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Zhang W, Chen L, Lu X, Dong X, Feng M, Tu Y, Wang Z. EFHD2 regulates T cell receptor signaling and modulates T helper cell activation in early sepsis. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 133:112087. [PMID: 38669951 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
EFHD2 (EF-hand domain family, member D2) has been identified as a calcium-binding protein with immunomodulatory effects. In this study, we characterized the phenotype of Efhd2-deficient mice in sepsis and examined the biological functions of EFHD2 in peripheral T cell activation and T helper (Th) cell differentiation. Increased levels of EFHD2 expression accompanied peripheral CD4+ T cell activation in the early stages of sepsis. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that immune response activation was impaired in Efhd2-deficient CD4+ T cells. Further, Efhd2-deficient CD4+ T cells isolated from the spleen of septic mice showed impaired T cell receptor (TCR)-induced Th differentiation, especially Th1 and Th17 differentiation. In vitro data also showed that Efhd2-deficient CD4+ T cells exhibit impaired Th1 and Th17 differentiation. In the CD4+ T cells and macrophages co-culture model for antigen presentation, the deficiency of Efhd2 in CD4+ T cells resulted in impaired formation of immunological synapses. In addition, Efhd2-deficient CD4+ T cells exhibited reduced levels of phospho-LCK and phospho-ZAP70, and downstream transcription factors including Nfat, Nfκb and Nur77 following TCR engagement. In summary, EFHD2 may promote TCR-mediated T cell activation subsequent Th1 and Th17 differentiation in the early stages of sepsis by regulating the intensity of TCR complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhao Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Linlin Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaohui Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Meixia Feng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ye Tu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Fu JT, Liu J, Wu WB, Chen YT, Lu GD, Cao Q, Meng HB, Tong J, Zhu JH, Wang XJ, Liu Y, Zhuang C, Sheng C, Shen FM, Liu X, Wang H, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Liang HY, Zhang JB, Li DJ, Li X, Wang ZB, Wang P. Targeting EFHD2 Inhibits Interferon-γ Signaling and Ameliorates Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis. J Hepatol 2024:S0168-8278(24)00277-0. [PMID: 38670321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The precise pathomechanisms underlying the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH, also known as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis [MASH]) remain incompletely understood. This study investigates the potential role of EF-hand domain family member D2 (EFHD2), a novel molecule specific to immune cells, in NASH pathogenesis. METHODS Hepatic EFHD2 expression was characterized in NASH patients and two diet-induced NASH mouse models. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) and double-immunohistochemistry were employed to explore EFHD2 expression patterns in NASH livers. The effects of global and myeloid-specific EFHD2 deletion on NASH and NASH-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were assessed. Molecular mechanisms underlying EFHD2 function were investigated, along with its potential as a therapeutic target by chemical and genetic means. RESULTS EFHD2 expression was significantly elevated in liver tissue macrophages/monocytes in both NASH patients and mice. Deletion of EFHD2, either globally or specifically in myeloid cells, improved hepatic steatosis, reduced immune cell infiltration, inhibited lipid peroxidation-induced ferroptosis, and attenuated fibrosis in NASH. Additionally, it hindered the development of NASH-related HCC. Specifically, deletion of myeloid EFHD2 prevented the replacement of TIM4+ resident Kupffer cells by infiltrated monocytes and reversed the decreases in patrolling monocytes and CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio in NASH. Mechanistically, our investigation revealed that EFHD2 in myeloid cells interacts with cytosolic YWHAZ (14-3-3ζ), facilitating the translocation of interferon-γ receptor-2 (IFNγR2) onto the plasma membrane. This interaction mediates IFNγ signaling, which triggers immune and inflammatory responses in macrophages during NASH. Finally, a developed stapled α-helical peptide targeting EFHD2 demonstrated its efficacy in protecting against NASH pathology in mice. CONCLUSION Our study reveals a pivotal immunomodulatory and inflammatory role of EFHD2 in NASH, underscoring EFHD2 as a promising druggable target for NASH treatment. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) represents an advanced stage of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); however, not all NAFLD patients progress to NASH. A key challenge is identifying the factors triggering inflammation, which propels the transition from simple fatty liver to NASH. Our research pinpointed EFHD2 as a pivotal driver of NASH, orchestrating the over-activation of IFNγ signaling within the liver during NASH progression. A stapled peptide designed to target EFHD2 exhibited therapeutic promise in NASH mice. These findings suggest EFHD2 as a promising target for drug development aimed at NASH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Tao Fu
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Biliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Bin Wu
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Ting Chen
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Dong Lu
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Cao
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Pharmaceutical Education, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Bo Meng
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Tong
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Hui Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu-Jie Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunlin Zhuang
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Pharmaceutical Education, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Pharmaceutical Education, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fu-Ming Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingguang Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yongsheng Yu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuefan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Yan Liang
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Pharmaceutical Education, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Bao Zhang
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Pharmaceutical Education, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Jie Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Li
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Pharmaceutical Education, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhi-Bin Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Pei Wang
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Pharmaceutical Education, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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Wang P, Li Y, Sun Y, Xu T. EFHD2 cooperates with E3 ubiquitin ligase Smurf1 to facilitate virus infection by promoting the degradation of TRAF6 in teleost fish. J Virol 2024; 98:e0117623. [PMID: 38054609 PMCID: PMC10805015 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01176-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system is one of the most important protein stability regulation systems. It can precisely regulate host immune responses by targeting signaling proteins. TRAF6 is a crucial E3 ubiquitin ligase in host antiviral signaling pathway. Here, we discovered that EF-hand domain-containing protein D2 (EFHD2) collaborated with the E3 ubiquitin ligase Smurf1 to potentiate the degradation of TRAF6, hence facilitating RNA virus Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus infection. The mechanism analysis revealed that EFHD2 interacted with Smurf1 and enhanced its protein stability by impairing K48-linked polyubiquitination of Smurf1, thereby promoting Smurf1-catalyzed degradation of TRAF6. This study initially demonstrated a novel mechanism by which viruses utilize host EFHD2 to achieve immune escape and provided a new perspective on the exploration of mammalian innate immunity.IMPORTANCEViruses induce host cells to activate several antiviral signaling pathways. TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) plays an essential role in these pathways. Numerous studies have been done on the mechanisms of TRAF6-mediated resistance to viral invasion. However, little is known about the strategies that viruses employ to antagonize TRAF6-mediated antiviral signaling pathway. Here, we discovered that EFHD2 functions as a host factor to promote viral replication. Mechanistically, EFHD2 potentiates Smurf1 to catalyze the ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation of TRAF6 by promoting the deubiquitination and stability of Smurf1, which in turn inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokines and interferons. Our study also provides a new perspective on mammalian resistance to viral invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wang
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Li
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuena Sun
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianjun Xu
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
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Sołtys K, Tarczewska A, Bystranowska D. Modulation of biomolecular phase behavior by metal ions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119567. [PMID: 37582439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) appears to be a newly appreciated aspect of the cellular organization of biomolecules that leads to the formation of membraneless organelles (MLOs). MLOs generate distinct microenvironments where particular biomolecules are highly concentrated compared to those in the surrounding environment. Their thermodynamically driven formation is reversible, and their liquid nature allows them to fuse with each other. Dysfunctional biomolecular condensation is associated with human diseases. Pathological states of MLOs may originate from the mutation of proteins or may be induced by other factors. In most aberrant MLOs, transient interactions are replaced by stronger and more rigid interactions, preventing their dissolution, and causing their uncontrolled growth and dysfunction. For these reasons, there is great interest in identifying factors that modulate LLPS. In this review, we discuss an enigmatic and mostly unexplored aspect of this process, namely, the regulatory effects of metal ions on the phase behavior of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Sołtys
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Aneta Tarczewska
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dominika Bystranowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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Lehne F, Bogdan S. Getting cells into shape by calcium-dependent actin cross-linking proteins. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1171930. [PMID: 37025173 PMCID: PMC10070769 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1171930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton represents a highly dynamic filament system providing cell structure and mechanical forces to drive a variety of cellular processes. The dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton are controlled by a number of conserved proteins that maintain the pool of actin monomers, promote actin nucleation, restrict the length of actin filaments and cross-link filaments into networks or bundles. Previous work has been established that cytoplasmic calcium is an important signal to rapidly relay information to the actin cytoskeleton, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we summarize new recent perspectives on how calcium fluxes are transduced to the actin cytoskeleton in a physiological context. In this mini-review we will focus on three calcium-binding EF-hand-containing actin cross-linking proteins, α-actinin, plastin and EFHD2/Swiprosin-1, and how these conserved proteins affect the cell's actin reorganization in the context of cell migration and wound closure in response to calcium.
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Zhang H, Wei Y, Jia H, Chen D, Tang X, Wang J, Chen M, Guo Y. Immune activation of characteristic gut mycobiota Kazachstania pintolopesii on IL-23/IL-17R signaling in ankylosing spondylitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1035366. [PMID: 36605130 PMCID: PMC9808786 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1035366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is very important to understand the communication and interaction mechanisms between the host and its resident microorganisms on host physiology and for precise diagnosis and treatment. Although intestinal fungi and bacteria dysbiosis is increasingly linked to ankylosing spondylitis (AS), their mechanisms of action have been rarely illustrated. In this paper, fecal samples from 10 AS monkeys and 10 healthy controls were collected to systematically characterize the gut mycobiota and microbiota in AS monkeys by 16S rRNA and ITS2 DNA sequencing. Our results showed the gut fungi of Kazachstania pintolopesii, Saccharomycetaceae, Kazachstania, and Saccharomyceteles. Saccharomycetes were specially enriched in AS, and the microbiota of AS monkeys was characterized by an increased abundance of Clostridia, Clostridiales, Ruminococcaceae, and Prevotella 2, using Line Discriminant Analysis Effect Size. Compared to healthy controls, decreased ITS2/16S biodiversity ratios and altered bacterial-fungal interkingdom networks were observed in AS monkeys. Oral administration of K. pintolopesii activates IL-17RA pathway and induce inflammatory reaction in the colonic tissue of C57BL/6 mice, as well as multiple AS phenotypes, including fungal and bacterial dysbiosis, immune responses of NK cells, platelets, T cells, leukocytes, B-cell activation, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. We also found the secreted products of K. pintolopesii could activate the IL-17RA pathway, which induces PANoptosis in macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Much worse, the PANoptosis products could promote the proliferation and morphological changes of K. pintolopesii, which resulted in much more K. pintolopesii and a severe inflammatory reaction. Interestingly, the inflammatory factor TNF-α can promote the morphological transformation of Candida albicans and K. pintolopesii, which is worthy of further study. The characteristic fungi in all these findings implied that fungal and bacterial dysbiosis have a close link to AS and that their communication and interaction indeed play an important role in autoimmune responses, and K. pintolopesii could be a potential marker microorganism in AS, although its specific mechanism is not fully elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiting Zhang
- Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,*Correspondence: Haiting Zhang, ; Meili Chen, ; Yinrui Guo,
| | - Yu Wei
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huanhuan Jia
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Diling Chen
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaocui Tang
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meili Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,*Correspondence: Haiting Zhang, ; Meili Chen, ; Yinrui Guo,
| | - Yinrui Guo
- Zhuhai Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China,*Correspondence: Haiting Zhang, ; Meili Chen, ; Yinrui Guo,
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7
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Thylur Puttalingaiah R. Role of Swiprosin-1/EFHD2 as a biomarker in the development of chronic diseases. Life Sci 2022; 297:120462. [PMID: 35276221 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Swiprosin-1 or EFHD2, is a Ca2+ binding actin protein and its expression has been shown to be distinct in various cell types. The expression of swiprosin-1 is upregulated during the activation of immune cells, epithelial and endothelial cells. The expression of swiprosin-1 is regulated by diverse signaling pathways that are contingent upon the specific type of cells. The aim of this review is to summarize and provide an overview of the role of swiprosin-1 in pathophysiological conditions of cancers, cardiovascular diseases, diabetic nephropathy, neuropsychiatric diseases, and in the process of inflammation, immune response, and inflammatory diseases. Novel approaches for the targeting of swiprosin-1 as a biomarker in the early detection and prevention of various development of chronic diseases are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Thylur Puttalingaiah
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1700 Tulane Avenue, Room 945-B1, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA..
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8
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RNA sequencing and its applications in cancer and rare diseases. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:2325-2333. [PMID: 34988891 PMCID: PMC8731134 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06963-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
With the invention of RNA sequencing over a decade ago, diagnosis and identification of the gene-related diseases entered a new phase that enabled more accurate analysis of the diseases that are difficult to approach and analyze. RNA sequencing has availed in-depth study of transcriptomes in different species and provided better understanding of rare diseases and taxonomical classifications of various eukaryotic organisms. Development of single-cell, short-read, long-read and direct RNA sequencing using both blood and biopsy specimens of the organism together with recent advancement in computational analysis programs has made the medical professional’s ability in identifying the origin and cause of genetic disorders indispensable. Altogether, such advantages have evolved the treatment design since RNA sequencing can detect the resistant genes against the existing therapies and help medical professions to take a further step in improving methods of treatments towards higher effectiveness and less side effects. Therefore, it is of essence to all researchers and scientists to have deeper insight in all available methods of RNA sequencing while taking a step-in therapy design.
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9
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Tong LC, Wang ZB, Zhang JQ, Wang Y, Liu WY, Yin H, Li JC, Su DF, Cao YB, Zhang LC, Li L. Swiprosin-1 deficiency in macrophages alleviated atherogenesis. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:344. [PMID: 34759279 PMCID: PMC8580969 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00739-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a vital role in the development of atherosclerosis. Previously, we have found that swiprosin-1 was abundantly expressed in macrophages. Here, we investigated the role of swiprosin-1 expressed in macrophages in atherogenesis. Bone marrow transplantation was performed from swiprosin-1-knockout (Swp-/-) mice and age-matched ApoE-/- mice. Atherosclerotic lesion, serum lipid, and interleukin-β (IL-β) levels were detected. In vitro, the peritoneal macrophages isolated from Swp-/- and wild-type mice were stimulated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and the macrophage of foam degree, cellular lipid content, apoptosis, inflammatory factor, migration, and autophagy were determined. Our results showed that swiprosin-1 was mainly expressed in macrophages of atherosclerotic plaques in aorta from ApoE-/- mice fed with high-cholesterol diet (HCD). The expression of swiprosin-1 in the foaming of RAW264.7 macrophages gradually increased with the increase of the concentration and time stimulated with ox-LDL. Atherosclerotic plaques, accumulation of macrophages, collagen content, serum total cholesterol, LDL, and IL-β levels were decreased in Swp-/- → ApoE-/- mice compared with Swp+/+ → ApoE-/- mice fed with HCD for 16 weeks. The macrophage foam cell formation and cellular cholesterol accumulation were reduced, while the lipid uptake and efflux increased in macrophages isolated from Swp-/- compared to wild-type mice treated with ox-LDL. Swiprosin-1 deficiency in macrophages could inhibit apoptosis, inflammation, migration, and promote autophagy. Taken together, our results demonstrated that swiprosin-1 deficiency in macrophages could alleviate the development and progression of AS. The role of swiprosin-1 may provide a promising new target for ameliorating AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Chang Tong
- Institute of Vascular Disease, Shanghai TCM- Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Qi Zhang
- Institute of Vascular Disease, Shanghai TCM- Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Ye Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Yin
- Institute of Vascular Disease, Shanghai TCM- Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Cheng Li
- Institute of Vascular Disease, Shanghai TCM- Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ding-Feng Su
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Bing Cao
- Institute of Vascular Disease, Shanghai TCM- Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Li-Chao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ling Li
- Institute of Vascular Disease, Shanghai TCM- Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Soliman AS, Umstead A, Grabinski T, Kanaan NM, Lee A, Ryan J, Lamp J, Vega IE. EFhd2 brain interactome reveals its association with different cellular and molecular processes. J Neurochem 2021; 159:992-1007. [PMID: 34543436 PMCID: PMC9552186 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
EFhd2 is a conserved calcium-binding protein that is highly expressed in the central nervous system. We have shown that EFhd2 interacts with tau protein, a key pathological hallmark in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. However, EFhd2's physiological and pathological functions in the brain are still poorly understood. To gain insights into its physiological function, we identified proteins that co-immunoprecipitated with EFhd2 from mouse forebrain and hindbrain, using tandem mass spectrometry (MS). In addition, quantitative mass spectrometry was used to detect protein abundance changes due to the deletion of the Efhd2 gene in mouse forebrain and hindbrain regions. Our data show that mouse EFhd2 is associated with cytoskeleton components, vesicle trafficking modulators, cellular stress response-regulating proteins, and metabolic proteins. Moreover, proteins associated with the cytoskeleton, vesicular transport, calcium signaling, stress response, and metabolic pathways showed differential abundance in Efhd2(-/-) mice. This study presents, for the first time, an EFhd2 brain interactome that it is associated with different cellular and molecular processes. These findings will help prioritize further studies to investigate the mechanisms by which EFhd2 modulates these processes in physiological and pathological conditions of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam S Soliman
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Andrew Umstead
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.,Integrated Mass Spectrometry Unit, College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Tessa Grabinski
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Nicholas M Kanaan
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.,Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Andy Lee
- NeuroInitiatives LLC, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - John Ryan
- NeuroInitiatives LLC, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Jared Lamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.,Integrated Mass Spectrometry Unit, College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Irving E Vega
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.,Integrated Mass Spectrometry Unit, College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.,Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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11
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Chakravarthi S, Karikalan B. Molecular Biomarkers for Lung Adenocarcinoma: A Short Review. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394716666200724164654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a disease with higher death rates and is responsible for around 2 million
deaths per year worldwide. Recently, several breakthroughs have been made in the field of lung
cancer that has led to a revolution in the management of lung cancer patients. Identification of
molecular markers and the implication of respective targeted therapies has been a great success in
the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma patients. Despite the fact that targeted therapy of lung adenocarcinomas
represents one of the significant milestones in the treatment of lung cancer that resulted
in increased survival rates even in advanced stages, the mortality rates of lung cancer still remain
to be significantly high. This warrants further research for gaining better insights into molecular alterations
that can lead to newer innovations in targeted drug therapy towards lung adenocarcinoma.
In this review, we briefly summarized the literature on molecular markers that are already in use.
We also consolidated newer molecular markers that are under study with the potential for being targeted
for therapies in future.
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12
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Reimer D, Meyer-Hermann M, Rakhymzhan A, Steinmetz T, Tripal P, Thomas J, Boettcher M, Mougiakakos D, Schulz SR, Urbanczyk S, Hauser AE, Niesner RA, Mielenz D. B Cell Speed and B-FDC Contacts in Germinal Centers Determine Plasma Cell Output via Swiprosin-1/EFhd2. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108030. [PMID: 32783949 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma cells secreting affinity-matured antibodies develop in germinal centers (GCs), where B cells migrate persistently and directionally over defined periods of time. How modes of GC B cell migration influence plasma cell development remained unclear. Through genetic deletion of the F-actin bundling protein Swiprosin-1/EF-hand domain family member 2 (EFhd2) and by two-photon microscopy, we show that EFhd2 restrains B cell speed in GCs and hapten-specific plasma cell output. Modeling the GC reaction reveals that increasing GC B cell speed promotes plasma cell generation. Lack of EFhd2 also reduces contacts of GC B cells with follicular dendritic cells in vivo. Computational modeling uncovers that both GC output and antibody affinity depend quantitatively on contacts of GC B cells with follicular dendritic cells when B cells migrate more persistently. Collectively, our data explain how GC B cells integrate speed and persistence of cell migration with B cell receptor affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Reimer
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig, Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Tobit Steinmetz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Tripal
- Optical Imaging Center (OICE), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jana Thomas
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Boettcher
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Mougiakakos
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian R Schulz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sophia Urbanczyk
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja E Hauser
- Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raluca A Niesner
- Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany; Dynamic and Functional In Vivo Imaging, Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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13
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Wist M, Meier L, Gutman O, Haas J, Endres S, Zhou Y, Rösler R, Wiese S, Stilgenbauer S, Hobeika E, Henis YI, Gierschik P, Walliser C. Noncatalytic Bruton's tyrosine kinase activates PLCγ 2 variants mediating ibrutinib resistance in human chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:5717-5736. [PMID: 32184360 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with inhibitors of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), such as ibrutinib, is limited by primary or secondary resistance to this drug. Examinations of CLL patients with late relapses while on ibrutinib, which inhibits BTK's catalytic activity, revealed several mutations in BTK, most frequently resulting in the C481S substitution, and disclosed many mutations in PLCG2, encoding phospholipase C-γ2 (PLCγ2). The PLCγ2 variants typically do not exhibit constitutive activity in cell-free systems, leading to the suggestion that in intact cells they are hypersensitive to Rac family small GTPases or to the upstream kinases spleen-associated tyrosine kinase (SYK) and Lck/Yes-related novel tyrosine kinase (LYN). The sensitivity of the PLCγ2 variants to BTK itself has remained unknown. Here, using genetically-modified DT40 B lymphocytes, along with various biochemical assays, including analysis of PLCγ2-mediated inositol phosphate formation, inositol phospholipid assessments, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) static laser microscopy, and determination of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+] i ), we show that various CLL-specific PLCγ2 variants such as PLCγ2S707Y are hyper-responsive to activated BTK, even in the absence of BTK's catalytic activity and independently of enhanced PLCγ2 phospholipid substrate supply. At high levels of B-cell receptor (BCR) activation, which may occur in individual CLL patients, catalytically-inactive BTK restored the ability of the BCR to mediate increases in [Ca2+] i Because catalytically-inactive BTK is insensitive to active-site BTK inhibitors, the mechanism involving the noncatalytic BTK uncovered here may contribute to preexisting reduced sensitivity or even primary resistance of CLL to these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wist
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Laura Meier
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Orit Gutman
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Jennifer Haas
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Sascha Endres
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Reinhild Rösler
- Core Unit Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Medical Faculty, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wiese
- Core Unit Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Medical Faculty, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Stephan Stilgenbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Elias Hobeika
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Yoav I Henis
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Peter Gierschik
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Claudia Walliser
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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14
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Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC) family members constitute a family of diverse enzymes. Thirteen different family members have been cloned. These family members have unique structures that mediate various functions. Although PLC family members all appear to signal through the bi-products of cleaving phospholipids, it is clear that each family member, and at times each isoform, contributes to unique cellular functions. This chapter provides a review of the current literature on PLC. In addition, references have been provided for more in-depth information regarding areas that are not discussed including tyrosine kinase activation of PLC. Understanding the roles of the individual PLC enzymes, and their distinct cellular functions, will lead to a better understanding of the physiological roles of these enzymes in the development of diseases and the maintenance of homeostasis.
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15
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Combined inhibition of receptor tyrosine and p21-activated kinases as a therapeutic strategy in childhood ALL. Blood Adv 2019; 2:2554-2567. [PMID: 30301811 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018020693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-dependent signaling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) of childhood. However, the RTK-dependent signaling state and its interpretation with regard to biological behavior are often elusive. To decipher signaling circuits that link RTK activity with biological output in vivo, we established patient-derived xenograft ALL (PDX-ALL) models with dependencies on fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRB), which were interrogated by phosphoproteomics using iTRAQ mass spectrometry. Signaling circuits were determined by receptor type and cellular context with few generic features, among which we identified group I p21-activated kinases (PAKs) as potential therapeutic targets. Growth factor stimulation markedly increased catalytic activities of PAK1 and PAK2. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated or pharmacological inhibition of PAKs using allosteric or adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-competitive compounds attenuated cell growth and increased apoptosis in vitro. Notably, PAK1- or PAK2-directed RNAi enhanced the antiproliferative effects of the type III RTK and protein kinase C inhibitor midostaurin. Treatment of FLT3- or PDGFRB-dependent ALLs with ATP-competitive PAK inhibitors markedly decreased catalytic activities of both PAK isoforms. In FLT3-driven ALL, this effect was augmented by coadministration of midostaurin resulting in synergistic effects on growth inhibition and apoptosis. Finally, combined treatment of FLT3 D835H PDX-ALL with the ATP-competitive group I PAK inhibitor FRAX486 and midostaurin in vivo significantly prolonged leukemia progression-free survival compared with midostaurin monotherapy or control. Our study establishes PAKs as potential downstream targets in RTK-dependent ALL of childhood, the inhibition of which might help prevent the selection or acquisition of resistance mutations toward tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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16
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Vega IE, Umstead A, Kanaan NM. EFhd2 Affects Tau Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:845. [PMID: 31456657 PMCID: PMC6700279 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition of tau proteins from its soluble physiological conformation to the pathological aggregate forms found in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias, is poorly understood. Therefore, understanding the process that modulates the formation of toxic tau oligomers and their conversion to putative neuroprotective neurofibrillary tangles will lead to better therapeutic strategies. We previously identified that EFhd2 is associated with aggregated tau species in AD brains and the coiled-coil domain in EFhd2 mediates the interaction with tau. To further characterize the association between EFhd2 and tau, we examined whether EFhd2 could affect the liquid-liquid phase separation properties of tau under molecular crowding conditions. We demonstrate that EFhd2 alters tau liquid phase behavior in a calcium and coiled-coil domain dependent manner. Co-incubation of EFhd2 and tau in the absence of calcium leads to the formation of solid-like structures containing both proteins, while in the presence of calcium these two proteins phase separate together into liquid droplets. EFhd2's coiled-coil domain is necessary to alter tau's liquid phase separation, indicating that protein-protein interaction is required. The results demonstrate that EFhd2 affects the liquid-liquid phase separation of tau proteins in vitro, suggesting that EFhd2 modulates the structural dynamics of tau proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving E Vega
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Andrew Umstead
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Nicholas M Kanaan
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.,Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
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17
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Frésard L, Smail C, Ferraro NM, Teran NA, Li X, Smith KS, Bonner D, Kernohan KD, Marwaha S, Zappala Z, Balliu B, Davis JR, Liu B, Prybol CJ, Kohler JN, Zastrow DB, Reuter CM, Fisk DG, Grove ME, Davidson JM, Hartley T, Joshi R, Strober BJ, Utiramerur S, Lind L, Ingelsson E, Battle A, Bejerano G, Bernstein JA, Ashley EA, Boycott KM, Merker JD, Wheeler MT, Montgomery SB. Identification of rare-disease genes using blood transcriptome sequencing and large control cohorts. Nat Med 2019; 25:911-919. [PMID: 31160820 PMCID: PMC6634302 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0457-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
It is estimated that 350 million individuals worldwide suffer from rare diseases, which are predominantly caused by mutation in a single gene1. The current molecular diagnostic rate is estimated at 50%, with whole-exome sequencing (WES) among the most successful approaches2-5. For patients in whom WES is uninformative, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) has shown diagnostic utility in specific tissues and diseases6-8. This includes muscle biopsies from patients with undiagnosed rare muscle disorders6,9, and cultured fibroblasts from patients with mitochondrial disorders7. However, for many individuals, biopsies are not performed for clinical care, and tissues are difficult to access. We sought to assess the utility of RNA-seq from blood as a diagnostic tool for rare diseases of different pathophysiologies. We generated whole-blood RNA-seq from 94 individuals with undiagnosed rare diseases spanning 16 diverse disease categories. We developed a robust approach to compare data from these individuals with large sets of RNA-seq data for controls (n = 1,594 unrelated controls and n = 49 family members) and demonstrated the impacts of expression, splicing, gene and variant filtering strategies on disease gene identification. Across our cohort, we observed that RNA-seq yields a 7.5% diagnostic rate, and an additional 16.7% with improved candidate gene resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Frésard
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Craig Smail
- Biomedical Informatics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nicole M Ferraro
- Biomedical Informatics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nicole A Teran
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kevin S Smith
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Devon Bonner
- Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kristin D Kernohan
- Newborn Screening Ontario (NSO), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shruti Marwaha
- Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zachary Zappala
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brunilda Balliu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joe R Davis
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Boxiang Liu
- Department of Biology, School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cameron J Prybol
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jennefer N Kohler
- Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Diane B Zastrow
- Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chloe M Reuter
- Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dianna G Fisk
- Stanford Medicine Clinical Genomics Program, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Megan E Grove
- Stanford Medicine Clinical Genomics Program, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jean M Davidson
- Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Taila Hartley
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ruchi Joshi
- Stanford Medicine Clinical Genomics Program, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin J Strober
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sowmithri Utiramerur
- Stanford Medicine Clinical Genomics Program, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alexis Battle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gill Bejerano
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan A Bernstein
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Euan A Ashley
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kym M Boycott
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason D Merker
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Medicine Clinical Genomics Program, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine & Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Matthew T Wheeler
- Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stephen B Montgomery
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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18
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Hong R, Lai N, Ouchida R, Xiong E, Zhou Y, Min Q, Liu J, Tang Y, Hikida M, Tsubata T, Wang Y, Wang JY. The B cell novel protein 1 (BCNP1) regulates BCR signaling and B cell apoptosis. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:911-917. [PMID: 30888050 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The BCR plays a central role in B cell development, survival, activation, and differentiation. We have identified the B cell novel protein 1 (BCNP1) as a new regulator of BCR signaling. BCNP1 contains a pleckstrin homology domain, three proline-rich motifs, and a potential SH2 binding site, and is predominantly expressed by B cells. We found that BCNP1 overexpression in WEHI231 immature B cells potentiated α-IgM-induced apoptosis. Conversely, BCNP1-deficient WEHI231 cells, generated by CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing, exhibited reduced apoptosis after BCR crosslinking. Biochemical analyses revealed that BCNP1 physically interacted with the B cell linker protein (BLNK), Grb2, and PLCγ2. Moreover, absence of BCNP1 resulted in accelerated dephosphorylation of BLNK, reduced phosphorylation of SYK and PLCγ2, and decreased Ca2+ influx after BCR crosslinking. These results demonstrate that BCNP1 promotes BCR signaling by modulating the phosphorylation of BLNK, SYK, and PLCγ2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjian Hong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nannan Lai
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rika Ouchida
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, the Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ermeng Xiong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qing Min
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Tang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Masaki Hikida
- Faculty of Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Akita University, Akita, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tsubata
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yanqing Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Yang Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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The Functions and Mechanism of a New Oligopeptide BP9 from Avian Bursa on Antibody Responses, Immature B Cell, and Autophagy. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:1574383. [PMID: 30723747 PMCID: PMC6339771 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1574383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The bursa of Fabricius is an acknowledged central humoral immune organ unique to birds, which is vital to B cell differentiation and antibody production. However, the function and mechanism of the biological active peptide isolated from bursa on B cell development and autophagy were less reported. In this study, we isolated a new oligopeptide with nine amino acids Leu-Met-Thr-Phe-Arg-Asn-Glu-Gly-Thr from avian bursa following RP-HPLC, MODIL-TOP-MS, and MS/MS, which was named after BP9. The results of immunization experiments showed that mice injected with 0.01 and 0.05 mg/mL BP9 plus JEV vaccine generated the significant increased antibody levels, compared to those injected with JEV vaccine only. The microarray analysis on the molecular basis of BP9-treated immature B cell showed that vast genes were involved in various immune-related biological processes in BP9-treated WEHI-231 cells, among which the regulation of cytokine production and T cell activation were both major immune-related processes in WEHI-231 cells with BP9 treatment following network analysis. Also, the differentially regulated genes were found to be involved in four significantly enriched pathways in BP9-treated WEHI-231 cells. Finally, we proved that BP9 induced the autophagy formation, regulated the gene and protein expressions related to autophagy in immature B cell, and stimulated AMPK-ULK1 phosphorylation expression. These results suggested that BP9 might be a strong bursal-derived active peptide on antibody response, B cell differentiation, and autophagy in immature B cells, which provided the linking among humoral immunity, B cell differentiation, and autophagy and offered the important reference for the effective immunotherapeutic strategies and immune improvement.
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20
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Xu X, Xu J, Wu J, Hu Y, Han Y, Gu Y, Zhao K, Zhang Q, Liu X, Liu J, Liu B, Cao X. Phosphorylation-Mediated IFN-γR2 Membrane Translocation Is Required to Activate Macrophage Innate Response. Cell 2018; 175:1336-1351.e17. [PMID: 30318148 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
As a critical step during innate response, the cytoplasmic β subunit (IFN-γR2) of interferon-γ receptor (IFN-γR) is induced and translocates to plasma membrane to join α subunit to form functional IFN-γR to mediate IFN-γ signaling. However, the mechanism driving membrane translocation and its significance remain largely unknown. We found, unexpectedly, that mice deficient in E-selectin, an endothelial cell-specific adhesion molecule, displayed impaired innate activation of macrophages upon Listeria monocytogenes infection yet had increased circulating IFN-γ. Inflammatory macrophages from E-selectin-deficient mice had less surface IFN-γR2 and impaired IFN-γ signaling. BTK elicited by extrinsic E-selectin engagement phosphorylates cytoplasmic IFN-γR2, facilitating EFhd2 binding and promoting IFN-γR2 trafficking from Golgi to cell membrane. Our findings demonstrate that membrane translocation of cytoplasmic IFN-γR2 is required to activate macrophage innate response against intracellular bacterial infection, identifying the assembly of functional cytokine receptors on cell membrane as an important layer in innate activation and cytokine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Xu
- Department of Immunology and Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 100005 Beijing, China; National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Immunology and Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 100005 Beijing, China
| | - Jiacheng Wu
- Department of Immunology and Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 100005 Beijing, China
| | - Ye Hu
- Department of Immunology and Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 100005 Beijing, China
| | - Yanmei Han
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Gu
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Department of Immunology and Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 100005 Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Xingguang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Translational Medicine Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 100024 Beijing, China
| | - Xuetao Cao
- Department of Immunology and Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 100005 Beijing, China; National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, 200433 Shanghai, China; College of Life Science, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China.
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21
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Conserved Noncoding Sequences Boost ADR1 and SP1 Regulated Human Swiprosin-1 Promoter Activity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16481. [PMID: 30405162 PMCID: PMC6220333 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34802-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Swiprosin-1 is expressed in various types of cells or tissues of different species. To investigate the mechanisms underlying Swiprosin-1 expression pattern, we analyzed the promoter activity of 2-kilobase genomic sequences located at 5′ flanking region of the Swiprosin-1 gene. The −2000/+41 bp of 5′ flanking untranslated promoter region of Swiprosin-1 gene was constitutively transactivated without significant effect of PMA, A23187, or PMA/A23187 stimulation in Jurkat T cells. Further, we identified 5′ deletant of proximal promoter region (−100/+41 to −70/+41) plays a pivotal role in activating the Swiprosin-1 gene in Jurkat T cells. Our studies also verified that ADR1 and Sp1 transcription factors were located between −70 and -100 locus of 5′ flanking proximal promoter region, which is critical for the Swiprosin-1 promoter activity. ADR1 and Sp1 were shown to bind the regions of −82, −79, −76, −73 and −70 and; −79, −78 and −77, respectively, within the proximal promoter region of Swiprosin-1. Finally conserved noncoding sequences (CNS) -1, -2 and -3 were located between the exon 1 and exon 2 of Swiprosin-1 gene and synergistically transactivated the Swiprosin-1 promoter. In summary, Swiprosin-1 was constitutively expressed in Jurkat T cells by the coordinate action of ADR1 and SP1 transcription factors at the transcriptional level and CNS further boost the proximal region of Swiprosin-1 promoter activity. Our findings provide novel insights that the transcriptional regulation of Swiprosin-1 by targeting ADR1 and Sp1 binding sites may be helpful in exploring novel therapeutic strategies for advanced immune or other disorders.
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22
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Peled M, Dragovich MA, Adam K, Strazza M, Tocheva AS, Vega IE, Mor A. EF Hand Domain Family Member D2 Is Required for T Cell Cytotoxicity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2824-2831. [PMID: 30275048 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) is a major coinhibitory receptor and a member of the immunological synapse (IS). To uncover proteins that regulate PD-1 recruitment to the IS, we searched for cytoskeleton-related proteins that also interact with PD-1 using affinity purification mass spectrometry. Among these proteins, EF hand domain family member D2 (EFHD2), a calcium binding adaptor protein, was functionally and mechanistically analyzed for its contribution to PD-1 signaling. EFHD2 was required for PD-1 to inhibit cytokine secretion, proliferation, and adhesion of human T cells. Interestingly, EFHD2 was also required for human T cell-mediated cytotoxicity and for mounting an antitumor immune response in a syngeneic murine tumor model. Mechanistically, EFHD2 contributed to IS stability, lytic vesicles trafficking, and granzyme B secretion. Altogether, EFHD2 is an important regulator of T cell cytotoxicity and further studies should evaluate its role in T cell-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Peled
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016.,Pulmonary Department, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52620, Israel
| | - Matthew A Dragovich
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Kieran Adam
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Marianne Strazza
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Anna S Tocheva
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Irving E Vega
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503; and
| | - Adam Mor
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; .,Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
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23
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EFhd2/Swiprosin-1 is a common genetic determinator for sensation-seeking/low anxiety and alcohol addiction. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1303-1319. [PMID: 28397836 PMCID: PMC5984092 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In many societies, the majority of adults regularly consume alcohol. However, only a small proportion develops alcohol addiction. Individuals at risk often show a high sensation-seeking/low-anxiety behavioural phenotype. Here we asked which role EF hand domain containing 2 (EFhd2; Swiprosin-1) plays in the control of alcohol addiction-associated behaviours. EFhd2 knockout (KO) mice drink more alcohol than controls and spontaneously escalate their consumption. This coincided with a sensation-seeking and low-anxiety phenotype. A reversal of the behavioural phenotype with β-carboline, an anxiogenic inverse benzodiazepine receptor agonist, normalized alcohol preference in EFhd2 KO mice, demonstrating an EFhd2-driven relationship between personality traits and alcohol preference. These findings were confirmed in a human sample where we observed a positive association of the EFhd2 single-nucleotide polymorphism rs112146896 with lifetime drinking and a negative association with anxiety in healthy adolescents. The lack of EFhd2 reduced extracellular dopamine levels in the brain, but enhanced responses to alcohol. In confirmation, gene expression analysis revealed reduced tyrosine hydroxylase expression and the regulation of genes involved in cortex development, Eomes and Pax6, in EFhd2 KO cortices. These findings were corroborated in Xenopus tadpoles by EFhd2 knockdown. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in mice showed that a lack of EFhd2 reduces cortical volume in adults. Moreover, human MRI confirmed the negative association between lifetime alcohol drinking and superior frontal gyrus volume. We propose that EFhd2 is a conserved resilience factor against alcohol consumption and its escalation, working through Pax6/Eomes. Reduced EFhd2 function induces high-risk personality traits of sensation-seeking/low anxiety associated with enhanced alcohol consumption, which may be related to cortex function.
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24
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Zhang S, Tu Y, Sun YM, Li Y, Wang RM, Cao Y, Li L, Zhang LC, Wang ZB. Swiprosin-1 deficiency impairs macrophage immune response of septic mice. JCI Insight 2018; 3:95396. [PMID: 29415882 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.95396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that many therapeutic strategies have been adopted to delay the development of sepsis, sepsis remains one of the leading causes of death in noncoronary intensive care units. Recently, sepsis-3 was defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction due to a dysregulated host response to infection. Here, we report that swiprosin-1 (also known as EFhd2) plays an important role in the macrophage immune response to LPS-induced or cecal ligation and puncture-induced (CLP-induced) sepsis in mice. Swiprosin-1 depletion causes higher mortality, more severe organ dysfunction, restrained macrophage recruitment in the lung and kidney, and attenuated inflammatory cytokine production (including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, and IFN-γ). The immunosuppression caused by swiprosin-1 deficiency is manifested by impaired bactericidal capacity and decreased HLA-DR expression in macrophages. Swiprosin-1 affects the activation of the JAK2/STAT1/STAT3 pathway by regulating the expression of IFN-γ receptors in macrophages. Our findings provide a potential target for the regulation of the macrophage immune response in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University
| | - Ye Tu
- Department of Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University
| | - Yi-Ming Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University
| | - Ya Li
- College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University
| | - Rong-Mei Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University
| | - Yongbing Cao
- Shanghai Institute of Vascular Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and
| | - Ling Li
- Shanghai Institute of Vascular Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and
| | - Li-Chao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University
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25
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Landau DA, Sun C, Rosebrock D, Herman SEM, Fein J, Sivina M, Underbayev C, Liu D, Hoellenriegel J, Ravichandran S, Farooqui MZH, Zhang W, Cibulskis C, Zviran A, Neuberg DS, Livitz D, Bozic I, Leshchiner I, Getz G, Burger JA, Wiestner A, Wu CJ. The evolutionary landscape of chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with ibrutinib targeted therapy. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2185. [PMID: 29259203 PMCID: PMC5736707 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02329-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has shifted from chemo-immunotherapy to targeted agents. To define the evolutionary dynamics induced by targeted therapy in CLL, we perform serial exome and transcriptome sequencing for 61 ibrutinib-treated CLLs. Here, we report clonal shifts (change >0.1 in clonal cancer cell fraction, Q < 0.1) in 31% of patients during the first year of therapy, associated with adverse outcome. We also observe transcriptional downregulation of pathways mediating energy metabolism, cell cycle, and B cell receptor signaling. Known and previously undescribed mutations in BTK and PLCG2, or uncommonly, other candidate alterations are present in seventeen subjects at the time of progression. Thus, the frequently observed clonal shifts during the early treatment period and its potential association with adverse outcome may reflect greater evolutionary capacity, heralding the emergence of drug-resistant clones. In a subset of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) treated with targeted agents, such as ibrutinib, drug resistant subclones emerge. Here, the authors report on transcriptional changes in CLL patients treated with ibrutinib and identify early clonal shifts associated with evolution of resistant clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan A Landau
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, 10013, USA.,Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Meyer Cancer Center & Institute of Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Clare Sun
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | | - Sarah E M Herman
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Joshua Fein
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, 10013, USA.,Meyer Cancer Center & Institute of Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Mariela Sivina
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Chingiz Underbayev
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Delong Liu
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Julia Hoellenriegel
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sarangan Ravichandran
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc, Frederick, MD, 21701, USA
| | - Mohammed Z H Farooqui
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Wandi Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | | | - Asaf Zviran
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, 10013, USA.,Meyer Cancer Center & Institute of Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Donna S Neuberg
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | | | - Ivana Bozic
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | | | - Gad Getz
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Jan A Burger
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Adrian Wiestner
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Catherine J Wu
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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26
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EFHD2 promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and correlates with postsurgical recurrence of stage I lung adenocarcinoma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14617. [PMID: 29097801 PMCID: PMC5668280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15186-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgery is the only curative treatment for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. However, approximately one-third of these patients develop recurrence, which remains the main cause of mortality in the postsurgical treatment of NSCLC. Many molecular markers have been proposed to predict recurrence of early-stage disease, but no marker has demonstrated sufficient reliability for clinical application. In the present study, the novel protein EF-hand domain-containing protein D2 (EFHD2) was identified as expressed in highly metastatic tumor cells. EFHD2 increased the formation of protrusive invadopodia structures and cell migration and invasion abilities and promoted the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) character of lung adenocarcinoma cells. We demonstrated that the mechanism of EFHD2 in enhancing EMT occurs partly through inhibition of caveolin-1 (CAV1) for cancer progression. The expression of EFHD2 was significantly correlated with postsurgical recurrence of patients with stage I lung adenocarcinoma in the Kaplan-Meier-plotter cancer database search and our retrospective cohort study (HR, 6.14; 95% CI, 2.40-15.74; P < 0.001). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that EFHD2 expression was an independent clinical predictor for this disease. We conclude that EFHD2 expression is associated with increased metastasis and EMT and could serve as an independent marker to predict postsurgical recurrence of patients with stage I lung adenocarcinoma.
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27
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Thylur RP, Gowda R, Mishra S, Jun CD. Swiprosin-1: Its Expression and Diverse Biological Functions. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:150-156. [PMID: 28590012 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Swiprosin-1/EFhd2 is a Ca2+ binding adapter protein involved in the various cellular functions. Swiprosin-1 is significantly upregulated in a number of pathological conditions of inflammation, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Swiprosin-1 associated with actin and its expression level amplifies the production of proinflammatory mediators and modulates the activation of transcription factor during immune cells activation. This review aims at providing an overview of the expression and function of swiprosin-1/EFhd2 in various pathophysiological conditions. We also discussed the key role of swiprosin-1 in immune cell activation, cell migration, apoptosis, humoral immunity, cancer invasion and metastasis, neuronal transport, and major signaling cascades. J. Cell. Biochem. 119: 150-156, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh P Thylur
- School of Life Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Raghavendra Gowda
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Sumita Mishra
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chang-Duk Jun
- School of Life Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
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28
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Physiological and pathophysiological functions of Swiprosin-1/EFhd2 in the nervous system. Biochem J 2017; 473:2429-37. [PMID: 27515255 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic dysfunction and dysregulation of Ca(2+) are linked to neurodegenerative processes and behavioural disorders. Our understanding of the causes and factors involved in behavioural disorders and neurodegeneration, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD), a tau-related disease, is on the one hand limited and on the other hand controversial. Here, we review recent data about the links between the Ca(2+)-binding EF-hand-containing cytoskeletal protein Swiprosin-1/EFhd2 and neurodegeneration. Specifically, we summarize the functional biochemical data obtained in vitro with the use of recombinant EFhd2 protein, and integrated them with in vivo data in order to interpret the emerging role of EFhd2 in synaptic plasticity and in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders, particularly involving the tauopathies. We also discuss its functions in actin remodelling through cofilin and small GTPases, thereby linking EFhd2, synapses and the actin cytoskeleton. Expression data and functional experiments in mice and in humans have led to the hypothesis that down-regulation of EFhd2, especially in the cortex, is involved in dementia.
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29
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Wang ZB, Han P, Tong LC, Luo Y, Su WH, Wei X, Yu XH, Liu WY, Zhang XH, Lei H, Li ZZ, Wang F, Chen JG, Ma TH, Su DF, Li L. Low level of swiprosin-1/EFhd2 in vestibular nuclei of spontaneously hypersensitive motion sickness mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40986. [PMID: 28128226 PMCID: PMC5269593 DOI: 10.1038/srep40986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to motion sickness (MS) varies considerably among humans. However, the cause of such variation is unclear. Here, we used a classical genetic approach to obtain mouse strains highly sensitive and resistant to MS (SMS and RMS). Proteomics analysis revealed substantially lower swiprosin-1 expression in SMS mouse brains. Inducing MS via rotary stimulation decreased swiprosin-1 in the mouse brains. Swiprosin-1 knockout mice were much more sensitive to motion disturbance. Immunohistochemistry revealed strong swiprosin-1 expression in the vestibular nuclei (VN). Over-expressing swiprosin-1 in the VN of SMS mice decreased MS susceptibility. Down-regulating swiprosin-1 in the VN of RMS mice by RNAi increased MS susceptibility. Additional in vivo experiments revealed decreased swiprosin-1 expression by glutamate via the NMDA receptor. Glutamate increased neuronal excitability in SMS or swiprosin-1 knockout mice more prominently than in RMS or wild-type mice. These results indicate that swiprosin-1 in the VN is a critical determinant of the susceptibility to MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Bin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ping Han
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ling-Chang Tong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Wei-Heng Su
- Basal medical College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 130041, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xu-Hong Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei-Ye Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiu-Hua Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hong Lei
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Jian-Guo Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Tong-Hui Ma
- Basal medical College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 130041, China
| | - Ding-Feng Su
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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30
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Structural implications of Ca 2+-dependent actin-bundling function of human EFhd2/Swiprosin-1. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39095. [PMID: 27974828 PMCID: PMC5156911 DOI: 10.1038/srep39095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
EFhd2/Swiprosin-1 is a cytoskeletal Ca2+-binding protein implicated in Ca2+-dependent cell spreading and migration in epithelial cells. EFhd2 domain architecture includes an N-terminal disordered region, a PxxP motif, two EF-hands, a ligand mimic helix and a C-terminal coiled-coil domain. We reported previously that EFhd2 displays F-actin bundling activity in the presence of Ca2+ and this activity depends on the coiled-coil domain and direct interaction of the EFhd2 core region. However, the molecular mechanism for the regulation of F-actin binding and bundling by EFhd2 is unknown. Here, the Ca2+-bound crystal structure of the EFhd2 core region is presented and structures of mutants defective for Ca2+-binding are also described. These structures and biochemical analyses reveal that the F-actin bundling activity of EFhd2 depends on the structural rigidity of F-actin binding sites conferred by binding of the EF-hands to Ca2+. In the absence of Ca2+, the EFhd2 core region exhibits local conformational flexibility around the EF-hand domain and C-terminal linker, which retains F-actin binding activity but loses the ability to bundle F-actin. In addition, we establish that dimerisation of EFhd2 via the C-terminal coiled-coil domain, which is necessary for F-actin bundling, occurs through the parallel coiled-coil interaction.
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31
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Vega IE. EFhd2, a Protein Linked to Alzheimer's Disease and Other Neurological Disorders. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:150. [PMID: 27064956 PMCID: PMC4814571 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
EFhd2 is a conserved calcium binding protein linked to different neurological disorders and types of cancer. Although, EFhd2 is more abundant in neurons, it is also found in other cell types. The physiological function of this novel protein is still unclear, but it has been shown in vitro to play a role in calcium signaling, apoptosis, actin cytoskeleton, and regulation of synapse formation. Recently, EFhd2 was shown to promote cell motility by modulating the activity of Rac1, Cdc42, and RhoA. Although, EFhd2's role in promoting cell invasion and metastasis is of great interest in cancer biology, this review focusses on the evidence that links EFhd2 to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurological disorders. Altered expression of EFhd2 has been documented in AD, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and schizophrenia, indicating that Efhd2 gene expression is regulated in response to neuropathological processes. However, the specific role that EFhd2 plays in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders is still poorly understood. Recent studies demonstrated that EFhd2 has structural characteristics similar to amyloid proteins found in neurological disorders. Moreover, EFhd2 co-aggregates and interacts with known neuropathological proteins, such as tau, C9orf72, and Lrrk2. These results suggest that EFhd2 may play an important role in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, the understanding of EFhd2's role in health and disease could lead to decipher molecular mechanisms that become activated in response to neuronal stress and degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving E Vega
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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32
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Fürnrohr BG, Stein M, Rhodes B, Chana PS, Schett G, Vyse TJ, Herrmann M, Mielenz D. Reduced Fluorescence versus Forward Scatter Time-of-Flight and Increased Peak versus Integral Fluorescence Ratios Indicate Receptor Clustering in Flow Cytometry. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:377-85. [PMID: 26026066 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Clustering of surface receptors is often required to initiate signal transduction, receptor internalization, and cellular activation. To study the kinetics of clustering, we developed an economic high-throughput method using flow cytometry. The quantification of receptor clustering by flow cytometry is based on the following two observations: first, the fluorescence signal length (FL time-of-flight [ToF]) decreases relative to the forward scatter signal length (FSc-ToF), and second, the peak FL (FL-peak) increases relative to the integral FL (FL-integral) upon clustering of FL-labeled surface receptors. Receptor macroclustering can therefore be quantified using the ratios FL-ToF/FSc-ToF (method ToF) or FL-peak/FL-integral (method Peak). We have used these methods to analyze clustering of two immune receptors known to undergo different conformational and oligomeric states: the BCR and the complement receptor 3 (CR3), on murine splenocytes, purified B cells, and human neutrophils. Engagement of both the BCR and CR3, on immortalized as well as primary murine B cells and human neutrophil, respectively, resulted in decreased FL-ToF/FSc-ToF and increased FL-peak/FL-integral ratios. Manipulation of the actin-myosin cytoskeleton altered BCR clustering which could be measured using the established parameters. To confirm clustering of CR3 on neutrophils, we applied imaging flow cytometry. Because receptor engagement is as a biological process dependent on cell viability, energy metabolism, and temperature, receptor clustering can only be quantified by gating on viable cells under physiological conditions. In summary, with this novel method, receptor clustering on nonadherent cells can easily be monitored by high-throughput conventional flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara G Fürnrohr
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nikolaus Fiebiger Centre, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammatory Disease, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Merle Stein
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nikolaus Fiebiger Centre, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Rhodes
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammatory Disease, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; Department of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Birmingham National Health Service Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom
| | - Prabhjoat S Chana
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute for Health Research, Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust/King's College London Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; and Institute for Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Timothy J Vyse
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammatory Disease, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; and Institute for Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nikolaus Fiebiger Centre, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
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The calcium-binding protein EFhd2 modulates synapse formation in vitro and is linked to human dementia. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015; 73:1166-82. [PMID: 25383639 PMCID: PMC4238966 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
EFhd2 is a calcium-binding adaptor protein that has been found to be associated with pathologically aggregated tau in the brain in Alzheimer disease and in a mouse model of frontotemporal dementia. EFhd2 has cell type-specific functions, including the modulation of intracellular calcium responses, actin dynamics, and microtubule transport. Here we report that EFhd2 protein and mRNA levels are reduced in human frontal cortex tissue affected by different types of dementia with and without tau pathology. We show that EFhd2 is mainly a neuronal protein in the brain and is abundant in the forebrain. Using short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of EFhd2 expression in cultured cortical neurons, we demonstrate that loss of EFhd2 affects the number of synapses developed in vitro whereas it does not alter neurite outgrowth per se. Our data suggest that EFhd2 is involved in the control of synapse development and maintenance through means other than affecting neurite development. The changes in expression levels observed in human dementias might, therefore, play a significant role in disease onset and progression of dementia, which is characterized by the loss of synapses.
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The adaptor protein Swiprosin-1/EFhd2 is dispensable for platelet function in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107139. [PMID: 25243606 PMCID: PMC4170979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Platelets are anuclear cell fragments derived from bone marrow megakaryocytes that safeguard vascular integrity, but may also cause pathological vessel occlusion. Reorganizations of the platelet cytoskeleton and agonist-induced intracellular Ca2+-mobilization are crucial for platelet hemostatic function. EF-hand domain containing 2 (EFhd2, Swiprosin-1) is a Ca2+-binding cytoskeletal adaptor protein involved in actin remodeling in different cell types, but its function in platelets is unknown. Objective Based on the described functions of EFhd2 in immune cells, we tested the hypothesis that EFhd2 is a crucial adaptor protein for platelet function acting as a regulator of Ca2+-mobilization and cytoskeletal rearrangements. Methods and Results We generated EFhd2-deficient mice and analyzed their platelets in vitro and in vivo. Efhd2-/- mice displayed normal platelet count and size, exhibited an unaltered in vivo life span and showed normal Ca2+-mobilization and activation/aggregation responses to classic agonists. Interestingly, upon stimulation of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif-coupled receptor glycoprotein (GP) VI, Efhd2-/- platelets showed a slightly increased coagulant activity. Furthermore, absence of EFhd2 had no significant impact on integrin-mediated clot retraction, actomyosin rearrangements and spreading of activated platelets on fibrinogen. In vivo EFhd2-deficiency resulted in unaltered hemostatic function and unaffected arterial thrombus formation. Conclusion These results show that EFhd2 is not essential for platelet function in mice indicating that other cytoskeletal adaptors may functionally compensate its loss.
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Brachs S, Turqueti-Neves A, Stein M, Reimer D, Brachvogel B, Bösl M, Winkler T, Voehringer D, Jäck HM, Mielenz D. Swiprosin-1/EFhd2 limits germinal center responses and humoral type 2 immunity. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3206-19. [PMID: 25092375 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Activated B cells are selected for in germinal centers by regulation of their apoptosis. The Ca2+ -binding cytoskeletal adaptor protein Swiprosin-1/EFhd2 (EFhd2) can promote apoptosis in activated B cells. We therefore hypothesized that EFhd2 might limit humoral immunity by repressing both the germinal center reaction and the expected enhancement of immune responses in the absence of EFhd2. Here, we established EFhd2(-/-) mice on a C57BL/6 background, which revealed normal B- and T-cell development, basal Ab levels, and T-cell independent type 1, and T-cell independent type 2 responses. However, T cell-dependent immunization with sheep red blood cells and infection with the helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (N.b) increased production of antibodies of multiple isotypes, as well as germinal center formation in EFhd2(-/-) mice. In addition, serum IgE levels and numbers of IgE+ plasma cells were strongly increased in EFhd2(-/-) mice, both after primary as well as after secondary N.b infection. Finally, mixed bone marrow chimeras unraveled an EFhd2-dependent B cell-intrinsic contribution to increased IgE plasma cell numbers in N.b-infected mice. Hence, we established a role for EFhd2 as a negative regulator of germinal center-dependent humoral type 2 immunity, with implications for the generation of IgE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Brachs
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Nikolaus Fiebiger Center, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nuremberg, Germany
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The Ca2+ sensor protein swiprosin-1/EFhd2 is present in neurites and involved in kinesin-mediated transport in neurons. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103976. [PMID: 25133820 PMCID: PMC4136728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Swiprosin-1/EFhd2 (EFhd2) is a cytoskeletal Ca2+ sensor protein strongly expressed in the brain. It has been shown to interact with mutant tau, which can promote neurodegeneration, but nothing is known about the physiological function of EFhd2 in the nervous system. To elucidate this question, we analyzed EFhd2−/−/lacZ reporter mice and showed that lacZ was strongly expressed in the cortex, the dentate gyrus, the CA1 and CA2 regions of the hippocampus, the thalamus, and the olfactory bulb. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting confirmed this pattern and revealed expression of EFhd2 during neuronal maturation. In cortical neurons, EFhd2 was detected in neurites marked by MAP2 and co-localized with pre- and post-synaptic markers. Approximately one third of EFhd2 associated with a biochemically isolated synaptosome preparation. There, EFhd2 was mostly confined to the cytosolic and plasma membrane fractions. Both synaptic endocytosis and exocytosis in primary hippocampal EFhd2−/− neurons were unaltered but transport of synaptophysin-GFP containing vesicles was enhanced in EFhd2−/− primary hippocampal neurons, and notably, EFhd2 inhibited kinesin mediated microtubule gliding. Therefore, we found that EFhd2 is a neuronal protein that interferes with kinesin-mediated transport.
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Vázquez-Rosa E, Rodríguez-Cruz EN, Serrano S, Rodríguez-Laureano L, Vega IE. Cdk5 phosphorylation of EFhd2 at S74 affects its calcium binding activity. Protein Sci 2014; 23:1197-207. [PMID: 24917152 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
EFhd2 is a calcium binding protein, which is highly expressed in the central nervous system and associated with pathological forms of tau proteins in tauopathies. Previous phosphoproteomics studies and bioinformatics analysis suggest that EFhd2 may be phosphorylated. Here, we determine whether Cdk5, a hyperactivated kinase in tauopathies, phosphorylates EFhd2 and influence its known molecular activities. The results indicated that EFhd2 is phosphorylated by brain extract of the transgenic mouse CK-p25, which overexpresses the Cdk5 constitutive activator p25. Consistently, in vitro kinase assays demonstrated that Cdk5, but not GSK3β, directly phosphorylates EFhd2. Biomass, tandem mass spectrometry, and mutagenesis analyses indicated that Cdk5 monophosphorylates EFhd2 at S74, but not the adjacent S76. Furthermore, Cdk5-mediated phosphorylation of EFhd2 affected its calcium binding activity. Finally, a phospho-specific antibody was generated against EFhd2 phosphorylated at S74 and was used to detect this phosphorylation event in postmortem brain tissue from Alzheimer's disease and normal-aging control cases. Results demonstrated that EFhd2 is phosphorylated in vivo at S74. These results imply that EFhd2's physiological and/or pathological function could be regulated by its phosphorylation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Vázquez-Rosa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 00931; Protein Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico - Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 00931
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Brachs S, Lang C, Buslei R, Purohit P, Fürnrohr B, Kalbacher H, Jäck HM, Mielenz D. Monoclonal antibodies to discriminate the EF hand containing calcium binding adaptor proteins EFhd1 and EFhd2. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2014; 32:237-45. [PMID: 23909416 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2013.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Small Ca(2+) binding adaptor proteins of the EF hand family play important roles in neuronal and immune cell Ca(2+) signaling. Swiprosin-1/EFhd2 (EFhd2) and Swiprosin-2/EFhd1 (EFhd1) are conserved and very homologous Ca(2+) binding adaptor proteins of the EF hand family, with possibly redundant functions. In particular, EFhd2 has been proposed to be involved in B cell signaling and neuropathological disorders. Little is known thus far about the expression of EFhd2 on the single cell level in tissue sections or blood cells. Here we describe the generation of four specific anti-EFhd2 monoclonal antibodies. These recognize murine and human EFhd2, but not murine EFhd1, and their binding site maps to a region in the N-terminal part of EFhd2, where EFhd2 and EFhd1 differ most. Moreover, to detect EFhd1 specifically, we also generated anti-EFhd1 polyclonal antibodies, making use of a singular peptide of the N-terminal part of the protein. Using anti-EFhd2 MAb, we reveal two EFhd2 pools in B cells, one at the membrane and one cytoplasmic pool. Staining of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells shows EFhd2 expression in B cells but a ∼5 fold higher expression in monocytes. Taken together, EFhd2 monoclonal antibodies will be valuable to assess the real subcellular localization and expression level of EFhd2 in healthy and diseased primary cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Brachs
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus Fiebiger Center, Erlangen, Germany
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Huh YH, Kim SH, Chung KH, Oh S, Kwon MS, Choi HW, Rhee S, Ryu JH, Park ZY, Jun CD, Song WK. Swiprosin-1 modulates actin dynamics by regulating the F-actin accessibility to cofilin. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 70:4841-54. [PMID: 23959172 PMCID: PMC3830201 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1447-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Membrane protrusions, like lamellipodia, and cell movement are dependent on actin dynamics, which are regulated by a variety of actin-binding proteins acting cooperatively to reorganize actin filaments. Here, we provide evidence that Swiprosin-1, a newly identified actin-binding protein, modulates lamellipodial dynamics by regulating the accessibility of F-actin to cofilin. Overexpression of Swiprosin-1 increased lamellipodia formation in B16F10 melanoma cells, whereas knockdown of Swiprosin-1 inhibited EGF-induced lamellipodia formation, and led to a loss of actin stress fibers at the leading edges of cells but not in the cell cortex. Swiprosin-1 strongly facilitated the formation of entangled or clustered F-actin, which remodeled the structural organization of actin filaments making them in accessible to cofilin. EGF-induced phosphorylation of Swiprosin-1 at Ser183, a phosphorylation site newly identified using mass spectrometry, effectively inhibited clustering of actin filaments and permitted cofilin access to F-actin, resulting in actin depolymerization. Cells over expressing a Swiprosin-1 phosphorylation-mimicking mutant or a phosphorylation-deficient mutant exhibited irregular membrane dynamics during the protrusion and retraction cycles of lamellipodia. Taken together, these findings suggest that dynamic exchange of Swiprosin-1 phosphorylation and dephosphorylation is a novel mechanism that regulates actin dynamics by modulating the pattern of cofilin activity at the leading edges of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hyun Huh
- Bio Imaging and Cell Dynamics Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 500712 Korea
| | - So Hee Kim
- Bio Imaging and Cell Dynamics Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 500712 Korea
| | - Kyoung-Hwun Chung
- Bio Imaging and Cell Dynamics Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 500712 Korea
| | - Sena Oh
- Bio Imaging and Cell Dynamics Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 500712 Korea
| | - Min-Sung Kwon
- Bio Imaging and Cell Dynamics Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 500712 Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Choi
- Bio Imaging and Cell Dynamics Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 500712 Korea
| | - Sangmyung Rhee
- School of Biological Sciences, Joong Ang University, Seoul, 156756 Korea
| | - Je-Hwang Ryu
- Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders and Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500757 Korea
| | - Zee Yong Park
- Bio Imaging and Cell Dynamics Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 500712 Korea
| | - Chang-Duk Jun
- Bio Imaging and Cell Dynamics Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 500712 Korea
| | - Woo Keun Song
- Bio Imaging and Cell Dynamics Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 500712 Korea
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Kwon MS, Park KR, Kim YD, Na BR, Kim HR, Choi HJ, Piragyte I, Jeon H, Chung KH, Song WK, Eom SH, Jun CD. Swiprosin-1 is a novel actin bundling protein that regulates cell spreading and migration. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71626. [PMID: 23977092 PMCID: PMC3744483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein functions are often revealed by their localization to specialized cellular sites. Recent reports demonstrated that swiprosin-1 is found together with actin and actin-binding proteins in the cytoskeleton fraction of human mast cells and NK-like cells. However, direct evidence of whether swiprosin-1 regulates actin dynamics is currently lacking. We found that swiprosin-1 localizes to microvilli-like membrane protrusions and lamellipodia and exhibits actin-binding activity. Overexpression of swiprosin-1 enhanced lamellipodia formation and cell spreading. In contrast, swiprosin-1 knockdown showed reduced cell spreading and migration. Swiprosin-1 induced actin bundling in the presence of Ca(2+), and deletion of the EF-hand motifs partially reduced bundling activity. Swiprosin-1 dimerized in the presence of Ca(2+) via its coiled-coil domain, and a lysine (Lys)-rich region in the coiled-coil domain was essential for regulation of actin bundling. Consistent with these observations, mutations of the EF-hand motifs and coiled-coil region significantly reduced cell spreading and lamellipodia formation. We provide new evidence of how swiprosin-1 influences cytoskeleton reorganization and cell spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Sung Kwon
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kyoung Ryoung Park
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Young-Dae Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Bo-Ra Na
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hye-Ran Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hak-Jong Choi
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Indre Piragyte
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyesung Jeon
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Hwun Chung
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Woo Keun Song
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Eom
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Chang-Duk Jun
- School of Life Sciences, Immune Synapse Research Center and Cell Dynamics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
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Ferrer-Acosta Y, Rodríguez-Cruz EN, Orange F, De Jesús-Cortés H, Madera B, Vaquer-Alicea J, Ballester J, Guinel MJF, Bloom GS, Vega IE. EFhd2 is a novel amyloid protein associated with pathological tau in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2013; 125:921-31. [PMID: 23331044 PMCID: PMC3676478 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
EFhd2 is a conserved calcium-binding protein, abundant within the central nervous system. Previous studies identified EFhd2 associated with pathological forms of tau proteins in the tauopathy mouse model JNPL3, which expresses the human tau(P301L) mutant. This association was validated in human tauopathies, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the role that EFhd2 may play in tauopathies is still unknown. Here, we show that EFhd2 formed amyloid structures in vitro, a capability that is reduced by calcium ions. Electron microscopy (EM) analyses demonstrated that recombinant EFhd2 formed filamentous structures. EM analyses of sarkosyl-insoluble fractions derived from human AD brains also indicated that EFhd2 co-localizes with aggregated tau proteins and formed granular structures. Immunohistological analyses of brain slices demonstrated that EFhd2 co-localizes with pathological tau proteins in AD brains, confirming the co-aggregation of EFhd2 and pathological tau. Furthermore, EFhd2's coiled-coil domain mediated its self-oligomerization in vitro and its association with tau proteins in JNPL3 mouse brain extracts. The results demonstrate that EFhd2 is a novel amyloid protein associated with pathological tau proteins in AD brain and that calcium binding may regulate the formation of EFhd2's amyloid structures. Hence, EFhd2 may play an important role in the pathobiology of tau-mediated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancy Ferrer-Acosta
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 23360, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3360, USA
| | - Eva N. Rodríguez-Cruz
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 23360, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3360, USA
| | - François Orange
- Nanoscopy Facility, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 70377, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-8377, USA
- Department of Physics, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 70377, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-8377, USA
| | - Hector De Jesús-Cortés
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 23360, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3360, USA
| | - Bismark Madera
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 23360, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3360, USA
- Confocal Microscopy Facility, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico – Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931
| | - Jaime Vaquer-Alicea
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 23360, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3360, USA
| | - Juan Ballester
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 23360, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3360, USA
| | - Maxime J-F. Guinel
- Nanoscopy Facility, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 70377, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-8377, USA
- Department of Physics, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 70377, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-8377, USA
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 70377, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-8377, USA
| | - George S. Bloom
- Department of Biology, University of Virgina, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Irving E. Vega
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 23360, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3360, USA
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Acosta YF, Rodríguez Cruz EN, Vaquer ADC, Vega IE. Functional and structural analysis of the conserved EFhd2 protein. Protein Pept Lett 2013; 20:573-83. [PMID: 22973849 PMCID: PMC3633529 DOI: 10.2174/0929866511320050011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
EFhd2 is a novel protein conserved from C. elegans to H. sapiens. This novel protein was originally identified in cells of the immune and central nervous systems. However, it is most abundant in the central nervous system, where it has been found associated with pathological forms of the microtubule-associated protein tau. The physiological or pathological roles of EFhd2 are poorly understood. In this study, a functional and structural analysis was carried to characterize the molecular requirements for EFhd2's calcium binding activity. The results showed that mutations of a conserved aspartate on either EF-hand motif disrupted the calcium binding activity, indicating that these motifs work in pair as a functional calcium binding domain. Furthermore, characterization of an identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) that introduced a missense mutation indicates the importance of a conserved phenylalanine on EFhd2 calcium binding activity. Structural analysis revealed that EFhd2 is predominantly composed of alpha helix and random coil structures and that this novel protein is thermostable. EFhd2's thermo stability depends on its N-terminus. In the absence of the N-terminus, calcium binding restored EFhd2's thermal stability. Overall, these studies contribute to our understanding on EFhd2 functional and structural properties, and introduce it into the family of canonical EF-hand domain containing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancy Ferrer Acosta
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931
| | - Eva N. Rodríguez Cruz
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931
| | - Ana del C. Vaquer
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931
| | - Irving E. Vega
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931
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Hagen S, Brachs S, Kroczek C, Fürnrohr BG, Lang C, Mielenz D. The B cell receptor-induced calcium flux involves a calcium mediated positive feedback loop. Cell Calcium 2012; 51:411-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC) family members constitute a family of diverse enzymes. Thirteen different family members have been cloned. These family members have unique structures that mediate diverse functions. Although PLC family members all appear to signal through the bi-products of cleaving phospholipids, it is clear that each family member, and at times each isoform, contributes to unique cellular functions. This chapter provides a review of the current literature. In addition, references have been provided for more in depth information regarding areas that are discussed. Ultimately, understanding the roles of the individual PLC enzymes, and their distinct cellular functions, will lead to a better understanding of the development of diseases and the maintenance of homeostasis.
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Hornbruch-Freitag C, Griemert B, Buttgereit D, Renkawitz-Pohl R. Drosophila Swiprosin-1/EFHD2 accumulates at the prefusion complex stage during Drosophila myoblast fusion. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:3266-78. [PMID: 21896648 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.083907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the Drosophila embryo, transient cell adhesion during myoblast fusion is known to lead to the formation of fusion-restricted myogenic-adhesive structures (FuRMASs). Here, we report that within these FuRMASs, a Drosophila homologue of human and mouse swiprosins (EF-hand-domain-containing proteins) is expressed, which we named Drosophila Swiprosin-1 (Drosophila Swip-1). Drosophila Swip-1 is highly conserved and is closely related to the calcium-binding proteins swiprosin-1 and swiprosin-2 that have a role in the immune system in humans and mice. Our study shows that Drosophila Swip-1 is also expressed in corresponding cells of the Drosophila immune system. During myoblast fusion, Drosophila Swip-1 accumulates transiently in the foci of fusion-competent myoblasts (FCMs). Both the EF-hand and the coiled-coil domain of Drosophila Swip-1 are required to localise the protein to these foci. The formation of Drosophila Swip-1 foci requires successful cell adhesion between FCMs and founder cells (FCs) or growing myotubes. Moreover, Drosophila Swip-1 foci were found to increase in number in sing(22) mutants, which arrest myoblast fusion after prefusion complex formation. By contrast, Drosophila Swip-1 foci are not significantly enriched in blow(2) and kette(J4-48) mutants, which stop myogenesis beyond the prefusion complex stage but before plasma membrane merging. Therefore, we hypothesise that Drosophila Swip-1 participates in the breakdown of the prefusion complex during the progression of myoblast fusion.
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Dütting S, Brachs S, Mielenz D. Fraternal twins: Swiprosin-1/EFhd2 and Swiprosin-2/EFhd1, two homologous EF-hand containing calcium binding adaptor proteins with distinct functions. Cell Commun Signal 2011; 9:2. [PMID: 21244694 PMCID: PMC3036668 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-9-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the intracellular calcium concentration govern cytoskeletal rearrangement, mitosis, apoptosis, transcriptional regulation or synaptic transmission, thereby, regulating cellular effector and organ functions. Calcium binding proteins respond to changes in the intracellular calcium concentration with structural changes, triggering enzymatic activation and association with downstream proteins. One type of calcium binding proteins are EF-hand super family proteins. Here, we describe two recently discovered homologous EF-hand containing adaptor proteins, Swiprosin-1/EF-hand domain containing 2 (EFhd2) and Swiprosin-2/EF-hand domain containing 1 (EFhd1), which are related to allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1). For reasons of simplicity and concision we propose to name Swiprosin-1/EFhd2 and Swiprosin-2/EFhd1 from now on EFhd2 and EFhd1, according to their respective gene symbols. AIF-1 and Swiprosin-1/EFhd2 are already present in Bilateria, for instance in Drosophila melanogaster and Caenhorhabditis elegans. Swiprosin-2/EFhd1 arose later from gene duplication in the tetrapodal lineage. Secondary structure prediction of AIF-1 reveals disordered regions and one functional EF-hand. Swiprosin-1/EFhd2 and Swiprosin-2/EFhd1 exhibit a disordered region at the N-terminus, followed by two EF-hands and a coiled-coil domain. Whereas both proteins are similar in their predicted overall structure they differ in a non-homologous stretch of 60 amino acids just in front of the EF-hands. AIF-1 controls calcium-dependent cytoskeletal rearrangement in innate immune cells by means of its functional EF-hand. We propose that Swiprosin-1/EFhd2 as well is a cytoskeleton associated adaptor protein involved in immune and brain cell function. Pro-inflammatory conditions are likely to modulate expression and function of Swiprosin-1/EFhd2. Swiprosin-2/EFhd1, on the other hand, modulates apoptosis and differentiation of neuronal and muscle precursor cells, probably through an association with mitochondria. We suggest furthermore that Swiprosin-2/EFhd1 is part of a cellular response to oxidative stress, which could explain its pro-survival activity in neuronal, muscle and perhaps some malignant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Dütting
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine III, Nikolaus Fiebiger Center, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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B cell homeostasis and plasma cell homing controlled by Krüppel-like factor 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 108:710-5. [PMID: 21187409 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1012858108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) controls T lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs by regulating sphingosin-1 phosphate receptor 1 (S1Pr1). Here we show that this is not the case for B cells. Instead, KLF2 controls homeostasis of B cells in peripheral lymphatic organs and homing of plasma cells to the bone marrow, presumably by controlling the expression of β(7)-integrin. In mice with a B cell-specific deletion of KLF2, S1Pr1 expression on B cells was only slightly affected. Accordingly, all splenic B cell subsets including B1 cells were present, but their numbers were increased with a clear bias for marginal zone (MZ) B cells. In contrast, fewer peyers patches harboring fewer B cells were found, and fewer B1 cells in the peritoneal cavity as well as recirculating B cells in the bone marrow were detected. Upon thymus-dependent immunization, IgG titers were diminished, and antigen-specific plasma cells were absent in the bone marrow, although numbers of antigen-specific splenic plasmablasts were normal. KLF2 plays also a role in determining the identity of follicular B cells, as KLF2-deficient follicular B cells showed calcium responses similar to those of MZ B cells and failed to down-regulate MZ B cell signature genes, such as CD21 and CXCR7.
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