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Reed RG, Hillmann AR, Presnell SR, Al-Attar A, Lutz CT, Segerstrom SC. Lifespan Socioeconomic Context Is Associated With Cytomegalovirus and Late-Differentiated CD8 + T and Natural Killer Cells: Initial Results in Older Adults. Psychosom Med 2024; 86:443-452. [PMID: 37982534 PMCID: PMC11096264 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lower socioeconomic status (SES) can accelerate immune aging; however, it is unknown whether and how lifespan socioeconomic context (SEC)-the relative wealth and quality of the communities an individual lives in across their lifespan-impacts immune aging. We examined the effects of childhood and adulthood SEC on late-differentiated immune cells and investigated the mediating and moderating role of cytomegalovirus (CMV), a key driver of immune aging. METHODS Adults 60 years and older ( N = 109) reported their addresses from birth to age 60 years, which were coded for county-level employment, education, and income to construct a latent SEC variable, averaged across ages 0 to 18 years (childhood SEC) and 19 to 60 years (adulthood SEC). Blood was drawn semiannually for 5 years for CMV serostatus and flow cytometry estimates of late-differentiated CD8 + T and natural killer cells. Models were adjusted for chronological age, time, sex, and individual SES (current income and education). RESULTS Lower childhood SEC was associated with higher percentages of late-differentiated CD8 + T and natural killer cells via CMV seropositivity (indirect effects, p values = .015-.028). In addition, an interaction between CMV serostatus and SEC on CD8 + T-cell aging ( p = .049) demonstrated that adulthood SEC was negatively associated with immune aging among CMV- but not CMV+ adults. CONCLUSIONS Beyond current SES, SEC related to immune aging in distinct patterns by lifespan phase. Lower childhood SEC importantly may influence who acquires CMV, which in turn predicts higher levels of immune aging, whereas higher adulthood SEC was protective against immune aging among CMV- older adults. These initial results need to be explored in larger samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steven R. Presnell
- Departments of Chemistry and of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky
| | - Ahmad Al-Attar
- Department of Hematopathology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center
| | - Charles T. Lutz
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky
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Menendez JA, Cuyàs E, Encinar JA, Vander Steen T, Verdura S, Llop‐Hernández À, López J, Serrano‐Hervás E, Osuna S, Martin‐Castillo B, Lupu R. Fatty acid synthase (FASN) signalome: A molecular guide for precision oncology. Mol Oncol 2024; 18:479-516. [PMID: 38158755 PMCID: PMC10920094 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The initial excitement generated more than two decades ago by the discovery of drugs targeting fatty acid synthase (FASN)-catalyzed de novo lipogenesis for cancer therapy was short-lived. However, the advent of the first clinical-grade FASN inhibitor (TVB-2640; denifanstat), which is currently being studied in various phase II trials, and the exciting advances in understanding the FASN signalome are fueling a renewed interest in FASN-targeted strategies for the treatment and prevention of cancer. Here, we provide a detailed overview of how FASN can drive phenotypic plasticity and cell fate decisions, mitochondrial regulation of cell death, immune escape and organ-specific metastatic potential. We then present a variety of FASN-targeted therapeutic approaches that address the major challenges facing FASN therapy. These include limitations of current FASN inhibitors and the lack of precision tools to maximize the therapeutic potential of FASN inhibitors in the clinic. Rethinking the role of FASN as a signal transducer in cancer pathogenesis may provide molecularly driven strategies to optimize FASN as a long-awaited target for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A. Menendez
- Metabolism & Cancer Group, Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE)Catalan Institute of OncologyGironaSpain
- Girona Biomedical Research InstituteGironaSpain
| | - Elisabet Cuyàs
- Metabolism & Cancer Group, Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE)Catalan Institute of OncologyGironaSpain
- Girona Biomedical Research InstituteGironaSpain
| | - Jose Antonio Encinar
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Biotechnology of Elche (IDiBE) and Molecular and Cell Biology Institute (IBMC)Miguel Hernández University (UMH)ElcheSpain
| | - Travis Vander Steen
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA
- Mayo Clinic Cancer CenterRochesterMNUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology LaboratoryMayo Clinic LaboratoryRochesterMNUSA
| | - Sara Verdura
- Metabolism & Cancer Group, Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE)Catalan Institute of OncologyGironaSpain
- Girona Biomedical Research InstituteGironaSpain
| | - Àngela Llop‐Hernández
- Metabolism & Cancer Group, Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE)Catalan Institute of OncologyGironaSpain
- Girona Biomedical Research InstituteGironaSpain
| | - Júlia López
- Metabolism & Cancer Group, Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE)Catalan Institute of OncologyGironaSpain
- Girona Biomedical Research InstituteGironaSpain
| | - Eila Serrano‐Hervás
- Metabolism & Cancer Group, Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE)Catalan Institute of OncologyGironaSpain
- Girona Biomedical Research InstituteGironaSpain
- CompBioLab Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de QuímicaUniversitat de GironaGironaSpain
| | - Sílvia Osuna
- CompBioLab Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de QuímicaUniversitat de GironaGironaSpain
- ICREABarcelonaSpain
| | - Begoña Martin‐Castillo
- Metabolism & Cancer Group, Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE)Catalan Institute of OncologyGironaSpain
- Girona Biomedical Research InstituteGironaSpain
- Unit of Clinical ResearchCatalan Institute of OncologyGironaSpain
| | - Ruth Lupu
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA
- Mayo Clinic Cancer CenterRochesterMNUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology LaboratoryMayo Clinic LaboratoryRochesterMNUSA
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3
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Schmit MM, Baxley RM, Wang L, Hinderlie P, Kaufman M, Simon E, Raju A, Miller JS, Bielinsky AK. A critical threshold of MCM10 is required to maintain genome stability during differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells into natural killer cells. Open Biol 2024; 14:230407. [PMID: 38262603 PMCID: PMC10805602 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell deficiency (NKD) is a rare disease in which NK cell function is reduced, leaving affected individuals susceptible to repeated viral infections and cancer. Recently, a patient with NKD was identified carrying compound heterozygous variants of MCM10 (minichromosome maintenance protein 10), an essential gene required for DNA replication, that caused a significant decrease in the amount of functional MCM10. NKD in this patient presented as loss of functionally mature late-stage NK cells. To understand how MCM10 deficiency affects NK cell development, we generated MCM10 heterozygous (MCM10+/-) induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines. Analyses of these cell lines demonstrated that MCM10 was haploinsufficient, similar to results in other human cell lines. Reduced levels of MCM10 in mutant iPSCs was associated with impaired clonogenic survival and increased genomic instability, including micronuclei formation and telomere erosion. The severity of these phenotypes correlated with the extent of MCM10 depletion. Significantly, MCM10+/- iPSCs displayed defects in NK cell differentiation, exhibiting reduced yields of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Although MCM10+/- HSCs were able to give rise to lymphoid progenitors, these did not generate mature NK cells. The lack of mature NK cells coincided with telomere erosion, suggesting that NKD caused by these MCM10 variants arose from the accumulation of genomic instability including degradation of chromosome ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M. Schmit
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ryan M. Baxley
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Liangjun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Peter Hinderlie
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Marissa Kaufman
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Emily Simon
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Anjali Raju
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Miller
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Anja-Katrin Bielinsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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4
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Duggan NN, Dragic T, Chanda SK, Pache L. Breaking the Silence: Regulation of HIV Transcription and Latency on the Road to a Cure. Viruses 2023; 15:2435. [PMID: 38140676 PMCID: PMC10747579 DOI: 10.3390/v15122435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has brought the HIV/AIDS epidemic under control, but a curative strategy for viral eradication is still needed. The cessation of ART results in rapid viral rebound from latently infected CD4+ T cells, showing that control of viral replication alone does not fully restore immune function, nor does it eradicate viral reservoirs. With a better understanding of factors and mechanisms that promote viral latency, current approaches are primarily focused on the permanent silencing of latently infected cells ("block and lock") or reactivating HIV-1 gene expression in latently infected cells, in combination with immune restoration strategies to eliminate HIV infected cells from the host ("shock and kill"). In this review, we provide a summary of the current, most promising approaches for HIV-1 cure strategies, including an analysis of both latency-promoting agents (LPA) and latency-reversing agents (LRA) that have shown promise in vitro, ex vivo, and in human clinical trials to reduce the HIV-1 reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha N. Duggan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tatjana Dragic
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sumit K. Chanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lars Pache
- NCI Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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5
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Jia H, Yang H, Xiong H, Luo KQ. NK cell exhaustion in the tumor microenvironment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1303605. [PMID: 38022646 PMCID: PMC10653587 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1303605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells kill mutant cells through death receptors and cytotoxic granules, playing an essential role in controlling cancer progression. However, in the tumor microenvironment (TME), NK cells frequently exhibit an exhausted status, which impairs their immunosurveillance function and contributes to tumor immune evasion. Emerging studies are ongoing to reveal the properties and mechanisms of NK cell exhaustion in the TME. In this review, we will briefly introduce the maturation, localization, homeostasis, and cytotoxicity of NK cells. We will then summarize the current understanding of the main mechanisms underlying NK cell exhaustion in the TME in four aspects: dysregulation of inhibitory and activating signaling, tumor cell-derived factors, immunosuppressive cells, and metabolism and exhaustion. We will also discuss the therapeutic approaches currently being developed to reverse NK cell exhaustion and enhance NK cell cytotoxicity in the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Huaxing Xiong
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Kathy Qian Luo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
- Ministry of Education Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
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6
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Mohapatra L, Mishra D, Shiomurti Tripathi A, Kumar Parida S. Immunosenescence as a convergence pathway in neurodegeneration. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110521. [PMID: 37385122 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Immunity refers to the body's defense mechanism to protect itself against illness or to produce antibodies against pathogens. Senescence is a cellular phenomenon that integrates a sustainable growth restriction, other phenotypic abnormalities and including a pro-inflammatory secretome. It is highly involved in regulating developmental stages, tissue homeostasis, and tumor proliferation monitoring. Contemporary experimental reports imply that abolition of senescent cells employing evolved genetic and therapeutic approaches augment the chances of survival and boosts the health span of an individual. Immunosenescence is considered as a process in which dysfunction of the immune system occurs with aging and greatly includes remodeling of lymphoid organs. This in turn causes fluctuations in the immune function of the elderly that has strict relation with the expansion of autoimmune diseases, infections, malignant tumors and neurodegenerative disorders. The interaction of the nervous and immune systems during aging is marked by bi-directional influence and mutual correlation of variations. The enhanced systemic inflammatory condition in the elderly, and the neuronal immune cell activity can be modulated by inflamm-aging and peripheral immunosenescence resulting in chronic low-grade inflammatory processes in the central Nervous system known as neuro-inflammaging. For example, glia excitation by cytokines and glia pro-inflammatory productions contribute significantly to memory injury as well as in acute systemic inflammation, which is associated with high levels of Tumor necrosis factor -α and a rise in cognitive decline. In recent years its role in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease has caught research interest to a large extent. This article reviews the connection concerning the immune and nervous systems and highlights how immunosenescence and inflamm-aging can affect neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Mohapatra
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Lucknow, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Sector-125, Noida, 201313, India.
| | - Deepak Mishra
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Lucknow, Amity University Uttar Pradesh Sector-125, Noida, 201313, India
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7
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Guilz NC, Ahn YO, Seo S, Mace EM. Unwinding the Role of the CMG Helicase in Inborn Errors of Immunity. J Clin Immunol 2023; 43:847-861. [PMID: 36809597 PMCID: PMC10789183 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-023-01437-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are a collection of diseases resulting from genetic causes that impact the immune system through multiple mechanisms. Natural killer cell deficiency (NKD) is one such IEI where natural killer (NK) cells are the main immune lineage affected. Though rare, the deficiency of several genes has been described as underlying causes of NKD, including MCM4, GINS1, MCM10 , and GINS4 , all of which are involved in the eukaryotic CMG helicase. The CMG helicase is made up of C DC45 – M CM – G INS and accessory proteins including MCM10. The CMG helicase plays a critical role in DNA replication by unwinding the double helix and enabling access of polymerases to single-stranded DNA, and thus helicase proteins are active in any proliferating cell. Replication stress, DNA damage, and cell cycle arrest are among the cellular phenotypes attributed to loss of function variants in CMG helicase proteins. Despite the ubiquitous function of the CMG helicase, NK cells have an apparent susceptibility to the deficiency of helicase proteins. This review will examine the role of the CMG helicase in inborn errors of immunity through the lens of NKD and further discuss why natural killer cells can be so strongly affected by helicase deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Guilz
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 W 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Yong-Oon Ahn
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 W 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Seungmae Seo
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 W 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Emily M Mace
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 W 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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8
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Reed RG, Presnell SR, Al-Attar A, Lutz CT, Segerstrom SC. Life stressors and immune aging: Protective effects of cognitive reappraisal. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 110:212-221. [PMID: 36893924 PMCID: PMC10106412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Stressful life events may accelerate aspects of immune aging, but habitual use of an adaptive emotion regulation strategy, cognitive reappraisal, may attenuate these effects. This study examined whether cognitive reappraisal moderates the associations between life stressor frequency and stressor desirability on aspects of immune aging, including late-differentiated CD8+ T and natural killer (NK) cells and inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP), both between and within people in a longitudinal sample of 149 older adults (mean age = 77.8, range: 64-92 years). Participants reported stressful life events, use of cognitive reappraisal, and provided blood semiannually for up to 5 years to assess aspects of immune aging. Multilevel models, adjusted for demographic and health covariates, tested the between-person (stable, trait-like differences) and within-person associations (dynamic fluctuations) among life stressors and reappraisal on immune aging. Experiencing more frequent life stressors than usual was associated with higher levels of late-differentiated NK cells within person, but this effect was accounted for by experiencing health-related stressors. Unexpectedly, experiencing more frequent and less desirable stressors were associated with lower average levels of TNF-α. As expected, reappraisal moderated the associations between life stressors and late-differentiated NK cells between people and IL-6 within people. Specifically, older adults who experienced less desirable stressors but also used more reappraisal had significantly lower proportions of late-differentiated NK cells on average and lower levels of IL-6 within-person. These results suggest cognitive reappraisal may play a protective role in attenuating the effects of stressful life events on aspects of innate immune aging in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca G Reed
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
| | - Steven R Presnell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, United States
| | - Ahmad Al-Attar
- Department of Hematopathology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, United States
| | - Charles T Lutz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, United States; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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9
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Molecular Markers of Blood Cell Populations Can Help Estimate Aging of the Immune System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065708. [PMID: 36982782 PMCID: PMC10055688 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging of the immune system involves functional changes in individual cell populations, in hematopoietic tissues and at the systemic level. They are mediated by factors produced by circulating cells, niche cells, and at the systemic level. Age-related alterations in the microenvironment of the bone marrow and thymus cause a decrease in the production of naive immune cells and functional immunodeficiencies. Another result of aging and reduced tissue immune surveillance is the accumulation of senescent cells. Some viral infections deplete adaptive immune cells, increasing the risk of autoimmune and immunodeficiency conditions, leading to a general degradation in the specificity and effectiveness of the immune system in old age. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the state-of-the-art application of mass spectrometry, multichannel flow cytometry, and single-cell genetic analysis have provided vast data on the mechanisms of aging of the immune system. These data require systematic analysis and functional verification. In addition, the prediction of age-related complications is a priority task of modern medicine in the context of the increase in the aged population and the risk of premature death during epidemics. In this review, based on the latest data, we discuss the mechanisms of immune aging and highlight some cellular markers as indicators of age-related immune disbalance that increase the risk of senile diseases and infectious complications.
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The Correlation between Peripheral Blood Index and Immune Cell Expansion in Vietnamese Elderly Lung Cancer Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054284. [PMID: 36901716 PMCID: PMC10001827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The dysfunction and reduced proliferation of peripheral CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells have been observed in both aging and cancer patients, thereby challenging the adoption of immune cell therapy in these subjects. In this study, we evaluated the growth of these lymphocytes in elderly cancer patients and the correlation of peripheral blood (PB) indices to their expansion. (2) Method: This retrospective study included 15 lung cancer patients who underwent autologous NK cell and CD8+ T cell therapy between January 2016 and December 2019 and 10 healthy individuals. (3) Results: On average, CD8+ T lymphocytes and NK cells were able to be expanded about 500 times from the PB of elderly lung cancer subjects. Particularly, 95% of the expanded NK cells highly expressed the CD56 marker. The expansion of CD8+ T cells was inversely associated with the CD4+:CD8+ ratio and the frequency of PB-CD4+ T cells in PB. Likewise, the expansion of NK cells was inversely correlated with the frequency of PB-lymphocytes and the number of PB-CD8+ T cells. The growth of CD8+ T cells and NK cells was also inversely correlated with the percentage and number of PB-NK cells. (4) Conclusion: PB indices are intrinsically tied to immune cell health and could be leveraged to determine CD8 T and NK cell proliferation capacity for immune therapies in lung cancer patients.
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11
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Oh BLZ, Chan LWY, Chai LYA. Manipulating NK cellular therapy from cancer to invasive fungal infection: promises and challenges. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1044946. [PMID: 36969979 PMCID: PMC10034767 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1044946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The ideal strategy to fight an infection involves both (i) weakening the invading pathogen through conventional antimicrobial therapy, and (ii) strengthening defense through the augmentation of host immunity. This is even more pertinent in the context of invasive fungal infections whereby the majority of patients have altered immunity and are unable to mount an appropriate host response against the pathogen. Natural killer (NK) cells fit the requirement of an efficient, innate executioner of both tumour cells and pathogens – their unique, targeted cell killing mechanism, combined with other arms of the immune system, make them potent effectors. These characteristics, together with their ready availability (given the various sources of extrinsic NK cells available for harvesting), make NK cells an attractive choice as adoptive cellular therapy against fungi in invasive infections. Improved techniques in ex vivo NK cell activation with expansion, and more importantly, recent advances in genetic engineering including state-of-the-art chimeric antigen receptor platform development, have presented an opportune moment to harness this novel therapeutic as a key component of a multipronged strategy against invasive fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernice Ling Zhi Oh
- VIVA-University Children’s Cancer Centre, Khoo-Teck Puat-National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Louis Wei Yong Chan
- Clinician Scientist Academy, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Louis Yi Ann Chai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Louis Yi Ann Chai,
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Azathioprine therapy induces selective NK cell depletion and IFN-γ deficiency predisposing to herpesvirus reactivation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 151:280-286.e2. [PMID: 36122787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Azathioprine is a widely prescribed drug for patients with chronic inflammatory diseases such as myasthenia gravis or organ transplant recipients. Azathioprine exerts immunosuppressive effects by inhibiting intracellular purine synthesis and reducing the numbers of circulating B and T lymphocytes. Case reports indicate increased risk for serious infections that can occur despite regular measurements of lymphocyte counts during azathioprine therapy. OBJECTIVE We sought to comprehensively investigate therapy-associated patient risks and the underlying immune dysfunction of azathioprine use. METHODS Peripheral blood leukocytes were analyzed using single-cell mass and spectral flow cytometry to detect specific effects of azathioprine use on the systemic immune signature. Therapy-associated clinical features were analyzed in 2 independent cohorts of myasthenia gravis patients. RESULTS Azathioprine therapy selectively induced pronounced CD56dimCD16+ natural killer cell depletion and concomitant IFN-γ deficiency. Cytokine profiling revealed a specific contraction of classical TH1 cells during azathioprine treatment. We further observed an increased occurrence of reactivation of endogenous latent herpesviruses in the azathioprine-treated group versus in patients with myasthenia gravis who were not receiving immunomodulatory treatment; this increased occurrence was validated in an independent cohort. CONCLUSION Our study highlights the risk of development of adverse events during azathioprine therapy and suggests that natural killer cell monitoring could be valuable in clinical practice.
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13
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Takahama S, Ishige K, Nogimori T, Yasutomi Y, Appay V, Yamamoto T. Model for predicting age-dependent safety and immunomodulatory effects of STING ligands in non-human primates. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 28:99-115. [PMID: 36620070 PMCID: PMC9813482 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a cytoplasmic dinucleotide sensor used as an immunomodulatory agent for cancer treatment. The efficacy of the STING ligand (STING-L) against various tumors has been evaluated in mouse models; however, its safety and efficacy in non-human primates have not been reported. We examined the effects of escalating doses of cyclic-di-adenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP) or cyclic [G (3',5')pA (3',5'p] (3'-3'-cGAMP) administered intramuscularly or intravenously to cynomolgus macaques. Both ligands induced transient local and systemic inflammatory responses and systemic immunomodulatory responses, including the upregulation of interferon-α (IFN-α) and IFN-γ expression and the activation of multiple immunocompetent cell subsets. Better immunological responses were observed in animals that received c-di-AMP compared with those that received 3'-3'-cGAMP. Multi-parameter analysis using a dataset obtained before administering the ligands predicted the efficacy outcome partially. Importantly, the efficacy of these ligands was reduced in older macaques. We propose that 0.5 mg/kg c-di-AMP via intramuscular administration should be the optimal starting point for clinical studies. Our study is the first to demonstrate the age-dependent safety and efficacy of STING-L in non-human primates and supports the potential of STING-L use as a direct immunomodulator in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokichi Takahama
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki City, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ishige
- Biochemicals Division, Yamasa Corporation, Chiba 288-0056, Japan
| | - Takuto Nogimori
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki City, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yasutomi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
| | - Victor Appay
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki City, Osaka 567-0085, Japan,Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5164, INSERM ERL 1303, ImmunoConcEpT, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki City, Osaka 567-0085, Japan,Laboratory of Aging and Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan,Department of Virology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan,Laboratory of Translational Cancer Immunology and Biology, Next-generation Precision Medicine Research Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka 541-8567, Japan,Corresponding author: Takuya Yamamoto, Laboratory of Immunosenescence, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki City, Osaka 567-0085, Japan.
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14
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Qin H, You C, Yan F, Tan K, Xu C, Zhao R, Ekpo MD, Tan S. Overcoming the challenges in translational development of natural killer cell therapeutics: An opinion paper. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1062765. [DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1062765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
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15
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Conte MI, Poli MC, Taglialatela A, Leuzzi G, Chinn IK, Salinas SA, Rey-Jurado E, Olivares N, Veramendi-Espinoza L, Ciccia A, Lupski JR, Aldave Becerra JC, Mace EM, Orange JS. Partial loss-of-function mutations in GINS4 lead to NK cell deficiency with neutropenia. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e154948. [PMID: 36345943 PMCID: PMC9675456 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.154948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human NK cell deficiency (NKD) is a primary immunodeficiency in which the main clinically relevant immunological defect involves missing or dysfunctional NK cells. Here, we describe a familial NKD case in which 2 siblings had a substantive NKD and neutropenia in the absence of other immune system abnormalities. Exome sequencing identified compound heterozygous variants in Go-Ichi-Ni-San (GINS) complex subunit 4 (GINS4, also known as SLD5), an essential component of the human replicative helicase, which we demonstrate to have a damaging impact upon the expression and assembly of the GINS complex. Cells derived from affected individuals and a GINS4-knockdown cell line demonstrate delayed cell cycle progression, without signs of improper DNA synthesis or increased replication stress. By modeling partial GINS4 depletion in differentiating NK cells in vitro, we demonstrate the causal relationship between the genotype and the NK cell phenotype, as well as a cell-intrinsic defect in NK cell development. Thus, biallelic partial loss-of-function mutations in GINS4 define a potentially novel disease-causing gene underlying NKD with neutropenia. Together with the previously described mutations in other helicase genes causing NKD, and with the mild defects observed in other human cells, these variants underscore the importance of this pathway in NK cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde I. Conte
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - M. Cecilia Poli
- Faculty of Medicine, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Hospital Roberto del Rio, Santiago, Chile
| | - Angelo Taglialatela
- Department of Genetics and Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Giuseppe Leuzzi
- Department of Genetics and Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ivan K. Chinn
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sandra A. Salinas
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Emma Rey-Jurado
- Faculty of Medicine, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nixa Olivares
- Faculty of Medicine, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Liz Veramendi-Espinoza
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru
| | - Alberto Ciccia
- Department of Genetics and Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - James R. Lupski
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Emily M. Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jordan S. Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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16
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Aiello A, Ligotti ME, Garnica M, Accardi G, Calabrò A, Pojero F, Arasanz H, Bocanegra A, Blanco E, Chocarro L, Echaide M, Fernandez-Rubio L, Ramos P, Piñeiro-Hermida S, Kochan G, Zareian N, Farzaneh F, Escors D, Caruso C, Candore G. How Can We Improve Vaccination Response in Old People? Part I: Targeting Immunosenescence of Innate Immunity Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179880. [PMID: 36077278 PMCID: PMC9456428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination, being able to prevent millions of cases of infectious diseases around the world every year, is the most effective medical intervention ever introduced. However, immunosenescence makes vaccines less effective in providing protection to older people. Although most studies explain that this is mainly due to the immunosenescence of T and B cells, the immunosenescence of innate immunity can also be a significant contributing factor. Alterations in function, number, subset, and distribution of blood neutrophils, monocytes, and natural killer and dendritic cells are detected in aging, thus potentially reducing the efficacy of vaccines in older individuals. In this paper, we focus on the immunosenescence of the innate blood immune cells. We discuss possible strategies to counteract the immunosenescence of innate immunity in order to improve the response to vaccination. In particular, we focus on advances in understanding the role and the development of new adjuvants, such as TLR agonists, considered a promising strategy to increase vaccination efficiency in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Aiello
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mattia Emanuela Ligotti
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maider Garnica
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Giulia Accardi
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Calabrò
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Fanny Pojero
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Hugo Arasanz
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Bocanegra
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ester Blanco
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Luisa Chocarro
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miriam Echaide
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leticia Fernandez-Rubio
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pablo Ramos
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sergio Piñeiro-Hermida
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.P.-H.); (C.C.)
| | - Grazyna Kochan
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Nahid Zareian
- The Rayne Institute, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Farzin Farzaneh
- The Rayne Institute, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - David Escors
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Calogero Caruso
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.P.-H.); (C.C.)
| | - Giuseppina Candore
- Laboratory of Immunopathology and Immunosenescence, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
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17
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Pan R, Ryan J, Pan D, Wucherpfennig KW, Letai A. Augmenting NK cell-based immunotherapy by targeting mitochondrial apoptosis. Cell 2022; 185:1521-1538.e18. [PMID: 35447071 PMCID: PMC9097966 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interest in harnessing natural killer (NK) cells for cancer immunotherapy is rapidly growing. However, efficacy of NK cell-based immunotherapy remains limited in most trials. Strategies to augment the killing efficacy of NK cells are thus much needed. In the current study, we found that mitochondrial apoptosis (mtApoptosis) pathway is essential for efficient NK killing, especially at physiologically relevant effector-to-target ratios. Furthermore, NK cells can prime cancer cells for mtApoptosis and mitochondrial priming status affects cancer-cell susceptibility to NK-mediated killing. Interestingly, pre-activating NK cells confers on them resistance to BH3 mimetics. Combining BH3 mimetics with NK cells synergistically kills cancer cells in vitro and suppresses tumor growth in vivo. The ideal BH3 mimetic to use in such an approach can be predicted by BH3 profiling. We herein report a rational and precision strategy to augment NK-based immunotherapy, which may be adaptable to T cell-based immunotherapies as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongqing Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Jeremy Ryan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Deng Pan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kai W Wucherpfennig
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Anthony Letai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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18
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Figueroa-Romero C, Monteagudo A, Murdock BJ, Famie JP, Webber-Davis IF, Piecuch CE, Teener SJ, Pacut C, Goutman SA, Feldman EL. Tofacitinib Suppresses Natural Killer Cells In Vitro and In Vivo: Implications for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:773288. [PMID: 35197969 PMCID: PMC8859451 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.773288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal and incurable neurodegenerative disease with few therapeutic options. However, the immune system, including natural killer (NK) cells, is linked to ALS progression and may constitute a viable therapeutic ALS target. Tofacitinib is an FDA-approved immunomodulating small molecule which suppresses immune cell function by blocking proinflammatory cytokine signaling. This includes the cytokine IL-15 which is the primary cytokine associated with NK cell function and proliferation. However, the impact of tofacitinib on NK activation and cytotoxicity has not been thoroughly investigated, particularly in ALS. We therefore tested the ability of tofacitinib to suppress cytotoxicity and cytokine production in an NK cell line and in primary NK cells derived from control and ALS participants. We also investigated whether tofacitinib protected ALS neurons from NK cell cytotoxicity. Finally, we conducted a comprehensive pharmacokinetic study of tofacitinib in mice and tested the feasibility of administration formulated in chow. Success was assessed through the impact of tofacitinib on peripheral NK cell levels in mice. We found tofacitinib suppressed IL-15-induced activation as measured by STAT1 phosphorylation, cytotoxicity, pro-inflammatory gene expression, and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in both an NK cell line and primary NK cells. Furthermore, tofacitinib protected ALS neurons from NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. In mice, we found tofacitinib bioavailability was 37% in both male and female mice; using these data we formulated mouse containing low and high doses of tofacitinib and found that the drug suppressed peripheral NK cell levels in a dose-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that tofacitinib can suppress NK cell function and may be a viable therapeutic strategy for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alina Monteagudo
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Benjamin J Murdock
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Joshua P Famie
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Ian F Webber-Davis
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Caroline E Piecuch
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Samuel J Teener
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Crystal Pacut
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Stephen A Goutman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Eva L Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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19
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Perturbed NK Cell Homeostasis Associated with Disease Severity in Chronic Neutropenia. Blood 2021; 139:704-716. [PMID: 34699594 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021013233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils have been suggested to play a critical role in terminal differentiation of NK cells. Whether this is a direct effect or a consequence of global immune changes with effects on NK cell homeostasis remains unknown. Here, we used high-resolution flow- and mass cytometry to examine NK cell repertoires in 64 patients with neutropenia and 27 healthy age- and gender-matched donors. A subgroup of patients with chronic neutropenia showed severely disrupted NK cell homeostasis manifested as increased frequencies of CD56bright NK cells and a lack of mature CD56dim NK cells. These immature NK cell repertoires were characterized by expression of proliferation/exhaustion markers Ki-67, Tim-3 and TIGIT and displayed blunted tumor target cell responses. Systems-level immune mapping revealed that the changes in immunophenotypes were confined to NK cells, leaving T cell differentiation intact. RNA sequencing of NK cells from these patients showed upregulation of a network of genes, including TNFSF9, CENPF, MKI67 and TOP2A, associated with apoptosis and the cell cycle, different from conventional CD56bright signatures. Profiling of 249 plasma proteins showed a coordinated enrichment of pathways related to apoptosis and cell turnover, which correlated with immature NK cell repertoires. Notably, most of these patients exhibited severe-grade neutropenia, suggesting that the profoundly altered NK cell homeostasis was connected to the severity of their underlying etiology. Hence, although our data suggests that neutrophils are dispensable for NK cell development and differentiation, some patients displayed a specific gap in the NK repertoire, associated with poor cytotoxic function and more severe disease manifestations.
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20
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Zhang C, Lei L, Yang X, Ma K, Zheng H, Su Y, Jiao A, Wang X, Liu H, Zou Y, Shi L, Zhou X, Sun C, Hou Y, Xiao Z, Zhang L, Zhang B. Single-cell sequencing reveals antitumor characteristics of intratumoral immune cells in old mice. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002809. [PMID: 34642245 PMCID: PMC8513495 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aging has long been thought to be a major risk factor for various types of cancers. However, accumulating evidence indicates increased resistance of old animals to tumor growth. An in-depth understanding of how old individuals defend against tumor invasion requires further investigations. Methods We revealed age-associated alterations in tumor-infiltrating immune cells between young and old mice using single-cell RNA and coupled T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing analysis. Multiple bioinformatics methods were adopted to analyze the characteristics of the transcriptome between two groups. To explore the impacts of young and old CD8+ T cells on tumor growth, mice were treated with anti-CD8 antibody every 3 days starting 7 days after tumor inoculation. Flow cytometry was used to validate the differences indicated by sequencing analysis between young and old mice. Results We found a higher proportion of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, naturally occurring Tregs, conventional dendritic cell (DC), and M1-like macrophages in tumors of old mice compared with a higher percentage of exhausted CD8+ T cells, induced Tregs, plasmacytoid DC, and M2-like macrophages in young mice. Importantly, TCR diversity analysis showed that top 10 TCR clones consisted primarily of exhausted CD8+ T cells in young mice whereas top clones were predominantly cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in old mice. Old mice had more CD8+ T cells with a ‘progenitor’ and less ‘terminally’ exhausted phenotypes than young mice. Consistently, trajectory inference demonstrated that CD8+ T cells preferentially differentiated into cytotoxic cells in old mice in contrast to exhausted cells in young mice. Importantly, elimination of CD8+ T cells in old mice during tumor growth significantly accelerated tumor development. Moreover, senescent features were demonstrated in exhausted but not cytotoxic CD8+ T cells regardless of young and old mice. Conclusions Our data revealed that a significantly higher proportion of effector immune cells in old mice defends against tumor progression, providing insights into understanding the altered kinetics of cancer development and the differential response to immunotherapeutic modulation in elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cangang Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Kaili Ma
- Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Huiqiang Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanhong Su
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Anjun Jiao
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yujing Zou
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Chenming Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuzhu Hou
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhengtao Xiao
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Lianjun Zhang
- Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China .,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Baojun Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China .,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China.,Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, China
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21
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Cody JW, Ellis-Connell AL, O’Connor SL, Pienaar E. Mathematical modeling of N-803 treatment in SIV-infected non-human primates. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009204. [PMID: 34319980 PMCID: PMC8351941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulatory drugs could contribute to a functional cure for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Interleukin-15 (IL-15) promotes expansion and activation of CD8+ T cell and natural killer (NK) cell populations. In one study, an IL-15 superagonist, N-803, suppressed Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) in non-human primates (NHPs) who had received prior SIV vaccination. However, viral suppression attenuated with continued N-803 treatment, partially returning after long treatment interruption. While there is evidence of concurrent drug tolerance, immune regulation, and viral escape, the relative contributions of these mechanisms to the observed viral dynamics have not been quantified. Here, we utilize mathematical models of N-803 treatment in SIV-infected macaques to estimate contributions of these three key mechanisms to treatment outcomes: 1) drug tolerance, 2) immune regulation, and 3) viral escape. We calibrated our model to viral and lymphocyte responses from the above-mentioned NHP study. Our models track CD8+ T cell and NK cell populations with N-803-dependent proliferation and activation, as well as viral dynamics in response to these immune cell populations. We compared mathematical models with different combinations of the three key mechanisms based on Akaike Information Criterion and important qualitative features of the NHP data. Two minimal models were capable of reproducing the observed SIV response to N-803. In both models, immune regulation strongly reduced cytotoxic cell activation to enable viral rebound. Either long-term drug tolerance or viral escape (or some combination thereof) could account for changes to viral dynamics across long breaks in N-803 treatment. Theoretical explorations with the models showed that less-frequent N-803 dosing and concurrent immune regulation blockade (e.g. PD-L1 inhibition) may improve N-803 efficacy. However, N-803 may need to be combined with other immune therapies to countermand viral escape from the CD8+ T cell response. Our mechanistic model will inform such therapy design and guide future studies. Immune therapy may be a critical component in the functional cure for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). N-803 is an immunotherapeutic drug that activates antigen-specific CD8+ T cells of the immune system. These CD8+ T cells eliminate HIV-infected cells in order to limit the spread of infection in the body. In one study, N-803 reduced plasma viremia in macaques that were infected with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus, an analog of HIV. Here, we used mathematical models to analyze the data from this study to better understand the effects of N-803 therapy on the immune system. Our models indicated that inhibitory signals may be reversing the stimulatory effect of N-803. Results also suggested the possibilities that tolerance to N-803 could build up within the CD8+ T cells themselves and that the treatment may be selecting for virus strains that are not targeted by CD8+ T cells. Our models predict that N-803 therapy may be made more effective if the time between doses is increased or if inhibitory signals are blocked by an additional drug. Also, N-803 may need to be combined with other immune therapies to target virus that would otherwise evade CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W. Cody
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Amy L. Ellis-Connell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Shelby L. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Elsje Pienaar
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Immunosurveillance of Cancer and Viral Infections with Regard to Alterations of Human NK Cells Originating from Lifestyle and Aging. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050557. [PMID: 34067700 PMCID: PMC8156987 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic immune cells with an innate capacity for eliminating cancer cells and virus- infected cells. NK cells are critical effector cells in the immunosurveillance of cancer and viral infections. Patients with low NK cell activity or NK cell deficiencies are predisposed to increased risks of cancer and severe viral infections. However, functional alterations of human NK cells are associated with lifestyles and aging. Personal lifestyles, such as cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, stress, obesity, and aging are correlated with NK cell dysfunction, whereas adequate sleep, moderate exercise, forest bathing, and listening to music are associated with functional healthy NK cells. Therefore, adherence to a healthy lifestyle is essential and will be favorable for immunosurveillance of cancer and viral infections with healthy NK cells.
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23
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Inducible MyD88/CD40 synergizes with IL-15 to enhance antitumor efficacy of CAR-NK cells. Blood Adv 2021; 4:1950-1964. [PMID: 32384544 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are a promising anticancer immunotherapy, leveraging both innate NK cell antitumor activity and target-specific cytotoxicity. Inducible MyD88/CD40 (iMC) is a potent, rimiducid-regulated protein switch that has been deployed previously as a T-cell activator to enhance proliferation and persistence of CAR-modified T cells. In this study, iMC was extended to CAR-NK cells to enhance their growth and augment cytotoxicity against tumor cells. iMC-activated NK cells substantially increased cytokine and chemokine secretion and displayed higher levels of perforin and granzyme B degranulation. In addition, iMC activation could be coupled with ectopic interleukin-15 (IL-15) to further enhance NK cell proliferation. When coexpressed with a target-specific CAR (CD123 or BCMA), this IL-15/iMC system showed further augmented antitumor activity through enhanced CAR-NK cell expansion and cytolytic activity. To protect against potential toxicity from engineered NK cells, an orthogonal rapamycin-regulated Caspase-9 (iRC9) was included in a 4-gene, dual-switch platform. After infusion of dual-switch NK cells, pharmacologic iRC9 dimerization led to rapid elimination of a majority of expanded transduced NK cells. Thus, CAR-NK cells utilizing dual molecular switches provide an innovative and effective approach to cancer immunotherapy with controlled specificity, efficacy, and safety.
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Rodriguez‐Garcia M, Patel MV, Shen Z, Wira CR. The impact of aging on innate and adaptive immunity in the human female genital tract. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13361. [PMID: 33951269 PMCID: PMC8135005 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal tissues in the human female reproductive tract (FRT) are primary sites for both gynecological cancers and infections by a spectrum of sexually transmitted pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), that compromise women's health. While the regulation of innate and adaptive immune protection in the FRT by hormonal cyclic changes across the menstrual cycle and pregnancy are being intensely studied, little to nothing is known about the alterations in mucosal immune protection that occur throughout the FRT as women age following menopause. The immune system in the FRT has two key functions: defense against pathogens and reproduction. After menopause, natural reproductive function ends, and therefore, two overlapping processes contribute to alterations in immune protection in aging women: menopause and immunosenescence. The goal of this review is to summarize the multiple immune changes that occur in the FRT with aging, including the impact on the function of epithelial cells, immune cells, and stromal fibroblasts. These studies indicate that major aspects of innate and adaptive immunity in the FRT are compromised in a site‐specific manner in the FRT as women age. Further, at some FRT sites, immunological compensation occurs. Overall, alterations in mucosal immune protection contribute to the increased risk of sexually transmitted infections (STI), urogenital infections, and gynecological cancers. Further studies are essential to provide a foundation for the development of novel therapeutic interventions to restore immune protection and reverse conditions that threaten women's lives as they age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mickey V. Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth Lebanon NH USA
| | - Zheng Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth Lebanon NH USA
| | - Charles R. Wira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth Lebanon NH USA
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25
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Merkt W, Salzer U, Thiel J, Jandova I, Bergner R, Venhoff AC, Venhoff N. Blood CD3-(CD56 or 16)+ natural killer cell distributions are heterogeneous in healthy adults and suppressed by azathioprine in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitides. BMC Immunol 2021; 22:26. [PMID: 33840389 PMCID: PMC8040212 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-021-00416-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytotoxic Natural Killer (NK) cells are increasingly recognized as a powerful tool to induce targeted cell death in cancer and autoimmune diseases. Still, basic blood NK cell parameters are poorly defined. The aims of this study were 1) to establish reference values of NK cell counts and percentages in healthy adults; 2) to describe these parameters in the prototype autoimmune disease group ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV); and 3) to investigate whether NK cell counts and percentages may be used as activity biomarkers in the care of AAV patients, as suggested by a preceding study. Methods CD3-(CD56 or 16)+ NK cell counts and percentages were determined in 120 healthy adults. Lymphocyte subset and clinical data from two German vasculitis centers were analyzed retrospectively (in total 407 measurements, including 201/49/157 measurements from 64/16/39 patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), respectively). Results CD3-(CD56 or 16)+ NK cell counts and percentages in healthy adults were highly variable, not Gaussian distributed and independent of age and sex. NK cell percentages ranged from 1.9 to 37.9% of lymphocytes, and were significantly more dispersed in AAV (0.3 to 57.6%), while the median percentage was not different between AAV and healthy donors. In contrast, median NK cell counts were significantly lower in AAV compared to healthy donors. Sub-group analyses revealed that NK cell counts were low independent of AAV entity and disease activity. Azathioprine therapy was associated with significantly lower NK cell counts and percentages compared to non-azathioprine therapies. In 13.6% of azathioprine-treated patients, percentages were </= 1% which may be interpreted as temporary NK cell deficiency. NK cell counts and percentages could not separate active from inactive AAV. Conclusions NK cell counts and percentages in blood are heterogeneous and can presently not be recommended as biomarker in clinical care of AAV patients. Azathioprine treatment was associated with significantly low NK cells. These findings may be relevant for the development of drugs that aim at exploiting NK cell cytotoxicity and may help to identify patients at risk to develop malignant or infectious co-morbidities. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12865-021-00416-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Merkt
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Internal Medicine V, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Salzer
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Jens Thiel
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Ilona Jandova
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Raoul Bergner
- Department of Rheumatology, Nephrology, Haemato-Oncology, Klinikum Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Ana C Venhoff
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Nils Venhoff
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
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Sakamoto Y, Yoshio S, Doi H, Mori T, Matsuda M, Kawai H, Shimagaki T, Yoshikawa S, Aoki Y, Osawa Y, Yoshida Y, Arai T, Itokawa N, Atsukawa M, Ito T, Honda T, Mise Y, Ono Y, Takahashi Y, Saiura A, Taketomi A, Kanto T. Increased Frequency of Dysfunctional Siglec-7 -CD57 +PD-1 + Natural Killer Cells in Patients With Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:603133. [PMID: 33692781 PMCID: PMC7938755 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.603133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a progressive disorder that can develop into liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Natural killer (NK) cells have been shown to protect against liver fibrosis and tumorigenesis, suggesting that they may also play a role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) are a family of inhibitory and activating receptors expressed by many cell types, including NK cells. Here, we investigated the phenotypic profiles of peripheral blood and intrahepatic NK cells, including expression of Siglecs and immune checkpoint molecules, and their association with NK cell function in patients with NAFLD. Immune cells in the peripheral blood of 42 patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD and 13 healthy volunteers (HVs) were identified by mass cytometry. The function of various NK cell subpopulations was assessed by flow cytometric detection of intracellular IFN-γ and CD107a/LAMP-1, a degranulation marker, after in vitro stimulation. We found that peripheral blood from NAFLD patients, regardless of fibrosis stage, contained significantly fewer total CD56+ NK cell and CD56dim NK cell populations compared with HVs, and the CD56dim cells from NAFLD patients were functionally impaired. Among the Siglecs examined, NK cells predominantly expressed Siglec-7 and Siglec-9, and both the expression levels of Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 on NK cells and the frequencies of Siglec-7+CD56dim NK cells were reduced in NAFLD patients. Notably, Siglec-7 levels on CD56dim NK cells were inversely correlated with PD-1, CD57, and ILT2 levels and positively correlated with NKp30 and NKp46 levels. Further subtyping of NK cells identified a highly dysfunctional Siglec-7-CD57+PD-1+CD56dim NK cell subset that was increased in patients with NAFLD, even those with mild liver fibrosis. Intrahepatic NK cells from NAFLD patients expressed elevated levels of NKG2D and CD69, suggesting a more activated phenotype than normal liver NK cells. These data identify a close association between NK cell function and expression of Siglec-7, CD57, and PD-1 that could potentially be therapeutically targeted in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuru Sakamoto
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Gastoenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Yoshio
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Doi
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taizo Mori
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michitaka Matsuda
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironari Kawai
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonari Shimagaki
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiori Yoshikawa
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Aoki
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Osawa
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Yoshida
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taeang Arai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Itokawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Atsukawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Ito
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Honda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Mise
- Department of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ono
- Department of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Takahashi
- Department of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akio Saiura
- Department of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akinobu Taketomi
- Department of Gastoenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kanto
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Miyairi S, Baldwin WM, Valujskikh A, Fairchild RL. Natural Killer Cells: Critical Effectors During Antibody-mediated Rejection of Solid Organ Allografts. Transplantation 2021; 105:284-290. [PMID: 32384380 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is an important cause of graft loss and continues to present a formidable obstacle to successful transplantation. Unresolved problems continue to be the absence of effective strategies to ablate the donor-specific antibody (DSA) response as well as to attenuate the antibody-mediated graft tissue injury. While the properties of DSA that cause greater graft tissue injury and the characteristic microvascular pathology of the graft injury are well documented, the mechanisms underlying the injury mediated by the antibodies remains unclear. Recent transcriptome interrogation of kidney and heart biopsies procured during ongoing AMR has indicated the expression of genes associated with natural killer (NK) cell activation that is absent during T cell-mediated rejection. The expression of NK cell transcripts during AMR correlates with the presence of CD56+ cells in the microcirculation inflammation observed during AMR. Several mouse models have recently demonstrated the role of NK cells in antibody-mediated chronic vasculopathy in heart allografts and the requirement for NK cell activation during acute AMR of kidney allografts. In the latter model, NK cell activation within kidney allografts is regulated by the activation of myeloid cells producing myeloperoxidase. Overall, the studies to date indicate that AMR constitutes a complex series of DSA-induced interactions with components of the innate immune response. The innate immune participants and their expressed effector functions resulting in the rejection are beginning to be identified. The identification of these components should uncover novel targets that can be used to attenuate acute graft tissue injury in the presence of DSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Miyairi
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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28
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Durable natural killer cell responses after heterologous two-dose Ebola vaccination. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:19. [PMID: 33514756 PMCID: PMC7846750 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00280-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are implicated among immune effectors after vaccination against viral pathogens, including Ebola virus. The two-dose heterologous Ebola virus vaccine regimen, adenovirus type 26.ZEBOV followed by modified vaccinia Ankara-BN-Filo (EBOVAC2 consortium, EU Innovative Medicines Initiative), induces NK cell activation and anti-Ebola glycoprotein (GP) antibody-dependent NK cell activation post-dose 1, which is further elevated post-dose 2. Here, in a multicentre, phase 2 clinical trial (EBL2001), we demonstrate durable ex vivo NK cell activation 180 days after dose 2, with responses enriched in CD56bright NK cells. In vitro antibody-dependent responses to immobilised Ebola GP increased after dose 1, and remained elevated compared to pre-vaccination levels in serum collected 180 days later. Peak NK cell responses were observed post-dose 2 and NK cell IFN-γ responses remained significantly elevated at 180 days post-dose 2. Individual variation in NK cell responses were influenced by both anti-Ebola GP antibody concentrations and intrinsic interindividual differences in NK cell functional capacity. In summary, this study demonstrates durable NK cell responses after Ad26.ZEBOV, MVA-BN-Filo Ebola virus vaccination and could inform the immunological evaluation of future iterations of the vaccine regimen and vaccination schedules.
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29
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Menees KB, Earls RH, Chung J, Jernigan J, Filipov NM, Carpenter JM, Lee JK. Sex- and age-dependent alterations of splenic immune cell profile and NK cell phenotypes and function in C57BL/6J mice. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2021; 18:3. [PMID: 33419446 PMCID: PMC7791703 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-021-00214-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Physiological homeostasis decline, immunosenescence, and increased risk for multiple diseases, including neurodegeneration, are all hallmarks of ageing. Importantly, it is known that the ageing process is sex-biased. For example, there are sex differences in predisposition for multiple age-related diseases, including neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases. However, sex differences in age-associated immune phenotypes are not clearly understood. Results Here, we examined the effects of age on immune cell phenotypes in both sexes of C57BL/6J mice with a particular focus on NK cells. We found female-specific spleen weight increases with age and concordant reduction in the number of splenocytes per gram of spleen weight compared to young females. To evaluate sex- and age-associated changes in splenic immune cell composition, we performed flow cytometry analysis. In male mice, we observed an age-associated reduction in the frequencies of monocytes and NK cells; female mice displayed a reduction in B cells, NK cells, and CD8 + T cells and increased frequency of monocytes and neutrophils with age. We then performed a whole blood stimulation assay and multiplex analyses of plasma cytokines and observed age- and sex-specific differences in immune cell reactivity and basal circulating cytokine concentrations. As we have previously illustrated a potential role of NK cells in Parkinson’s disease, an age-related neurodegenerative disease, we further analyzed age-associated changes in NK cell phenotypes and function. There were distinct differences between the sexes in age-associated changes in the expression of NK cell receptors, IFN-γ production, and impairment of α-synuclein endocytosis. Conclusions This study demonstrates sex- and age-specific alterations in splenic lymphocyte composition, circulating cytokine/chemokine profiles, and NK cell phenotype and effector functions. Our data provide evidence that age-related physiological perturbations differ between the sexes which may help elucidate sex differences in age-related diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Parkinson’s disease, where immune dysfunction is implicated in their etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly B Menees
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Rachael H Earls
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jaegwon Chung
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Janna Jernigan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Nikolay M Filipov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jessica M Carpenter
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jae-Kyung Lee
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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Ma L, Li Q, Cai S, Peng H, Huyan T, Yang H. The role of NK cells in fighting the virus infection and sepsis. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:3236-3248. [PMID: 34400893 PMCID: PMC8364442 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.59898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cells, one of the important types of innate immune cells, play a pivotal role in the antiviral process in vivo. It has been shown that increasing NK cell activity may promote the alleviation of viral infections, even severe infection-induced sepsis. Given the current state of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) global pandemic, clarifying the anti-viral function of NK cells would be helpful for revealing the mechanism of host immune responses and decipher the progression of COVID-19 and providing important clues for combating this pandemic. In this review, we summarize the roles of NK cells in viral infection and sepsis as well as the potential possibilities of NK cell-based immunotherapy for treating COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ma
- The Hengyang Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Qi Li
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Suna Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Hourong Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Ting Huyan
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Hui Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
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31
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The Role of Natural Killer (NK) Cells in Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10111514. [PMID: 33167533 PMCID: PMC7694449 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With poor outcomes and an immense financial burden, acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and its ischemic repercussions still present a major global health problem. Unfavorable outcomes seem to be mainly due to adverse cardiac remodeling. Since the inflammatory response takes an important role in remodeling secondary to myocardial infarction (MI), and as inflammation in this manner has not been completely elucidated, we attempted to give rise to a further understanding of ACS pathophysiology. Hence, in this review, we integrated current knowledge of complex communication networks between natural killer (NK) cells and immune and resident heart cells in the context of ACS. Based on available data, the role of NK cells seems to be important in the infarcted myocardium, where it affects heart remodeling. On the other hand, in atherosclerotic plaque, NK cells seem to be mere passers-by, except in the case of chronic infections by atherogenic pathogens. In that case, NK cells seem to support proinflammatory milieu. NK cell research is challenging due to ethical reasons, convergent evolution, and phenotypic diversity among individuals. Therefore, we argue that further research of NK cells in ACS is valuable, given their therapeutic potential in improving postischemic heart remodeling.
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32
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Mace EM, Paust S, Conte MI, Baxley RM, Schmit MM, Patil SL, Guilz NC, Mukherjee M, Pezzi AE, Chmielowiec J, Tatineni S, Chinn IK, Akdemir ZC, Jhangiani SN, Muzny DM, Stray-Pedersen A, Bradley RE, Moody M, Connor PP, Heaps AG, Steward C, Banerjee PP, Gibbs RA, Borowiak M, Lupski JR, Jolles S, Bielinsky AK, Orange JS. Human NK cell deficiency as a result of biallelic mutations in MCM10. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:5272-5286. [PMID: 32865517 PMCID: PMC7524476 DOI: 10.1172/jci134966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human natural killer cell deficiency (NKD) arises from inborn errors of immunity that lead to impaired NK cell development, function, or both. Through the understanding of the biological perturbations in individuals with NKD, requirements for the generation of terminally mature functional innate effector cells can be elucidated. Here, we report a cause of NKD resulting from compound heterozygous mutations in minichromosomal maintenance complex member 10 (MCM10) that impaired NK cell maturation in a child with fatal susceptibility to CMV. MCM10 has not been previously associated with monogenic disease and plays a critical role in the activation and function of the eukaryotic DNA replisome. Through evaluation of patient primary fibroblasts, modeling patient mutations in fibroblast cell lines, and MCM10 knockdown in human NK cell lines, we have shown that loss of MCM10 function leads to impaired cell cycle progression and induction of DNA damage-response pathways. By modeling MCM10 deficiency in primary NK cell precursors, including patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells, we further demonstrated that MCM10 is required for NK cell terminal maturation and acquisition of immunological system function. Together, these data define MCM10 as an NKD gene and provide biological insight into the requirement for the DNA replisome in human NK cell maturation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Silke Paust
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Matilde I. Conte
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ryan M. Baxley
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Megan M. Schmit
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sagar L. Patil
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nicole C. Guilz
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Malini Mukherjee
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics
| | - Ashley E. Pezzi
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics
| | - Jolanta Chmielowiec
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, and
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Swetha Tatineni
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ivan K. Chinn
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and
| | | | - Shalini N. Jhangiani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Donna M. Muzny
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Asbjørg Stray-Pedersen
- Norwegian National Unit for Newborn Screening, Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rachel E. Bradley
- Immunodeficiency Centre for Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Mo Moody
- Immunodeficiency Centre for Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Philip P. Connor
- Immunodeficiency Centre for Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Adrian G. Heaps
- Department of Virology and Immunology, North Cumbria University Hospitals, Carlisle, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Steward
- Department of Paediatric Haematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Pinaki P. Banerjee
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Malgorzata Borowiak
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, and
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
- McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - James R. Lupski
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stephen Jolles
- Immunodeficiency Centre for Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Anja K. Bielinsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jordan S. Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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33
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The role of natural killer cells in Parkinson's disease. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1517-1525. [PMID: 32973221 PMCID: PMC8080760 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-00505-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous lines of evidence indicate an association between sustained inflammation and Parkinson's disease, but whether increased inflammation is a cause or consequence of Parkinson's disease remains highly contested. Extensive efforts have been made to characterize microglial function in Parkinson's disease, but the role of peripheral immune cells is less understood. Natural killer cells are innate effector lymphocytes that primarily target and kill malignant cells. Recent scientific discoveries have unveiled numerous novel functions of natural killer cells, such as resolving inflammation, forming immunological memory, and modulating antigen-presenting cell function. Furthermore, natural killer cells are capable of homing to the central nervous system in neurological disorders that exhibit exacerbated inflammation and inhibit hyperactivated microglia. Recently, a study demonstrated that natural killer cells scavenge alpha-synuclein aggregates, the primary component of Lewy bodies, and systemic depletion of natural killer cells results in exacerbated neuropathology in a mouse model of alpha-synucleinopathy, making them a highly relevant cell type in Parkinson's disease. However, the exact role of natural killer cells in Parkinson's disease remains elusive. In this review, we introduce the systemic inflammatory process seen in Parkinson's disease, with a particular focus on the direct and indirect modulatory capacity of natural killer cells in the context of Parkinson's disease.
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34
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Intra-lineage Plasticity and Functional Reprogramming Maintain Natural Killer Cell Repertoire Diversity. Cell Rep 2020; 29:2284-2294.e4. [PMID: 31747601 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell repertoires are made up of phenotypically distinct subsets with different functional properties. The molecular programs involved in maintaining NK cell repertoire diversity under homeostatic conditions remain elusive. Here, we show that subset-specific NK cell proliferation kinetics correlate with mTOR activation, and global repertoire diversity is maintained through a high degree of intra-lineage subset plasticity during interleukin (IL)-15-driven homeostatic proliferation in vitro. Slowly cycling sorted KIR+CD56dim NK cells with an induced CD57 phenotype display increased functional potential associated with increased transcription of genes involved in adhesion and immune synapse formation. Rapidly cycling cells upregulate NKG2A, display a general loss of functionality, and a transcriptional signature associated with increased apoptosis/cellular stress, actin-remodeling, and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation. These results shed light on the role of intra-lineage plasticity during NK cell homeostasis and suggest that the functional fate of the cell is tightly linked to the acquired phenotype and transcriptional reprogramming.
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35
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Pfefferle A, Jacobs B, Haroun-Izquierdo A, Kveberg L, Sohlberg E, Malmberg KJ. Deciphering Natural Killer Cell Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:812. [PMID: 32477340 PMCID: PMC7235169 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have a central role within the innate immune system, eliminating virally infected, foreign and transformed cells through their natural cytotoxic capacity. Release of their cytotoxic granules is tightly controlled through the balance of a large repertoire of inhibitory and activating receptors, and it is the unique combination of these receptors expressed by individual cells that confers immense diversity both in phenotype and functionality. The diverse, yet unique, NK cell repertoire within an individual is surprisingly stable over time considering the constant renewal of these cells at steady state. Here we give an overview of NK cell differentiation and discuss metabolic requirements, intra-lineage plasticity and transcriptional reprogramming during IL-15-driven homeostatic proliferation. New insights into the regulation of NK cell differentiation and homeostasis could pave the way for the successful implementation of NK cell-based immunotherapy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Pfefferle
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benedikt Jacobs
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alvaro Haroun-Izquierdo
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lise Kveberg
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ebba Sohlberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl-Johan Malmberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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36
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Shimasaki N, Jain A, Campana D. NK cells for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 19:200-218. [PMID: 31907401 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 628] [Impact Index Per Article: 157.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells can swiftly kill multiple adjacent cells if these show surface markers associated with oncogenic transformation. This property, which is unique among immune cells, and their capacity to enhance antibody and T cell responses support a role for NK cells as anticancer agents. Although tumours may develop several mechanisms to resist attacks from endogenous NK cells, ex vivo activation, expansion and genetic modification of NK cells can greatly increase their antitumour activity and equip them to overcome resistance. Some of these methods have been translated into clinical-grade platforms and support clinical trials of NK cell infusions in patients with haematological malignancies or solid tumours, which have yielded encouraging results so far. The next generation of NK cell products will be engineered to enhance activating signals and proliferation, suppress inhibitory signals and promote their homing to tumours. These modifications promise to significantly increase their clinical activity. Finally, there is emerging evidence of increased NK cell-mediated tumour cell killing in the context of molecularly targeted therapies. These observations, in addition to the capacity of NK cells to magnify immune responses, suggest that NK cells are poised to become key components of multipronged therapeutic strategies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Shimasaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amit Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dario Campana
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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37
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Mace EM, Orange JS. Emerging insights into human health and NK cell biology from the study of NK cell deficiencies. Immunol Rev 2019; 287:202-225. [PMID: 30565241 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human NK cells are innate immune effectors that play a critical roles in the control of viral infection and malignancy. The importance of their homeostasis and function can be demonstrated by the study of patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs), which are part of the family of diseases known as inborn defects of immunity. While NK cells are affected in many PIDs in ways that may contribute to a patient's clinical phenotype, a small number of PIDs have an NK cell abnormality as their major immunological defect. These PIDs can be collectively referred to as NK cell deficiency (NKD) disorders and include effects upon NK cell numbers, subsets, and/or functions. The clinical impact of NKD can be severe including fatal viral infection, with particular susceptibility to herpesviral infections, such as cytomegalovirus, varicella zoster virus, and Epstein-Barr virus. While NKD is rare, studies of these diseases are important for defining specific requirements for human NK cell development and homeostasis. New themes in NK cell biology are emerging through the study of both known and novel NKD, particularly those affecting cell cycle and DNA damage repair, as well as broader PIDs having substantive impact upon NK cells. In addition, the discovery of NKD that affects other innate lymphoid cell (ILC) subsets opens new doors for better understanding the relationship between conventional NK cells and other ILC subsets. Here, we describe the biology underlying human NKD, particularly in the context of new insights into innate immune cell function, including a discussion of recently described NKD with accompanying effects on ILC subsets. Given the impact of these disorders upon human immunity with a common focus upon NK cells, the unifying message of a critical role for NK cells in human host defense singularly emerges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
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38
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Ma M, Yin X, Zhao X, Guo C, Zhu X, Liu T, Yang M, Zhang Z, Fu Y, Liu J, Xu J, Ding H, Han X, Chu Z, Shang H, Jiang Y. CD56 - CD16 + NK cells from HIV-infected individuals negatively regulate IFN-γ production by autologous CD8 + T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:1313-1323. [PMID: 31483071 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0819-171rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The percentage of human CD56- CD16+ NK cells increases during chronic infection with human HIV; however, the biologic role of CD56- CD16+ NK cells in HIV infection is unclear. Our results demonstrate that the percentage of CD56- CD16+ NK cells producing IL-10 and TGF-β was higher than CD56dim CD16+ NK cells. CD56- CD16+ NK cells could inhibit IFN-γ production by autologous CD8+ T cells, and this inhibition could be partially reversed by anti-IL-10, anti-TGF-β, or anti-PD-L1 mAbs. CD56- CD16+ NK cells are potential targets for the development of novel immune therapies against HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichen Ma
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowan Yin
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenxi Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mei Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zining Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yajing Fu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haibo Ding
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxu Han
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenxing Chu
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Shang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology (China Medical University), Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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39
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DeWolfe D, Aid M, McGann K, Ghofrani J, Geiger E, Helzer C, Malik S, Kleiboeker S, Jost S, Tan CS. NK Cells Contribute to the Immune Risk Profile in Kidney Transplant Candidates. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1890. [PMID: 31507586 PMCID: PMC6716214 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: A previously proposed immune risk profile (IRP), based on T cell phenotype and CMV serotype, is associated with mortality in the elderly and increased infections post-kidney transplant. To evaluate if NK cells contribute to the IRP and if the IRP can be predicted by a clinical T cell functional assays, we conducted a cross sectional study in renal transplant candidates to determine the incidence of IRP and its association with specific NK cell characteristics and ImmuKnow® value. Material and Methods: Sixty five subjects were enrolled in 5 cohorts designated by age and dialysis status. We determined T and NK cell phenotypes by flow cytometry and analyzed multiple factors contributing to IRP. Results: We identified 14 IRP+ [CMV seropositivity and CD4/CD8 ratio < 1 or being in the highest quintile of CD8+ senescent (28CD–/CD57+) T cells] individuals equally divided amongst the cohorts. Multivariable linear regression revealed a distinct IRP+ group. Age and dialysis status did not predict immune senescence in kidney transplant candidates. NK cell features alone could discriminate IRP– and IRP+ patients, suggesting that NK cells significantly contribute to the overall immune status in kidney transplant candidates and that a combined T and NK cell phenotyping can provide a more detailed IRP definition. ImmuKnow® value was negatively correlated to age and significantly lower in IRP+ patients and predicts IRP when used alone or in combination with NK cell features. Conclusion: NK cells contribute to overall immune senescence in kidney transplant candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David DeWolfe
- Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Malika Aid
- Center for Virology and Vaccines Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kevin McGann
- Center for Virology and Vaccines Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joshua Ghofrani
- Center for Virology and Vaccines Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Emma Geiger
- Center for Virology and Vaccines Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Catherine Helzer
- Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shaily Malik
- Center for Virology and Vaccines Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Stephanie Jost
- Center for Virology and Vaccines Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Chen Sabrina Tan
- Center for Virology and Vaccines Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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40
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Wu C, Espinoza DA, Koelle SJ, Yang D, Truitt L, Schlums H, Lafont BA, Davidson-Moncada JK, Lu R, Kaur A, Hammer Q, Li B, Panch S, Allan DA, Donahue RE, Childs RW, Romagnani C, Bryceson YT, Dunbar CE. Clonal expansion and compartmentalized maintenance of rhesus macaque NK cell subsets. Sci Immunol 2019; 3:3/29/eaat9781. [PMID: 30389798 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aat9781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells recognize and eliminate infected and malignant cells. Their life histories are poorly understood, particularly in humans, due to lack of informative models and endogenous clonal markers. Here, we apply transplantation of barcoded rhesus macaque hematopoietic cells to interrogate the landscape of NK cell production, expansion, and life histories at a clonal level long term and after proliferative challenge. We identify oligoclonal populations of rhesus CD56-CD16+ NK cells that are characterized by marked expansions and contractions over time yet remained long-term clonally uncoupled from other hematopoietic lineages, including CD56+CD16- NK cells. Individual or groups of CD56-CD16+ expanded clones segregated with surface expression of specific killer immunoglobulin-like receptors. These clonally distinct NK cell subpopulation patterns persisted for more than 4 years, including after transient in vivo anti-CD16-mediated depletion and subsequent regeneration. Profound and sustained interleukin-15-mediated depletion was required to generate new oligoclonal CD56-CD16+ NK cells. Together, our results indicate that linear NK cell production from multipotent hematopoietic progenitors or less mature CD56+CD16- cells is negligible during homeostasis and moderate proliferative stress. In such settings, peripheral compartmentalized self-renewal can maintain the composition of distinct, differentiated NK cell subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfeng Wu
- Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Diego A Espinoza
- Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Samson J Koelle
- Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Di Yang
- Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lauren Truitt
- Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Heinrich Schlums
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bernard A Lafont
- Viral Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jan K Davidson-Moncada
- Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Clinical Development and Translational Research, MacroGenics Inc. Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Rong Lu
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amitinder Kaur
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Quirin Hammer
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum-A Leibnitz Institute, Charite Medical University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Brian Li
- Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sandhya Panch
- Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David A Allan
- Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert E Donahue
- Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard W Childs
- Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chiara Romagnani
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum-A Leibnitz Institute, Charite Medical University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yenan T Bryceson
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Cynthia E Dunbar
- Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Reed RG, Presnell SR, Al-Attar A, Lutz CT, Segerstrom SC. Perceived stress, cytomegalovirus titers, and late-differentiated T and NK cells: Between-, within-person associations in a longitudinal study of older adults. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 80:266-274. [PMID: 30885843 PMCID: PMC6660394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and psychological stress are implicated as drivers of immunological aging. It is unknown, however, whether associations among CMV titers, stress, and immune aging are more stable or dynamic over time. The present investigation tested the between-person (stable differences) and within-person (dynamic fluctuations) associations of CMV titers and perceived stress on late-differentiated T and natural killer (NK) peripheral blood cells in a longitudinal study of older adults aged 64-92 years (N = 149). Participants reported stress levels and provided blood biannually for 2.5 years (up to 5 waves per person) to assess CMV IgG titers and composites of late-differentiated CD8 T cells (CD28- and CD57 + subsets) and CD56dim NK cells (CD57+, NKG2C+, and FcεRIγ- subsets). In multilevel models that controlled for demographic variables, higher CMV titers were associated with higher proportions and counts of aged T and NK cells between people and lower counts of aged T cells within people. Perceived stress was associated with higher counts of aged T cells between people, but was not associated with aged NK cells. A significant interaction between stress and CMV titers on T cells between people indicated that older adults with lower stress levels and lower CMV titers had the lowest proportions of late-differentiated T cells, whereas those with higher stress levels had high proportions, regardless of CMV control. Our results provide evidence for longer-term, between-person associations among CMV titers, stress, and immunological aging, rather than dynamic within-person associations. We propose that targeting factors that promote low, stable perceived stress in older adults may retard T cell differentiation and ultimately support healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca G Reed
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.
| | - Steven R Presnell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Ahmad Al-Attar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Charles T Lutz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Suzanne C Segerstrom
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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Hervier B, Russick J, Cremer I, Vieillard V. NK Cells in the Human Lungs. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1263. [PMID: 31275301 PMCID: PMC6593268 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung offers one of the largest exchange surfaces of the individual with the elements of the environment. As a place of important interactions between self and non-self, the lung is richly endowed in various immune cells. As such, lung natural killer (NK) cells play major effector and immunoregulatory roles to ensure self-integrity. A better understanding of their abilities in health and diseases has been made possible over the past decade thanks to tremendous discoveries in humans and animals. By precisely distinguishing the different NK cell subsets and dissecting the ontogeny and differentiation of NK cells, both blood and tissue-resident NK populations now appear to be much more pleiotropic than previously thought. In light of these recent findings in healthy individuals, this review describes the different lung NK cell populations quantitatively, qualitatively, phenotypically, and functionally. Their identification, immunological diversity, and adaptive capacities are also addressed. For each of these elements, the impact of the mutual interactions of lung NK cells with environmental and microenvironmental factors are questioned in terms of functionality, competence, and adaptive capacities. As pulmonary diseases are major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, special attention is also given to the involvement of lung NK cells in various diseases, including infectious, inflammatory, autoimmune, and neoplastic lung diseases. In addition to providing a comprehensive overview of lung NK cell biology, this review also provides insight into the potential of NK cell immunotherapy and the development of targeted biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Hervier
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, Paris, France
| | - Jules Russick
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMR S1138, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Cremer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMR S1138, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Vieillard
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, Paris, France
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43
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Memory NK Cell Features Exploitable in Anticancer Immunotherapy. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:8795673. [PMID: 30882007 PMCID: PMC6381560 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8795673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides their innate ability to rapidly produce effector cytokines and kill virus-infected or transformed cells, natural killer (NK) cells display a strong capability to adapt to environmental modifications and to differentiate into long-lived, hyperfunctional populations, dubbed memory or memory-like NK cells. Despite significant progress in the field of NK cell-based immunotherapies, some factors including their short life span and the occurrence of a tumor-dependent functional exhaustion have limited their clinical efficacy so that strategies aimed at overcoming these limitations represent one of the main current challenges in the field. In this scenario, the exploitation of NK cell memory may have a considerable potential. This article summarizes recent evidence in the literature on the peculiar features that render memory NK cells an attractive tool for antitumor immunotherapy, including their long-term survival and in vivo persistence, the resistance to tumor-dependent immunosuppressive microenvironment, the amplified functional responses to IgG-opsonized tumor cells, and in vitro expansion capability. Along with highlighting these issues, we speculate that memory NK cell-based adoptive immunotherapy settings would greatly take advantage from the combination with tumor-targeting therapeutic antibodies (mAbs), as a strategy to fully unleash their clinical efficacy.
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Sharma R, Kumari M, Kumari A, Sharma A, Gulati A, Gupta M, Padwad Y. Diet supplemented with phytochemical epigallocatechin gallate and probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum confers second generation synbiotic effects by modulating cellular immune responses and antioxidant capacity in aging mice. Eur J Nutr 2019; 58:2943-2957. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-01890-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kaszubowska L, Foerster J, Schetz D, Kmieć Z. CD56bright cells respond to stimulation until very advanced age revealing increased expression of cellular protective proteins SIRT1, HSP70 and SOD2. Immun Ageing 2018; 15:31. [PMID: 30534181 PMCID: PMC6262966 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-018-0136-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NK cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes of innate immunity composed of: cytotoxic CD56dim and immunoregulatory CD56bright cells. The study aimed to analyze the expression of cellular protective proteins: sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2) in CD56dim and CD56bright NK cells of the young, seniors aged under 85 ('the old') and seniors aged over 85 ('the oldest'). We studied both non-stimulated NK cells and cells stimulated by IL-2, LPS or PMA with ionomycin. The expression level of proinflammatory cytokines TNF and IFN-γ was also assessed in NK cell subsets and some relationships between the studied parameters were analyzed. RESULTS CD56bright cells showed sensitivity to most of the applied stimulatory agents until very advanced age in regards to the expression of SIRT1 and intracellular HSP70. On the contrary, CD56dim cells, sensitive to stimulation by most of the stimulatory agents in the young and the old, in the oldest lost this sensitivity and presented rather high, constant expression of SIRT1 and HSP70, resistant to further stimulation. With reference to SOD2 expression, CD56dim cells were insensitive to stimulation in the young, but their sensitivity increased with ageing. CD56bright cells were sensitive to most of the applied agents in the young and the old but in the oldest they responded to all of the stimulatory agents used in the study. Similarly, both NK cell subsets were sensitive to stimulation until very advanced age in regards to the expression of TNF and IFN-γ. CONCLUSIONS CD56bright cells maintained sensitivity to stimulation until very advanced age presenting also an increased expression of SIRT1 and HSP70. CD56dim cells showed a constantly increased expression of these cellular protective proteins in the oldest, insensitive for further stimulation. The oldest, however, did not reveal an increased level of SOD2 expression, but it was significantly elevated in both NK cell subsets after stimulation.The pattern of expression of the studied cellular protective proteins in ageing process revealed the adaptation of NK cells to stress response in the oldest seniors which might accompany the immunosenescence and contribute to the long lifespan of this group of the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucyna Kaszubowska
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jerzy Foerster
- Department of Social and Clinical Gerontology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Daria Schetz
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębowa 23, 80-204 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Kmieć
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
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46
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Cooper GE, Ostridge K, Khakoo SI, Wilkinson TMA, Staples KJ. Human CD49a + Lung Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity in Response to Influenza A Virus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1671. [PMID: 30079068 PMCID: PMC6062652 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a major global public health burden due to its routine evasion of immunization strategies. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate cytotoxic cells with important antiviral activity in the human body, yet the function of these cells in the control of IAV infection is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the role of lung NK cell cytotoxic responses to IAV. Human lung explants were infected ex vivo with IAV, and lung NK cell activation was analyzed by flow cytometry. Cytotoxic responses of NK cell subsets against IAV-infected macrophages were measured by flow cytometry and ELISA. Despite reports of hypofunctionality in the pulmonary environment, human lung-associated NK cells responded rapidly to ex vivo IAV infection, with upregulation of surface CD107a 24 h post-infection. The lung NK cell phenotype is similar in maturity and differentiation to NK cells of the peripheral blood but a unique CD56brightCD49a+CD103+CD69+ NK cell population was identified in the lung, indicating NK cell residency within this organ. In response to ex vivo IAV infection a greater proportion of resident CD56brightCD49a+ NK cells expressed surface CD107a compared with CD56brightCD49a− NK cells, suggesting a hyperfunctional NK cell population may be present within human lung tissue and could be the result of innate immunological training. Furthermore, NK cells provided significant antiviral, cytotoxic activity following contact with influenza-infected cells, including the production and release of IFN-γ and granzyme-B resulting in macrophage cell death. These results suggest that a resident, trained NK cell population are present in the human lung and may provide early and important control of viral infection. A greater understanding of this resident mucosal population may provide further insight into the role of these cells in controlling viral infection and generating appropriate adaptive immunity to IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Cooper
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Kristoffer Ostridge
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Salim I Khakoo
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Tom M A Wilkinson
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Wessex Investigational Sciences Hub, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Karl J Staples
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Wessex Investigational Sciences Hub, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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47
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Rivas JL, Palencia T, Fernández G, García M. Association of T and NK Cell Phenotype With the Diagnosis of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS). Front Immunol 2018; 9:1028. [PMID: 29867995 PMCID: PMC5954087 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a pathological condition characterized by incapacitating fatigue and a combination of neurologic, immunologic, and endocrine symptoms. At present its diagnosis is based exclusively on clinical criteria. Several studies have described altered immunologic profiles; therefore, we proposed to further examine the more significant differences, particularly T and NK cell subpopulations that could be conditioned by viral infections, to discern their utility in improving the diagnosis and characterization of the patients. The study included 76 patients that fulfilled the revised Canadian Consensus Criteria (CCC 2010) for ME/CFS and 73 healthy controls, matched for age and gender. Immunophenotyping of different T cell and natural killer cell subpopulations in peripheral blood was determined by flow cytometry. ME/CFS patients showed significantly lower values of T regulatory cells (CD4+CD25++(high)FOXP3+) and higher NKT-like cells (CD3+CD16+/-CD56+) than the healthy individuals. Regarding NK phenotypes, NKG2C was significantly lower and NKCD69 and NKCD56 bright were significantly higher in the patients group. A classification model was generated using the more relevant cell phenotype differences (NKG2C and T regulatory cells) that was able to classify the individuals as ME/CFS patients or healthy in a 70% of cases. The observed differences in some of the subpopulations of T and NK cells between patients and healthy controls could define a distinct immunological profile that can help in the diagnostic process of ME/CFS patients, contribute to the recognition of the disease and to the search of more specific treatments. However, more studies are needed to corroborate these findings and to contribute to establish a consensus in diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guerau Fernández
- Bioinformatics Unit, Genetics and Molecular Medicine Service, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Milagros García
- ME/CFS Unit, ASSSEMBiomédics, Barcelona, Spain.,Immunology Department, Biomedical Diagnostic Center, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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48
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Tsao TM, Tsai MJ, Hwang JS, Cheng WF, Wu CF, Chou CCK, Su TC. Health effects of a forest environment on natural killer cells in humans: an observational pilot study. Oncotarget 2018; 9:16501-16511. [PMID: 29662662 PMCID: PMC5893257 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Health effect assessments based on natural killer (NK) cells are an important emerging area of human health. We recruited 90 forest staff members in Xitou, Taiwan and 110 urban staff members in Taipei to investigate the health effects of forest environment exposure on NK cells (CD3−/CD56+) and activating NK cells (CD3−/CD56+/CD69+) in humans. We also invited 11 middle-aged volunteers in a pilot study to participate in a five-day/four-night forest trip to Xitou forest to investigate the health effects of a forest trip on NK cells and activating NK cells. Results showed that NK cells were higher in the forest group (19.5 ± 9.1%) than in the urban group (16.4 ± 8.4%). In particular, the percentage of NK cells was significantly higher in the forest group than in the urban group among the subgroups of male, a higher body mass index (≥ 25 kg/m2), without hypertension, lower high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, hyperglycemia, without smoking habit, and with tea drinking habit. After the five-day trip in Xitou forest, the percentage of activating NK cells of the invited participants from Taipei increased significantly after the trip to Xitou forest (0.83 ± 0.39% vs. 1.72 ± 0.1%). The percentage of activating NK cells was 1.13 ± 0.43%, which was higher than the baseline value of 0.77 ± 0.38% before the forest trip among the seven subjects who participated in the follow-up study four days after returning to Taipei. This study suggests that exposure to forest environments might enhance the immune response of NK cells and activating NK cells in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Ming Tsao
- The Experimental Forest, National Taiwan University, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jer Tsai
- The Experimental Forest, National Taiwan University, Nantou, Taiwan.,School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Wen-Fang Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Fu Wu
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Charles-C K Chou
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Chen Su
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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49
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The Role of Immunosenescence in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:6039171. [PMID: 29706800 PMCID: PMC5863336 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6039171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is characterized by the progressive decline of physiological function and tissue homeostasis leading to increased vulnerability, degeneration, and death. Aging-related changes of the innate and adaptive immune system include decline in the preservation and enhancement of many immune functions, such as changes in the number of circulating monocytic and dendritic cells, thymic involution, T cell polyfunctionality, or production of proinflammatory cytokines, and are defined as immunosenescence. Inflammatory functions are increased with age, causing the chronic low-grade inflammation, referred to as inflamm-aging, that contribute, together with immunosenescence, to neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we discuss the link between the immune and nervous systems and how the immunosenescence and inflamm-aging can contribute to neurodegenerative diseases.
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50
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Hoffman F, Gavaghan D, Osborne J, Barrett I, You T, Ghadially H, Sainson R, Wilkinson R, Byrne H. A mathematical model of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). J Theor Biol 2018; 436:39-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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