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Qi R, Fu R, Lei X, He J, Jiang Y, Zhang L, Wu Y, Wang S, Guo X, Chen F, Nie M, Yang M, Chen Y, Zeng J, Xu J, Xiong H, Fang M, Que Y, Yao Y, Wang Y, Cao J, Ye H, Zhang Y, Zheng Z, Cheng T, Zhang J, Lin X, Yuan Q, Zhang T, Xia N. Therapeutic vaccine-induced plasma cell differentiation is defective in the presence of persistently high HBsAg levels. J Hepatol 2024; 80:714-729. [PMID: 38336348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mechanisms behind the impaired response of antigen-specific B cells to therapeutic vaccination in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remain unclear. The development of vaccines or strategies to overcome this obstacle is vital for advancing the management of chronic hepatitis B. METHODS A mouse model, denominated as E6F6-B, was engineered to feature a knock-in of a B-cell receptor (BCR) that specifically recognizes HBsAg. This model served as a valuable tool for investigating the temporal and spatial dynamics of humoral responses following therapeutic vaccination under continuous antigen exposure. Using a suite of immunological techniques, we elucidated the differentiation trajectory of HBsAg-specific B cells post-therapeutic vaccination in HBV carrier mice. RESULTS Utilizing the E6F6-B transfer model, we observed a marked decline in antibody-secreting cells 2 weeks after vaccination. A dysfunctional and atypical pre-plasma cell population (BLIMP-1+ IRF4+ CD40- CD138- BCMA-) emerged, manifested by sustained BCR signaling. By deploying an antibody to purge persistent HBsAg, we effectively prompted the therapeutic vaccine to provoke conventional plasma cell differentiation. This resulted in an enhanced anti-HBs antibody response and facilitated HBsAg clearance. CONCLUSIONS Sustained high levels of HBsAg limit the ability of therapeutic hepatitis B vaccines to induce the canonical plasma cell differentiation necessary for anti-HBs antibody production. Employing a strategy combining antibodies with vaccines can surmount this altered humoral response associated with atypical pre-plasma cells, leading to improved therapeutic efficacy in HBV carrier mice. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS Therapeutic vaccines aimed at combatting HBV encounter suboptimal humoral responses in clinical settings, and the mechanisms impeding their effectiveness have remained obscure. Our research, utilizing the innovative E6F6-B mouse transfer model, reveals that the persistence of HBsAg can lead to the emergence of an atypical pre-plasma cell population, which proves to be relevant to the potency of therapeutic HBV vaccines. Targeting the aberrant differentiation process of these atypical pre-plasma cells stands out as a critical strategy to amplify the humoral response elicited by HBV therapeutic vaccines in carrier mouse models. This discovery suggests a compelling avenue for further study in the context of human chronic hepatitis B. Encouragingly, our findings indicate that synergistic therapy combining HBV-specific antibodies with vaccines offers a promising approach that could significantly advance the pursuit of a functional cure for HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyao Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Rao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Xing Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Jinhang He
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yangtao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Siling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Xueran Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Meifeng Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Man Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yiyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Jing Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; Department of clinical laboratory, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hualong Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Mujin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yuqiong Que
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Youliang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yingbin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Jiali Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; Department of clinical laboratory, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Huiming Ye
- Department of clinical laboratory, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Zizheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Tong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Xu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Tianying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China.
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Jenberie S, van der Wal YA, Jensen I, Jørgensen JB. There and back again? A B cell's tale on responses and spatial distribution in teleosts. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 148:109479. [PMID: 38467322 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Teleost B cells are of special interest due to their evolutionary position and involvement in vaccine-induced adaptive immune responses. While recent progress has revealed uneven distribution of B cell subsets across the various immune sites and that B cells are one of the early responders to infection, substantial knowledge gaps persist regarding their immunophenotypic profile, functional mechanisms, and what factors lead them to occupy different immune niches. This review aims to assess the current understanding of B cell diversity, their spatial distribution in various systemic and peripheral immune sites, how B cell responses initiate, the sites where these responses develop, their trafficking, and the locations where long-term B cell responses take place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiferaw Jenberie
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | | | - Ingvill Jensen
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jorunn B Jørgensen
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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3
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Dolbec D, Lehoux M, de Beauville AA, Zahn A, Di Noia JM, Segura M. Unmutated but T cell dependent IgM antibodies targeting Streptococcus suis play an essential role in bacterial clearance. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011957. [PMID: 38241393 PMCID: PMC10829992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an important encapsulated bacterial swine pathogen and zoonotic agent for which no effective vaccine exists. The interaction with B cells and the humoral response against S. suis are poorly understood despite their likely relevance for a potential vaccine. We evaluated germinal center (GC) B cell kinetics, as well as the production and role of S. suis-specific antibodies following infections in a mouse model. We found that mice infected with S. suis developed GC that peaked 13-21 days post-infection. GC further increased and persisted upon periodic reinfection that mimics real life conditions in swine farms. Anti-S. suis IgM and several IgG subclasses were produced, but antibodies against the S. suis capsular polysaccharide (CPS) were largely IgM. Interestingly, depletion of total IgG from the wild-type mice sera had no effect on bacterial killing by opsonophagocytosis in vitro. Somatic hypermutation and isotype switching were dispensable for controlling the infection or anti-CPS IgM production. However, T cell-deficient (Tcrb-/-) mice were unable to control bacteremia, produce optimal anti-CPS IgM titers, or elicit antibodies with opsonophagocytic activity. SAP deficiency, which prevents GC formation but not extrafollicular B cell responses, ablated anti S. suis-IgG production but maintained IgM production and eliminated the infection. In contrast, B cell deficient mice were unable to control bacteremia. Collectively, our results indicate that the antibody response plays a large role in immunity against S. suis, with GC-independent but T cell-dependent germline IgM being the major effective antibody specificities. Our results further highlight the importance IgM, and potentially anti-CPS antibodies, in clearing S. suis infections and provide insight for future development of S. suis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Dolbec
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mélanie Lehoux
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexis Asselin de Beauville
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Astrid Zahn
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Infectious Diseases, Quebec, Canada
| | - Javier Marcelo Di Noia
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Infectious Diseases, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mariela Segura
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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4
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Gonzales C, Liang Y, Fisher J, Card G, Sun J, Soong L. Alterations in germinal center formation and B cell activation during severe Orientia tsutsugamushi infection in mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011090. [PMID: 37146079 PMCID: PMC10191367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Scrub typhus is a poorly studied but life-threatening disease caused by the intracellular bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi (Ot). Cellular and humoral immunity in Ot-infected patients is not long-lasting, waning as early as one-year post-infection; however, its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To date, no studies have examined germinal center (GC) or B cell responses in Ot-infected humans or experimental animals. This study was aimed at evaluating humoral immune responses at acute stages of severe Ot infection and possible mechanisms underlying B cell dysfunction. Following inoculation with Ot Karp, a clinically dominant strain known to cause lethal infection in C57BL/6 mice, we measured antigen-specific antibody titers, revealing IgG2c as the dominant isotype induced by infection. Splenic GC responses were evaluated by immunohistology, co-staining for B cells (B220), T cells (CD3), and GCs (GL-7). Organized GCs were evident at day 4 post-infection (D4), but they were nearly absent at D8, accompanied by scattered T cells throughout splenic tissues. Flow cytometry revealed comparable numbers of GC B cells and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells at D4 and D8, indicating that GC collapse was not due to excessive death of these cell subtypes at D8. B cell RNAseq analysis revealed significant differences in expression of genes associated with B cell adhesion and co-stimulation at D8 versus D4. The significant downregulation of S1PR2 (a GC-specific adhesion gene) was most evident at D8, correlating with disrupted GC formation. Signaling pathway analysis uncovered downregulation of 71% of B cell activation genes at D8, suggesting attenuation of B cell activation during severe infection. This is the first study showing the disruption of B/T cell microenvironment and dysregulation of B cell responses during Ot infection, which may help understand the transient immunity associated with scrub typhus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Gonzales
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yuejin Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute of Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - James Fisher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Galen Card
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jiaren Sun
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute of Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lynn Soong
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute of Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
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Marcial-Juárez E, Pérez-Toledo M, Nayar S, Pipi E, Alshayea A, Persaud R, Jossi SE, Lamerton R, Barone F, Henderson IR, Cunningham AF. Salmonella infection induces the reorganization of follicular dendritic cell networks concomitant with the failure to generate germinal centers. iScience 2023; 26:106310. [PMID: 36950118 PMCID: PMC10025972 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are sites where plasma and memory B cells form to generate high-affinity, Ig class-switched antibodies. Specialized stromal cells called follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) are essential for GC formation. During systemic Salmonella Typhimurium (STm) infection GCs are absent, whereas extensive extrafollicular and switched antibody responses are maintained. The mechanisms that underpin the absence of GC formation are incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that STm induces a reversible disruption of niches within the splenic microenvironment, including the T and B cell compartments and the marginal zone. Alongside these effects after infection, mature FDC networks are strikingly absent, whereas immature FDC precursors, including marginal sinus pre-FDCs (MadCAM-1+) and perivascular pre-FDCs (PDGFRβ+) are enriched. As normal FDC networks re-establish, extensive GCs become detectable throughout the spleen. Therefore, the reorganization of FDC networks and the loss of GC responses are key, parallel features of systemic STm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Marcial-Juárez
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Marisol Pérez-Toledo
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Saba Nayar
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Pipi
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Areej Alshayea
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Ruby Persaud
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Sian E. Jossi
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Lamerton
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Barone
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, UK and Sandwell and West Birmingham Trust, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TH, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R. Henderson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD4072, Australia
| | - Adam F. Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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Gauthier J, Grégoire M, Reizine F, Lesouhaitier M, Desvois Y, Ghukasyan G, Moreau C, Amé P, Tarte K, Tadié JM, Delaloy C. Citrulline enteral administration markedly reduces immunosuppressive extrafollicular plasma cell differentiation in a preclinical model of sepsis. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250154. [PMID: 36564641 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The sustained immunosuppression associated with severe sepsis favors an increased susceptibility to secondary infections and remains incompletely understood. Plasmablast and plasma cell subsets, whose primary function is to secrete antibodies, have emerged as important suppressive populations that expand during sepsis. In particular, sepsis supports CD39hi plasmablast metabolic reprogramming associated with adenosine-mediated suppressive activity. Arginine deficiency has been linked to an increased risk of secondary infections in sepsis. Overcoming arginine shortage by citrulline administration efficiently improves sepsis-induced immunosuppression and secondary infections in the cecal ligation and puncture murine model. Here, we aimed to determine the impact of citrulline administration on B cell suppressive responses in sepsis. We demonstrate that restoring arginine bioavailability through citrulline administration markedly reduces the dominant extrafollicular B cell response, decreasing the immunosuppressive LAG3+ and CD39+ plasma cell populations, and restoring splenic follicles. At the molecular level, the IRF4/MYC-mediated B cell reprogramming required for extrafollicular plasma cell differentiation is shunted in the splenic B cells of mice fed with citrulline. Our study reveals a prominent impact of nutrition on B cell responses and plasma cell differentiation and further supports the development of citrulline-based clinical studies to prevent sepsis-associated immune dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Murielle Grégoire
- UMR INSERM S1236, LabEx IGO, Univ Rennes, EFS, Rennes, France
- CHU Rennes, SITI Laboratory, Pôle Biologie, Rennes, France
| | - Florian Reizine
- UMR INSERM S1236, LabEx IGO, Univ Rennes, EFS, Rennes, France
- CHU Rennes, SITI Laboratory, Pôle Biologie, Rennes, France
- CHU Rennes, Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Rennes, France
| | - Mathieu Lesouhaitier
- UMR INSERM S1236, LabEx IGO, Univ Rennes, EFS, Rennes, France
- CHU Rennes, SITI Laboratory, Pôle Biologie, Rennes, France
- CHU Rennes, Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Rennes, France
| | - Yoni Desvois
- UMR INSERM S1236, LabEx IGO, Univ Rennes, EFS, Rennes, France
| | | | - Caroline Moreau
- CHU Rennes, Laboratoire de Biochimie, Pôle Biologie, Rennes, France
- Univ Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, IRSET, UMR S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Patricia Amé
- UMR INSERM S1236, LabEx IGO, Univ Rennes, EFS, Rennes, France
- CHU Rennes, SITI Laboratory, Pôle Biologie, Rennes, France
| | - Karin Tarte
- UMR INSERM S1236, LabEx IGO, Univ Rennes, EFS, Rennes, France
- CHU Rennes, SITI Laboratory, Pôle Biologie, Rennes, France
| | - Jean-Marc Tadié
- UMR INSERM S1236, LabEx IGO, Univ Rennes, EFS, Rennes, France
- CHU Rennes, SITI Laboratory, Pôle Biologie, Rennes, France
- CHU Rennes, Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Rennes, France
| | - Céline Delaloy
- UMR INSERM S1236, LabEx IGO, Univ Rennes, EFS, Rennes, France
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7
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Alcon-Chino MET, De-Simone SG. Recent Advances in the Immunologic Method Applied to Tick-Borne Diseases in Brazil. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080870. [PMID: 36014992 PMCID: PMC9414916 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic-origin infectious diseases are one of the major concerns of human and veterinary health systems. Ticks, as vectors of several zoonotic diseases, are ranked second only to mosquitoes as vectors. Many ticks’ transmitted infections are still endemic in the Americas, Europe, and Africa and represent approximately 17% of their infectious diseases population. Although our scientific capacity to identify and diagnose diseases is increasing, it remains a challenge in the case of tick-borne conditions. For example, in 2017, 160 cases of the Brazilian Spotted Fever (BSF, a tick-borne illness) were confirmed, alarming the notifiable diseases information system. Conversely, Brazilian borreliosis and ehrlichiosis do not require notification. Still, an increasing number of cases in humans and dogs have been reported in southeast and northeastern Brazil. Immunological methods applied to human and dog tick-borne diseases (TBD) show low sensitivity and specificity, cross-reactions, and false IgM positivity. Thus, the diagnosis and management of TBD are hampered by the personal tools and indirect markers used. Therefore, specific and rapid methods urgently need to be developed to diagnose the various types of tick-borne bacterial diseases. This review presents a brief historical perspective on the evolution of serological assays and recent advances in diagnostic tests for TBD (ehrlichiosis, BSF, and borreliosis) in humans and dogs, mainly applied in Brazil. Additionally, this review covers the emerging technologies available in diagnosing TBD, including biosensors, and discusses their potential for future use as gold standards in diagnosing these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica E. T. Alcon-Chino
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Population Diseases (INCT-IDPN), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil;
- Post-Graduation Program in Science and Biotechnology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 22040-036, Brazil
| | - Salvatore G. De-Simone
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Population Diseases (INCT-IDPN), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil;
- Post-Graduation Program in Science and Biotechnology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 22040-036, Brazil
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-21-38658183
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8
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Biram A, Liu J, Hezroni H, Davidzohn N, Schmiedel D, Khatib-Massalha E, Haddad M, Grenov A, Lebon S, Salame TM, Dezorella N, Hoffman D, Abou Karam P, Biton M, Lapidot T, Bemark M, Avraham R, Jung S, Shulman Z. Bacterial infection disrupts established germinal center reactions through monocyte recruitment and impaired metabolic adaptation. Immunity 2022; 55:442-458.e8. [PMID: 35182483 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Consecutive exposures to different pathogens are highly prevalent and often alter the host immune response. However, it remains unknown how a secondary bacterial infection affects an ongoing adaptive immune response elicited against primary invading pathogens. We demonstrated that recruitment of Sca-1+ monocytes into lymphoid organs during Salmonella Typhimurium (STm) infection disrupted pre-existing germinal center (GC) reactions. GC responses induced by influenza, plasmodium, or commensals deteriorated following STm infection. GC disruption was independent of the direct bacterial interactions with B cells and instead was induced through recruitment of CCR2-dependent Sca-1+ monocytes into the lymphoid organs. GC collapse was associated with impaired cellular respiration and was dependent on TNFα and IFNγ, the latter of which was essential for Sca-1+ monocyte differentiation. Monocyte recruitment and GC disruption also occurred during LPS-supplemented vaccination and Listeria monocytogenes infection. Thus, systemic activation of the innate immune response upon severe bacterial infection is induced at the expense of antibody-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Biram
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Hadas Hezroni
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Natalia Davidzohn
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Dominik Schmiedel
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Eman Khatib-Massalha
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Montaser Haddad
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Amalie Grenov
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Sacha Lebon
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Tomer Meir Salame
- Department of Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Nili Dezorella
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Dotan Hoffman
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Paula Abou Karam
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Moshe Biton
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Tsvee Lapidot
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Mats Bemark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Roi Avraham
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ziv Shulman
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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9
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Shotgun Immunoproteomics for Identification of Nonhuman Leukocyte Antigens Associated With Cellular Dysfunction in Heart Transplant Rejection. Transplantation 2021; 106:1376-1389. [PMID: 34923540 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The International Society for Heart and Lung Transplant consensus panel notes that too little data exist regarding the role of non-HLA in allograft rejection. We developed a novel shotgun immunoproteomic approach to determine the identities and potential roles non-HLA play in antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) in heart transplant recipients. METHODS Serum was collected longitudinally from heart transplant recipients experiencing AMR in the absence of donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies (n = 6) and matched no rejection controls (n = 7). Antidonor heart affinity chromatography columns were formed by recipient immunoglobulin G immobilization at transplantation, acute rejection, and chronic postrejection time points. Affinity chromatography columns were used to capture antigens from individual patient's donor heart biopsies collected at transplantation. Captured proteins were subjected to quantitative proteomic analysis and the longitudinal response was calculated. RESULTS Overlap in antigen-specific response between AMR and non-AMR patients was only 8.3%. In AMR patients, a total of 155 non-HLAs were identified, with responses toward 43 high prevalence antigens found in ≥50% of patients. Immunofluorescence staining for representative high prevalence antigens demonstrated that their abundance increased at acute rejection, correlating with their respective non-HLA antibody response. Physiological changes in cardiomyocyte and endothelial cell function, following in vitro culture with patient immunoglobulin G, correlated with response toward several high prevalence antigens. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrates a novel high-throughput strategy to identify clinically relevant non-HLA from donor endomyocardial biopsy. Such a technique has the potential to improve understanding of longitudinal timing of antigen-specific responses and their cause and effect relationship in graft rejection.
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10
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Barnas JL, Albrecht J, Meednu N, Alzamareh DF, Baker C, McDavid A, Looney RJ, Anolik JH. B Cell Activation and Plasma Cell Differentiation Are Promoted by IFN-λ in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 207:2660-2672. [PMID: 34706932 PMCID: PMC8612983 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Type I IFN is essential for viral clearance but also contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), via aberrant nucleic acid-sensing pathways, leading to autoantibody production. Type III IFN (IFN-λ) is now appreciated to have a nonredundant role in viral infection, but few studies have addressed the effects of IFN-λ on immune cells given the more restricted expression of its receptor primarily to the epithelium. In this study, we demonstrate that B cells display a prominent IFN gene expression profile in patients with lupus. Serum levels of IFN-λ are elevated in SLE and positively correlate with B cell subsets associated with autoimmune plasma cell development, including CD11c+T-bet+CD21- B cells. Although B cell subsets express all IFN receptors, IFNLR1 strongly correlates with the CD11c+CD21- B cell expansion, suggesting that IFN-λ may be an unappreciated driver of the SLE IFN signature and B cell abnormalities. We show that IFN-λ potentiates gene transcription in human B cells typically attributed to type I IFN as well as expansion of T-bet-expressing B cells after BCR and TLR7/8 stimulation. Further, IFN-λ promotes TLR7/8-mediated plasmablast differentiation and increased IgM production. CD11c+ B cells demonstrate IFN-λ hyperresponsive signaling compared with other B cell subsets, suggesting that IFN-λ accelerates plasma cell differentiation through this putative extrafollicular pathway. In summary, our data support type III IFN-λ as a cytokine promoting the Ab-secreting cell pool in human viral and autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Barnas
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY;
| | - Jennifer Albrecht
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Nida Meednu
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Diana F Alzamareh
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Cameron Baker
- University of Rochester Genomics Research Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY; and
| | - Andrew McDavid
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - R John Looney
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Jennifer H Anolik
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
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11
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Corrado A, Ramonell RP, Woodruff MC, Tipton C, Wise S, Levy J, DelGaudio J, Kuruvilla ME, Magliocca KR, Tomar D, Garimalla S, Scharer CD, Boss JM, Wu H, Gumber S, Fucile C, Gibson G, Rosenberg A, Sanz I, Lee FEH. Extrafollicular IgD+ B cells generate IgE antibody secreting cells in the nasal mucosa. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:1144-1159. [PMID: 34050324 PMCID: PMC8160425 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00410-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Increased IgE is a typical feature of allergic rhinitis. Local class-switch recombination has been intimated but B cell precursors and mechanisms remain elusive. Here we describe the dynamics underlying the generation of IgE-antibody secreting cells (ASC) in human nasal polyps (NP), mucosal tissues rich in ASC without germinal centers (GC). Using VH next generation sequencing, we identified an extrafollicular (EF) mucosal IgD+ naïve-like intermediate B cell population with high connectivity to the mucosal IgE ASC. Mucosal IgD+ B cells, express germline epsilon transcripts and predominantly co-express IgM. However, a small but significant fraction co-express IgG or IgA instead which also show connectivity to ASC IgE. Phenotypically, NP IgD+ B cells display an activated profile and molecular evidence of BCR engagement. Transcriptionally, mucosal IgD+ B cells reveal an intermediate profile between naïve B cells and ASC. Single cell IgE ASC analysis demonstrates lower mutational frequencies relative to IgG, IgA, and IgD ASC consistent with IgE ASC derivation from mucosal IgD+ B cell with low mutational load. In conclusion, we describe a novel mechanism of GC-independent, extrafollicular IgE ASC formation at the nasal mucosa whereby activated IgD+ naïve B cells locally undergo direct and indirect (through IgG and IgA), IgE class switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Corrado
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard P Ramonell
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew C Woodruff
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher Tipton
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sarah Wise
- Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joshua Levy
- Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John DelGaudio
- Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Merin E Kuruvilla
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kelly R Magliocca
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Deepak Tomar
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Swetha Garimalla
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Jeremy M Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sanjeev Gumber
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chris Fucile
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Informatics Institute, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Greg Gibson
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexander Rosenberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Informatics Institute, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Iñaki Sanz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - F Eun-Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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12
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Nguyen DC, Duan M, Ali M, Ley A, Sanz I, Lee FEH. Plasma cell survival: The intrinsic drivers, migratory signals, and extrinsic regulators. Immunol Rev 2021; 303:138-153. [PMID: 34337772 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-secreting cells (ASC) are the effectors of protective humoral immunity and the only cell type that produces antibodies or immunoglobulins in mammals. In addition to their formidable capacity to secrete massive quantities of proteins, ASC are terminally differentiated and have unique features to become long-lived plasma cells (LLPC). Upon antigen encounter, B cells are activated through a complex multistep process to undergo fundamental morphological, subcellular, and molecular transformation to become an efficient protein factory with lifelong potential. The ASC survival potential is determined by factors at the time of induction, capacity to migration from induction to survival sites, and ability to mature in the specialized bone marrow microenvironments. In the past decade, considerable progress has been made in identifying factors regulating ASC longevity. Here, we review the intrinsic drivers, trafficking signals, and extrinsic regulators with particular focus on how they impact the survival potential to become a LLPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doan C Nguyen
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Meixue Duan
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mohammad Ali
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ariel Ley
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - F Eun-Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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13
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Wishnie AJ, Chwat-Edelstein T, Attaway M, Vuong BQ. BCR Affinity Influences T-B Interactions and B Cell Development in Secondary Lymphoid Organs. Front Immunol 2021; 12:703918. [PMID: 34381455 PMCID: PMC8350505 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.703918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells produce high-affinity immunoglobulins (Igs), or antibodies, to eliminate foreign pathogens. Mature, naïve B cells expressing an antigen-specific cell surface Ig, or B cell receptor (BCR), are directed toward either an extrafollicular (EF) or germinal center (GC) response upon antigen binding. B cell interactions with CD4+ pre-T follicular helper (pre-Tfh) cells at the T-B border and effector Tfh cells in the B cell follicle and GC control B cell development in response to antigen. Here, we review recent studies demonstrating the role of B cell receptor (BCR) affinity in modulating T-B interactions and the subsequent differentiation of B cells in the EF and GC response. Overall, these studies demonstrate that B cells expressing high affinity BCRs preferentially differentiate into antibody secreting cells (ASCs) while those expressing low affinity BCRs undergo further affinity maturation or differentiate into memory B cells (MBCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec J Wishnie
- Biology PhD Program, Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Biology, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tzippora Chwat-Edelstein
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States.,Macaulay Honors College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mary Attaway
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Bao Q Vuong
- Biology PhD Program, Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Biology, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
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14
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Zografou C, Vakrakou AG, Stathopoulos P. Short- and Long-Lived Autoantibody-Secreting Cells in Autoimmune Neurological Disorders. Front Immunol 2021; 12:686466. [PMID: 34220839 PMCID: PMC8248361 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.686466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As B cells differentiate into antibody-secreting cells (ASCs), short-lived plasmablasts (SLPBs) are produced by a primary extrafollicular response, followed by the generation of memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) in germinal centers (GCs). Generation of IgG4 antibodies is T helper type 2 (Th2) and IL-4, -13, and -10-driven and can occur parallel to IgE, in response to chronic stimulation by allergens and helminths. Although IgG4 antibodies are non-crosslinking and have limited ability to mobilize complement and cellular cytotoxicity, when self-tolerance is lost, they can disrupt ligand-receptor binding and cause a wide range of autoimmune disorders including neurological autoimmunity. In myasthenia gravis with predominantly IgG4 autoantibodies against muscle-specific kinase (MuSK), it has been observed that one-time CD20+ B cell depletion with rituximab commonly leads to long-term remission and a marked reduction in autoantibody titer, pointing to a short-lived nature of autoantibody-secreting cells. This is also observed in other predominantly IgG4 autoantibody-mediated neurological disorders, such as chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and autoimmune encephalitis with autoantibodies against the Ranvier paranode and juxtaparanode, respectively, and extends beyond neurological autoimmunity as well. Although IgG1 autoantibody-mediated neurological disorders can also respond well to rituximab induction therapy in combination with an autoantibody titer drop, remission tends to be less long-lasting and cases where titers are refractory tend to occur more often than in IgG4 autoimmunity. Moreover, presence of GC-like structures in the thymus of myasthenic patients with predominantly IgG1 autoantibodies against the acetylcholine receptor and in ovarian teratomas of autoimmune encephalitis patients with predominantly IgG1 autoantibodies against the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) confers increased the ability to generate LLPCs. Here, we review available information on the short-and long-lived nature of ASCs in IgG1 and IgG4 autoantibody-mediated neurological disorders and highlight common mechanisms as well as differences, all of which can inform therapeutic strategies and personalized medical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zografou
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A G Vakrakou
- First Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - P Stathopoulos
- First Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
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15
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Elsner RA, Shlomchik MJ. Germinal Center and Extrafollicular B Cell Responses in Vaccination, Immunity, and Autoimmunity. Immunity 2021; 53:1136-1150. [PMID: 33326765 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Activated B cells participate in either extrafollicular (EF) or germinal center (GC) responses. Canonical responses are composed of a short wave of plasmablasts (PBs) arising from EF sites, followed by GC producing somatically mutated memory B cells (MBC) and long-lived plasma cells. However, somatic hypermutation (SHM) and affinity maturation can take place at both sites, and a substantial fraction of MBC are produced prior to GC formation. Infection responses range from GC responses that persist for months to persistent EF responses with dominant suppression of GCs. Here, we review the current understanding of the functional output of EF and GC responses and the molecular switches promoting them. We discuss the signals that regulate the magnitude and duration of these responses, and outline gaps in knowledge and important areas of inquiry. Understanding such molecular switches will be critical for vaccine development, interpretation of vaccine efficacy and the treatment for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Elsner
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
| | - Mark J Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA.
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16
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Elsner RA, Shlomchik MJ. IL-12 Blocks Tfh Cell Differentiation during Salmonella Infection, thereby Contributing to Germinal Center Suppression. Cell Rep 2020; 29:2796-2809.e5. [PMID: 31775046 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal centers (GC) are crucial for the formation of long-lived humoral immunity. Many pathogens suppress GC, including Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm), but the mechanisms driving suppression remain unknown. We report that neither plasmablasts nor STm-specific B cells are required for GC suppression in mice. Rather, we identify that interleukin-12 (IL-12), but not interferon-γ (IFN-γ), directly suppresses T follicular helper (Tfh) cell differentiation of T cells intrinsically. Administering recombinant IL-12 during nitrophenyl-Chicken Gamma Globulin (NP-CGG) immunization also suppresses Tfh cell differentiation and GC B cells, indicating that IL-12 is sufficient to suppress Tfh cell differentiation independent of STm infection. Recombinant IL-12 induces high levels of T-bet, and T-bet is necessary for Tfh cell suppression. Therefore, IL-12 induced during STm infection in mice contributes to GC suppression via suppression of Tfh cell differentiation. More broadly, these data suggest that IL-12 can tailor the proportions of humoral (Tfh cell) and cellular (T helper type 1 [Th1] cell) immunity to the infection, with implications for IL-12 targeting therapies in autoimmunity and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Elsner
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA
| | - Mark J Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA.
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17
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Grasseau A, Boudigou M, Le Pottier L, Chriti N, Cornec D, Pers JO, Renaudineau Y, Hillion S. Innate B Cells: the Archetype of Protective Immune Cells. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2020; 58:92-106. [PMID: 31183788 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-019-08748-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The innate B cell (IBC) population is heterogeneous and involved in the primary immune response. IBC functions include a high ability to produce natural antibodies with IgM isotype, the elimination of apoptotic cells, and a capacity to be cognate help to T cells. Among IBC subsets, B-1 cells and marginal zone B cells are the main producers of IgM, act as rapid immune responders that may relocate to follicular lymphoid and differentiate to cytokine and antibody-secreting cells shortly after infection. IBCs functions are highly dependent on their localization site and the nature of their B cell receptor repertoire, suggesting a high plasticity range of different immune responses. In this review, we will describe the nature and functions of the different innate-like B cell subsets, first in mice and then in humans. Besides this, we will emphasize the strong ability of these cells to undertake different protective functions from the first line of defense against pathogens to the regulatory role of the broader immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Grasseau
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France
| | - Marina Boudigou
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France
| | - Laëtitia Le Pottier
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France
| | - Nedra Chriti
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France
| | - Divi Cornec
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France
| | - Jacques-Olivier Pers
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France
| | - Yves Renaudineau
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France.,Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHU Brest, Brest, France
| | - Sophie Hillion
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France. .,Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHU Brest, Brest, France.
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18
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Levack RC, Newell KL, Popescu M, Cabrera-Martinez B, Winslow GM. CD11c + T-bet + B Cells Require IL-21 and IFN-γ from Type 1 T Follicular Helper Cells and Intrinsic Bcl-6 Expression but Develop Normally in the Absence of T-bet. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1050-1058. [PMID: 32680956 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CD11c+ T-bet+ B cells generated during ehrlichial infection require CD4+ T cell help and IL-21 signaling for their development, but the exact T cell subset required had not been known. In this study, we show in a mouse model of Ehrlichia muris that type 1 T follicular helper (TFH1) cells provide help to CD11c+ T-bet+ B cells via the dual secretion of IL-21 and IFN-γ in a CD40/CD40L-dependent manner. TFH1 cell help was delivered in two phases: IFN-γ signals were provided early in infection, whereas CD40/CD40L help was provided late in infection. In contrast to T-bet+ T cells, T-bet+ B cells did not develop in the absence of B cell-intrinsic Bcl-6 but were generated in the absence of T-bet. T-bet-deficient memory B cells were largely indistinguishable from their wild-type counterparts, although they no longer underwent switching to IgG2c. These data suggest that a primary function of T-bet in B cells during ehrlichial infection is to promote appropriate class switching, not lineage specification. Thus, CD11c+ memory B cells develop normally without T-bet but require Bcl-6 and specialized help from dual cytokine-producing TFH1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell C Levack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - Krista L Newell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - Maria Popescu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | | | - Gary M Winslow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
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19
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Kenderes KJ, Levack RC, Papillion AM, Cabrera-Martinez B, Dishaw LM, Winslow GM. T-Bet + IgM Memory Cells Generate Multi-lineage Effector B Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 24:824-837.e3. [PMID: 30044980 PMCID: PMC6141031 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) memory cells undergo differentiation in germinal centers following antigen challenge, but the full effector cell potential of these cells is unknown. We monitored the differentiation of enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (eYFP)- labeled CD11c+ and CD11cneg T-bet+ IgM memory cells after their transfer into naive recipient mice. Following challenge infection, many memory cells differentiated into IgM-producing plasmablasts. Other donor B cells entered germinal centers, down- regulated CD11c, underwent class switch recombination, and became switched memory cells. Yet other donor cells were maintained as IgM memory cells, and these IgM memory cells retained their multi-lineage potential following serial transfer. These findings were corroborated at the molecular level using immune repertoire analyses. Thus, IgM memory cells can differentiate into all effector B cell lineages and undergo self-renewal, properties that are characteristic of stem cells. We propose that these memory cells exist to provide long-term multi-functional immunity and act primarily to maintain the production of protective antibodies. T-bet+ B cells have now been identified in a wide range of immunological contexts. Using a model bacterial infection, Kenderes et al. show that single T-bet+ IgM memory cells exhibit multi-lineage potential and can undergo self-renewal, both properties of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Kenderes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Russell C Levack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Amber M Papillion
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | | | - Lisa M Dishaw
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Gary M Winslow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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20
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Trivedi N, Weisel F, Smita S, Joachim S, Kader M, Radhakrishnan A, Clouser C, Rosenfeld AM, Chikina M, Vigneault F, Hershberg U, Ismail N, Shlomchik MJ. Liver Is a Generative Site for the B Cell Response to Ehrlichia muris. Immunity 2019; 51:1088-1101.e5. [PMID: 31732168 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The B cell response to Ehrlichia muris is dominated by plasmablasts (PBs), with few-if any-germinal centers (GCs), yet it generates protective immunoglobulin M (IgM) memory B cells (MBCs) that express the transcription factor T-bet and harbor V-region mutations. Because Ehrlichia prominently infects the liver, we investigated the nature of liver B cell response and that of the spleen. B cells within infected livers proliferated and underwent somatic hypermutation (SHM). Vh-region sequencing revealed trafficking of clones between the spleen and liver and often subsequent local clonal expansion and intraparenchymal localization of T-bet+ MBCs. T-bet+ MBCs expressed MBC subset markers CD80 and PD-L2. Many T-bet+ MBCs lacked CD11b or CD11c expression but had marginal zone (MZ) B cell phenotypes and colonized the splenic MZ, revealing T-bet+ MBC plasticity. Hence, liver and spleen are generative sites of B cell responses, and they include V-region mutation and result in liver MBC localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Trivedi
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Graduate Program in Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Florian Weisel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Shuchi Smita
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Stephen Joachim
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Muhamuda Kader
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | | | | | | | - Maria Chikina
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | | | | | - Nahed Ismail
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Mark Jay Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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21
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Popescu M, Cabrera-Martinez B, Winslow GM. TNF-α Contributes to Lymphoid Tissue Disorganization and Germinal Center B Cell Suppression during Intracellular Bacterial Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2415-2424. [PMID: 31570507 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial, parasitic, and viral infections are well-known causes of lymphoid tissue disorganization, although the factors, both host and/or pathogen derived, that mediate these changes are largely unknown. Ehrlichia muris infection in mice causes a loss of germinal center (GC) B cells that is accompanied by the generation of extrafollicular T-bet+ CD11c+ plasmablasts and IgM memory B cells. We addressed a possible role for TNF-α in this process because this cytokine has been shown to regulate GC development. Ablation of TNF-α during infection resulted in an 8-fold expansion of GL7+ CD38lo CD95+ GC B cells, and a 2.5- and 5-fold expansion of CD138+ plasmablasts and T-bet+ memory cells, respectively. These changes were accompanied by a reduction in splenomegaly, more organized T and B cell zones, and an improved response to Ag challenge. CXCL13, the ligand for CXCR5, was detected at 6-fold higher levels following infection but was much reduced following TNF-α ablation, suggesting that CXCL13 dysregulation also contributes to loss of lymphoid tissue organization. T follicular helper cells, which also underwent expansion in infected TNF-α--deficient mice, may also have contributed to the expansion of T-bet+ B cells, as the latter are known to require T cell help. Our findings contrast with previously described roles for TNF-α in GCs and reveal how host-pathogen interactions can induce profound changes in cytokine and chemokine production that can alter lymphoid tissue organization, GC B cell development, and extrafollicular T-bet+ B cell generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Popescu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - Berenice Cabrera-Martinez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - Gary M Winslow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210
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22
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Seth A, Craft J. Spatial and functional heterogeneity of follicular helper T cells in autoimmunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 61:1-9. [PMID: 31374450 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Follicular helper T cells provide signals that promote B cell development, proliferation, and production of affinity matured and appropriately isotype switched antibodies. In addition to their classical locations within B cell follicles and germinal centers therein, B cell helper T cells are also found in extrafollicular spaces - either in secondary lymphoid or non-lymphoid tissues. Both follicular and extrafollicular T helper cells drive autoantibody-mediated autoimmunity. Interfering with B cell help provided by T cells can ameliorate autoimmune disease in animal models and human patients. The next frontier in Tfh cell biology will be identification of Tfh cell-specific pathogenic changes in autoimmunity and exploiting them for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Seth
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Joe Craft
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
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23
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Jenks SA, Cashman KS, Woodruff MC, Lee FEH, Sanz I. Extrafollicular responses in humans and SLE. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:136-148. [PMID: 30874345 PMCID: PMC6422038 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic autoimmune diseases, and in particular Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), are endowed with a long-standing autoreactive B-cell compartment that is presumed to reactivate periodically leading to the generation of new bursts of pathogenic antibody-secreting cells (ASC). Moreover, pathogenic autoantibodies are typically characterized by a high load of somatic hypermutation and in some cases are highly stable even in the context of prolonged B-cell depletion. Long-lived, highly mutated antibodies are typically generated through T-cell-dependent germinal center (GC) reactions. Accordingly, an important role for GC reactions in the generation of pathogenic autoreactivity has been postulated in SLE. Nevertheless, pathogenic autoantibodies and autoimmune disease can be generated through B-cell extrafollicular (EF) reactions in multiple mouse models and human SLE flares are characterized by the expansion of naive-derived activated effector B cells of extrafollicular phenotype. In this review, we will discuss the properties of the EF B-cell pathway, its relationship to other effector B-cell populations, its role in autoimmune diseases, and its contribution to human SLE. Furthermore, we discuss the relationship of EF B cells with Age-Associated B cells (ABCs), a TLR-7-driven B-cell population that mediates murine autoimmune and antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Jenks
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kevin S. Cashman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Matthew C. Woodruff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - F. Eun-Hyung Lee
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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24
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Neutralization of the Plasmodium-encoded MIF ortholog confers protective immunity against malaria infection. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2714. [PMID: 30006528 PMCID: PMC6045615 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium species produce an ortholog of the cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor, PMIF, which modulates the host inflammatory response to malaria. Using a novel RNA replicon-based vaccine, we show the impact of PMIF immunoneutralization on the host response and observed improved control of liver and blood-stage Plasmodium infection, and complete protection from re-infection. Vaccination against PMIF delayed blood-stage patency after sporozoite infection, reduced the expression of the Th1-associated inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-12, and IFN-γ during blood-stage infection, augmented Tfh cell and germinal center responses, increased anti-Plasmodium antibody titers, and enhanced the differentiation of antigen-experienced memory CD4 T cells and liver-resident CD8 T cells. Protection from re-infection was recapitulated by the adoptive transfer of CD8 or CD4 T cells from PMIF RNA immunized hosts. Parasite MIF inhibition may be a useful approach to promote immunity to Plasmodium and potentially other parasite genera that produce MIF orthologous proteins. Plasmodium species produce an ortholog of the cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor, PMIF, which modulates the host inflammatory response to malaria. Here, the authors show that inhibition of PMIF may have translational benefits for managing malaria infections.
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25
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CD11c+ T-bet+ memory B cells: Immune maintenance during chronic infection and inflammation? Cell Immunol 2017; 321:8-17. [PMID: 28838763 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
CD11c+ T-bet+ B cells have now been detected and characterized in different experimental and clinical settings, in both mice and humans. Whether such cells are monolithic, or define subsets of B cells with different functions is not yet known. Our studies have identified CD11c+ IgM+ CD19hi splenic IgM memory B cells that appear at approximately three weeks post-ehrlichial infection, and persist indefinitely, during low-level chronic infection. Although the CD11c+ T-bet+ B cells we have described are distinct, they appear to share many features with similar cells detected under diverse conditions, including viral infections, aging, and autoimmunity. We propose that CD11c+ T-bet+ B cells as a group share characteristics of memory B cells that are maintained under conditions of inflammation and/or low-level chronic antigen stimulation. In some cases, these cells may be advantageous, by providing immunity to re-infection, but in others may be deleterious, by contributing to aged-associated autoimmune responses.
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26
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Is germinal center selection required for influenza vaccination? Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:655-657. [PMID: 28669979 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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27
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Sweet RA, Nickerson KM, Cullen JL, Wang Y, Shlomchik MJ. B Cell-Extrinsic Myd88 and Fcer1g Negatively Regulate Autoreactive and Normal B Cell Immune Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:885-893. [PMID: 28659358 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
MyD88 and FcR common γ-chain (Fcer1g, FcRγ) elicit proinflammatory responses to exogenous Ags. Deletion of these receptors in autoimmune models has generally led to reduced overall disease. In B cells, Myd88 is required for anti-DNA and anti-RNA autoantibody responses, whereas Fcer1g is not expressed in these cells. The roles of these receptors in myeloid cells during B cell autoimmune activation remain less clear. To investigate the roles of Myd88 and Fcer1g in non-B cells, we transferred anti-self-IgG (rheumatoid factor) B cells and their physiologic target Ag, anti-chromatin Ab, into mice lacking Fcer1g, Myd88, or both and studied the extrafollicular plasmablast response. Surprisingly, we found a markedly higher and more prolonged response in the absence of either molecule; this effect was accentuated in doubly deficient recipients, with a 40-fold increase compared with wild-type recipients at day 10. This enhancement was dependent on CD40L, indicating that Myd88 and FcRγ, presumably on myeloid APCs, were required to downregulate T cell help for the extrafollicular response. To extend the generality, we then investigated a classic T cell-dependent response to (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl conjugated to chicken γ globulin and found a similar effect. Thus, these results reveal novel regulatory roles in the B cell response for receptors that are typically proinflammatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Sweet
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519; and
| | - Kevin M Nickerson
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Jaime L Cullen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519; and
| | - Yujuan Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Mark J Shlomchik
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519; .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519; and.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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28
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Papillion AM, Kenderes KJ, Yates JL, Winslow GM. Early derivation of IgM memory cells and bone marrow plasmablasts. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178853. [PMID: 28575114 PMCID: PMC5456393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
IgM memory cells are recognized as an important component of B cell memory in mice and humans. Our studies of B cells elicited in response to ehrlichial infection identified a population of CD11c-positive IgM memory cells, and an IgM bone marrow antibody-secreting cell population. The origin of these cells was unknown, although an early T-independent spleen CD11c- and T-bet-positive IgM plasmablast population precedes both, suggesting a linear relationship. A majority of the IgM memory cells detected after day 30 post-infection, also T-bet-positive, had undergone somatic hypermutation, indicating they expressed activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). Therefore, to identify early AID-expressing precursor B cells, we infected an AID-regulated tamoxifen-inducible Cre-recombinase-EYFP reporter strain. Tamoxifen administration led to the labeling of both IgM memory cells and bone marrow ASCs on day 30 and later post-infection. High frequencies of labeled cells were identified on day 30 post-infection, following tamoxifen administration on day 10 post-infection, although IgM memory cells were marked when tamoxifen was administered as early as day 4 post-infection. Transcription of Aicda in the early plasmablasts was not detected in the absence of CD4 T cells, but occurred independently of TLR signaling. Unlike the IgM memory cells, the bone marrow IgM ASCs were elicited independent of T cell help. Moreover, Aicda was constitutively expressed in IgM memory cells, but not in bone marrow ASCs. These studies demonstrate that two distinct long-term IgM-positive B cell populations are generated early in response to infection, but are maintained via separate mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber M. Papillion
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Kevin J. Kenderes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Yates
- Wadsworth Center, and University at Albany, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Gary M. Winslow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Abstract
We comprehensively review memory B cells (MBCs), covering the definition of MBCs and their identities and subsets, how MBCs are generated, where they are localized, how they are maintained, and how they are reactivated. Whereas naive B cells adopt multiple fates upon stimulation, MBCs are more restricted in their responses. Evolving work reveals that the MBC compartment in mice and humans consists of distinct subpopulations with differing effector functions. We discuss the various approaches to define subsets and subset-specific roles. A major theme is the need to both deliver faster effector function upon reexposure and readapt to antigenically variant pathogens while avoiding burnout, which would be the result if all MBCs generated only terminal effector function. We discuss cell-intrinsic differences in gene expression and signaling that underlie differences in function between MBCs and naive B cells and among MBC subsets and how this leads to memory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Weisel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261; ,
| | - Mark Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261; ,
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30
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Abstract
Human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are acute febrile tick-borne infectious diseases caused by various members from the genera Ehrlichia and Anaplasma. Ehrlichia chaffeensis is the major etiologic agent of human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (HME), while Anaplasma phagocytophilum is the major cause of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA). The clinical manifestations of HME and HGA ranges from subclinical to potentially life-threatening diseases associated with multi-organ failure. Macrophages and neutrophils are the major target cells for Ehrlichia and Anaplasma, respectively. The threat to public health is increasing with newly emerging ehrlichial and anaplasma agents, yet vaccines for human ehrlichioses and anaplasmosis are not available, and therapeutic options are limited. This article reviews recent advances in the understanding of HME and HGA.
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31
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Protective neutralizing influenza antibody response in the absence of T follicular helper cells. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:1447-1458. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.3563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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32
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Ehrlichioses: An Important One Health Opportunity. Vet Sci 2016; 3:vetsci3030020. [PMID: 29056728 PMCID: PMC5606584 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci3030020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ehrlichioses are caused by obligately intracellular bacteria that are maintained subclinically in a persistently infected vertebrate host and a tick vector. The most severe life-threatening illnesses, such as human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis and heartwater, occur in incidental hosts. Ehrlichia have a developmental cycle involving an infectious, nonreplicating, dense core cell and a noninfectious, replicating reticulate cell. Ehrlichiae secrete proteins that bind to host cytoplasmic proteins and nuclear chromatin, manipulating the host cell environment to their advantage. Severe disease in immunocompetent hosts is mediated in large part by immunologic and inflammatory mechanisms, including overproduction of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), which is produced by CD8 T lymphocytes, and interleukin-10 (IL-10). Immune components that contribute to control of ehrlichial infection include CD4 and CD8 T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-12, and antibodies. Some immune components, such as TNF-α, perforin, and CD8 T cells, play both pathogenic and protective roles. In contrast with the immunocompetent host, which may die with few detectable organisms owing to the overly strong immune response, immunodeficient hosts die with overwhelming infection and large quantities of organisms in the tissues. Vaccine development is challenging because of antigenic diversity of E. ruminantium, the necessity of avoiding an immunopathologic response, and incomplete knowledge of the protective antigens.
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Saumyaa, Pujanauski L, Colino J, Flora M, Torres RM, Tuomanen E, Snapper CM. Pneumococcal Surface Protein A Plays a Major Role in Streptococcus pneumoniae-Induced Immunosuppression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:3677-85. [PMID: 27029587 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Intact, inactivated Streptococcus pneumoniae [including the unencapsulated S. pneumoniae, serotype 2 strain (R36A)] markedly inhibits the humoral immune response to coimmunized heterologous proteins, a property not observed with several other intact Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, we determined the nature of this immunosuppressive property. Because phosphorylcholine (PC), a major haptenic component of teichoic acid in the S. pneumoniae cell wall, and lipoteichoic acid in the S. pneumoniae membrane were previously reported to be immunosuppressive when derived from filarial parasites, we determined whether R36A lacking PC (R36A(pc-)) was inhibitory. Indeed, although R36A(pc-) exhibited a markedly reduced level of inhibition of the IgG response to coimmunized chicken OVA (cOVA), no inhibition was observed when using several other distinct PC-expressing bacteria or a soluble, protein-PC conjugate. Further, treatment of R36A with periodate, which selectively destroys PC residues, had no effect on R36A-mediated inhibition. Because R36A(pc-) also lacks choline-binding proteins (CBPs) that require PC for cell wall attachment, and because treatment of R36A with trypsin eliminated its inhibitory activity, we incubated R36A in choline chloride, which selectively strips CBPs from its surface. R36A lacking CBPs lost most of its inhibitory property, whereas the supernatant of choline chloride-treated R36A, containing CBPs, was markedly inhibitory. Coimmunization studies using cOVA and various S. pneumoniae mutants, each genetically deficient in one of the CBPs, demonstrated that only S. pneumoniae lacking the CBP pneumococcal surface protein A lost its ability to inhibit the IgG anti-cOVA response. These results strongly suggest that PspA plays a major role in mediating the immunosuppressive property of S. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumyaa
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814; Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences, Pilani 333031, India
| | - Lindsey Pujanauski
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Jesus Colino
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Michael Flora
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814; and
| | - Raul M Torres
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Elaine Tuomanen
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Clifford M Snapper
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814;
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Di Niro R, Lee SJ, Vander Heiden JA, Elsner RA, Trivedi N, Bannock JM, Gupta NT, Kleinstein SH, Vigneault F, Gilbert TJ, Meffre E, McSorley SJ, Shlomchik MJ. Salmonella Infection Drives Promiscuous B Cell Activation Followed by Extrafollicular Affinity Maturation. Immunity 2015; 43:120-31. [PMID: 26187411 PMCID: PMC4523395 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The B cell response to Salmonella typhimurium (STm) occurs massively at extrafollicular sites, without notable germinal centers (GCs). Little is known in terms of its specificity. To expand the knowledge of antigen targets, we screened plasmablast (PB)-derived monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for Salmonella specificity, using ELISA, flow cytometry, and antigen microarray. Only a small fraction (0.5%-2%) of the response appeared to be Salmonella-specific. Yet, infection of mice with limited B cell receptor (BCR) repertoires impaired the response, suggesting that BCR specificity was important. We showed, using laser microdissection, that somatic hypermutation (SHM) occurred efficiently at extrafollicular sites leading to affinity maturation that in turn led to detectable STm Ag-binding. These results suggest a revised vision of how clonal selection and affinity maturation operate in response to Salmonella. Clonal selection initially is promiscuous, activating cells with virtually undetectable affinity, yet SHM and selection occur during the extrafollicular response yielding higher affinity, detectable antibodies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Clonal Selection, Antigen-Mediated/genetics
- Clonal Selection, Antigen-Mediated/immunology
- Germinal Center/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Salmonella Infections/immunology
- Salmonella Infections/microbiology
- Salmonella typhimurium/immunology
- Somatic Hypermutation, Immunoglobulin/genetics
- Somatic Hypermutation, Immunoglobulin/immunology
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Di Niro
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Seung-Joo Lee
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jason A Vander Heiden
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Rebecca A Elsner
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Nikita Trivedi
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jason M Bannock
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Namita T Gupta
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Steven H Kleinstein
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | | | - Eric Meffre
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Stephen J McSorley
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mark J Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Elsner RA, Hastey CJ, Olsen KJ, Baumgarth N. Suppression of Long-Lived Humoral Immunity Following Borrelia burgdorferi Infection. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004976. [PMID: 26136236 PMCID: PMC4489802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lyme Disease caused by infection with Borrelia burgdorferi is an emerging infectious disease and already by far the most common vector-borne disease in the U.S. Similar to many other infections, infection with B. burgdorferi results in strong antibody response induction, which can be used clinically as a diagnostic measure of prior exposure. However, clinical studies have shown a sometimes-precipitous decline of such antibodies shortly following antibiotic treatment, revealing a potential deficit in the host’s ability to induce and/or maintain long-term protective antibodies. This is further supported by reports of frequent repeat infections with B. burgdorferi in endemic areas. The mechanisms underlying such a lack of long-term humoral immunity, however, remain unknown. We show here that B. burgdorferi infected mice show a similar rapid disappearance of Borrelia-specific antibodies after infection and subsequent antibiotic treatment. This failure was associated with development of only short-lived germinal centers, micro-anatomical locations from which long-lived immunity originates. These showed structural abnormalities and failed to induce memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells for months after the infection, rendering the mice susceptible to reinfection with the same strain of B. burgdorferi. The inability to induce long-lived immune responses was not due to the particular nature of the immunogenic antigens of B. burgdorferi, as antibodies to both T-dependent and T-independent Borrelia antigens lacked longevity and B cell memory induction. Furthermore, influenza immunization administered at the time of Borrelia infection also failed to induce robust antibody responses, dramatically reducing the protective antiviral capacity of the humoral response. Collectively, these studies show that B. burgdorferi-infection results in targeted and temporary immunosuppression of the host and bring new insight into the mechanisms underlying the failure to develop long-term immunity to this emerging disease threat. Infections with the Lyme Disease agent, Borrelia burgdorferi, often fail to generate long-term protective immunity. We show here that this is because the immune system of the Borrelia-infected host generates only short-lived, structurally abnormal and non-functional germinal centers. These germinal centers fail to induce memory B cells and long-lived antibody-producing plasma cells, leaving the host susceptible to reinfection with Bb. This inability to induce long-term immunity was not due to the nature of Borrelia antigens, as even T-dependent antigens of Borrelia were unable to induce such responses. Moreover, influenza vaccine antigens, when applied during Borrelia-infection, failed to induce strong antibody responses and immune-protection from influenza challenge. This data illustrate the potent, if temporal, immune suppression induced by Borrelia-infection. Collectively, the data reveal a new mechanism by which B. burgdorferi subverts the adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Elsner
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Microbiology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Christine J. Hastey
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Microbiology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kimberly J. Olsen
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Microbiology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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The omentum is a site of protective IgM production during intracellular bacterial infection. Infect Immun 2015; 83:2139-47. [PMID: 25776744 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00295-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of mice with the bacterium Ehrlichia muris elicits a protective T cell-independent (TI) IgM response mediated primarily by a population of CD11c-expressing plasmablasts in the spleen. Although splenic marginal zone (MZ) B cells are considered to be important for TI responses to blood-borne pathogens, MZ B cells were not responsible for generating plasmablasts in response to Ehrlichia muris. Moreover, antigen-specific serum IgM was decreased only modestly in splenectomized mice and in mice that lacked spleen, lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches (SLP mice). Both splenectomized and SLP mice were protected against lethal ehrlichial challenge infection. Moreover, we found a high frequency of Ehrlichia-specific plasmablasts in the omentum of both conventional and SLP mice. Omental plasmablasts elicited during Ehrlichia infection lacked expression of CD138 but expressed CD11c in a manner similar to that of their splenic counterparts. Selective ablation of CD11c-expressing B cells nearly eliminated the omental Ehrlichia-specific plasmablasts and reduced antigen-specific serum IgM, identifying the omental B cells as a source of IgM production in the SLP mice. Generation of the omental plasmablasts was route dependent, as they were detected following peritoneal infection but not following intravenous infection. Our data identify the omentum as an important auxiliary site of IgM production during intracellular bacterial infection.
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Abstract
B cells have long been regarded as simple antibody production units, but are now becoming known as key players in both adaptive and innate immune responses. However, several bacteria, viruses and parasites have evolved the ability to manipulate B cell functions to modulate immune responses. Pathogens can affect B cells indirectly, by attacking innate immune cells and altering the cytokine environment, and can also target B cells directly, impairing B cell-mediated immune responses. In this Review, we provide a summary of recent advances in elucidating direct B cell-pathogen interactions and highlight how targeting this specific cell population benefits different pathogens.
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CD4+ T cells promote antibody production but not sustained affinity maturation during Borrelia burgdorferi infection. Infect Immun 2014; 83:48-56. [PMID: 25312948 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02471-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4 T cells are crucial for enhancing B cell-mediated immunity, supporting the induction of high-affinity, class-switched antibody responses, long-lived plasma cells, and memory B cells. Previous studies showed that the immune response to Borrelia burgdorferi appears to lack robust T-dependent B cell responses, as neither long-lived plasma cells nor memory B cells form for months after infection, and nonswitched IgM antibodies are produced continuously during this chronic disease. These data prompted us to evaluate the induction and functionality of B. burgdorferi infection-induced CD4 T(FH) cells. We report that CD4 T cells were effectively primed and T(FH) cells induced after B. burgdorferi infection. These CD4 T cells contributed to the control of B. burgdorferi burden and supported the induction of B. burgdorferi-specific IgG responses. However, while affinity maturation of antibodies against a prototypic T-dependent B. burgdorferi protein, Arthritis-related protein (Arp), were initiated, these increases were reversed later, coinciding with the previously observed involution of germinal centers. The cessation of affinity maturation was not due to the appearance of inhibitory or exhausted CD4 T cells or a strong induction of regulatory T cells. In vitro T-B cocultures demonstrated that T cells isolated from B. burgdorferi-infected but not B. burgdorferi-immunized mice supported the rapid differentiation of B cells into antibody-secreting plasma cells rather than continued proliferation, mirroring the induction of rapid short-lived instead of long-lived T-dependent antibody responses in vivo. The data further suggest that B. burgdorferi infection drives the humoral response away from protective, high-affinity, and long-lived antibody responses and toward the rapid induction of strongly induced, short-lived antibodies of limited efficacy.
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Yates JL, Racine R, McBride KM, Winslow GM. T cell-dependent IgM memory B cells generated during bacterial infection are required for IgG responses to antigen challenge. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 191:1240-9. [PMID: 23804710 PMCID: PMC3720767 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Immunological memory has long considered to be harbored in B cells that express high-affinity class-switched IgG. IgM-positive memory B cells can also be generated following immunization, although their physiological role has been unclear. In this study, we show that bacterial infection elicited a relatively large population of IgM memory B cells that were uniquely identified by their surface expression of CD11c, CD73, and programmed death-ligand 2. The cells lacked expression of cell surface markers typically expressed by germinal center B cells, were CD138 negative, and did not secrete Ab ex vivo. The population was also largely quiescent and accumulated somatic mutations. The IgM memory B cells were located in the region of the splenic marginal zone and were not detected in blood or other secondary lymphoid organs. Generation of the memory cells was CD4 T cell dependent and required IL-21R signaling. In vivo depletion of the IgM memory B cells abrogated the IgG recall responses to specific Ag challenge, demonstrating that the cell population was required for humoral memory, and underwent class-switch recombination following Ag encounter. Our findings demonstrate that T cell-dependent IgM memory B cells can be elicited at high frequency and can play an important role in maintaining long-term immunity during bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Yates
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, P.O. Box 22002, Albany, NY 12201-2002
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, NY 12201
| | - Rachael Racine
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, P.O. Box 22002, Albany, NY 12201-2002
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, NY 12201
| | - Kevin M. McBride
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithfield, TX 78957
| | - Gary M. Winslow
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, P.O. Box 22002, Albany, NY 12201-2002
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, NY 12201
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Immunosuppressive property within the Streptococcus pneumoniae cell wall that inhibits generation of T follicular helper, germinal center, and plasma cell response to a coimmunized heterologous protein. Infect Immun 2013; 81:3426-33. [PMID: 23817619 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00688-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that intact, inactivated Streptococcus pneumoniae (unencapsulated strain R36A) inhibits IgG responses to a number of coimmunized soluble antigens (Ags). In this study, we investigated the mechanism of this inhibition and whether other extracellular bacteria exhibited similar effects. No inhibition was observed if R36A was given 24 h before or after immunization with soluble chicken ovalbumin (cOVA), indicating that R36A acts transiently during the initiation of the immune response. Using transgenic cOVA-specific CD4(+) T cells, we observed that R36A had no significant effect on T-cell activation (24 h) or generation of regulatory T cells (day 7) and only a modest effect on T-cell proliferation (48 to 96 h) in response to cOVA. However, R36A mediated a significant reduction in the formation of Ag-specific splenic germinal center T follicular helper (GC Tfh) and GC B cells and antibody-secreting cells in the spleen and bone marrow in response to cOVA or cOVA conjugated to 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl hapten (NP-cOVA). Of note, the inhibitory effect of intact R36A on the IgG anti-cOVA response could be reproduced using R36A-derived cell walls. In contrast to R36A, neither inactivated, unencapsulated, intact Neisseria meningitidis nor Streptococcus agalactiae inhibited the OVA-specific IgG response. These results suggest a novel immunosuppressive property within the cell wall of Streptococcus pneumoniae.
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Immune response and immunopathology during toxoplasmosis. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 34:793-813. [PMID: 22955326 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0339-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite of medical and veterinary significance that is able to infect any warm-blooded vertebrate host. In addition to its importance to public health, several inherent features of the biology of T. gondii have made it an important model organism to study host-pathogen interactions. One factor is the genetic tractability of the parasite, which allows studies on the microbial factors that affect virulence and allows the development of tools that facilitate immune studies. Additionally, mice are natural hosts for T. gondii, and the availability of numerous reagents to study the murine immune system makes this an ideal experimental system to understand the functions of cytokines and effector mechanisms involved in immunity to intracellular microorganisms. In this article, we will review current knowledge of the innate and adaptive immune responses required for resistance to toxoplasmosis, the events that lead to the development of immunopathology, and the natural regulatory mechanisms that limit excessive inflammation during this infection.
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Infection with Toxoplasma gondii alters lymphotoxin expression associated with changes in splenic architecture. Infect Immun 2012; 80:3602-10. [PMID: 22851754 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00333-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell responses are required for resistance to Toxoplasma gondii; however, the events that lead to production of class-switched antibodies during T. gondii infection have not been defined. Indeed, mice challenged with the parasite exhibited an expansion of T follicular helper cells and germinal center B cells in the spleen. Unexpectedly, this was not associated with germinal center formation and was instead accompanied by profound changes in splenic organization. This phenomenon was transient and was correlated with a decrease in expression of effector proteins that contribute to splenic organization, including lymphotoxins α and β. The importance of lymphotoxin was confirmed, as the use of a lymphotoxin β receptor agonist results in partial restoration of splenic structure. Splenectomized mice were used to test the splenic contribution to the antibody response during T. gondii infection. Analysis of splenectomized mice revealed delayed kinetics in the production of parasite-specific antibody, but the mice did eventually develop normal levels of parasite-specific antibody. Together, these studies provide a better understanding of how infection with T. gondii impacts the customized structures required for the optimal humoral responses to the parasite and the role of lymphotoxin in these events.
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Racine R, McLaughlin M, Jones DD, Wittmer ST, MacNamara KC, Woodland DL, Winslow GM. IgM production by bone marrow plasmablasts contributes to long-term protection against intracellular bacterial infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 186:1011-21. [PMID: 21148037 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IgM responses are well known to occur early postinfection and tend to be short-lived, which has suggested that this Ig does not significantly contribute to long-term immunity. In this study, we demonstrate that chronic infection with the intracellular bacterium Ehrlichia muris elicits a protective, long-term IgM response. Moreover, we identified a population of CD138(high)IgM(high) B cells responsible for Ag-specific IgM production in the bone marrow. The IgM-secreting cells, which exhibited characteristics of both plasmablasts and plasma cells, contributed to protection against fatal ehrlichial challenge. Mice deficient in activation-induced cytidine deaminase, which produce only IgM, were protected against fatal ehrlichial challenge infection. The IgM-secreting cells that we have identified were maintained in the bone marrow in the absence of chronic infection, as antibiotic-treated mice remained protected against challenge infection. Our studies identify a cell population that is responsible for the IgM production in the bone marrow, and they highlight a novel role for IgM in the maintenance of long-term immunity during intracellular bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Racine
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12201, USA
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