1
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Yu Q, Ding J, Li S, Li Y. Autophagy in cancer immunotherapy: Perspective on immune evasion and cell death interactions. Cancer Lett 2024; 590:216856. [PMID: 38583651 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Both the innate and adaptive immune systems work together to produce immunity. Cancer immunotherapy is a novel approach to tumor suppression that has arisen in response to the ineffectiveness of traditional treatments like radiation and chemotherapy. On the other hand, immune evasion can diminish immunotherapy's efficacy. There has been a lot of focus in recent years on autophagy and other underlying mechanisms that impact the possibility of cancer immunotherapy. The primary feature of autophagy is the synthesis of autophagosomes, which engulf cytoplasmic components and destroy them by lysosomal degradation. The planned cell death mechanism known as autophagy can have opposite effects on carcinogenesis, either increasing or decreasing it. It is autophagy's job to maintain the balance and proper functioning of immune cells like B cells, T cells, and others. In addition, autophagy controls whether macrophages adopt the immunomodulatory M1 or M2 phenotype. The ability of autophagy to control the innate and adaptive immune systems is noteworthy. Interleukins and chemokines are immunological checkpoint chemicals that autophagy regulates. Reducing antigen presentation to induce immunological tolerance is another mechanism by which autophagy promotes cancer survival. Therefore, targeting autophagy is of importance for enhancing potential of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yu
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jiajun Ding
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Shisen Li
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yunlong Li
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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2
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Pandey R, Chiu CC, Wang LF. Immunotherapy Study on Non-small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Combined with Cytotoxic T Cells and miRNA34a. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:1364-1381. [PMID: 38291993 PMCID: PMC10915804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising approach for cancer treatment, and the use of microRNAs (miRNAs) as therapeutic agents has gained significant attention. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of immunotherapy utilizing miRNA34a and Jurkat T cells in inducing cell death in non-small-cell lung cancer cells, specifically A549 cells. Moreover, we explored the impact of Jurkat T cell activation and miRNA34a delivery using iron oxide nanorods (IONRs) on the killing of cancer cells. A549 cells were cocultured with both activated and inactivated Jurkat T cells, both before and after the delivery of miRNA34a. Surprisingly, our results revealed that even inactive Jurkat T cells were capable of inducing cell death in cancer cells. This unexpected observation suggested the presence of alternative mechanisms by which Jurkat T cells can exert cytotoxic effects on cancer cells. We stimulated Jurkat T cells using anti-CD3/CD28 and analyzed their efficacy in killing A549 compared to that of the inactive Jurkat T cells in conjunction with miRNA34a. Our findings indicated that the activation of Jurkat T cells significantly enhanced their cytotoxic potential against cancer cells compared to their inactive counterparts. The combined treatment of A549 cells with activated Jurkat T cells and miRNA34a demonstrated the highest level of cancer cell death, suggesting a synergistic effect between Jurkat T cell activation and miRNA therapy. Besides the apoptosis mechanism for the Jurkat T cells' cytotoxic effects on A549 cells, we furthermore investigated the ferroptosis pathway, which was found to have an impact on the cancer cell killing due to the presence of miRNA34a and IONRs as the delivery agent inside the cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Pandey
- Department
of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung
Medical University, No. 100 Shih-Chuan first Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chih Chiu
- Department
of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100 Shih-Chuan first Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department
of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University
Hospital, No.100 Tzyou
first Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Li-Fang Wang
- Department
of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung
Medical University, No. 100 Shih-Chuan first Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department
of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University
Hospital, No.100 Tzyou
first Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Institute
of Medical Science and Technology, National
Sun Yat-Sen University, No.70 Lien-Hai Road, Kaohsiung 804201, Taiwan
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3
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Bullen CK, Singh AK, Krug S, Lun S, Thakur P, Srikrishna G, Bishai WR. MDA5 RNA-sensing pathway activation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis promotes innate immune subversion and pathogen survival. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e166242. [PMID: 37725440 PMCID: PMC10619499 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.166242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Host cytosolic sensing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) RNA by the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) family perturbs innate immune control within macrophages; however, a distinct role of MDA5, a member of the RLR family, in M. tuberculosis pathogenesis has yet to be fully elucidated. To further define the role of MDA5 in M. tuberculosis pathogenesis, we evaluated M. tuberculosis intracellular growth and innate immune responses in WT and Mda5-/- macrophages. Transfection of M. tuberculosis RNA strongly induced proinflammatory cytokine production in WT macrophages, which was abrogated in Mda5-/- macrophages. M. tuberculosis infection in macrophages induced MDA5 protein expression, accompanied by an increase in MDA5 activation as assessed by multimer formation. IFN-γ-primed Mda5-/- macrophages effectively contained intracellular M. tuberculosis proliferation to a markedly greater degree than WT macrophages. Further comparisons of WT versus Mda5-/- macrophages revealed that during M. tuberculosis infection MDA5 contributed to IL-1β production and inflammasome activation and that loss of MDA5 led to a substantial increase in autophagy. In the mouse TB model, loss of MDA5 conferred host survival benefits with a concomitant reduction in M. tuberculosis bacillary burden. These data reveal that loss of MDA5 is host protective during M. tuberculosis infection in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that M. tuberculosis exploits MDA5 to subvert immune containment.
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4
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Fu H, Zhang P, Zhao XD, Zhong XY. Interfering with Rac1-activation during neonatal monocyte-macrophage differentiation influences the inflammatory responses of M1 macrophages. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:619. [PMID: 37735499 PMCID: PMC10514032 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06150-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a life-threatening, inflammatory disease affecting premature infants with intestinal necrosis, but the mechanism remains unclear. Neonatal macrophages are thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of NEC through the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Restriction of cytokine expression in macrophages of NEC tissues may be beneficial. In adult macrophages, interfering with Rac1 has been shown to influence the expression of cytokines. Here, we investigated whether interfering with Rac1 in neonatal macrophages affects their inflammatory responses. First, we found that Rac1-activation was upregulated in the macrophages of rats with NEC model induction compared to controls. The M1 macrophages derived from human neonatal monocytes showed greater Rac1-activation than the M2 macrophages derived from the same monocytes. Inhibition of Rac1-activation by NSC23766 potently reduced the production of proinflammatory cytokines in these M1 macrophages. While neonatal monocytes differentiated into M1 macrophages in vitro, NSC23766 significantly altered cell function during the first six days of incubation with GM-CSF rather than during the subsequent stimulation phase. However, the same effect of NSC23766 was not observed in adult macrophages. Using mass spectrometry, Y-box binding protein 1 (YB1) was identified as being downregulated upon inhibition of Rac1-activation in the neonatal macrophages. Moreover, we found that inhibition of Rac1-activation shortens the poly A tail of PABPC1 mRNA, thereby reducing the translation of PABPC1 mRNA. Consequently, the downregulation of PABPC1 resulted in a reduced translation of YB1 mRNA. Furthermore, we found that TLR4 expression was downregulated in neonatal macrophages, while YB1 expression was reduced. Adding resatorvid (TLR4 signaling inhibitor) to the macrophages treated with NSC23766 did not further reduce the cytokine expression. These findings reveal a novel Rac1-mediated pathway to inhibit cytokine expression in neonatal M1 macrophages and suggest potential targets for the prevention or treatment of NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 401147, Chongqing, China.
- Department of Pediatrics, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, 401147, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Research Center for Prevention & Control of Maternal and Child Diseases and Public Health, 401147, Chongqing, China.
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 401147, Chongqing, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, 401147, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400014, Chongqing, China.
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400014, Chongqing, China.
| | - Xiao-Yun Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 401147, Chongqing, China.
- Department of Pediatrics, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, 401147, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Research Center for Prevention & Control of Maternal and Child Diseases and Public Health, 401147, Chongqing, China.
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5
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Chiou JT, Wu YY, Lee YC, Chang LS. BCL2L1 inhibitor A-1331852 inhibits MCL1 transcription and triggers apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 215:115738. [PMID: 37562509 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
BH3 mimetics exert anticancer activity by inhibiting anti-apoptotic BCL2 proteins. However, accumulating evidence indicates that the off-target effects of these drugs tightly modulates their anticancer activities. In this study, we investigated whether the BCL2L1 inhibitor A-1331852 induced the death of U937 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells through a non-BCL2L1-targeted effect. A-1331852-induced apoptosis in U937 cells was characterized by increased ROS production, downregulation of MCL1, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Ectopic expression of MCL1 alleviated A-1331852-induced mitochondrial depolarization and cytotoxicity in U937 cells. A-1331852-induced ROS production increased p38 MAPK phosphorylation and inhibited MCL1 transcription. Inhibition of p38 MAPK activation restored MCL1 expression in A-1331852-treated cells. A-1331852 triggered p38 MAPK-mediated Cullin 3 downregulation, which in turn increased PP2Acα expression, thereby reducing CREB phosphorylation. A-1331852 reduced the binding of CREB to the MCL1 promoter, leading to the inhibition of CREB-mediated MCL1 transcription. Furthermore, A-1331852 acted synergistically with the BCL2 inhibitor ABT-199 to induce U937 and ABT-199-resistant U937 cell death by inhibiting MCL1 expression. A similar phenomenon caused A-1331852-induced MCL1 downregulation and cytotoxicity in AML HL-60 cells. Collectively, our data suggest that A-1331852 shows an off-target effect of inhibiting MCL1 transcription, ultimately leading to U937 and HL-60 cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ting Chiou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ying Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chin Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Long-Sen Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
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6
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Souza-Costa LP, Andrade-Chaves JT, Andrade JM, Costa VV, Franco LH. Uncovering new insights into the role of the ubiquitin ligase Smurf1 on the regulation of innate immune signaling and resistance to infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1185741. [PMID: 37228615 PMCID: PMC10203584 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1185741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense against infections. Innate immune cells express pattern recognition receptors in distinct cellular compartments that are responsible to detect either pathogens-associated molecules or cellular components derived from damaged cells, to trigger intracellular signaling pathways that lead to the activation of inflammatory responses. Inflammation is essential to coordinate immune cell recruitment, pathogen elimination and to keep normal tissue homeostasis. However, uncontrolled, misplaced or aberrant inflammatory responses could lead to tissue damage and drive chronic inflammatory diseases and autoimmunity. In this context, molecular mechanisms that tightly regulate the expression of molecules required for the signaling of innate immune receptors are crucial to prevent pathological immune responses. In this review, we discuss the ubiquitination process and its importance in the regulation of innate immune signaling and inflammation. Then, we summarize the roles of Smurf1, a protein that works on ubiquitination, on the regulation of innate immune signaling and antimicrobial mechanisms, emphasizing its substrates and highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target for infectious and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Pedro Souza-Costa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Josiane Teixeira Andrade-Chaves
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Juvana Moreira Andrade
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vivian Vasconcelos Costa
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luis Henrique Franco
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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7
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Pei T, Dai Y, Tan X, Geng A, Li S, Gui Y, Hu C, An J, Yu X, Bao X, Wang D. Yupingfeng San exhibits anticancer effect in hepatocellular carcinoma cells via the MAPK pathway revealed by HTS 2 technology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 306:116134. [PMID: 36627003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Yupingfeng San (YPFS) is a classic rousing prescription in Chinese medicine, with widly clinical application and remarkably curative effect. It consists of three herbs named Astragalus mongholicus Bunge (Huangqi), Atractylodes rubra Dekker (Baizhu) and Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk. (Fangfeng), and has a variety of pharmacological activities including immune regulation, antioxidant, anti-tumor, regulation of cytokines, etc. AIM OF THE STUDY: It has been proved that YPFS exerts its anti-tumor effect through enhancing the systemic and local immune responses in tumor patients, moreover, it has the direct tumor-suppressing effect and can reduce the adverse reactions caused by radiotherapy and chemotherapy drugs. Therefore, in this study, we explored the potential anti-HCC mechanism of YPFS based on HTS2 technology and systems pharmacology, aiming to provide a scientific basis for the clinical application of YPFS and a new strategy for Chinese medicine research. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, systems pharmacology plus high throughput sequencing-based high throughput screening (HTS2) technology, and experimental validation were used to investigate the therapeutic mechanisms and the chemical basis of YPFS in HCC treatment. Firstly, the potential therapeutic targets and signaling pathways of YPFS in the treatment of HCC were obtained through systems pharmacology. Subsequently, HTS2 technology combined with PPI network analysis were used to reveal potential therapeutic targets. Finally, the anti-HCC effects and underlying mechanisms of YPFS were further verified in vitro in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Moreover, the possible chemical basis was explored by drug target verification and molecular docking technology. RESULTS In total, 183 active ingredients were predicted by YPFS screening and 49 anti-HCC targets were further identified. Most of these targets were enriched into the "MAPK pathway", and the expression of 37 genes was significantly changed after herb treatment. Among them, 5 key targets, including VEGFA, GRB2, JUN, PDGFRB and CDC42, were predicted by protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. According to our results, YPFS inhibited the proliferation, induced the apoptosis and caused cell cycle arrest of HCC cells. In addition, YPFS significantly reduced P38 gene expression. Fangfeng, one of the three herbs in YPFS, significantly down-regulated the expression of more target genes than that of the other two herbs. Lastly, as revealed by molecular docking analysis, 4'-O-glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol, an active ingredient identified in Fangfeng, showed a high affinity for P38. CONCLUSION Taken together, this study shows that YPFS possesses the activities of anti-proliferation and pro-apoptosis in treating HCC, which are achieved by inhibiting the MAPK signaling pathway. P38 is one of the critical targets of YPFS in treating HCC, which may be directly bound and inhibited by 4'-O-glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol, a compound derived from YPFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianli Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yifei Dai
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xue Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Aiai Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Shengrong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yu Gui
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Chao Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jun An
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xiankuo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xilinqiqige Bao
- Medical Innovation Center for Nationalities, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot City, 010110, China.
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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8
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Chen X, Liu X, Cai D, Wang W, Cui C, Yang J, Xu X, Li Z. Sequencing-based network analysis provides a core set of genes for understanding hemolymph immune response mechanisms against Poly I:C stimulation in Amphioctopus fangsiao. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 133:108544. [PMID: 36646339 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic viruses can spread rapidly and widely in seawater for their high infective ability. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C), a viral dsRNA analog, is an immunostimulant that has been proved to activate various immune responses of immune cells in invertebrate. Hemolymph is a critical site that host immune response in invertebrates, and its transcriptome information obtained from Amphioctopus fangsiao stimulated by Poly I:C is crucial for understanding the antiviral molecular mechanisms of this species. In this study, we analyzed gene expression data in A. fangsiao hemolymph tissue within 24 h under Poly I:C stimulation and found 1082 and 299 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 6 and 24 h, respectively. Union set (1,369) DEGs were selected for subsequent analyses. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional enrichment analyses were carried out for identifying DEGs related to immunity. Several significant immune-related terms and pathways, such as toll-like receptor signaling pathways term, inflammatory response term, TNF signaling pathway, and chemokine signaling pathway were identified. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed for examining the relationships among immune-related genes. Finally, 12 hub genes, including EGFR, ACTG1, MAP2K1, and other nine hub genes, were identified based on the KEGG enrichment analysis and PPI network. The quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to verify the expression profile of 12 hub genes. This research provides a reference for solving the problem of high mortality of A. fangsiao and other mollusks and provides a reference for the future production of some disease-resistant A. fangsiao.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xipan Chen
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Xiumei Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Dequan Cai
- Weihai Marine Development Research Institute, Weihai, 264200, China
| | - Weijun Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Cuiju Cui
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Jianmin Yang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
| | - Zan Li
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
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9
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Boccuni L, Podgorschek E, Schmiedeberg M, Platanitis E, Traxler P, Fischer P, Schirripa A, Novoszel P, Nebreda AR, Arthur JSC, Fortelny N, Farlik M, Sexl V, Bock C, Sibilia M, Kovarik P, Müller M, Decker T. Stress signaling boosts interferon-induced gene transcription in macrophages. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabq5389. [PMID: 36512641 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abq5389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Promoters of antimicrobial genes function as logic boards, integrating signals of innate immune responses. One such set of genes is stimulated by interferon (IFN) signaling, and the expression of these genes [IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs)] can be further modulated by cell stress-induced pathways. Here, we investigated the global effect of stress-induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling on the response of macrophages to IFN. In response to cell stress that coincided with IFN exposure, the p38 MAPK-activated transcription factors CREB and c-Jun, in addition to the IFN-activated STAT family of transcription factors, bound to ISGs. In addition, p38 MAPK signaling induced activating histone modifications at the loci of ISGs and stimulated nuclear translocation of the CREB coactivator CRTC3. These actions synergistically enhanced ISG expression. Disrupting this synergy with p38 MAPK inhibitors improved the viability of macrophages infected with Listeria monocytogenes. Our findings uncover a mechanism of transcriptional synergism and highlight the biological consequences of coincident stress-induced p38 MAPK and IFN-stimulated signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Boccuni
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Vienna 1030, Austria.,University of Vienna, Center for Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Elke Podgorschek
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Vienna 1030, Austria.,University of Vienna, Center for Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Moritz Schmiedeberg
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Vienna 1030, Austria.,University of Vienna, Center for Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Ekaterini Platanitis
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Vienna 1030, Austria.,University of Vienna, Center for Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Peter Traxler
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria.,Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Philipp Fischer
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Vienna 1030, Austria.,University of Vienna, Center for Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Alessia Schirripa
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Philipp Novoszel
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Angel R Nebreda
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain.,ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - J Simon C Arthur
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology and University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.,Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Building, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Nikolaus Fortelny
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria.,Computational Systems Biology Group, Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria
| | - Matthias Farlik
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria.,Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria.,Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Maria Sibilia
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Pavel Kovarik
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Vienna 1030, Austria.,University of Vienna, Center for Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Thomas Decker
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Vienna 1030, Austria.,University of Vienna, Center for Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Vienna 1030, Austria
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10
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Xu Z, Li X, Ding Z, Zhang Y, Peng Z, Yang X, Cao W, Du R. LRPPRC inhibits autophagy and promotes foam cell formation in atherosclerosis. FEBS J 2022; 289:7545-7560. [PMID: 35792704 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Lipid-laden macrophages are considered as the main source of foam cells in atherosclerosis; however, the mechanism for macrophage foam cell formation remains unknown. Here, we explore the mechanism behind foam cell formation to potentially identify a novel treatment for atherosclerosis. Our data demonstrated that leucine-rich pentatricopeptide repeat-containing protein (LRPPRC) increased in the atherosclerotic plaques of LDLR-/- mice fed with a Western diet. LRPPRC was also upregulated in mice peritoneal macrophages and RAW 264.7 cells treated with oxidative low density lipoprotein, whereas knockdown of LRPPRC by transfecting with small interfering (Si)-LRPPRC in RAW 264.7 cells decreased foam cell formation. Furthermore, Si-LRPPRC promoted autophagy and increased the expression of cholesterol efflux protein ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 in RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, intervention with MHY1485 in RAW 264.7 cells revealed that autophagy was inhibited by LRPPRC via the Akt-mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway. Taken together, we confirm for the first time that LRPPRC is increased within the atherosclerotic plaques of mice and enhances the process of foam cell formation. The knockdown of LRPPRC inhibited foam cell formation by activating macrophage autophagy. Our findings indicate that the regulation of macrophage LRPPRC expression may be a novel strategy for ameliorating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinran Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiquan Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiwei Peng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wangsen Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ronghui Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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11
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Chen X, Li Y, Bao X, Zhang E, Cui C, Liu X, Luo Q, Yang J, Li Z, Xu X. Transcriptome profiling based on protein-protein networks provides a core set of genes for understanding blood immune response mechanisms against LPS stress in Amphioctopus fangsiao. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 136:104509. [PMID: 35963309 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria are significant pathogens in the ocean, posing serious threats to marine organisms. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a characteristic chemical constituent in Gram-negative bacteria that can be recognized by the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) of immune cells. This system is often used to simulate the invasion of bacteria. Blood is a transport channel for immune cells, and its transcriptome information obtained from Amphioctopus fangsiao stimulated by LPS is essential for understanding the antibacterial biological mechanisms of this species. In this study, we analyzed the gene expression profiles of A. fangsiao blood within 24h under LPS stress and found 778 and 561 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 6 and 24h, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional enrichment analyses were performed to search for immune-related DEGs. The relationships among immune genes were examined by constructing a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Finally, 16 hub genes were identified based on the PPI network and KEGG enrichment analysis. The expression profiles of these genes were verified using quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). This research provides valuable resources for the healthy culture of A. fangsiao and helps us understand the molecular mechanisms of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xipan Chen
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Xiaokai Bao
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Enshuo Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Cuiju Cui
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Xiumei Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Qihao Luo
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China; Yantai Haiyu Marine Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Yantai, 264004, China
| | - Jianmin Yang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Zan Li
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
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12
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Liu X, Ye M, Ma L. The emerging role of autophagy and mitophagy in tauopathies: From pathogenesis to translational implications in Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1022821. [PMID: 36325189 PMCID: PMC9618726 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1022821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease, affecting more than 55 million individuals worldwide in 2021. In addition to the "amyloid hypothesis," an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that phosphorylated tau plays an important role in AD pathogenesis. Both soluble tau oligomers and insoluble tau aggregates in the brain can induce structural and functional neuronal damage through multiple pathways, eventually leading to memory deficits and neurodegeneration. Autophagy is an important cellular response to various stress stimuli and can generally be categorized into non-selective and selective autophagy. Recent studies have indicated that both types of autophagy are involved in AD pathology. Among the several subtypes of selective autophagy, mitophagy, which mediates the selective removal of mitochondria, has attracted increasing attention because dysfunctional mitochondria have been suggested to contribute to tauopathies. In this review, we summarize the latest findings on the bidirectional association between abnormal tau proteins and defective autophagy, as well as mitophagy, which might constitute a vicious cycle in the induction of neurodegeneration. Neuroinflammation, another important feature in the pathogenesis and progression of AD, has been shown to crosstalk with autophagy and mitophagy. Additionally, we comprehensively discuss the relationship between neuroinflammation, autophagy, and mitophagy. By elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms governing these pathologies, we highlight novel therapeutic strategies targeting autophagy, mitophagy and neuroinflammation, such as those using rapamycin, urolithin, spermidine, curcumin, nicotinamide, and actinonin, for the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Liu
- Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, China
- Wuhan Hospital for Psychotherapy, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng Ye
- Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, China
- Wuhan Hospital for Psychotherapy, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, China
- Wuhan Hospital for Psychotherapy, Wuhan, China
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13
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Autophagy in Cancer Immunotherapy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11192996. [PMID: 36230955 PMCID: PMC9564118 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a stress-induced process that eliminates damaged organelles and dysfunctional cargos in cytoplasm, including unfolded proteins. Autophagy is involved in constructing the immunosuppressive microenvironment during tumor initiation and progression. It appears to be one of the most common processes involved in cancer immunotherapy, playing bidirectional roles in immunotherapy. Accumulating evidence suggests that inducing or inhibiting autophagy contributes to immunotherapy efficacy. Hence, exploring autophagy targets and their modifiers to control autophagy in the tumor microenvironment is an emerging strategy to facilitate cancer immunotherapy. This review summarizes recent studies on the role of autophagy in cancer immunotherapy, as well as the molecular targets of autophagy that could wake up the immune response in the tumor microenvironment, aiming to shed light on its immense potential as a therapeutic target to improve immunotherapy.
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14
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Zhou C, Bai XY. Strategies for the induction of anti-inflammatory mesenchymal stem cells and their application in the treatment of immune-related nephropathy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:891065. [PMID: 36059816 PMCID: PMC9437354 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.891065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have potent immunomodulatory functions. Animal studies and clinical trials have demonstrated that MSCs can inhibit immune/inflammatory response in tissues and have good therapeutic effects on a variety of immune-related diseases. However, MSCs currently used for treatment are a mixed, undefined, and heterogeneous cell population, resulting in inconsistent clinical treatment effects. MSCs have dual pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory regulatory functions in different environments. In different microenvironments, the immunomodulatory function of MSCs has plasticity; therefore, MSCs can transform into pro-inflammatory MSC1 or anti-inflammatory MSC2 phenotypes. There is an urgent need to elucidate the molecular mechanism that induces the phenotypic transition of MSCs to pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory MSCs and to develop technical strategies that can induce the transformation of MSCs to the anti-inflammatory MSC2 phenotype to provide a theoretical basis for the future clinical use of MSCs in the treatment of immune-related nephropathy. In this paper, we summarize the relevant strategies and mechanisms for inducing the transformation of MSCs into the anti-inflammatory MSC2 phenotype and enhancing the immunosuppressive function of MSCs.
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15
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Miao J, Li F, Zhang M, Zhou C, Ren W, Hu X, Li N, Lei L. Carnosine Synthase 1 Contributes to Interferon Gamma-Induced Arginine Depletion via Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase 11 Signaling in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2022; 42:501-512. [PMID: 35900262 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2022.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginine is one of the host semiessential amino acids with diverse biological activities, and arginine depletion is associated with the incidence of many diseases. Arginine depletion induced by diet-derived interferon gamma (IFN-γ) leads to malignant transformation and impaired milk quality in healthy lactating bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). However, the molecular mechanism of IFN-γ-induced arginine depletion is unclear. In this study, the BMEC cell line, mammary alveolar cells-large T antigen cells (MAC-T), was stimulated with IFN-γ (10 ng/mL) for 24 h, and cellular arginine and ornithine quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Carnosine synthase 1 (CARNS1) was identified from RNA-seq data, CARNS1 knockdown was achieved using an shRNA interfering plasmid. The expression levels of CARNS1, argininosuccinate synthetase 1 (ASS1), mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 (p38 MAPK), and phosphorylated (p)-p38, and their cognate genes, were analyzed by Western blotting and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that IFN-γ inhibited the biosynthesis of arginine, but enhanced its catalysis via disruption of key enzymes involved in arginine metabolism. IFN-γ also inhibited the expression of CARNS1, ASS1, and cationic amino acid transporter 1, while activating the expression and phosphorylation of p38. However, knockdown of CARNS1 reduced arginine level and ASS1 expression and block of either the IFN-γ receptor IFN-γ receptor 2 or p38 relieved both the expression of Carnosine synthase 1 (CARNS1) and ASS1. In summary, these results indicate that IFN-γ induced arginine depletion through inhibition of CARNS1 signaling via activation of p38 in BMECs. These findings provide a novel insight for IFN-γ-related disease control strategies in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Miao
- Department of Preventative Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Fengyang Li
- Department of Preventative Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Meina Zhang
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Changhai Zhou
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Wenbo Ren
- Department of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Xiuhong Hu
- Department of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Preventative Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Liancheng Lei
- Department of Preventative Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
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16
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Macrophages disseminate pathogen associated molecular patterns through the direct extracellular release of the soluble content of their phagolysosomes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3072. [PMID: 35654768 PMCID: PMC9163141 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30654-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of pathogen-or-damage-associated molecular patterns is critical to inflammation. However, most pathogen-or-damage-associated molecular patterns exist within intact microbes/cells and are typically part of non-diffusible, stable macromolecules that are not optimally immunostimulatory or available for immune detection. Partial digestion of microbes/cells following phagocytosis potentially generates new diffusible pathogen-or-damage-associated molecular patterns, however, our current understanding of phagosomal biology would have these molecules sequestered and destroyed within phagolysosomes. Here, we show the controlled release of partially-digested, soluble material from phagolysosomes of macrophages through transient, iterative fusion-fission events between mature phagolysosomes and the plasma membrane, a process we term eructophagy. Eructophagy is most active in proinflammatory macrophages and further induced by toll like receptor engagement. Eructophagy is mediated by genes encoding proteins required for autophagy and can activate vicinal cells by release of phagolysosomally-processed, partially-digested pathogen associated molecular patterns. We propose that eructophagy allows macrophages to amplify local inflammation through the processing and dissemination of pathogen-or-damage-associated molecular patterns. The detection of conserved motifs by pattern recognition receptors is a crucial component of the innate detection of pathogens and danger signals via conserved pattern recognition receptors. Here the authors define a pathway that transfers partially digested material from the phagolysosomal pathway of macrophages to release at the plasma membrane which is associated with enhanced inflammatory potential, by a process they introduce as eructophagy.
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17
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Kang MS, Park CY, Lee GY, Cho DH, Kim SJ, Han SN. Effects of in vitro vitamin D treatment on function of T cells and autophagy mechanisms in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Nutr Res Pract 2021; 15:673-685. [PMID: 34858547 PMCID: PMC8601947 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2021.15.6.673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Obesity is associated with the impaired regulation of T cells characterized by increased numbers of Th1 and Th17 cells and the dysregulation of vitamin D metabolism. Both obesity and vitamin D have been reported to affect autophagy; however, a limited number of studies have investigated the effects of vitamin D on T cell autophagy in obese mice. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether in vitro treatment with vitamin D affects the proliferation, function, and autophagy of T cells from obese and control mice. MATERIALS/METHODS Five-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were fed control or high-fat diets (10% or 45% kcal fat: CON or HFDs, respectively) for 12 weeks. Purified T cells were stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies and cultured with either 10 nM 1,25(OH)2D3 or 0.1% ethanol (vehicle control). The proliferative response; expression of CD25, Foxp3, RORγt, and autophagy-related proteins (LC3A/B, SQSTM1/P62, BECLIN-1, ATG12); and the production of interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-17A, and IL-10 by T cells were measured. RESULTS Compared with the CON group, T cell proliferation tended to be lower, and the production of IFN-γ was higher in the HFD group. IL-17A production was reduced by 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment in both groups. The LC3 II/I ratio was higher in the HFD group than the CON group, but P62 did not differ. We observed no effect of vitamin D treatment on T cell autophagy. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that diet-induced obesity may impair the function and inhibit autophagy of T cells, possibly leading to the dysregulation of T cell homeostasis, which may be behind the aggravation of inflammation commonly observed in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Su Kang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Chan Yoon Park
- Department of Food & Nutrition, College of Health Science, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong 18323, Korea
| | - Ga Young Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Da Hye Cho
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - So Jeong Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sung Nim Han
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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18
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Chatterjee S, Yabaji SM, Rukhlenko OS, Bhattacharya B, Waligurski E, Vallavoju N, Ray S, Kholodenko BN, Brown LE, Beeler AB, Ivanov AR, Kobzik L, Porco JA, Kramnik I. Channeling macrophage polarization by rocaglates increases macrophage resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. iScience 2021; 24:102845. [PMID: 34381970 PMCID: PMC8333345 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages contribute to host immunity and tissue homeostasis via alternative activation programs. M1-like macrophages control intracellular bacterial pathogens and tumor progression. In contrast, M2-like macrophages shape reparative microenvironments that can be conducive for pathogen survival or tumor growth. An imbalance of these macrophages phenotypes may perpetuate sites of chronic unresolved inflammation, such as infectious granulomas and solid tumors. We have found that plant-derived and synthetic rocaglates sensitize macrophages to low concentrations of the M1-inducing cytokine IFN-gamma and inhibit their responsiveness to IL-4, a prototypical activator of the M2-like phenotype. Treatment of primary macrophages with rocaglates enhanced phagosome-lysosome fusion and control of intracellular mycobacteria. Thus, rocaglates represent a novel class of immunomodulators that can direct macrophage polarization toward the M1-like phenotype in complex microenvironments associated with hypofunction of type 1 and/or hyperactivation of type 2 immunity, e.g., chronic bacterial infections, allergies, and, possibly, certain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujoy Chatterjee
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Shivraj M. Yabaji
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Oleksii S. Rukhlenko
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Bidisha Bhattacharya
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Emily Waligurski
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Nandini Vallavoju
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Somak Ray
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Boris N. Kholodenko
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Lauren E. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Aaron B. Beeler
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alexander R. Ivanov
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lester Kobzik
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John A. Porco
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Igor Kramnik
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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19
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Smyth R, Sun J. Protein Kinase R in Bacterial Infections: Friend or Foe? Front Immunol 2021; 12:702142. [PMID: 34305942 PMCID: PMC8297547 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.702142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The global antimicrobial resistance crisis poses a significant threat to humankind in the coming decades. Challenges associated with the development of novel antibiotics underscore the urgent need to develop alternative treatment strategies to combat bacterial infections. Host-directed therapy is a promising new therapeutic strategy that aims to boost the host immune response to bacteria rather than target the pathogen itself, thereby circumventing the development of antibiotic resistance. However, host-directed therapy depends on the identification of druggable host targets or proteins with key functions in antibacterial defense. Protein Kinase R (PKR) is a well-characterized human kinase with established roles in cancer, metabolic disorders, neurodegeneration, and antiviral defense. However, its role in antibacterial defense has been surprisingly underappreciated. Although the canonical role of PKR is to inhibit protein translation during viral infection, this kinase senses and responds to multiple types of cellular stress by regulating cell-signaling pathways involved in inflammation, cell death, and autophagy – mechanisms that are all critical for a protective host response against bacterial pathogens. Indeed, there is accumulating evidence to demonstrate that PKR contributes significantly to the immune response to a variety of bacterial pathogens. Importantly, there are existing pharmacological modulators of PKR that are well-tolerated in animals, indicating that PKR is a feasible target for host-directed therapy. In this review, we provide an overview of immune cell functions regulated by PKR and summarize the current knowledge on the role and functions of PKR in bacterial infections. We also review the non-canonical activators of PKR and speculate on the potential mechanisms that trigger activation of PKR during bacterial infection. Finally, we provide an overview of existing pharmacological modulators of PKR that could be explored as novel treatment strategies for bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Smyth
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jim Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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20
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Role of Herbal Teas in Regulating Cellular Homeostasis and Autophagy and Their Implications in Regulating Overall Health. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072162. [PMID: 34201882 PMCID: PMC8308238 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tea is one of the most popular and widely consumed beverages worldwide, and possesses numerous potential health benefits. Herbal teas are well-known to contain an abundance of polyphenol antioxidants and other ingredients, thereby implicating protection and treatment against various ailments, and maintaining overall health in humans, although their mechanisms of action have not yet been fully identified. Autophagy is a conserved mechanism present in organisms that maintains basal cellular homeostasis and is essential in mediating the pathogenesis of several diseases, including cancer, type II diabetes, obesity, and Alzheimer’s disease. The increasing prevalence of these diseases, which could be attributed to the imbalance in the level of autophagy, presents a considerable challenge in the healthcare industry. Natural medicine stands as an effective, safe, and economical alternative in balancing autophagy and maintaining homeostasis. Tea is a part of the diet for many people, and it could mediate autophagy as well. Here, we aim to provide an updated overview of popular herbal teas’ health-promoting and disease healing properties and in-depth information on their relation to autophagy and its related signaling molecules. The present review sheds more light on the significance of herbal teas in regulating autophagy, thereby improving overall health.
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21
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Rai P, Janardhan KS, Meacham J, Madenspacher JH, Lin WC, Karmaus PWF, Martinez J, Li QZ, Yan M, Zeng J, Grinstaff MW, Shirihai OS, Taylor GA, Fessler MB. IRGM1 links mitochondrial quality control to autoimmunity. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:312-321. [PMID: 33510463 PMCID: PMC7906953 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-00859-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial abnormalities have been noted in lupus, but the causes and consequences remain obscure. Autophagy-related genes ATG5, ATG7 and IRGM have been previously implicated in autoimmune disease. We reasoned that failure to clear defective mitochondria via mitophagy might be a foundational driver in autoimmunity by licensing mitochondrial DNA-dependent induction of type I interferon. Here, we show that mice lacking the GTPase IRGM1 (IRGM homolog) exhibited a type I interferonopathy with autoimmune features. Irgm1 deletion impaired the execution of mitophagy with cell-specific consequences. In fibroblasts, mitochondrial DNA soiling of the cytosol induced cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-dependent type I interferon, whereas in macrophages, lysosomal Toll-like receptor 7 was activated. In vivo, Irgm1-/- tissues exhibited mosaic dependency upon nucleic acid receptors. Whereas salivary and lacrimal gland autoimmune pathology was abolished and lung pathology was attenuated by cGAS and STING deletion, pancreatic pathology remained unchanged. These findings reveal fundamental connections between mitochondrial quality control and tissue-selective autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Rai
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Kyathanahalli S Janardhan
- Cellular & Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Julie Meacham
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer H Madenspacher
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Wan-Chi Lin
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Peer W F Karmaus
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Microarray Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mei Yan
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Microarray Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jialiu Zeng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark W Grinstaff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Orian S Shirihai
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gregory A Taylor
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael B Fessler
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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22
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Nguyen JA, Yates RM. Better Together: Current Insights Into Phagosome-Lysosome Fusion. Front Immunol 2021; 12:636078. [PMID: 33717183 PMCID: PMC7946854 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.636078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Following phagocytosis, the nascent phagosome undergoes maturation to become a phagolysosome with an acidic, hydrolytic, and often oxidative lumen that can efficiently kill and digest engulfed microbes, cells, and debris. The fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes is a principal driver of phagosomal maturation and is targeted by several adapted intracellular pathogens. Impairment of this process has significant consequences for microbial infection, tissue inflammation, the onset of adaptive immunity, and disease. Given the importance of phagosome-lysosome fusion to phagocyte function and the many virulence factors that target it, it is unsurprising that multiple molecular pathways have evolved to mediate this essential process. While the full range of these pathways has yet to be fully characterized, several pathways involving proteins such as members of the Rab GTPases, tethering factors and SNAREs have been identified. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge to clarify the ambiguities in the field and construct a more comprehensive phagolysosome formation model. Lastly, we discuss how other cellular pathways help support phagolysosome biogenesis and, consequently, phagocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny A Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Robin M Yates
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Cumming School of Medicine, Snyder Institute of Chronic Disease, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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23
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Zhao W, Gao B, Liu C, Zhang B, Shan C, Deng J, Wan Q, Wang X, Zhao R, Gao L, Ao P, Xiao P, Gao H. High pathogenicity island is associated with enhanced autophagy in pathogenic Escherichia coli HPI - infected macrophages. Res Vet Sci 2021; 135:113-120. [PMID: 33465603 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
High pathogenicity island (HPI), which is widely distributed in Escherichia coli (E. coli), can enhance the pathogenicity of E. coli. Thus the HPI positive E. coli could pose a threat to human and animal health. It remains to be elucidated how HPI affects the virulence of pathogenic E. coli. Autophagy is an important mechanism to maintain cellular homeostasis and an innate immunity responses of organisms against pathogens. The interaction between pathogenic E. coli possessing HPI (E. coli HPI) and host autophagy system has not been reported. In this study, it was demonstrated that pathogenic E. coli induced autophagy in 3D4/21 macrophages and HPI was associated with enhanced autophagy through transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence and real-time PCR. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is an important negative regulatory pathway for autophagy. Through detecting the expression of key genes of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, it was speculated that HPI enhanced the inhibition of the signaling pathway stimulated by pathogenic E. coli. Furthermore, HPI inhibited the secretion of IFN-γ, while the presence of HPI did not significantly affect the secretion of IL-1β. This work is the first attempt to explore the interplay between HPI carried by pathogenic E. coli and host cell autophagy. The findings might enable better understanding of the contribution of HPI to pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhao
- College of food science and technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Bin Gao
- College of food science and technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Chang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Chunlan Shan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jing Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Quan Wan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ru Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Libo Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Pingxing Ao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Hong Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
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24
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Liu WN, Jiang XY, Xu YZ, Sun XH, Wu KX, Hu XL, Lin Y, Lin LR, Tong ML, Liu LL. Treponema pallidum Dysregulates Monocytes and Promotes the Expression of IL-1β and Migration in Monocytes Through the mTOR Signaling Pathway. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:592864. [PMID: 33282751 PMCID: PMC7691244 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.592864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are widely involved in the body's defense response, and abnormally regulated monocyte subsets are closely related to the pathogenesis of various diseases. It is unclear whether Treponema pallidum (Tp) dysregulates monocyte subsets and impacts the functions of monocytes. This study aims to analyze the distribution of monocyte subsets in syphilis patients and the effect of Tp on monocyte functions to explore the pathogenesis of syphilis. Flow cytometry was employed to detect monocyte subsets. With or without pre-treatment with rapamycin, THP-1 cell migration stimulated by Tp was investigated by a Transwell migration assay, and THP-1 cell phagocytosis was studied using fluorescent microspheres. IL-1β and TNF-α expression was quantified by PCR and flow cytometry, while LC3 and mTOR were investigated in Tp-exposed THP-1 cells using western blotting. Tp infection led to an increase in the proportion of CD14++CD16+ monocytes and a decrease in the proportion of CD14++CD16- monocytes. In addition, Tp promoted monocyte (THP-1) CD14 and CD16 expression in vitro, induced the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner and promoted the migration and autophagy of monocytes. Furthermore, mTOR phosphorylation on monocytes was stimulated by Tp, and the levels peaked at 30 min. Pre-treatment with rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor) attenuated the expression of IL-1β and migration in Tp-exposed THP-1 cells. Tp abnormally regulates monocyte subsets and promotes migration, autophagy, and the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α in THP-1 cells. Meanwhile, the mTOR affected the expression of IL-1β and migration in Tp-exposed THP-1 cells. This study is important as it sheds light on the mechanism by which monocytes interact with Tp during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Na Liu
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital, School of Medical, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital, School of Medical, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yan-Zhu Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital, School of Medical, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiao-Han Sun
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital, School of Medical, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Kai-Xuan Wu
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital, School of Medical, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xin-Lin Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital, School of Medical, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yong Lin
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital, School of Medical, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Li-Rong Lin
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital, School of Medical, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Man-Li Tong
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital, School of Medical, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Li-Li Liu
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital, School of Medical, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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25
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Lara-Reyna S, Poulter JA, Vasconcelos EJR, Kacar M, McDermott MF, Tooze R, Doffinger R, Savic S. Identification of Critical Transcriptomic Signaling Pathways in Patients with H Syndrome and Rosai-Dorfman Disease. J Clin Immunol 2020; 41:441-457. [PMID: 33284430 PMCID: PMC7858559 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-020-00932-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Biallelic mutations in SLC29A3 cause histiocytosis-lymphadenopathy plus syndrome, also known as H syndrome (HS). HS is a complex disorder, with ~ 25% of patients developing autoinflammatory complications consisting of unexplained fevers, persistently elevated inflammatory markers, and unusual lymphadenopathies, with infiltrating CD68+, S100+, and CD1a- histiocytes, resembling the immunophenotype found in Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD). We investigated the transcriptomic profiles of monocytes, non-activated (M0), classically activated (M1), and alternatively activated macrophages (M2) in two patients with HS, one without autoinflammatory (HS1) and one with autoinflammatory complications (HS2). RNA sequencing revealed a dysregulated transcriptomic profile in both HS patients compared to healthy controls (HC). HS2, when compared to HS1, had several differentially expressed genes, including genes associated with lymphocytic-histiocytic predominance (e.g. NINL) and chronic immune activation (e.g. B2M). The transcriptomic and cytokine profiles of HS patients were comparable to patients with SAID with high levels of TNF. SERPINA1 gene expression was found to be upregulated in all patients studied. Moreover, higher levels of IFNγ were found in the serum of both HS patients when compared to HC. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of the DEGs in HS patients revealed the terms "type I IFN," "IFNγ signaling pathway," and "immune responses" as the top 3 most significant terms for monocytes. Gene expression analysis of lymph node biopsies from sporadic and H syndrome-associated RDD suggests common underlying pathological process. In conclusion, monocytes and macrophages from both HS patients showed transcriptomic profiles similar to SAIDs and also uniquely upregulated IFNγ signature. These findings may help find better therapeutic options for this rare disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Lara-Reyna
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.,Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - James A Poulter
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.,Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | | | - Mark Kacar
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Michael F McDermott
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Reuben Tooze
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Rainer Doffinger
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Sinisa Savic
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK. .,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
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26
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Targeting autophagy to overcome drug resistance: further developments. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:159. [PMID: 33239065 PMCID: PMC7687716 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-01000-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibiting cell survival and inducing cell death are the main approaches of tumor therapy. Autophagy plays an important role on intracellular metabolic homeostasis by eliminating dysfunctional or unnecessary proteins and damaged or aged cellular organelles to recycle their constituent metabolites that enable the maintenance of cell survival and genetic stability and even promotes the drug resistance, which severely limits the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs. Currently, targeting autophagy has a seemingly contradictory effect to suppress and promote tumor survival, which makes the effect of targeting autophagy on drug resistance more confusing and fuzzier. In the review, we summarize the regulation of autophagy by emerging ways, the action of targeting autophagy on drug resistance and some of the new therapeutic approaches to treat tumor drug resistance by interfering with autophagy-related pathways. The full-scale understanding of the tumor-associated signaling pathways and physiological functions of autophagy will hopefully open new possibilities for the treatment of tumor drug resistance and the improvement in clinical outcomes.
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27
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Bustos SO, Antunes F, Rangel MC, Chammas R. Emerging Autophagy Functions Shape the Tumor Microenvironment and Play a Role in Cancer Progression - Implications for Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2020; 10:606436. [PMID: 33324568 PMCID: PMC7724038 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.606436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex environment where cancer cells reside and interact with different types of cells, secreted factors, and the extracellular matrix. Additionally, TME is shaped by several processes, such as autophagy. Autophagy has emerged as a conserved intracellular degradation pathway for clearance of damaged organelles or aberrant proteins. With its central role, autophagy maintains the cellular homeostasis and orchestrates stress responses, playing opposite roles in tumorigenesis. During tumor development, autophagy also mediates autophagy-independent functions associated with several hallmarks of cancer, and therefore exerting several effects on tumor suppression and/or tumor promotion mechanisms. Beyond the concept of degradation, new different forms of autophagy have been described as modulators of cancer progression, such as secretory autophagy enabling intercellular communication in the TME by cargo release. In this context, the synthesis of senescence-associated secretory proteins by autophagy lead to a senescent phenotype. Besides disturbing tumor treatment responses, autophagy also participates in innate and adaptive immune signaling. Furthermore, recent studies have indicated intricate crosstalk between autophagy and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), by which cancer cells obtain an invasive phenotype and metastatic potential. Thus, autophagy in the cancer context is far broader and complex than just a cell energy sensing mechanism. In this scenario, we will discuss the key roles of autophagy in the TME and surrounding cells, contributing to cancer development and progression/EMT. Finally, the potential intervention in autophagy processes as a strategy for cancer therapy will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina Odete Bustos
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Antunes
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Rangel
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roger Chammas
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo, Brazil
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28
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Neupane AS, Willson M, Chojnacki AK, Vargas E Silva Castanheira F, Morehouse C, Carestia A, Keller AE, Peiseler M, DiGiandomenico A, Kelly MM, Amrein M, Jenne C, Thanabalasuriar A, Kubes P. Patrolling Alveolar Macrophages Conceal Bacteria from the Immune System to Maintain Homeostasis. Cell 2020; 183:110-125.e11. [PMID: 32888431 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During respiration, humans breathe in more than 10,000 liters of non-sterile air daily, allowing some pathogens access to alveoli. Interestingly, alveoli outnumber alveolar macrophages (AMs), which favors alveoli devoid of AMs. If AMs, like most tissue macrophages, are sessile, then this numerical advantage would be exploited by pathogens unless neutrophils from the blood stream intervened. However, this would translate to omnipresent persistent inflammation. Developing in vivo real-time intravital imaging of alveoli revealed AMs crawling in and between alveoli using the pores of Kohn. Importantly, these macrophages sensed, chemotaxed, and, with high efficiency, phagocytosed inhaled bacterial pathogens such as P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, cloaking the bacteria from neutrophils. Impairing AM chemotaxis toward bacteria induced superfluous neutrophil recruitment, leading to inappropriate inflammation and injury. In a disease context, influenza A virus infection impaired AM crawling via the type II interferon signaling pathway, and this greatly increased secondary bacterial co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Sharma Neupane
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Michelle Willson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | | | - Fernanda Vargas E Silva Castanheira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Christopher Morehouse
- Microbial Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Agostina Carestia
- Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ashley Elaine Keller
- Microbial Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Moritz Peiseler
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Antonio DiGiandomenico
- Microbial Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Margaret Mary Kelly
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Matthias Amrein
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Craig Jenne
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ajitha Thanabalasuriar
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal Canada H3G1Y6; Microbial Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Paul Kubes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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29
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Sanchez-Garrido J, Shenoy AR. Regulation and repurposing of nutrient sensing and autophagy in innate immunity. Autophagy 2020; 17:1571-1591. [PMID: 32627660 PMCID: PMC8354595 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1783119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrients not only act as building blocks but also as signaling molecules. Nutrient-availability promotes cell growth and proliferation and suppresses catabolic processes, such as macroautophagy/autophagy. These effects are mediated by checkpoint kinases such as MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase), which is activated by amino acids and growth factors, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which is activated by low levels of glucose or ATP. These kinases have wide-ranging activities that can be co-opted by immune cells upon exposure to danger signals, cytokines or pathogens. Here, we discuss recent insight into the regulation and repurposing of nutrient-sensing responses by the innate immune system during infection. Moreover, we examine how natural mutations and pathogen-mediated interventions can alter the balance between anabolic and autophagic pathways leading to a breakdown in tissue homeostasis and/or host defense.Abbreviations: AKT1/PKB: AKT serine/threonine kinase 1; ATG: autophagy related; BECN1: beclin 1; CGAS: cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; EIF2AK4/GCN2: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 4; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; FFAR: free fatty acid receptor; GABARAP: GABA type A receptor-associated protein; IFN: interferon; IL: interleukin; LAP: LC3-associated phagocytosis; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MAP3K7/TAK1: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NLR: NOD (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain) and leucine-rich repeat containing proteins; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PRR: pattern-recognition receptor; PtdIns3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; RALB: RAS like proto-oncogene B; RHEB: Ras homolog, MTORC1 binding; RIPK1: receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 1; RRAG: Ras related GTP binding; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; STING1/TMEM173: stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1; STK11/LKB1: serine/threonine kinase 11; TBK1: TANK binding kinase 1; TLR: toll like receptor; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; TRAF6: TNF receptor associated factor 6; TRIM: tripartite motif protein; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; V-ATPase: vacuolar-type H+-proton-translocating ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sanchez-Garrido
- Medical Research Council Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Avinash R Shenoy
- Medical Research Council Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Satellite Group Leader, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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30
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Lee YC, Shi YJ, Wang LJ, Chiou JT, Huang CH, Chang LS. GSK3β suppression inhibits MCL1 protein synthesis in human acute myeloid leukemia cells. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:570-586. [PMID: 32572959 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) suppression is a potential strategy for human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) therapy. However, the cytotoxic mechanism associated with GSK3β suppression remains unresolved. Thus, the underlying mechanism of N-(4-methoxybenzyl)-N'-(5-nitro-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)urea (AR-A014418)-elicited GSK3β suppression in the induction of AML U937 and HL-60 cell death was investigated in this study. Our study revealed that AR-A014418-induced MCL1 downregulation remarkably elicited apoptosis of U937 cells. Furthermore, the AR-A014418 treatment increased p38 MAPK phosphorylation and decreased the phosphorylated Akt and ERK levels. Activation of p38 MAPK subsequently evoked autophagic degradation of 4EBP1, while Akt inactivation suppressed mTOR-mediated 4EBP1 phosphorylation. Furthermore, AR-A014418-elicited ERK inactivation inhibited Mnk1-mediated eIF4E phosphorylation, which inhibited MCL1 mRNA translation in U937 cells. In contrast to GSK3α, GSK3β downregulation recapitulated the effect of AR-A014418 in U937 cells. Transfection of constitutively active GSK3β or cotransfection of constitutively activated MEK1 and Akt suppressed AR-A014418-induced MCL1 downregulation. Moreover, AR-A014418 sensitized U937 cells to ABT-263 (BCL2/BCL2L1 inhibitor) cytotoxicity owing to MCL1 suppression. Collectively, these results indicate that AR-A014418-induced GSK3β suppression inhibits ERK-Mnk1-eIF4E axis-modulated de novo MCL1 protein synthesis and thereby results in U937 cell apoptosis. Our findings also indicate a similar pathway underlying AR-A014418-induced death in human AML HL-60 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Chin Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jun Shi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Jun Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ting Chiou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hui Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Long-Sen Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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31
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He Z, Yang Y, Xing Z, Zuo Z, Wang R, Gu H, Qi F, Yao Z. Intraperitoneal injection of IFN-γ restores microglial autophagy, promotes amyloid-β clearance and improves cognition in APP/PS1 mice. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:440. [PMID: 32514180 PMCID: PMC7280212 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2644-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a major self-degradative process that maintains cellular homeostasis and function in mammalian cells. Autophagic dysfunction occurs in the early pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and directly regulates amyloid-β (Aβ) metabolism. Although it has been proven that the cytokine IFN-γ enhances autophagy in macrophage cell lines, whether the signaling cascade is implicated in Aβ degradation in AD mouse models remains to be elucidated. Here, we found that 9 days of the intraperitoneal administration of IFN-γ significantly increased the LC3II/I ratio and decreased the level of p62 in APP/PS1 mice, an AD mouse model. In vitro, IFN-γ protected BV2 cells from Aβ toxicity by upregulating the expressions of Atg7 and Atg5 and the LC3II/I ratio, whereas these protective effects were ablated by interference with Atg5 expression. Moreover, IFN-γ enhanced autophagic flux, probably through suppressing the AKT/mTOR pathway both in vivo and in vitro. Importantly, using intravital two-photon microscopy and fluorescence staining, we found that microglia interacted with exogenous IFN-γ and Aβ, and surrounded Aβ in APP/PS1;CX3CR1-GFP+/− mice. In addition, IFN-γ treatment decreased the Aβ plaque load in the cortex and hippocampus and rescued cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 mice. Our data suggest a possible mechanism by which the peripheral injection of IFN-γ restores microglial autophagy to induce the phagocytosis of cerebral Aβ, which represents a potential therapeutic approach for the use of exogenous IFN-γ in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitian He
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan No. 2 Road, 510080, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan No. 2 Road, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunjie Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan No. 2 Road, 510080, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan No. 2 Road, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Xing
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan No. 2 Road, 510080, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan No. 2 Road, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zejie Zuo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan No. 2 Road, 510080, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan No. 2 Road, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan No. 2 Road, 510080, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan No. 2 Road, 510080, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huaiyu Gu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan No. 2 Road, 510080, Guangzhou, China. .,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan No. 2 Road, 510080, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Fangfang Qi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan No. 2 Road, 510080, Guangzhou, China. .,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan No. 2 Road, 510080, Guangzhou, China. .,Teaching and Research Bureau of Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510120, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhibin Yao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan No. 2 Road, 510080, Guangzhou, China. .,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan No. 2 Road, 510080, Guangzhou, China.
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Sharma B, Dabur R. Role of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines in Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Metabolism: A Systematic Review. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:2161-2188. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666181129095309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Metabolic pathways perturbations lead to skeletal muscular atrophy in the
cachexia and sarcopenia due to increased catabolism. Pro-inflammatory cytokines induce the catabolic
pathways that impair the muscle integrity and function. Hence, this review primarily concentrates
on the effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines in regulation of skeletal muscle metabolism.
Objective:
This review will discuss the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in skeletal muscles during
muscle wasting conditions. Moreover, the coordination among the pro-inflammatory cytokines
and their regulated molecular signaling pathways which increase the protein degradation will be
discussed.
Results:
During normal conditions, pro-inflammatory cytokines are required to balance anabolism
and catabolism and to maintain normal myogenesis process. However, during muscle wasting their
enhanced expression leads to marked destructive metabolism in the skeletal muscles. Proinflammatory
cytokines primarily exert their effects by increasing the expression of calpains and E3
ligases as well as of Nf-κB, required for protein breakdown and local inflammation. Proinflammatory
cytokines also locally suppress the IGF-1and insulin functions, hence increase the
FoxO activation and decrease the Akt function, the central point of carbohydrates lipid and protein
metabolism.
Conclusion:
Current advancements have revealed that the muscle mass loss during skeletal muscular
atrophy is multifactorial. Despite great efforts, not even a single FDA approved drug is available
in the market. It indicates the well-organized coordination among the pro-inflammatory cytokines
that need to be further understood and explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana-124001, India
| | - Rajesh Dabur
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana-124001, India
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33
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Lübow C, Bockstiegel J, Weindl G. Lysosomotropic drugs enhance pro-inflammatory responses to IL-1β in macrophages by inhibiting internalization of the IL-1 receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 175:113864. [PMID: 32088265 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-1 signaling leads to production of pro-inflammatory mediators and is regulated by receptor endocytosis. Lysosomotropic drugs have been linked to increased pro-inflammatory responses under sterile inflammatory conditions but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Here, we report that lysosomotropic drugs potentiate pro-inflammatory effects in response to IL-1β via a mechanism involving reactive oxygen species, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and reduced IL-1 receptor internalization. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine increased IL-1β-induced CXCL8 secretion in macrophages which was critically dependent on the lysosomotropic character and inhibition of macroautophagy but independent from the NLRP3 inflammasome. Co-stimulation with the autophagy inducer interferon gamma attenuated CXCL8 release. Other lysosomotropic drugs like bafilomycin A1, fluoxetine and chlorpromazine but also the endocytosis inhibitor dynasore showed similar pro-inflammatory responses. Increased cell surface expression of IL-1 receptor suggests reduced receptor degradation in the presence of lysosomotropic drugs. Our findings provide new insights into a potentially crucial immunoregulatory mechanism in macrophages that may explain how lysosomotropic drugs drive sterile inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Lübow
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Germany; University of Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Section Pharmacology and Toxicology, Germany
| | - Judith Bockstiegel
- University of Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Section Pharmacology and Toxicology, Germany
| | - Günther Weindl
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Germany; University of Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Section Pharmacology and Toxicology, Germany.
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34
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Rosas-Ballina M, Guan XL, Schmidt A, Bumann D. Classical Activation of Macrophages Leads to Lipid Droplet Formation Without de novo Fatty Acid Synthesis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:131. [PMID: 32132994 PMCID: PMC7040478 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered lipid metabolism in macrophages is associated with various important inflammatory conditions. Although lipid metabolism is an important target for therapeutic intervention, the metabolic requirement involved in lipid accumulation during pro-inflammatory activation of macrophages remains incompletely characterized. We show here that macrophage activation with IFNγ results in increased aerobic glycolysis, iNOS-dependent inhibition of respiration, and accumulation of triacylglycerol. Surprisingly, metabolite tracing with 13C-labeled glucose revealed that the glucose contributed to the glycerol groups in triacylglycerol (TAG), rather than to de novo synthesis of fatty acids. This is in stark contrast to the otherwise similar metabolism of cancer cells, and previous results obtained in activated macrophages and dendritic cells. Our results establish a novel metabolic pathway whereby glucose provides glycerol to the headgroup of TAG during classical macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xue Li Guan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alexander Schmidt
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Bumann
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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35
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Kumar S, Lun XK, Bodenmiller B, Rodríguez Martínez M, Koeppl H. Stabilized Reconstruction of Signaling Networks from Single-Cell Cue-Response Data. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1233. [PMID: 31988302 PMCID: PMC6985232 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56444-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inferring cell-signaling networks from high-throughput data is a challenging problem in systems biology. Recent advances in cytometric technology enable us to measure the abundance of a large number of proteins at the single-cell level across time. Traditional network reconstruction approaches usually consider each time point separately, resulting thus in inferred networks that strongly vary across time. To account for the possibly time-invariant physical couplings within the signaling network, we extend the traditional graphical lasso with an additional regularizer that penalizes network variations over time. ROC evaluation of the method on in silico data showed higher reconstruction accuracy than standard graphical lasso. We also tested our approach on single-cell mass cytometry data of IFNγ-stimulated THP1 cells with 26 phospho-proteins simultaneously measured. Our approach recapitulated known signaling relationships, such as connection within the JAK/STAT pathway, and was further validated in characterizing perturbed signaling network with PI3K, MEK1/2 and AMPK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
- Sleepiz AG, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xiao-Kang Lun
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Bernd Bodenmiller
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | | | - Heinz Koeppl
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
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36
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Wang XS, Yue J, Hu LN, Tian Z, Zhang K, Yang L, Zhang HN, Guo YY, Feng B, Liu HY, Wu YM, Zhao MG, Liu SB. Activation of G protein-coupled receptor 30 protects neurons by regulating autophagy in astrocytes. Glia 2020; 68:27-43. [PMID: 31429156 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke leads to neuronal damage induced by excitotoxicity, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Astrocytes play diverse roles in stroke and ischemia-induced inflammation, and autophagy is critical for maintaining astrocytic functions. Our previous studies showed that the activation of G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30), an estrogen membrane receptor, protected neurons from excitotoxicity. However, the role of astrocytic GPR30 in maintaining autophagy and neuroprotection remained unclear. In this study, we found that the neuroprotection induced by G1 (GPR30 agonist) in wild-type mice after a middle cerebral artery occlusion was completely blocked in GPR30 conventional knockout (KO) mice but partially attenuated in astrocytic or neuronal GPR30 KO mice. In cultured primary astrocytes, glutamate exposure induced astrocyte proliferation and decreased astrocyte autophagy by activating mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and inhibiting p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. G1 treatment restored autophagy to its basal level by regulating the p38 pathway but not the mTOR and JNK signaling pathways. Our findings revealed a key role of GPR30 in neuroprotection via the regulation of astrocyte autophagy and support astrocytic GPR30 as a potential drug target against ischemic brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Shang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiao Yue
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li-Ning Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhen Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The 154th Central Hospital of PLA, Xinyang, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Le Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui-Nan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan-Yan Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of pharmacy, School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hai-Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of pharmacy, School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-Mei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ming-Gao Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shui-Bing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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37
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Autophagy in the Immunosuppressive Perivascular Microenvironment of Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 12:cancers12010102. [PMID: 31906065 PMCID: PMC7016956 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) has been shown to up-regulate autophagy with anti- or pro-oncogenic effects. Recently, our group has shown how GB cells aberrantly up-regulate chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) in pericytes of peritumoral areas to modulate their immune function through cell-cell interaction and in the tumor’s own benefit. Thus, to understand GB progression, the effect that GB cells could have on autophagy of immune cells that surround the tumor needs to be deeply explored. In this review, we summarize all the latest evidence of several molecular and cellular immunosuppressive mechanisms in the perivascular tumor microenvironment. This immunosuppression has been reported to facilitate GB progression and may be differently modulated by several types of autophagy as a critical point to be considered for therapeutic interventions.
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38
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Abstract
Across all branches of the immune system, the process of autophagy is fundamentally important in cellular development, function and homeostasis. Strikingly, this evolutionarily ancient pathway for intracellular recycling has been adapted to enable a high degree of functional complexity and specialization. However, although the requirement for autophagy in normal immune cell function is clear, the mechanisms involved are much less so and encompass control of metabolism, selective degradation of substrates and organelles and participation in cell survival decisions. We review here the crucial functions of autophagy in controlling the differentiation and homeostasis of multiple immune cell types and discuss the potential mechanisms involved.
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39
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Autophagy differentially regulates macrophage lipid handling depending on the lipid substrate (oleic acid vs. acetylated-LDL) and inflammatory activation state. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:158527. [PMID: 31520777 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of lipid droplet (LD) dynamics by autophagy in naïve macrophages is complex: Inhibiting autophagosome initiation steps attenuates oleic acid (OA) induced LD (OA-LD) biogenesis, whereas interfering with later-autophagosome maturation/lysosomal steps accelerates OA-LD biogenesis rate, but not OA-LD degradation. Here we hypothesized that regulation of macrophage lipid handling by autophagy may be lipid-substrate and activation-state-specific. Using automated quantitative live-cell imaging, initial LD biogenesis rate was ~30% slower when the lipid source was acetylated low density lipoprotein (acLDL) compared to OA. Yet, both were similarly affected by triacsin-C, an inhibitor of acyl-CoA synthase, which inhibited, and etomoxir, an inhibitor of acylcarnitine palmitoyl transferase (fatty acid oxidation), which augmented, LD biogenesis rates. An autophagy inducing peptide, Tat-Beclin1, enhanced the degradation, and inhibited (by 37%) the biogenesis of acLDL induced LD (acLDL-LD). Yet, Tat-Beclin1 increased OA-LD biogenesis rate by 70%. When macrophages were pre-activated with LPS + INFG they exhibited increased autophagosome number and area, and reduced BECN1 and ATG14 protein levels, which associated with a markedly attenuated autophagic flux. Concomitantly, OA-LD and acLDL-LD biogenesis rates increased 3 and 7.4-fold, respectively, but could not be further modulated by Tat-Beclin1, as observed in non-activated/naïve macrophages. We propose that macrophage autophagy, and/or components of its machinery, differentially regulate LD/foam-cell biogenesis depending on the lipid-source, and that inflammatory activation uncouples autophagy from LD biogenesis.
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40
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Tp47 induces cell death involving autophagy and mTOR in human microglial HMO6 cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 74:105566. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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41
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Autophagy genes in myeloid cells counteract IFNγ-induced TNF-mediated cell death and fatal TNF-induced shock. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:16497-16506. [PMID: 31346084 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1822157116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Host inflammatory responses must be tightly regulated to ensure effective immunity while limiting tissue injury. IFN gamma (IFNγ) primes macrophages to mount robust inflammatory responses. However, IFNγ also induces cell death, and the pathways that regulate IFNγ-induced cell death are incompletely understood. Using genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screening, we identified autophagy genes as central mediators of myeloid cell survival during the IFNγ response. Hypersensitivity of autophagy gene-deficient cells to IFNγ was mediated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling via receptor interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1)- and caspase 8-mediated cell death. Mice with myeloid cell-specific autophagy gene deficiency exhibited marked hypersensitivity to fatal systemic TNF administration. This increased mortality in myeloid autophagy gene-deficient mice required the IFNγ receptor, and mortality was completely reversed by pharmacologic inhibition of RIPK1 kinase activity. These findings provide insight into the mechanism of IFNγ-induced cell death via TNF, demonstrate a critical function of autophagy genes in promoting cell viability in the presence of inflammatory cytokines, and implicate this cell survival function in protection against mortality during the systemic inflammatory response.
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42
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A Chemical Genetics Screen Reveals Influence of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Autophagy on Phagosome Development and Intracellular Replication of Brucella neotomae in Macrophages. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00044-19. [PMID: 31160361 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00044-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucella is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that causes chronic systemic infection in domesticated livestock and poses a zoonotic infectious risk to humans. The virulence of Brucella is critically dependent on its ability to replicate and survive within host macrophages. Brucella modulates host physiological pathways and cell biology in order to establish a productive intracellular replicative niche. Conversely, the host cell presumably activates pathways that limit infection. To identify host pathways contributing to this yin and yang during host cell infection, we performed a high-throughput chemical genetics screen of known inhibitors and agonists of host cell targets to identify host factors that contribute to intracellular growth of the model pathogen Brucella neotomae Using this approach, we identified the p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway and autophagy machinery as both a linchpin and an Achilles' heel in B. neotomae's ability to coopt host cell machinery and replicate within macrophages. Specifically, B. neotomae induced p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation and autophagy in a type IV secretion system-dependent fashion. Both p38 MAP kinase stimulation and an intact autophagy machinery in turn were required for phagosome maturation and intracellular replication. These findings contrasted with those for Legionella pneumophila, where chemical inhibition of the p38 MAP kinase pathway and autophagy factor depletion failed to block intracellular replication. Therefore, results from a chemical genetics screen suggest that intersections of the MAP kinase pathways and autophagy machinery are critical components of Brucella's intracellular life cycle.
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43
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Plasticity of High-Density Neutrophils in Multiple Myeloma is Associated with Increased Autophagy Via STAT3. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143548. [PMID: 32565533 PMCID: PMC6678548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In both monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance (MGUS) and multiple myeloma (MM) patients, immune functions are variably impaired, and there is a high risk of bacterial infections. Neutrophils are the most abundant circulating leukocytes and constitute the first line of host defense. Since little is known about the contribution of autophagy in the neutrophil function of MGUS and MM patients, we investigated the basal autophagy flux in freshly sorted neutrophils of patients and tested the plastic response of healthy neutrophils to soluble factors of MM. In freshly sorted high-density neutrophils obtained from patients with MGUS and MM or healthy subjects, we found a progressive autophagy trigger associated with soluble factors circulating in both peripheral blood and bone marrow, associated with increased IFNγ and pSTAT3S727. In normal high-density neutrophils, the formation of acidic vesicular organelles, a morphological characteristic of autophagy, could be induced after exposure for three hours with myeloma conditioned media or MM sera, an effect associated with increased phosphorylation of STAT3-pS727 and reverted by treatment with pan-JAK2 inhibitor ruxolitinib. Taken together, our data suggest that soluble factors in MM can trigger contemporary JAK2 signaling and autophagy in neutrophils, targetable with ruxolitinib.
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44
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Pereiro P, Figueras A, Novoa B. Insights into teleost interferon-gamma biology: An update. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 90:150-164. [PMID: 31028897 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFN-ϒ) is probably one of the most relevant cytokines orchestrating the immune response in vertebrates. Although the activities mediated by this molecule are well known in mammals, several aspects of the IFN-ϒ system in teleosts remain a riddle to scientists. Numerous studies support a potentially similar role of the fish IFN-ϒ signalling pathway in some well-described immunological processes induced by this cytokine in mammals. Nevertheless, the existence in some teleost species of duplicated ifng genes and an additional gene derived from ifng known as interferon-γ-related (ifngrel), among other things, raises new interesting questions about the mode of action of these various molecules in fish. Moreover, certain IFN-ϒ-mediated activities recently observed in mammals are still fully unknown in fish. Another attractive but mainly unexplored curious property of IFN-ϒ in vertebrates is its potential dual role depending on the type of pathogen. In addition, some aspects mediated by this molecule could favour the resolution of a bacterial infection but be harmful in the context of a viral disease, and vice versa. This review collects old and new aspects of IFN-ϒ research in teleosts and discusses new questions and pathways of investigation based on recent discoveries in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Pereiro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Vigo, Spain; Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Beatriz Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Vigo, Spain.
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45
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Weigert A, von Knethen A, Thomas D, Faria I, Namgaladze D, Zezina E, Fuhrmann D, Petcherski A, Heringdorf DMZ, Radeke HH, Brüne B. Sphingosine kinase 2 is a negative regulator of inflammatory macrophage activation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:1235-1246. [PMID: 31128248 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine kinases (SPHK) generate the sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate, which, among other functions, is a potent regulator of inflammation. While SPHK1 produces S1P to promote inflammatory signaling, the role of SPHK2 is unclear due to divergent findings in studies utilizing gene depletion versus inhibition of catalytic activity. We sought to clarify how SPHK2 affects inflammatory signaling in human macrophages, which are main regulators of inflammation. SPHK2 expression and activity were rapidly decreased within 6 h upon stimulating primary human macrophages with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but was upregulated after 24 h. At 24 h following LPS stimulation, targeting SPHK2 with the inhibitor ABC294640, a specific siRNA or by using Sphk2-/- mouse peritoneal macrophages increased inflammatory cytokine production. Downregulation of SPHK2 in primary human macrophages within 6 h of LPS treatment was blocked by inhibiting autophagy. SPHK2 overexpression or inhibiting autophagy 6 h after human macrophage activation with LPS suppressed inflammatory cytokine release. Mechanistically, SPHK2 suppressed LPS-triggered NF-κB activation independent of its catalytic activity and prevented increased mitochondrial ROS formation downstream of LPS. In conclusion, SPHK2 is an anti-inflammatory protein in human macrophages that is inversely coupled to inflammatory cytokine production. This needs consideration when targeting SPHK2 with specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Weigert
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas von Knethen
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dominique Thomas
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Isabel Faria
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP of the Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dmitry Namgaladze
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Zezina
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dominik Fuhrmann
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anton Petcherski
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dagmar Meyer Zu Heringdorf
- Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Heinfried H Radeke
- Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP of the Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
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46
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Wang Z, Song P, Li Y, Wang S, Fan J, Zhang X, Luan J, Chen W, Wang Y, Liu P, Ju D. Recombinant human arginase I elicited immunosuppression in activated macrophages through inhibiting autophagy. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:4825-4838. [PMID: 31053913 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09832-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Arginase I has been documented to impair T cell function and attenuate cellular immunity, however, there is little evidence to reveal the effect of arginase I on macrophage function. Recently, recombinant human arginase I (rhArg) has been developed for cancer therapy and is in clinical trial for hepatocellular carcinoma, whereas the potential immunosuppression induced by rhArg limited its therapeutic efficacy. To improve the clinical outcome of rhArg, addressing the immune suppression appears to be particularly important. In this study, we found that rhArg attenuated macrophage functions, including inhibiting macrophage cell proliferation, nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, cytokine secretion, MHC-II surface expression, and phagocytosis, thereby inducing immunosuppression in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)/interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-activated macrophages. Notably, we observed that rhArg downregulated autophagy in activated macrophages. Moreover, application of trehalose (an autophagy inducer) significantly restored the impaired immune function in activated macrophages, suggesting the essential role of autophagy in rhArg-induced immunosuppression. To further illustrate the effect of autophagy in immunosuppression, we then observed the effect of 3-MA (an autophagy inhibitor) on the immune function of macrophages. As expected, inhibiting autophagy by 3-MA attenuated immune functions in activated macrophages. Collectively, this study elucidated that rhArg induced immunosuppression in activated macrophages via inhibiting autophagy, providing potential strategy to ameliorate the immune suppression which is of great significance to cancer therapy and facilitating the development of rhArg as a potential therapy for malignant carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Wang
- Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 170 Xinsong Road, Shanghai, 201199, China.,Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy & The Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Song
- Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 170 Xinsong Road, Shanghai, 201199, China.,Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy & The Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Ruijin Hospital Luwan Branch, Shanghai, China
| | - Yubin Li
- Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 170 Xinsong Road, Shanghai, 201199, China.,Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy & The Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shaofei Wang
- Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 170 Xinsong Road, Shanghai, 201199, China.,Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy & The Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jiajun Fan
- Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 170 Xinsong Road, Shanghai, 201199, China.,Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy & The Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - XuYao Zhang
- Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 170 Xinsong Road, Shanghai, 201199, China.,Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy & The Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jingyun Luan
- Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 170 Xinsong Road, Shanghai, 201199, China.,Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy & The Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 170 Xinsong Road, Shanghai, 201199, China.,Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy & The Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yichen Wang
- Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 170 Xinsong Road, Shanghai, 201199, China.,Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy & The Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Peipei Liu
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy & The Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Department of Analytical Science, Sunshine Guojian Pharmaceutical (Shanghai) Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Dianwen Ju
- Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 170 Xinsong Road, Shanghai, 201199, China. .,Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy & The Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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47
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Subauste CS. Interplay Between Toxoplasma gondii, Autophagy, and Autophagy Proteins. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:139. [PMID: 31119109 PMCID: PMC6506789 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival of Toxoplasma gondii within host cells depends on its ability of reside in a vacuole that avoids lysosomal degradation and enables parasite replication. The interplay between immune-mediated responses that lead to either autophagy-driven lysosomal degradation or disruption of the vacuole and the strategies used by the parasite to avoid these responses are major determinants of the outcome of infection. This article provides an overview of this interplay with an emphasis on autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos S Subauste
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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48
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Oleate inhibits hepatic autophagy through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 514:92-97. [PMID: 31023527 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic autophagy plays an important role in lipid metabolism, especially in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The relationship between Oleate acid and autophagy is not yet clear. In this work, using mouse epithelial cell hepa1c1c7, we investigated the role of Oleate acid on autophagy and explored its potential mechanisms. The exposure of hepatic cells to Oleate acid resulted in a significant reduction of LC3 accumulation together with enhancement of p62 protein expression and the mRNA levels of ATG7 and BECN1 were reduced as well. Mechanistically, the inhibitory effects of Oleate acid on rapamycin-induced autophagy were completely blocked by treatment with dominant negative p38α and p38 inhibitor SB203580. Furthermore, ATF-2, downstream of p38, was activated by Oleate treatment. Oleate treatment also inhibited the ULK1 promoter and decreased the ULK1 mRNA level. Our data therefore suggest that Oleate activated the ATF-2 via p38 kinase which inhibited the ULK1 via binding to ULK1 promoter, and eventually the rapamycin-induced autophagy was suppressed.
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49
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Chen W, Li X, Guo S, Song N, Wang J, Jia L, Zhu A. Tanshinone IIA harmonizes the crosstalk of autophagy and polarization in macrophages via miR-375/KLF4 pathway to attenuate atherosclerosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 70:486-497. [PMID: 30870679 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages play a pivotal role in destabilizing atherosclerotic plaque. The diverse phenotypes and complex autophagy in macrophage are observed in atherosclerotic lesions. Tanshinone IIA (TNA) is known as the major component extracted from the root of Chinese herb Salvia miltiorrhiza, used for treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, the therapeutic mechanism of TNA is not clear yet. In this study, we identified inflammation-related gene expression by microarray in atherosclerotic plaques in ApoE knockout mice fed with high fat diet and found miR-375 was one of the significantly high expressed microRNAs compared with wild type mice and TNA treated mice. Then we compared the levels of proteins related to the signal pathway of autophagy, and the phenotype of macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques ex vivo. We predicted KLF4 might be the key target of miR-375 that mediated the crosstalk between autophagy and polarization by TNA. Furthermore, we detected the expression of signal pathway in ox-LDL induced macrophages after treatment with TNA in vitro to verify this predict. The results suggest TNA could activate KLF4 and enhance autophagy as well as M2 polarization of macrophages by inhibiting miR-375 to Attenuate Atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenna Chen
- Department of Medical Science of Laboratory, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TCM Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Ximing Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TCM Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shengnan Guo
- Department of Medical Science of Laboratory, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Nan Song
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TCM Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Junyan Wang
- The First Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lianqun Jia
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TCM Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Aisong Zhu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
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50
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Cheng L, Tang X, Xu L, Zhang L, Shi H, Peng Q, Zhao F, Zhou Y, He Y, Wang H, Zhou B, Gao Z, Chen Z. Interferon-γ upregulates Δ42PD1 expression on human monocytes via the PI3K/AKT pathway. Immunobiology 2019; 224:388-396. [PMID: 30846331 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently identified a novel alternatively spliced isoform of human programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), named Δ42PD1, which contains a 42-base-pair in-frame deletion compared with the full-length PD-1. Δ42PD1 is likely constitutively expressed on human monocytes and down-regulated in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The mechanism underlying the regulation of Δ42PD-1 expression in monocytes remains unknown. METHODS By flow cytometry, we investigated the effect of Interferon-gamma (INF-γ) on the expression of Δ42PD1 in primary human monocytes as well as monocytic cell lines THP-1 and U937 cells. In addition, signaling pathway inhibitors and Δ42PD1-specific blocking antibody were used to explore the pathway involved in INF-γ-induced Δ42PD1 upregulation, and to elucidate the relationship between Δ42PD1 and TNF-α or IL-6 production by INF-γ primed monocytes in response to pre-fixed E. coli. Furthermore, we assessed T-cell proliferation, activation and cytokine production as enriched CD4+ T cells were co-cultured with THP-1 or U937 cells, with or without Δ42PD1-blocking antibody. RESULTS Treatment of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with IFN-γ resulted in an approximately 4-fold increase in the expression of Δ42PD1 on monocytes. Similarly, IFN-γ upregulates Δ42PD1 expression on human monocytic cell lines THP-1 and U937, in a time- and dose-dependent manner. IFN-γ-induced Δ42PD1 upregulation was abolished by JAK inhibitors Ruxolitinib and Tasocitinib, PI3K inhibitor LY294002, and AKT inhibitor MK-2206, respectively, but not by STAT1 inhibitor and MAPK signaling pathway inhibitors. JAK, PI3K-AKT, and MAPK signaling inhibitors abolished effectively the production of TNF-α and IL-6 in INF-γ-primed monocytes in response to pre-fixed E. coli. In contrast, Δ42PD1-specific blocking antibody did not affect the IFN-γ-induced priming effect. Furthermore, the MFI ratio of Δ42PD1 to full-length PD-1 (PD-1 Δ/F ratio) was significantly and positively correlated with TNF-α (P = 0.0289, r = 0.6038) produced by circulating CD14+ monocytes in response to pre-fixed E. coli. Notably, Δ42PD1 blockage significantly inhibited CD4+ T-cells proliferation and cytokine production in the co-culture conditions. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that IFN-γ increases Δ42PD1 expression on human monocytes via activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway downstream of JAKs, and that the PD-1 Δ/F ratio is a potential biomarker to predict the functional state of monocytes. Notably, we revealed the Δ42PD1 play a role in T-cell regulation, providing a novel potential approach to manipulate adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; HKU-AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xian Tang
- HKU-AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liumei Xu
- HKU-AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lukun Zhang
- HKU-AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huichun Shi
- HKU-AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiaoli Peng
- HKU-AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fang Zhao
- HKU-AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- HKU-AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yun He
- HKU-AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Wang
- HKU-AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Boping Zhou
- HKU-AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiliang Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- HKU-AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China; AIDS Institute, Research Center for Infection and Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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