NLRP3 (NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3) inflammasome in bone and joint diseases.
Collapse
|
8
|
Banerjee I. In Vitro Assays to Study Inflammasome Activation in Primary Macrophages. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2459:11-28. [PMID: 35212950 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2144-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are multimeric complexes that can sense pathogens and danger signals in the environment. Upon detection of stimuli, caspase-1 is recruited to the inflammasome complex that cleaves and activates pro-inflammatory cytokines, thus initiating a cascade of inflammatory events. While inflammasomes form a crucial component of the host response to pathogens and danger molecules, their unchecked activation can result in the development of autoimmune diseases, metabolic disorders, and pathological outcomes. This chapter describes some assays to detect the measurable outcomes of inflammasome formation and activation. The protocol describes the methods to study the inflammasome pathway using an in vitro assay in primary macrophages. It can be applied to studies investigating the pathway mechanisms and potential therapeutics in the form of inhibitors or activators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Banerjee
- Pandion Therapeutics - a wholly-owned subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc.,, Kenilworth, NJ, USA.
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ohshima H, Mishima K, Amizuka N. Oral biosciences: The annual review 2020. J Oral Biosci 2021; 63:1-7. [PMID: 33582294 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Journal of Oral Biosciences is devoted to the advancement and dissemination of fundamental knowledge concerning every aspect of oral biosciences. HIGHLIGHT This review featured the review articles in the fields of "Microbiology," "Palate," "Stem Cells," "Mucosal Diseases," "Bone Cell Biology," "MicroRNAs," "TRPV1 Cation Channels," and "Interleukins" in addition to the review article by prize-winners of the "Rising Members Award" ("DKK3 expression and function in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and other cancers"), presented by the Japanese Association for Oral Biology. CONCLUSION These reviews in the Journal of Oral Biosciences have inspired the readers of the journal to broaden their knowledge regarding the various aspects of oral biosciences. The current editorial review introduces these exciting review articles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Ohshima
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan.
| | - Kenji Mishima
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8, Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Norio Amizuka
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 7 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin 1 Induces Immune Response via the Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13010068. [PMID: 33477467 PMCID: PMC7829800 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive opportunistic pathogen which causes infections in a variety of vertebrates. Virulence factors are the main pathogenesis of S. aureus as a pathogen, which induce the host’s innate and adaptive immune responses. Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) is one of the most important virulence factors of S. aureus. However, the role of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) in TSST-1-induced innate immune response is still unclear. Here, purified recombinant TSST-1 (rTSST-1) was prepared and used to stimulate mouse peritoneal macrophages. The results showed that under the action of adenosine-triphosphate (ATP), rTSST-1 significantly induced interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production in mouse macrophages and the production was dose-dependent. In addition, rTSST-1+ATP-stimulated cytokine production in macrophage depends on the activation of toll like receptor 4 (TLR4), but not TLR2 on the cells. Furthermore, the macrophages of NLRP3−/− mice stimulated with rTSST-1+ATP showed significantly low levels of IL-1β production compared to that of wild-type mice. These results demonstrated that TSST-1 can induce the expression of inflammatory cytokines in macrophages via the activation of the TLR4 and NLRP3 signaling pathways. Our study provides new information about the mechanism of the TSST-1-inducing host’s innate immune responses.
Collapse
|
11
|
Role of interleukin-1 and inflammasomes in oral disease. J Oral Biosci 2020; 62:242-248. [PMID: 32771408 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation promotes immune cell infiltration into tissues and induces production of pro-inflammatory cytokines that mediate innate immune responses. Acute or temporary inflammation results in the required repair of the inflamed tissues. However, chronic inflammation leads to pathogenesis of inflammatory conditions such as periodontal disease. In periodontal tissues, pro-inflammatory cytokines mediate inflammatory responses and accelerate the bone-resorbing activity of osteoclasts, resulting in destruction of alveolar bone. Levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1), a major pro-inflammatory cytokine that strongly promotes osteoclastic activity, are elevated in oral tissues of patients with periodontitis. Therefore, elucidation of the mechanisms underlying IL-1 production will enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. HIGHLIGHT IL-1 has two isoforms: IL-1α and IL-1β. Both isoforms bind to the same IL-1 receptor and have identical biological activity. Unlike that of IL-1α, the IL-1β precursor is not bioactive. To induce its bioactivity, the IL-1β precursor is cleaved by caspase-1, whose activation is mediated by multiprotein complexes termed inflammasomes. Thus, IL-1β maturation and activity are strictly regulated by inflammasomes. This review highlights the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying IL-1 production and the related inflammasome activity. CONCLUSION Inhibition of IL-1 production or the inflammasomes via their regulatory mechanisms may facilitate prevention or treatment of periodontal disease and other inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
|
12
|
Sanches JM, Branco LM, Duarte GHB, Oliani SM, Bortoluci KR, Moreira V, Gil CD. Annexin A1 Regulates NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Modifies Lipid Release Profile in Isolated Peritoneal Macrophages. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040926. [PMID: 32283822 PMCID: PMC7226734 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Annexin A1 (AnxA1) is a potent anti-inflammatory protein that downregulates proinflammatory cytokine release. This study evaluated the role of AnxA1 in the regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and lipid release by starch-elicited murine peritoneal macrophages. C57bl/6 wild-type (WT) and AnxA1-null (AnxA1-/-) mice received an intraperitoneal injection of 1.5% starch solution for macrophage recruitment. NLRP3 was activated by priming cells with lipopolysaccharide for 3 h, followed by nigericin (1 h) or ATP (30 min) incubation. As expected, nigericin and ATP administration decreased elicited peritoneal macrophage viability and induced IL-1β release, more pronounced in the AnxA1-/- cells than in the control peritoneal macrophages. In addition, nigericin-activated AnxA1-/- macrophages showed increased levels of NLRP3, while points of co-localization of the AnxA1 protein and NLRP3 inflammasome were detected in WT cells, as demonstrated by ultrastructural analysis. The lipidomic analysis showed a pronounced release of prostaglandins in nigericin-stimulated WT peritoneal macrophages, while ceramides were detected in AnxA1-/- cell supernatants. Different eicosanoid profiles were detected for both genotypes, and our results suggest that endogenous AnxA1 regulates the NLRP3-derived IL-1β and lipid mediator release in macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Marcos Sanches
- Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-900, Brazil;
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Oeste Paulista, Guarujá, São Paulo 11410-980, Brazil
| | - Laura Migliari Branco
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e Centro de Terapia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04044-010, Brazil; (L.M.B.); (K.R.B.)
| | | | - Sonia Maria Oliani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE), Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15054-000, Brazil;
| | - Karina Ramalho Bortoluci
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e Centro de Terapia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04044-010, Brazil; (L.M.B.); (K.R.B.)
| | - Vanessa Moreira
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil;
| | - Cristiane Damas Gil
- Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-900, Brazil;
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE), Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15054-000, Brazil;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-011-5576-4268
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li C, Yin W, Yu N, Zhang D, Zhao H, Liu J, Liu J, Pan Y, Lin L. miR-155 promotes macrophage pyroptosis induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis through regulating the NLRP3 inflammasome. Oral Dis 2019; 25:2030-2039. [PMID: 31529565 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to detect pyroptosis in macrophages stimulated with Porphyromonas gingivalis and elucidate the mechanism by which P. gingivalis induces pyroptosis in macrophages. METHODS The immortalized human monocyte cell line U937 was stimulated with P. gingivalis W83. Flow cytometry was carried out to detect pyroptosis in macrophages. The expression of miR-155 was detected by real-time PCR and inhibited using RNAi. Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 1, cleaved GSDMD, caspase (CAS)-1, caspase-11, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), and NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) were detected by Western blotting, and IL-1β and IL-18 were detected by ELISA. RESULTS The rate of pyroptosis in macrophages and the expression of miR-155 increased upon stimulation with P. gingivalis and pyroptosis rate decreased when miR-155 was silenced. GSDMD-NT, CAS-11, CAS-1, ASC, NLRP3, IL-1β, and IL-18 levels increased, but SOCS1 decreased in U937 cells after stimulated with P. gingivalis. These changes were weakened in P. gingivalis-stimulated U937 macrophages transfected with lentiviruses carrying miR-155 shRNA compared to those transfected with non-targeting control sequence. However, there was no significant difference in ASC expression between P. gingivalis-stimulated shCont and shMiR-155 cells. CONCLUSIONS Porphyromonas gingivalis promotes pyroptosis in macrophages during early infection. miR-155 is involved in this process through regulating the NLRP3 inflammasome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wanting Yin
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,MALO CLINIC, Shenyang, China
| | - Ning Yu
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Haijiao Zhao
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingbo Liu
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Junchao Liu
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Province Translational Medicine Research Center of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Yaping Pan
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhao W, Ma L, Cai C, Gong X. Caffeine Inhibits NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation by Suppressing MAPK/NF-κB and A2aR Signaling in LPS-Induced THP-1 Macrophages. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:1571-1581. [PMID: 31360100 PMCID: PMC6643212 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.34211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive inflammation induced by various risk factors is associated with the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Caffeine exerts potent anti-inflammatory effects as a clinical preventive medicine for BPD. Recently, NLRP3 inflammasome activation has been demonstrated to be essential for the pathogenesis of BPD. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of caffeine on NLRP3 inflammasome activation in LPS-induced THP-1 macrophages and to explore the underlying the detailed mechanism. We found that caffeine significantly reduced NLRP3 expression, ASC speck formation, and caspase 1 cleavage and therefore decreased IL-1β and IL-18 secretion in THP-1 macrophages. Caffeine also markedly decreased the phosphorylation levels of MAPK and NF-κB pathway members, further suppressing the translocation of NF-κB in THP-1 macrophages. Moreover, silencing of the caffeine-antagonized adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) significantly decreased cleaved caspase 1 expression in THP-1 macrophages by reducing ROS production. Given these findings, we conclude that caffeine inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation by suppressing MAPK/NF-κB signaling and A2aR-associated ROS production in LPS-induced THP-1 macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Zhao
- Department of Neonatology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Neonatology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Cai
- Department of Neonatology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohui Gong
- Department of Neonatology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yang Q, Liu R, Yu Q, Bi Y, Liu G. Metabolic regulation of inflammasomes in inflammation. Immunology 2019; 157:95-109. [PMID: 30851192 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasome activation and subsequent inflammatory cytokine secretion are essential for innate immune defence against multiple stimuli and are regarded as a link to adaptive immune responses. Dysfunction of inflammasome activation has been discovered at the onset or progression of infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases and cancer, all of which are also associated with metabolic factors. Furthermore, many studies concerning the metabolic regulation of inflammasome activation have emerged in recent years, especially regarding the activity of the NLRP3 inflammasome under metabolic reprogramming. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of the interactions between metabolic pathways and inflammasome activation, which exerts further important effects on various diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuli Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruichen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujing Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Guangwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dominy SS, Lynch C, Ermini F, Benedyk M, Marczyk A, Konradi A, Nguyen M, Haditsch U, Raha D, Griffin C, Holsinger LJ, Arastu-Kapur S, Kaba S, Lee A, Ryder MI, Potempa B, Mydel P, Hellvard A, Adamowicz K, Hasturk H, Walker GD, Reynolds EC, Faull RLM, Curtis MA, Dragunow M, Potempa J. Porphyromonas gingivalis in Alzheimer's disease brains: Evidence for disease causation and treatment with small-molecule inhibitors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaau3333. [PMID: 30746447 PMCID: PMC6357742 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau3333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 968] [Impact Index Per Article: 193.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, the keystone pathogen in chronic periodontitis, was identified in the brain of Alzheimer's disease patients. Toxic proteases from the bacterium called gingipains were also identified in the brain of Alzheimer's patients, and levels correlated with tau and ubiquitin pathology. Oral P. gingivalis infection in mice resulted in brain colonization and increased production of Aβ1-42, a component of amyloid plaques. Further, gingipains were neurotoxic in vivo and in vitro, exerting detrimental effects on tau, a protein needed for normal neuronal function. To block this neurotoxicity, we designed and synthesized small-molecule inhibitors targeting gingipains. Gingipain inhibition reduced the bacterial load of an established P. gingivalis brain infection, blocked Aβ1-42 production, reduced neuroinflammation, and rescued neurons in the hippocampus. These data suggest that gingipain inhibitors could be valuable for treating P. gingivalis brain colonization and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S. Dominy
- Cortexyme, Inc., 269 East Grand Ave., South San Francisco, CA, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Casey Lynch
- Cortexyme, Inc., 269 East Grand Ave., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Florian Ermini
- Cortexyme, Inc., 269 East Grand Ave., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Malgorzata Benedyk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agata Marczyk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrei Konradi
- Cortexyme, Inc., 269 East Grand Ave., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mai Nguyen
- Cortexyme, Inc., 269 East Grand Ave., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ursula Haditsch
- Cortexyme, Inc., 269 East Grand Ave., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Debasish Raha
- Cortexyme, Inc., 269 East Grand Ave., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Samer Kaba
- Cortexyme, Inc., 269 East Grand Ave., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Lee
- Cortexyme, Inc., 269 East Grand Ave., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark I. Ryder
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Barbara Potempa
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Piotr Mydel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Broegelman Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Annelie Hellvard
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Broegelman Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Karina Adamowicz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Hatice Hasturk
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Glenn D. Walker
- Cooperative Research Centre for Oral Health Science, Melbourne Dental School and the Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric C. Reynolds
- Cooperative Research Centre for Oral Health Science, Melbourne Dental School and the Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard L. M. Faull
- Department of Anatomy with Radiology, Centre for Brain Research and NeuroValida, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maurice A. Curtis
- Centre for Brain Research and NeuroValida, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mike Dragunow
- Centre for Brain Research and NeuroValida, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Okano T, Ashida H, Suzuki S, Shoji M, Nakayama K, Suzuki T. Porphyromonas gingivalis triggers NLRP3-mediated inflammasome activation in macrophages in a bacterial gingipains-independent manner. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1965-1974. [PMID: 30280383 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium that has been considered to be one of the bacteria associated with progression of human periodontitis. Subgingival biofilms formed by bacteria, including P. gingivalis, induce chronic inflammation, and activation of inflammasome in the gingival tissue. However, the mechanisms of P. gingivalis-triggering inflammasome activation and the role of bacteria-host interactions are controversial. In this study, we investigated the potential of P. gingivalis for triggering inflammasome activation in human cells and mouse models. We demonstrated that secreted or released factors from bacteria are involved in triggering NLR family, pyrin-domain containing 3 protein (NLRP3) inflammasome in a gingipain-independent manner. Our data indicated that released active caspase-1 and mature IL-1β are eliminated by proteolytic activity of secreted gingipains. These results elucidate the molecular bases for the mechanisms underlying P. gingivalis-triggered inflammasome activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tokuju Okano
- Department of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Infection and Host Response, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ashida
- Department of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Infection and Host Response, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiho Suzuki
- Department of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Infection and Host Response, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikio Shoji
- Division of Microbiology and Oral Infection, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Koji Nakayama
- Division of Microbiology and Oral Infection, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Suzuki
- Department of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Infection and Host Response, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cytosolic Recognition of Microbes and Pathogens: Inflammasomes in Action. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2018; 82:82/4/e00015-18. [PMID: 30209070 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00015-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection is a dynamic biological process underpinned by a complex interplay between the pathogen and the host. Microbes from all domains of life, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoan parasites, have the capacity to cause infection. Infection is sensed by the host, which often leads to activation of the inflammasome, a cytosolic macromolecular signaling platform that mediates the release of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 and cleavage of the pore-forming protein gasdermin D, leading to pyroptosis. Host-mediated sensing of the infection occurs when pathogens inject or carry pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) into the cytoplasm or induce damage that causes cytosolic liberation of danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in the host cell. Recognition of PAMPs and DAMPs by inflammasome sensors, including NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, NAIP, AIM2, and Pyrin, initiates a cascade of events that culminate in inflammation and cell death. However, pathogens can deploy virulence factors capable of minimizing or evading host detection. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms of microbe-induced activation of the inflammasome and the functional consequences of inflammasome activation in infectious diseases. We also explore the microbial strategies used in the evasion of inflammasome sensing at the host-microbe interaction interface.
Collapse
|
19
|
Yan B, Wei K, Hou L, Dai T, Gu Y, Qiu X, Chen J, Feng Y, Cheng H, Yu Z, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Li D. Receptor-Interacting Protein 3/Caspase-8 May Regulate Inflammatory Response and Promote Tissue Regeneration in the Periodontal Microenvironment. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:5247-5257. [PMID: 30057402 PMCID: PMC6080583 DOI: 10.12659/msm.909192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) possess characteristics of multi-potential differentiation and immuno-modulation, and PDLSCs-mediated periodontal tissue regeneration is regarded as a hopeful method for periodontitis treatment. Recent studies demonstrated that RIP3 and caspase8 regulate bacteria-induced innate immune response and programmed necrosis, which is also called necroptosis. This study aimed to determine the role of the RIP3/Caspase8 signal pathway on necroptosis of PDLSCs under the inflammatory microenvironment, both in vitro and in vivo. Material/Methods PDLSCs were cultured, and transmission electron microscopy and flow cytometry were used to detect necroptosis. PCR, ALP, and Alizarin Red S staining were used to assess the effect of necroptosis on osteogenesis differentiation of PDLSCs in vitro, while HE and Masson staining were taken after the nude mouse subcutaneous transplant experiment. Results Our research indicates that RIP3/caspase8 can regulate the immune response of PDLSCs, and blockade of RIP3/caspase8 can protect the biological characteristics of the PDLSCs, effectively promoting periodontal tissue regeneration in the inflammatory microenvironment. Conclusions Inhibiting RIP3/caspase8 can effectively promote periodontal tissue regeneration in the inflammatory microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Oral Implants, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Kewen Wei
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Lipeng Hou
- Department of Stomatology, Ninth Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Taiqiang Dai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Yongchun Gu
- Department of Dentistry, First People's Hospital of Wujiang Dist, Nantong University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Xinyu Qiu
- Research and Development Center of Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Jiangwei Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Yuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Oral Implants, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Haode Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Oral Implants, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Zhuo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Oral Implants, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Yizhe Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Dehua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Oral Implants, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fleetwood AJ, Lee MKS, Singleton W, Achuthan A, Lee MC, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Cook AD, Murphy AJ, Dashper SG, Reynolds EC, Hamilton JA. Metabolic Remodeling, Inflammasome Activation, and Pyroptosis in Macrophages Stimulated by Porphyromonas gingivalis and Its Outer Membrane Vesicles. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:351. [PMID: 28824884 PMCID: PMC5543041 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the bacterial species most closely associated with periodontitis and can shed large numbers of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), which are increasingly thought to play a significant role in bacterial virulence and pathogenicity. Macrophages are amongst the first immune cells to respond to bacteria and their products, so we sought to directly compare the response of macrophages to P. gingivalis or its purified OMVs. Macrophages stimulated with OMVs produced large amounts of TNFα, IL-12p70, IL-6, IL-10, IFNβ, and nitric oxide compared to cells infected with P. gingivalis, which produced very low levels of these mediators. Both P. gingivalis and OMVs induced a shift in macrophage metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to glycolysis, which was supported by enhanced lactate release, decreased mitochondrial oxygen consumption with reduced spare respiratory capacity, as well as increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Corresponding to this metabolic shift, gene expression analysis of macrophages infected with P. gingivalis or stimulated with OMVs revealed a broad transcriptional upregulation of genes critical to glycolysis and a downregulation of genes associated with the TCA cycle. Upon examination of inflammasome signaling and pyroptosis it was found that P. gingivalis did not activate the inflammasome in macrophages as the mature forms of caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18 were not detected and there was no extracellular release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) or 7-AAD staining. In comparison, macrophages stimulated with OMVs potently activated caspase-1, produced large amounts of IL-1β, IL-18, released LDH, and were positive for 7-AAD indicative of pyroptotic cell death. These data directly quantitate the distinct effects of P. gingivalis and its OMVs on macrophage inflammatory phenotype, mitochondrial function, inflammasome activation, and pyroptotic cell death that may have potential implications for their roles in chronic periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Fleetwood
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne HospitalParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Man K S Lee
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - William Singleton
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, University of MelbourneVIC, Australia
| | - Adrian Achuthan
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne HospitalParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ming-Chin Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne HospitalParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Neil M O'Brien-Simpson
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, University of MelbourneVIC, Australia
| | - Andrew D Cook
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne HospitalParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart G Dashper
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, University of MelbourneVIC, Australia
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, University of MelbourneVIC, Australia
| | - John A Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne HospitalParkville, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
A Novel Role for Brain Natriuretic Peptide: Inhibition of IL-1β Secretion via Downregulation of NF-kB/Erk 1/2 and NALP3/ASC/Caspase-1 Activation in Human THP-1 Monocyte. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:5858315. [PMID: 28331244 PMCID: PMC5346358 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5858315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a pleiotropic cytokine and a crucial mediator of inflammatory and immune responses. IL-1β processing and release are tightly controlled by complex pathways such as NF-kB/ERK1/2, to produce pro-IL-1β, and NALP3/ASC/Caspase-1 inflammasome, to produce the active secreted protein. Dysregulation of both IL-1β and its related pathways is involved in inflammatory/autoimmune disorders and in a wide range of other diseases. Identifying molecules modulating their expression is a crucial need to develop new therapeutic agents. IL-1β is a strong regulator of Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP), a hormone involved in cardiovascular homeostasis by guanylyl cyclase Natriuretic Peptide Receptor (NPR-1). An emerging role of BNP in inflammation and immunity, although proposed, remains largely unexplored. Here, we newly demonstrated that, in human THP-1 monocytes, LPS/ATP-induced IL-1β secretion is strongly inhibited by BNP/NPR-1/cGMP axis at all the molecular mechanisms that tightly control its production and release, NF-kB, ERK 1/2, and all the elements of NALP3/ASC/Caspase-1 inflammasome cascade, and that NALP3 inflammasome inhibition is directly related to BNP deregulatory effect on NF-kB/ERK 1/2 activation. Our findings reveal a novel potent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory role for BNP and open new alleys of investigation for a possible employment of this endogenous agent in the treatment of inflammatory/immune-related and IL-1β/NF-kB/ERK1/2/NALP3/ASC/Caspase-1-associated diseases.
Collapse
|
22
|
Affiliation(s)
- Judie A. Howrylak
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17003
| | - Kiichi Nakahira
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065;
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Periasamy S, Le HT, Duffy EB, Chin H, Harton JA. Inflammasome-Independent NLRP3 Restriction of a Protective Early Neutrophil Response to Pulmonary Tularemia. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006059. [PMID: 27926940 PMCID: PMC5142794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis (Ft) causes a frequently fatal, acute necrotic pneumonia in humans and animals. Following lethal Ft infection in mice, infiltration of the lungs by predominantly immature myeloid cells and subsequent myeloid cell death drive pathogenesis and host mortality. However, following sub-lethal Ft challenge, more mature myeloid cells are elicited and are protective. In addition, inflammasome-dependent IL-1β and IL-18 are important for protection. As Nlrp3 appears dispensable for resistance to infection with Francisella novicida, we considered its role during infection with the virulent Type A strain SchuS4 and the attenuated Type B live vaccine strain LVS. Here we show that both in vitro macrophage and in vivo IL-1β and IL-18 responses to Ft LVS and SchuS4 involve both the Aim2 and Nlrp3 inflammasomes. However, following lethal infection with Francisella, IL-1r-, Caspase-1/11-, Asc- and Aim2-deficient mice exhibited increased susceptibility as expected, while Nlrp3-deficient mice were more resistant. Despite reduced levels of IL-1β and IL-18, in the absence of Nlrp3, Ft infected mice have dramatically reduced lung pathology, diminished recruitment and death of immature myeloid cells, and reduced bacterial burden in comparison to wildtype and inflammasome-deficient mice. Further, increased numbers of mature neutrophil appear in the lung early during lethal Ft infection in Nlrp3-deficient mice. Finally, Ft infection induces myeloid and lung stromal cell death that in part requires Nlrp3, is necrotic/necroptotic in nature, and drives host mortality. Thus, Nlrp3 mediates an inflammasome-independent process that restricts the appearance of protective mature neutrophils and promotes lethal necrotic lung pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sivakumar Periasamy
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Hongnga T. Le
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Ellen B. Duffy
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Heather Chin
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Jonathan A. Harton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Jun HK, Jung YJ, Choi BK. Treponema denticola, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Tannerella forsythia induce cell death and release of endogenous danger signals. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 73:72-78. [PMID: 27697692 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze whether periodontopathogens induced inflammatory cell death and the release of diverse endogenous danger molecules in THP-1-derived macrophages. METHODS The macrophages were treated with Treponema denticola, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Tannerella forsythia. Activation of caspase-1 and caspase-4 was detected by Western blotting. Cell death of bacteria-stimulated macrophages was examined using a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay and propidium iodide (PI)/annexin V (AV) staining. Levels of endogenous danger signals, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP), uric acid, heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1), and fibronectin in the culture supernatants were determined using an ATP bioluminescence assay kit, a uric acid assay kit, and Western blotting, respectively. RESULTS T. denticola, P. gingivalis, and T. forsythia induced activation of caspase-1 and caspase-4. The LDH assay and PI/AV staining showed that all three pathogens induced pyroptotic cell death. All three bacteria induced release of ATP, which is an important ligand for inflammasome activation; the increase in ATP ultimately leads to caspase-1 activation. T. denticola induced release of HSP60 and fibronectin, while T. forsythia induced release of HMGB1 in addition to HSP60 and fibronectin. None of the endogenous molecules except for fibronectin were detected in P. gingivalis-infected cells, possibly due to degradation of these factors by the proteolytic activity of the bacteria. Interestingly, P. gingivalis induced uric acid release. CONCLUSION Inflammatory cell death and endogenous danger molecules released from cells infected with periodontopathogens may play critical roles in the pathogenesis and progression of periodontitis by augmenting immune and inflammatory responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Kyoung Jun
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, South Korea.
| | - Young-Jung Jung
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, South Korea.
| | - Bong-Kyu Choi
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, South Korea; Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Inflammasome biology is one of the most exciting and rapidly growing areas in immunology. Over the past 10 years, inflammasomes have been recognized for their roles in the host defense against invading pathogens and in the development of cancer, auto-inflammatory, metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases. Assembly of an inflammasome complex requires cytosolic sensing of pathogen-associated molecular patterns or danger-associated molecular patterns by a nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat receptor (NLR) or absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2)-like receptors (ALR). NLRs and ALRs engage caspase-1, in most cases requiring the adapter protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), to catalyze proteolytic cleavage of pro-interleukin-1β (pro-IL-1β) and pro-IL-18 and drive pyroptosis. Recent studies indicate that caspase-8, caspase-11, IL-1R-associated kinases (IRAK), and receptor-interacting protein (RIP) kinases contribute to inflammasome functions. In addition, post-translational modifications, including ubiquitination, deubiquitination, phosphorylation, and degradation control almost every aspect of inflammasome activities. Genetic studies indicate that mutations in NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, and AIM2 are linked with the development of auto-inflammatory diseases, enterocolitis, and cancer. Overall, these findings transform our understanding of the basic biology and clinical relevance of inflammasomes. In this review, we provide an overview of the latest development of inflammasome research and discuss how inflammasome activities govern health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si Ming Man
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Activation of the NLRP1b inflammasome independently of ASC-mediated caspase-1 autoproteolysis and speck formation. Nat Commun 2015; 5:3209. [PMID: 24492532 PMCID: PMC3926011 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite its clinical importance in infection and autoimmunity, the activation mechanisms of the NLRP1b inflammasome remain enigmatic. Here we show that deletion of the inflammasome adaptor ASC in BALB/c mice and in C57BL/6 macrophages expressing a functional NLRP1b prevents anthrax lethal toxin (LeTx)-induced caspase-1 autoproteolysis and speck formation. However, ASC−/− macrophages undergo normal LeTx-induced pyroptosis and secrete significant amounts of interleukin (IL)-1β. In contrast, ASC is critical for caspase-1 autoproteolysis and IL-1β secretion by the NLRC4, NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes. Notably, LeTx-induced inflammasome activation is associated with caspase-1 ubiquitination, which is unaffected in ASC-deficient cells. In vivo, ASC-deficient mice challenged with LeTx produce significant levels of IL-1β, IL-18 and HMGB1 in circulation, although caspase-1 autoproteolysis is abolished. As a result, ASC−/− mice are sensitive to rapid LeTx-induced lethality. Together, these results demonstrate that ASC-driven caspase-1 autoprocessing and speck formation are dispensable for the activation of caspase-1 and the NLRP1b inflammasome. The NLRP1b inflammasome activation may lead to pyroptosis and secretion of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1ß and IL-18 but the mechanisms behind these processes are not fully understood. Here, the authors show that they can occur independently of the inflammasome adaptor ASC and without caspase-1 autoprocessing.
Collapse
|
27
|
Guo H, Callaway JB, Ting JPY. Inflammasomes: mechanism of action, role in disease, and therapeutics. Nat Med 2015; 21:677-87. [PMID: 26121197 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2190] [Impact Index Per Article: 243.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The inflammasomes are innate immune system receptors and sensors that regulate the activation of caspase-1 and induce inflammation in response to infectious microbes and molecules derived from host proteins. They have been implicated in a host of inflammatory disorders. Recent developments have greatly enhanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which different inflammasomes are activated. Additionally, increasing evidence in mouse models, supported by human data, strongly implicates an involvement of the inflammasome in the initiation or progression of diseases with a high impact on public health, such as metabolic disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, recent developments pointing toward promising therapeutics that target inflammasome activity in inflammatory diseases have been reported. This review will focus on these three areas of inflammasome research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Guo
- The Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Justin B Callaway
- The Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- 1] The Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. [2] Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jung YJ, Jun HK, Choi BK. Contradictory roles ofPorphyromonas gingivalisgingipains in caspase-1 activation. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:1304-19. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jung Jung
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu Seoul 110-749 Korea
| | - Hye-Kyoung Jun
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu Seoul 110-749 Korea
| | - Bong-Kyu Choi
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry; Seoul National University; 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu Seoul 110-749 Korea
- Dental Research Institute; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Misawa T, Saitoh T, Kozaki T, Park S, Takahama M, Akira S. Resveratrol inhibits the acetylated α-tubulin-mediated assembly of the NLRP3-inflammasome. Int Immunol 2015; 27:425-34. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
|
30
|
ADP-ribosylation of NLRP3 by Mycoplasma pneumoniae CARDS toxin regulates inflammasome activity. mBio 2014; 5:mBio.02186-14. [PMID: 25538194 PMCID: PMC4278538 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02186-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammasome is a major regulator of inflammation through its activation of procaspase-1, which cleaves prointerleukin-1β (pro-IL-1β) into its mature form. IL-1β is a critical proinflammatory cytokine that dictates the severity of inflammation associated with a wide spectrum of inflammatory diseases. NLRP3 is a key component of the inflammasome complex, and multiple signals and stimuli trigger formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome complex. In the current study, we uncovered a yet unknown mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome activation by a pathogen-derived factor. We show that the unique bacterial ADP-ribosylating and vacuolating toxin produced by Mycoplasma pneumoniae and designated community-acquired respiratory distress syndrome (CARDS) toxin activates the NLRP3 inflammasome by colocalizing with the NLRP3 inflammasome and catalyzing the ADP-ribosylation of NLRP3. Mutant full-length CARDS toxin lacking ADP-ribosyltransferase (ADPRT) activity and truncated CARDS toxins unable to bind to macrophages and be internalized failed to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome. These studies demonstrate that CARDS toxin-mediated ADP-ribosylation constitutes an important posttranslational modification of NLRP3, that ADPRT activity of CARDS toxin is essential for NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and that posttranslational ADPRT-mediated modification of the inflammasome is a newly discovered mechanism for inflammasome activation with subsequent release of IL-1β and associated pathologies. Inflammation is a fundamental innate immune response to environmental factors, including infections. The inflammasome represents a multiprotein complex that regulates inflammation via its ability to activate specific proinflammatory cytokines, resulting in an effective host protective response. However, excessive release of proinflammatory cytokines can occur following infection that skews the host response to “hyperinflammation” with exaggerated tissue damage. Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a common bacterial airway pathogen, possesses a unique protein toxin with ADP-ribosyltransferase and vacuolating properties capable of reproducing the robust inflammation and cytopathology associated with mycoplasma infection. Here, we show that the toxin uniquely activates the NLRP3 inflammasome by colocalizing with and ADP-ribosylating NLRP3, possibly leading to “hyperinflammation” and thus uncovering a novel target for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
|
31
|
Damgaard C, Holmstrup P, Van Dyke TE, Nielsen CH. The complement system and its role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis: current concepts. J Periodontal Res 2014; 50:283-93. [PMID: 25040158 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a highly prevalent inflammatory disease in tooth supporting tissues, induced by bacteria growing in a biofilm on tooth surfaces. Components of the complement system are present in the periodontal tissue and the system is activated in periodontitis. Continuous complement activation and modulation by bacteria within the biofilm in periodontal pockets, however, may enhance local tissue destruction, providing the biofilm with both essential nutrients and space to grow. A more profound understanding of the mechanisms involved in complement-derived tissue degradation may facilitate the development of new treatment concepts for periodontitis. Further studies on the role of complement in periodontitis pathogenesis may also contribute to the understanding of why some individuals fail to resolve periodontitis. Here, we review evidence that links complement to the pathogenesis of periodontitis with an emphasis on interaction of complement with bacteria from periodontitis-associated biofilm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Damgaard
- Section for Periodontology, Microbiology and Community Dentistry, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Institute for Inflammation Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Center for Periodontology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Guo H, Gao J, Taxman DJ, Ting JPY, Su L. HIV-1 infection induces interleukin-1β production via TLR8 protein-dependent and NLRP3 inflammasome mechanisms in human monocytes. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:21716-26. [PMID: 24939850 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.566620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β is associated with the progression of human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1) disease or AIDS. Unlike most inflammatory cytokines that are regulated by NF-κB at the transcriptional level, production of mature IL-1β also depends on inflammasome activation. The mechanism by which HIV-1 induces pro-IL-1β expression and activates inflammasomes to cleave pro-IL-1β into its bioactive form is not clearly defined. We report here that HIV-1 infection in human monocytes efficiently induced IL-1β expression and inflammasome activation. Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) was required for inducing pro-IL-1β expression, whereas the NLRP3 inflammasome was required for IL-1β maturation and release. Furthermore, the lysosomal protease cathepsin B and HIV-1 induced production of reactive oxygen species were critical for HIV-induced inflammasome activation and IL-1β production. HIV-1 entry, reverse transcription, and integration were all required for both pro-IL-1β expression and inflammasome activation. Finally, we show that HIV-1-derived RNA was sufficient to induce both pro-IL-1β expression and inflammasome activation. We conclude that HIV-1 infection induced the expression of pro-IL-1β via TLR8-mediated mechanisms and activated caspase-1 through the NLRP3 inflammasome to cleave pro-IL-1β into bioactive IL-1β. These findings help to elucidate mechanisms of HIV-1 disease progression and identify novel targets for treating HIV-1 induced inflammation and immune activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Guo
- From the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and
| | - Jianmei Gao
- From the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and
| | - Debra J Taxman
- From the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Jenny P Y Ting
- From the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Lishan Su
- From the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Inflammasome activation causes dual recruitment of NLRC4 and NLRP3 to the same macromolecular complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:7403-8. [PMID: 24803432 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1402911111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogen recognition by nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR) results in the formation of a macromolecular protein complex (inflammasome) that drives protective inflammatory responses in the host. It is thought that the number of inflammasome complexes forming in a cell is determined by the number of NLRs being activated, with each NLR initiating its own inflammasome assembly independent of one another; however, we show here that the important foodborne pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) simultaneously activates at least two NLRs, whereas only a single inflammasome complex is formed in a macrophage. Both nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat caspase recruitment domain 4 and nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat pyrin domain 3 are simultaneously present in the same inflammasome, where both NLRs are required to drive IL-1β processing within the Salmonella-infected cell and to regulate the bacterial burden in mice. Superresolution imaging of Salmonella-infected macrophages revealed a macromolecular complex with an outer ring of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase activation and recruitment domain and an inner ring of NLRs, with active caspase effectors containing the pro-IL-1β substrate localized internal to the ring structure. Our data reveal the spatial localization of different components of the inflammasome and how different members of the NLR family cooperate to drive robust IL-1β processing during Salmonella infection.
Collapse
|
34
|
Contassot E, French LE. New insights into acne pathogenesis: propionibacterium acnes activates the inflammasome. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:310-313. [PMID: 24424454 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The precise contribution of the commensal bacterium Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) in the inflammatory response associated with acne vulgaris remains controversial. In this issue Qin et al. show that P. acnes induces robust IL-1β secretion in monocytic cells by triggering the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. In vivo, the encounter of P. acnes and macrophages in the peri-follicular dermis could locally result in the release of substantial amounts of IL-1β and therefore exacerbate inflammation. Such findings suggest that molecules targeting IL-1β and/or the NLRP3 inflammasome may constitute new treatment possibilities for acne vulgaris.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Contassot
- Dermatology Department, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lars E French
- Dermatology Department, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Carneiro LAM, Travassos LH. The Interplay between NLRs and Autophagy in Immunity and Inflammation. Front Immunol 2013; 4:361. [PMID: 24273538 PMCID: PMC3822332 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since they were first described as cytosolic sensors of microbial molecules a decade ago, the Nod-like receptors (NLRs) have been shown to have many different and important roles in various aspects of immune and inflammatory responses, ranging from antimicrobial mechanisms to control of adaptive responses. In this review, we focus on the interplay between NLRs and autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that is crucial for homeostasis and has recently been shown to be involved in the protective response against infections. Furthermore, the association between mutations of NLRs as well as proteins that form the autophagic machinery and inflammatory diseases such as Crohn’s disease highlight the importance of these proteins and their interactions in the regulation of inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leticia A M Carneiro
- Department of Immunology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kistowska M, Gehrke S, Jankovic D, Kerl K, Fettelschoss A, Feldmeyer L, Fenini G, Kolios A, Navarini A, Ganceviciene R, Schauber J, Contassot E, French LE. IL-1β drives inflammatory responses to propionibacterium acnes in vitro and in vivo. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:677-685. [PMID: 24157462 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is potentially a severe skin disease associated with colonization of the pilo-sebaceous unit by the commensal bacterium Propionibacterium acnes and inflammation. P. acnes is considered to contribute to inflammation in acne, but the pathways involved are unclear. Here we reveal a mechanism that regulates inflammatory responses to P. acnes. We show that IL-1β mRNA and the active processed form of IL-1β are abundant in inflammatory acne lesions. Moreover, we identify P. acnes as a trigger of monocyte-macrophage NLRP3-inflammasome activation, IL-1β processing and secretion that is dependent on phagocytosis, lysosomal destabilization, reactive oxygen species, and cellular K+ efflux. In mice, inflammation induced by P. acnes is critically dependent on IL-1β and the NLRP3 inflammasome of myeloid cells. These findings show that the commensal P. acnes-by activating the inflammasome-can trigger an innate immune response in the skin, thus establishing the NLRP3-inflammasome and IL-1β as possible therapeutic targets in acne.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Gehrke
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dragana Jankovic
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Kerl
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Gabriele Fenini
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Antonios Kolios
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ruta Ganceviciene
- Centre of Dermatovenereology, Vilnius University Hospital, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jürgen Schauber
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Lars E French
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Man SM, Tourlomousis P, Hopkins L, Monie TP, Fitzgerald KA, Bryant CE. Salmonella infection induces recruitment of Caspase-8 to the inflammasome to modulate IL-1β production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:5239-46. [PMID: 24123685 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs) detect pathogens and danger-associated signals within the cell. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, an intracellular pathogen, activates caspase-1 required for the processing of the proinflammatory cytokines, pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18, and pyroptosis. In this study, we show that Salmonella infection induces the formation of an apoptosis-associated specklike protein containing a CARD (ASC)-Caspase-8-Caspase-1 inflammasome in macrophages. Caspase-8 and caspase-1 are recruited to the ASC focus independently of one other. Salmonella infection initiates caspase-8 proteolysis in a manner dependent on NLRC4 and ASC, but not NLRP3, caspase-1 or caspase-11. Caspase-8 primarily mediates the synthesis of pro-IL-1β, but is dispensable for Salmonella-induced cell death. Overall, our findings highlight that the ASC inflammasome can recruit different members of the caspase family to induce distinct effector functions in response to Salmonella infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si Ming Man
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
NLRP3 inflammasome activation in coronary artery disease: results from prospective and randomized study of treatment with atorvastatin or rosuvastatin. Clin Sci (Lond) 2013; 126:233-41. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20130043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The NLRP-3 (nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3) inflammasome has recently emerged as a pivotal regulator of chronic inflammation. The aim of the present study was to determine whether NLRP3 inflammasome is expressed in patients with CAD (coronary artery disease) and whether statins (atorvastatin or rosuvastatin) might affect NLRP3 levels. In an in vitro study, human THP-1 cells treated with statins were analysed for NLRP3 inflammasome levels. The present study included 60 patients with CAD and 30 subjects without CAD (non-CAD). Patients with CAD randomly received either 8 months of treatment with atorvastatin or rosuvastatin. PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) were obtained from peripheral blood at baseline and after 8 months of statin therapy. Levels of NLRP3 inflammasome, IL (interleukin)-1β and IL-18 were measured by real-time RT–PCR (reverse transcription–PCR) and FACS. Levels of NLRP3 inflammasome were higher in the CAD group than in the non-CAD group. There was a positive correlation between NLRP3 inflammasome and cytokines (IL-1β and IL-18) levels. A randomized clinical study has shown that atorvastatin markedly diminished NLRP3 inflammasome levels, whereas rosuvastatin had no impact on these levels. Levels of NLRP3 inflammasome decreased in THP-1 cells treated with statins compared with those treated with vehicle, and the fold changes in NLRP3 inflammasome were higher in THP-1 cells treated with atorvastatin compared with those treated with rosuvastatin. The present study suggests that atorvastatin down-regulates NLRP3 inflammasome expression in CAD, possibly contributing to the inhibitory effects of atorvastatin on chronic inflammation and atherogenic progression in this disorder.
Collapse
|
39
|
Licandro G, Ling Khor H, Beretta O, Lai J, Derks H, Laudisi F, Conforti-Andreoni C, Liang Qian H, Teng GG, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P, Mortellaro A. The NLRP3 inflammasome affects DNA damage responses after oxidative and genotoxic stress in dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:2126-37. [PMID: 23619996 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The NOD-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a cytoplasmic protein complex that mediates inflammatory responses to a broad array of danger signals. The inflammasome drives caspase-1 activation and promotes secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, and might also participate in other cellular processes. Here, we tried to identify new pathways regulated by the NLRP3 inflammasome in murine dendritic cells (DCs) in response to monosodium urate (MSU) crystals. Using a transcriptomic approach, we found that DCs from Nlrp3(-/-) mice responded to MSU with differential expression of genes involved in the DNA damage response and apoptosis. Upon exposure to MSU or other ROS-mobilizing stimuli (rotenone and γ-radiation), DNA fragmentation was markedly ameliorated in Nlrp3(-/-) and casp-1(-/-) DCs compared with WT DCs. Moreover, Nlrp3(-/-) DCs experienced significantly less oxidative DNA damage mediated by ROS. A significant decrease of the expression of several genes involved in double-strand and base-excision DNA repair was observed in WT DCs. Basal DNA repair capacity in WT DCs resulted in activation and stabilization of p53 in vitro and in vivo, which resulted in increased cell death compared with that in Nlrp3(-/-) DCs. These data provide the first evidence for the involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome in DNA damage responses induced by cellular stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ginevra Licandro
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, A*STAR, Biopolis, Singapore.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Higa N, Toma C, Nohara T, Nakasone N, Takaesu G, Suzuki T. Lose the battle to win the war: bacterial strategies for evading host inflammasome activation. Trends Microbiol 2013; 21:342-9. [PMID: 23712018 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The inflammasome is composed of nucleotide-binding, oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) proteins, and leads to caspase-1 activation and subsequent secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18). After certain pathogenic bacteria infect host cells, such as macrophages, NLR-mediated inflammasome activation is triggered to form part of the host defenses against the invading pathogens. However, recent evidence has shown that bacteria have strategies for evading inflammasome activation in host cells. In this review, we focus on NLR-mediated inflammasome activation and bacterial evasion of the inflammasome as part of the battle between the host defenses and pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Higa
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0125, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hajishengallis G, Lambris JD. Complement and dysbiosis in periodontal disease. Immunobiology 2013; 217:1111-6. [PMID: 22964237 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Signaling crosstalk between complement and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) normally serves to coordinate host immunity. However, the periodontal bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis expresses C5 convertase-like enzymatic activity and adeptly exploits complement-TLR crosstalk to subvert host defenses and escape elimination. Intriguingly, this defective immune surveillance leads to the remodeling of the periodontal microbiota to a dysbiotic state that causes inflammatory periodontitis. Understanding the mechanisms by which P. gingivalis modulates complement function to cause dysbiosis offers new targets for complement therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Hajishengallis
- University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Holzinger D, Gieldon L, Mysore V, Nippe N, Taxman DJ, Duncan JA, Broglie PM, Marketon K, Austermann J, Vogl T, Foell D, Niemann S, Peters G, Roth J, Löffler B. Staphylococcus aureus Panton-Valentine leukocidin induces an inflammatory response in human phagocytes via the NLRP3 inflammasome. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:1069-81. [PMID: 22892107 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0112014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Staphylococcus aureus pore-forming toxin PVL is most likely causative for life-threatening necrotizing infections, which are characterized by massive tissue inflammation and necrosis. Whereas the cytotoxic action of PVL on human neutrophils is already well established, the PVL effects on other sensitive cell types, such as monocytes and macrophages, are less clear. In this study, we used different types of human leukocytes (neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes) to investigate cell-specific binding of PVL subunits and subsequent proinflammatory and cytotoxic effects. In all PVL-sensitive cells, we identified the binding of the subunit LukS-PV as the critical factor for PVL-induced cytotoxicity, which was followed by binding of LukF-PV. LukS-PV binds to monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils but not to lymphocytes. Additionally, we showed that PVL binding to monocytes and macrophages leads to release of caspase-1-dependent proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. PVL activates the NLRP3 inflammasome, a signaling complex of myeloid cells that is involved in caspase-1-dependent IL-1β processing in response to pathogens and endogenous danger signals. Specific inhibition of this pathway at several steps significantly reduced inflammasome activation and subsequent pyronecrosis. Furthermore, we found that PAMPs and DAMPs derived from dying neutrophils can dramatically enhance this response by up-regulating pro-IL-1β in monocytes/macrophages. This study analyzes a specific host signaling pathway that mediates PVL-induced inflammation and cytotoxicity, which has high relevance for CA-MRSA-associated and PVL-mediated pathogenic processes, such as necrotizing infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Holzinger
- Institute of Immunology, Department of General Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Taxman DJ, Swanson KV, Broglie PM, Wen H, Holley-Guthrie E, Huang MTH, Callaway JB, Eitas TK, Duncan JA, Ting JPY. Porphyromonas gingivalis mediates inflammasome repression in polymicrobial cultures through a novel mechanism involving reduced endocytosis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:32791-9. [PMID: 22843689 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.401737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-1β-processing inflammasome has recently been identified as a target for pathogenic evasion of the inflammatory response by a number of bacteria and viruses. We postulated that the periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis may suppress the inflammasome as a mechanism for its low immunogenicity and pathogenic synergy with other, more highly immunogenic periodontal bacteria. Our results show that P. gingivalis lacks signaling capability for the activation of the inflammasome in mouse macrophages. Furthermore, P. gingivalis can suppress inflammasome activation by another periodontal bacterium, Fusobacterium nucleatum. This repression affects IL-1β processing, as well as other inflammasome-mediated processes, including IL-18 processing and cell death, in both human and mouse macrophages. F. nucleatum activates IL-1β processing through the Nlrp3 inflammasome; however, P. gingivalis repression is not mediated through reduced levels of inflammasome components. P. gingivalis can repress Nlrp3 inflammasome activation by Escherichia coli, and by danger-associated molecular patterns and pattern-associated molecular patterns that mediate activation through endocytosis. However, P. gingivalis does not suppress Nlrp3 inflammasome activation by ATP or nigericin. This suggests that P. gingivalis may preferentially suppress endocytic pathways toward inflammasome activation. To directly test whether P. gingivalis infection affects endocytosis, we assessed the uptake of fluorescent particles in the presence or absence of P. gingivalis. Our results show that P. gingivalis limits both the number of cells taking up beads and the number of beads taken up for bead-positive cells. These results provide a novel mechanism of pathogen-mediated inflammasome inhibition through the suppression of endocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debra J Taxman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Taxman DJ, Lei Y, Zhang S, Holley-Guthrie E, Offenbacher S, Ting JPY. ASC-dependent RIP2 kinase regulates reduced PGE2 production in chronic periodontitis. J Dent Res 2012; 91:877-82. [PMID: 22828789 DOI: 10.1177/0022034512454541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Levels of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and its processing enzyme, prostaglandin-endoperoxide-synthase-2/ cyclooxygenase-2 (PTGS2/COX-2), are elevated in actively progressing periodontal lesions, but suppressed in chronic disease. COX-2 expression is regulated through inflammatory signaling that converges on the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Emerging evidence suggests a role for the inflammatory adaptor protein, ASC/Pycard, in MAPK activation. We postulated that ASC may represent a mediator of the MAPK-mediated regulatory network of PGE(2) production. Using RNAi-mediated gene slicing, we demonstrated that ASC regulates COX-2 expression and PGE(2) production in THP1 monocytic cells following infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg). Production of PGE(2) did not require the inflammasome adaptor function of ASC, but was dependent on MAPK activation. Furthermore, the MAP kinase kinase kinase CARD domain-containing protein RIPK2 was induced by Pg in an ASC-dependent manner. Reduced ASC and RIPK2 levels were revealed by orthogonal comparison of the expression of the RIPK family in ASC-deficient THP1 cells with that in chronic periodontitis patients. We show that pharmacological inhibition of RIPK2 represses PGE(2) secretion, and RNAi-mediated silencing of RIPK2 leads to diminished MAPK activation and PGE(2) secretion. These findings identify a novel ASC-RIPK2 axis in the generation of PGE(2) that is repressed in patients diagnosed with chronic adult periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Taxman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Madrigal AG, Barth K, Papadopoulos G, Genco CA. Pathogen-mediated proteolysis of the cell death regulator RIPK1 and the host defense modulator RIPK2 in human aortic endothelial cells. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002723. [PMID: 22685397 PMCID: PMC3369954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is the primary etiologic agent of periodontal disease that is associated with other human chronic inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis. The ability of P. gingivalis to invade and persist within human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) has been postulated to contribute to a low to moderate chronic state of inflammation, although how this is specifically achieved has not been well defined. In this study, we demonstrate that P. gingivalis infection of HAEC resulted in the rapid cleavage of receptor interacting protein 1 (RIPK1), a mediator of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-1 (TNF-R1)-induced cell activation or death, and RIPK2, a key mediator of both innate immune signaling and adaptive immunity. The cleavage of RIPK1 or RIPK2 was not observed in cells treated with apoptotic stimuli, or cells stimulated with agonists to TNF-R1, nucleotide oligomerization domain receptor 1(NOD1), NOD2, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) or TLR4. P. gingivalis-induced cleavage of RIPK1 and RIPK2 was inhibited in the presence of a lysine-specific gingipain (Kgp) inhibitor. RIPK1 and RIPK2 cleavage was not observed in HAEC treated with an isogenic mutant deficient in the lysine-specific gingipain, confirming a role for Kgp in the cleavage of RIPK1 and RIPK2. Similar proteolysis of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) was observed. We also demonstrated direct proteolysis of RIPK2 by P. gingivalis in a cell-free system which was abrogated in the presence of a Kgp-specific protease inhibitor. Our studies thus reveal an important role for pathogen-mediated modification of cellular kinases as a potential strategy for bacterial persistence within target host cells, which is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation, a hallmark of pathogen-mediated chronic inflammatory disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés G. Madrigal
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Barth
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - George Papadopoulos
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Caroline Attardo Genco
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Razani B, Feng C, Coleman T, Emanuel R, Wen H, Hwang S, Ting JP, Virgin HW, Kastan MB, Semenkovich CF. Autophagy links inflammasomes to atherosclerotic progression. Cell Metab 2012; 15:534-44. [PMID: 22440612 PMCID: PMC3322320 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the role of autophagy in atherosclerosis. During plaque formation in mice, autophagic markers colocalized predominantly with macrophages (mφ). Atherosclerotic aortas had elevated levels of p62, suggesting that dysfunctional autophagy is characteristic of plaques. To determine whether autophagy directly influences atherogenesis, we characterized Beclin-1 heterozygous-null and mφ-specific ATG5-null (ATG5-mφKO) mice, commonly used models of autophagy haploinsufficiency and deficiency, respectively. Haploinsufficent Beclin-1 mice had no atherosclerotic phenotype, but ATG5-mφKO mice had increased plaques, suggesting an essential role for basal levels of autophagy in atheroprotection. Defective autophagy is associated with proatherogenic inflammasome activation. Classic inflammasome markers were robustly induced in ATG5-null mφ, especially when coincubated with cholesterol crystals. Moreover, cholesterol crystals appear to be increased in ATG5-mφKO plaques, suggesting a potentially vicious cycle of crystal formation and inflammasome activation in autophagy-deficient plaques. These results show that autophagy becomes dysfunctional in atherosclerosis and its deficiency promotes atherosclerosis in part through inflammasome hyperactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Babak Razani
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Vanlangenakker N, Vanden Berghe T, Vandenabeele P. Many stimuli pull the necrotic trigger, an overview. Cell Death Differ 2012; 19:75-86. [PMID: 22075985 PMCID: PMC3252835 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The lab of Jürg Tschopp was the first to report on the crucial role of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) in caspase-independent cell death. Because of this pioneer finding, regulated necrosis and in particular RIPK1/RIPK3 kinase-mediated necrosis, referred to as necroptosis, has become an intensively studied form of regulated cell death. Although necrosis was identified initially as a backup cell death program when apoptosis is blocked, it is now recognized as a cellular defense mechanism against viral infections and as being critically involved in ischemia-reperfusion damage. The observation that RIPK3 ablation rescues embryonic lethality in mice deficient in caspase-8 or Fas-associated-protein-via-a-death-domain demonstrates the crucial role of this apoptotic platform in the negative control of necroptosis during development. Here, we review and discuss commonalities and differences of the increasing list of inducers of regulated necrosis ranging from cytokines, pathogen-associated molecular patterns, to several forms of physicochemical cellular stress. Since the discovery of the crucial role of RIPK1 and RIPK3 in necroptosis, these kinases have become potential therapeutic targets. The availability of new pharmacological inhibitors and transgenic models will allow us to further document the important role of this form of cell death in degenerative, inflammatory and infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Vanlangenakker
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Zwijnaarde-Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde-Ghent, Belgium
| | - T Vanden Berghe
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Zwijnaarde-Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde-Ghent, Belgium
| | - P Vandenabeele
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Zwijnaarde-Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde-Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Koizumi Y, Toma C, Higa N, Nohara T, Nakasone N, Suzuki T. Inflammasome activation via intracellular NLRs triggered by bacterial infection. Cell Microbiol 2011; 14:149-54. [PMID: 21995284 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2011.01707.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Members of the nucleotide-binding, oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) proteins assemble into a multiprotein platform, known as the inflammasome, to induce caspase-1 activation followed by the subsequent secretion of IL-1β and IL-18. In this review, we focus on the role of NLRs in inflammasome activation as part of the host defence against bacterial pathogens. One of activators of the NLRC4 inflammasome is bacterial flagellin secreted through type III or IV secretion systems, which are important for the pathogenicity of many Gram-negative bacteria. The NLRP3 inflammasome is mainly activated by a large number of bacterial pore-forming toxins. Despite our knowledge of inflammasome activation upon bacterial infection, the function of antibacterial defence under in vivo conditions remains to be elucidated. Further understanding of NLR function should provide new insights into the mechanisms of host pro-inflammatory responses and the pathogenesis of bacterial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Koizumi
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0125, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Barker BR, Taxman DJ, Ting JPY. Cross-regulation between the IL-1β/IL-18 processing inflammasome and other inflammatory cytokines. Curr Opin Immunol 2011; 23:591-7. [PMID: 21839623 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The inflammasome-forming NLRs are well characterized members of a protein complex mediating the activation of caspase-1 and the cleavage of pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18 into their active, secreted forms. New data suggest that components of the inflammasome cascade may have roles in influencing inflammasome-independent pathways of cytokine production. These influences on other immune cytokine pathways are complemented by data suggesting that non-inflammasome cytokines can influence the activation of the inflammasome, either directly or by influencing transcription of inflammasome components. The crosstalk between these cytokine cascades may lead to increased abilities for the cell to respond to diverse pathogen threats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brianne R Barker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Elinav E, Strowig T, Henao-Mejia J, Flavell RA. Regulation of the antimicrobial response by NLR proteins. Immunity 2011; 34:665-79. [PMID: 21616436 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding, oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) proteins are a family of innate immune receptors that play a pivotal role in microbial sensing, leading to the initiation of antimicrobial immune responses. Dysregulation of the function of multiple NLR family members has been linked, both in mice and humans, to a propensity for infection and autoinflammatory disease. Despite our increased understanding of NLR function and interactions, many aspects related to mechanisms of sensing, downstream signaling, and in vivo functions remain elusive. In this review, we focus on key members of the NLR family, describing their activation by diverse microbes, downstream effector functions, and interactions with each other and with other innate sensor protein families. Also discussed is the role of microbial sensing by NLR receptors leading to activation of the adaptive immune arm that collaborates in the antimicrobial defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eran Elinav
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|