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Katsipoulaki M, Stappers MHT, Malavia-Jones D, Brunke S, Hube B, Gow NAR. Candida albicans and Candida glabrata: global priority pathogens. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024; 88:e0002123. [PMID: 38832801 PMCID: PMC11332356 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00021-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYA significant increase in the incidence of Candida-mediated infections has been observed in the last decade, mainly due to rising numbers of susceptible individuals. Recently, the World Health Organization published its first fungal pathogen priority list, with Candida species listed in medium, high, and critical priority categories. This review is a synthesis of information and recent advances in our understanding of two of these species-Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. Of these, C. albicans is the most common cause of candidemia around the world and is categorized as a critical priority pathogen. C. glabrata is considered a high-priority pathogen and has become an increasingly important cause of candidemia in recent years. It is now the second most common causative agent of candidemia in many geographical regions. Despite their differences and phylogenetic divergence, they are successful as pathogens and commensals of humans. Both species can cause a broad variety of infections, ranging from superficial to potentially lethal systemic infections. While they share similarities in certain infection strategies, including tissue adhesion and invasion, they differ significantly in key aspects of their biology, interaction with immune cells, host damage strategies, and metabolic adaptations. Here we provide insights on key aspects of their biology, epidemiology, commensal and pathogenic lifestyles, interactions with the immune system, and antifungal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrto Katsipoulaki
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Mark H. T. Stappers
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Dhara Malavia-Jones
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Sascha Brunke
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Neil A. R. Gow
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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2
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Taylor TC, Coleman BM, Arunkumar SP, Dey I, Dillon JT, Ponde NO, Poholek AC, Schwartz DM, McGeachy MJ, Conti HR, Gaffen SL. IκBζ is an essential mediator of immunity to oropharyngeal candidiasis. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1700-1713.e4. [PMID: 37725983 PMCID: PMC10591851 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Fungal infections are a global threat; yet, there are no licensed vaccines to any fungal pathogens. Th17 cells mediate immunity to Candida albicans, particularly oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC), but essential downstream mechanisms remain unclear. In the murine model of OPC, IκBζ (Nfkbiz, a non-canonical NF-κB transcription factor) was upregulated in an interleukin (IL)-17-dependent manner and was essential to prevent candidiasis. Deletion of Nfkbiz rendered mice highly susceptible to OPC. IκBζ was dispensable in hematopoietic cells and acted partially in the suprabasal oral epithelium to control OPC. One prominent IκBζ-dependent gene target was β-defensin 3 (BD3) (Defb3), an essential antimicrobial peptide. Human oral epithelial cells required IκBζ for IL-17-mediated induction of BD2 (DEFB4A, human ortholog of mouse Defb3) through binding to the DEFB4A promoter. Unexpectedly, IκBζ regulated the transcription factor Egr3, which was essential for C. albicans induction of BD2/DEFB4A. Accordingly, IκBζ and Egr3 comprise an antifungal signaling hub mediating mucosal defense against oral candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany C Taylor
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Bianca M Coleman
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Samyuktha P Arunkumar
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ipsita Dey
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - John T Dillon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Nicole O Ponde
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Amanda C Poholek
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Children's Hospital of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Daniella M Schwartz
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Mandy J McGeachy
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Heather R Conti
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Sarah L Gaffen
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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3
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Yang L, Cheng T, Shao J. Perspective on receptor-associated immune response to Candida albicans single and mixed infections: Implications for therapeutics in oropharyngeal candidiasis. Med Mycol 2023; 61:myad077. [PMID: 37533203 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myad077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC), commonly known as 'thrush', is an oral infection that usually dismantles oral mucosal integrity and malfunctions local innate and adaptive immunities in compromised individuals. The major pathogen responsible for the occurrence and progression of OPC is the dimorphic opportunistic commensal Candida albicans. However, the incidence induced by non-albicans Candida species including C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. dubliniensis, C. parapsilosis, and C. krusei are increasing in company with several oral bacteria, such as Streptococcus mutans, S. gordonii, S. epidermidis, and S. aureus. In this review, the microbiological and infection features of C. albicans and its co-contributors in the pathogenesis of OPC are outlined. Since the invasion and concomitant immune response lie firstly on the recognition of oral pathogens through diverse cellular surface receptors, we subsequently emphasize the roles of epidermal growth factor receptor, ephrin-type receptor 2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor located on oral epithelial cells to delineate the underlying mechanism by which host immune recognition to oral pathogens is mediated. Based on these observations, the therapeutic approaches to OPC comprising conventional and non-conventional antifungal agents, fungal vaccines, cytokine and antibody therapies, and antimicrobial peptide therapy are finally overviewed. In the face of newly emerging life-threatening microbes (C. auris and SARS-CoV-2), risks (biofilm formation and interconnected translocation among diverse organs), and complicated clinical settings (HIV and oropharyngeal cancer), the research on OPC is still a challenging task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Laboratory of Anti-infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei 230012, P. R. China
| | - Ting Cheng
- Laboratory of Anti-infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei 230012, P. R. China
| | - Jing Shao
- Laboratory of Anti-infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei 230012, P. R. China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei 230012, P. R. China
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4
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Zhang H, Zhang J, Wang C, Wu D, Shi G. Extract of Sophorae flavescentis radix-Cnidii fructus couplet medicines treats vulvovaginal candidiasis by affecting the vaginal mucosal barrier. Future Microbiol 2023; 18:809-824. [PMID: 37668465 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study investigated the inhibition of extract of Sophorae flavescentis radix-Cnidii fructus couplet medicines (ESCC) on Candida albicans (C. albicans) in vitro and the effect of ESCC on the vaginal mucosal barrier in vivo. Materials & methods: Susceptibility testing was performed with C. albicans SC5314. A vulvovaginal candidiasis mouse model was successfully established. The plate method, Gram staining, hematoxylin and eosin staining and ELISA were used to detect relevant inflammatory indexes: IFN-γ, IL-1 and TNF-α. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blot were used to detect mucosal immune-related factors: MUC1, MUC4, DEFB1 and DEFB2. Results: ESCC was able to inhibit the proliferative activity of C. albicans, and it affected inflammation-related factors and indicators of vaginal mucosal immunity. Conclusion: ESCC showed potential value in the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Zhang
- Research Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Jiaping Zhang
- Research Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Changzhong Wang
- Research Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology & Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Daqiang Wu
- Research Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology & Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Gaoxiang Shi
- Research Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology & Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, 230012, China
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Inomata M, Amano S, Abe M, Hayashi T, Sakagami H. Innate immune response of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts via the Dectin-1/Syk pathway. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 36748551 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. A diverse microbiota including fungi exists in the subgingival sites of patients with chronic periodontitis. The cell wall of Candida albicans, the most abundant fungal species, contains β-glucan. Dectin-1 binds β-glucan and participates in fungal recognition.Gap statement. Human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs) are present in the periodontal ligament and synthesize immunomodulatory cytokines that influence the local response to infections. However, the expression and role of Dectin-1 in PDLFs have not been explored.Aim. This study aimed to determine if PDLFs express Dectin-1 and induce innate immune responses through Dectin-1 and the signalling molecule Syk.Methodology. The expression of Dectin-1 in PDLFs was determined by flow cytometry, western blotting and confocal microscopy. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to determine the immune response of PDLFs stimulated with β-glucan-rich zymosan and C. albicans.Results. Dectin-1 was constitutively expressed in PDLFs. Zymosan induced the expression of cytokines, including IL6, IL1B and IL17A, and the chemokine IL8. Zymosan also induced the expression of the antimicrobial peptide β-defensin-1 (DEFB1). Further, the phosphorylation of Syk and NF-κB occurred upon Dectin-1 activation. Notably, heat-killed C. albicans induced the expression of IL6, IL17A, IL8 and DEFB1, and this activation was suppressed by the Syk inhibitor, R406.Conclusion. These findings indicate that the Dectin-1/Syk pathway induces an innate immune response of PDLFs, which may facilitate the control of oral infections such as candidiasis and periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Inomata
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Oral Biology and Tissue Engineering, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Japan
| | - Shigeru Amano
- Research Institute of Odontology (M-RIO), Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Japan
| | - Masayo Abe
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Oral Biology and Tissue Engineering, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Japan
| | - Toru Hayashi
- Department of Anatomy Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Kitasato, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakagami
- Research Institute of Odontology (M-RIO), Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Japan
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Johnstone KF, Herzberg MC. Antimicrobial peptides: Defending the mucosal epithelial barrier. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:958480. [PMID: 35979535 PMCID: PMC9376388 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.958480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent epidemic caused by aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 virus illustrates the importance and vulnerability of the mucosal epithelial barrier against infection. Antimicrobial proteins and peptides (AMPs) are key to the epithelial barrier, providing immunity against microbes. In primitive life forms, AMPs protect the integument and the gut against pathogenic microbes. AMPs have also evolved in humans and other mammals to enhance newer, complex innate and adaptive immunity to favor the persistence of commensals over pathogenic microbes. The canonical AMPs are helictical peptides that form lethal pores in microbial membranes. In higher life forms, this type of AMP is exemplified by the defensin family of AMPs. In epithelial tissues, defensins, and calprotectin (complex of S100A8 and S100A9) have evolved to work cooperatively. The mechanisms of action differ. Unlike defensins, calprotectin sequesters essential trace metals from microbes, which inhibits growth. This review focuses on defensins and calprotectin as AMPs that appear to work cooperatively to fortify the epithelial barrier against infection. The antimicrobial spectrum is broad with overlap between the two AMPs. In mice, experimental models highlight the contribution of both AMPs to candidiasis as a fungal infection and periodontitis resulting from bacterial dysbiosis. These AMPs appear to contribute to innate immunity in humans, protecting the commensal microflora and restricting the emergence of pathobionts and pathogens. A striking example in human innate immunity is that elevated serum calprotectin protects against neonatal sepsis. Calprotectin is also remarkable because of functional differences when localized in epithelial and neutrophil cytoplasm or released into the extracellular environment. In the cytoplasm, calprotectin appears to protect against invasive pathogens. Extracellularly, calprotectin can engage pathogen-recognition receptors to activate innate immune and proinflammatory mechanisms. In inflamed epithelial and other tissue spaces, calprotectin, DNA, and histones are released from degranulated neutrophils to form insoluble antimicrobial barriers termed neutrophil extracellular traps. Hence, calprotectin and other AMPs use several strategies to provide microbial control and stimulate innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark C. Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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Balakrishnan SN, Yamang H, Lorenz MC, Chew SY, Than LTL. Role of Vaginal Mucosa, Host Immunity and Microbiota in Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060618. [PMID: 35745472 PMCID: PMC9230866 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a prevalent gynaecological disease characterised by vaginal wall inflammation that is caused by Candida species. VVC impacts almost three-quarters of all women throughout their reproductive years. As the vaginal mucosa is the first point of contact with microbes, vaginal epithelial cells are the first line of defence against opportunistic Candida infection by providing a physical barrier and mounting immunological responses. The mechanisms of defence against this infection are displayed through the rapid shedding of epithelial cells, the presence of pattern recognition receptors, and the release of inflammatory cytokines. The bacterial microbiota within the mucosal layer presents another form of defence mechanism within the vagina through acidic pH regulation, the release of antifungal peptides and physiological control against dysbiosis. The significant role of the microbiota in maintaining vaginal health promotes its application as one of the potential treatment modalities against VVC with the hope of alleviating the burden of VVC, especially the recurrent disease. This review discusses and summarises current progress in understanding the role of vaginal mucosa and host immunity upon infection, together with the function of vaginal microbiota in VVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subatrra Nair Balakrishnan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.N.B.); (H.Y.)
| | - Haizat Yamang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.N.B.); (H.Y.)
| | - Michael C. Lorenz
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Shu Yih Chew
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.N.B.); (H.Y.)
- Correspondence: (S.Y.C.); (L.T.L.T.)
| | - Leslie Thian Lung Than
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.N.B.); (H.Y.)
- Correspondence: (S.Y.C.); (L.T.L.T.)
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8
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Oral Cavity and Candida albicans: Colonisation to the Development of Infection. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030335. [PMID: 35335659 PMCID: PMC8953496 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida colonisation of the oral cavity increases in immunocompromised individuals which leads to the development of oral candidiasis. In addition, host factors such as xerostomia, smoking, oral prostheses, dental caries, diabetes and cancer treatment accelerate the disease process. Candida albicans is the primary causative agent of this infection, owing to its ability to form biofilm and hyphae and to produce hydrolytic enzymes and candialysin. Although mucosal immunity is activated, from the time hyphae-associated toxin is formed by the colonising C. albicans cells, an increased number and virulence of this pathogenic organism collectively leads to infection. Prevention of the development of infection can be achieved by addressing the host physiological factors and habits. For maintenance of oral health, conventional oral hygiene products containing antimicrobial compounds, essential oils and phytochemicals can be considered, these products can maintain the low number of Candida in the oral cavity and reduce their virulence. Vulnerable patients should be educated in order to increase compliance.
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9
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Candida albicans Modulates Murine and Human Beta Defensin-1 during Vaginitis. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 8:jof8010020. [PMID: 35049960 PMCID: PMC8778459 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) and recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) are two forms of a disease caused by Candida spp. β-defensin (BD) is one of the most important families of antimicrobial peptides in the female genital tract and includes molecules that exert essential local functions as antimicrobial and PMN chemoattractant peptides. However, the information on their role during murine and human VVC and RVVC is limited. Thus, we analyzed the behavior and contribution of BD1 to the local response in a VVC mice model and the local cytokine profile and human BD1 and BD3 expression in cervicovaginal lavage from patients with VVC and RVVC. We demonstrated that, in patients with RVVC BD1, mRNA and protein expression were severely diminished and that the aspartate proteinase and lipase secreted by C. albicans are involved in that decrease. This study provides novel information about the pathogenesis of VVC and describes a highly efficient C. albicans escape strategy for perpetuating the infection; these results may contribute to the development of new or combined treatment approaches.
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10
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Yao Y, Frew JW, Thomsen SF, Ring HC. Antimicrobial peptides in hidradenitis suppurativa: a systematic review. Br J Dermatol 2021; 186:236-244. [PMID: 34498267 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.20750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease of the hair follicle defined by recurrent nodules, tunnels and scarring involving the intertriginous regions. HS is associated with microbial dysbiosis and immune dysregulation. In HS, an increasing number of studies have investigated antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). OBJECTIVES To provide an overview of the literature on AMPs in HS, and to discuss the potential role of AMPs in the pathogenesis of HS. METHODS PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library were searched. The titles, abstracts and full texts of all articles were manually screened. Additionally, the reference lists of the included articles were screened and hand searched for relevant studies. RESULTS The final literature sample comprised 18 retrospective and prospective studies (no reviews or commentaries) published between 2009 and 2020. CONCLUSIONS This review demonstrates the multitude of AMPs in HS. Although the methodology of the studies varied, the included studies indicate a consistent overexpression of human β-defensin (hBD)-2, S100A7, S100A8 and S100A9 at both the mRNA and protein levels, and a decreased expression of hBD-1. Overall, the studies point to a dysregulation of AMPs in both lesional and nonlesional HS skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yao
- Department of Dermato-Venereology and Wound Healing Centre, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J W Frew
- Department of Dermatology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Dermatology Research Group, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - S F Thomsen
- Department of Dermato-Venereology and Wound Healing Centre, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H C Ring
- Department of Dermato-Venereology and Wound Healing Centre, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Villar CC, Dongari-Bagtzoglou A. Fungal diseases: Oral dysbiosis in susceptible hosts. Periodontol 2000 2021; 87:166-180. [PMID: 34463992 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The oral cavity is colonized by a large number of microorganisms that are referred to collectively as the oral microbiota. These indigenous microorganisms have evolved in symbiotic relationships with the oral mucosal immune system and are involved in maintaining homeostasis in the oral cavity. Although Candida species are commonly found in the healthy oral cavity without causing infection, these fungi can become pathogenic. Recents advances indicate that the development of oral candidiasis is driven both by Candida albicans overgrowth in a dysbiotic microbiome and by disturbances in the host's immune system. Perturbation of the oral microbiota triggered by host-extrinsic (ie, medications), host-intrinsic (ie, host genetics), and microbiome-intrinsic (ie, microbial interactions) factors may increase the risk of oral candidiasis. In this review, we provide an overview of the oral mycobiome, with a particular focus on the interactions of Candida albicans with some of the most common oral bacteria and the oral mucosal immune system. Also, we present a summary of our current knowledge of the host-intrinsic and host-extrinsic factors that can predispose to oral candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cunha Villar
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna Dongari-Bagtzoglou
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
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12
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de Barros PP, Rossoni RD, Garcia MT, Kaminski VDL, Loures FV, Fuchs BB, Mylonakis E, Junqueira JC. The Anti-Biofilm Efficacy of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE) In Vitro and a Murine Model of Oral Candidiasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:700305. [PMID: 34408988 PMCID: PMC8366685 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.700305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the main fungal species associated with the development of oral candidiasis. Currently, therapeutic options for these infections are limited by the adverse effects of antifungal drugs and by the emergence of drug resistant strains. Thus, the development of new antifungal agents is needed for the prevention and treatment of oral Candida infections. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is a natural compound from propolis polyphenolic groups that exhibits many pharmacological properties. In this study, we investigated whether CAPE can have antifungal and immunomodulatory effects on oral candidiasis. Preliminary tests to assess the antifungal activity of CAPE were performed using the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assay that demonstrated inhibition in a range from 16 to 32 μg/mL, confirming its antifungal activity on several C. albicans strains isolated from the oral cavity. Subsequently, we analyzed Candida spp biofilms formed in vitro, in which CAPE treatment at 5 x MIC caused a reduction of 68.5% in the total biomass and ~2.60 Log in the viable cell count (CFU/mL) in relation to the untreated biofilm (p<0.0001). Next, RNA was extracted from untreated and CAPE-treated biofilms and analyzed by real-time qPCR. A series of genes analyzed (ALS1, ECE1, EPA1, HWP1, YWP1, BCR1, BGR1, CPH1, EFG1, NDT80, ROB1, TEC1, UME6, SAP2, SAP5, PBL2, and LIP9) were downregulated by CAPE compared to the untreated control group (p<0.0001). In in vivo studies using Galleria mellonella, the treatment with CAPE prolonged survival of larvae infected by C. albicans by 44.5% (p < 0.05) and accompanied by a 2.07-fold increase in the number of hemocytes. Flow cytometry revealed the most prominent increases were in types P2 and P3 hemocytes, granular cells, which phagocytize pathogens. In addition, CAPE treatment decreased the fungal load in the hemolymph and stimulated the expression of antifungal peptide genes such as galiomicin and gallerimycin. The antifungal and immunomodulatory activities observed in G. mellonella were extended to a murine model of oral candidiasis, in which CAPE decreased the levels of C. albicans colonization (~2 log CFU/mL) in relation to the untreated control group. In addition, CAPE treatment significantly reduced pseudomembranous lesions, invasion of hyphae on epithelium surfaces, tissue damage and inflammatory infiltrate (p < 0.05). CAPE was also able to increase the expression of β-defensin 3 compared to the infected and untreated group by 3.91-fold (p < 0.0001). Taken together, these results show that CAPE has both antifungal and immunomodulatory effects, making it a promising natural antifungal agent for the treatment and prevention of candidiasis and shows impact to oral candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Pimentel de Barros
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil.,Multicampi School of Medical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Caico, Brazil
| | - Rodnei Dennis Rossoni
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Maíra Terra Garcia
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Valéria de Lima Kaminski
- Applied Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Flávio Vieira Loures
- Applied Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Beth Burgwyn Fuchs
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
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13
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Mok AC, Mody CH, Li SS. Immune Cell Degranulation in Fungal Host Defence. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:484. [PMID: 34208679 PMCID: PMC8234259 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have developed complex immune systems that defend against invading microbes, including fungal pathogens. Many highly specialized cells of the immune system share the ability to store antimicrobial compounds in membrane bound organelles that can be immediately deployed to eradicate or inhibit growth of invading pathogens. These membrane-bound organelles consist of secretory vesicles or granules, which move to the surface of the cell, where they fuse with the plasma membrane to release their contents in the process of degranulation. Lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils all degranulate in fungal host defence. While anti-microbial secretory vesicles are shared among different immune cell types, information about each cell type has emerged independently leading to an uncoordinated and confusing classification of granules and incomplete description of the mechanism by which they are deployed. While there are important differences, there are many similarities in granule morphology, granule content, stimulus for degranulation, granule trafficking, and release of granules against fungal pathogens. In this review, we describe the similarities and differences in an attempt to translate knowledge from one immune cell to another that may facilitate further studies in the context of fungal host defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adley Ch Mok
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Christopher H Mody
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Shu Shun Li
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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14
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F. Q. Smith D, Casadevall A. Fungal immunity and pathogenesis in mammals versus the invertebrate model organism Galleria mellonella. Pathog Dis 2021; 79:ftab013. [PMID: 33544836 PMCID: PMC7981337 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) have emerged as a model system to explore experimental aspects of fungal pathogenesis. The benefits of the G. mellonella model include being faster, cheaper, higher throughput and easier compared with vertebrate models. Additionally, as invertebrates, their use is subject to fewer ethical and regulatory issues. However, for G. mellonella models to provide meaningful insight into fungal pathogenesis, the G. mellonella-fungal interactions must be comparable to mammalian-fungal interactions. Indeed, as discussed in the review, studies suggest that G. mellonella and mammalian immune systems share many similarities, and fungal virulence factors show conserved functions in both hosts. While the moth model has opened novel research areas, many comparisons are superficial and leave large gaps of knowledge that need to be addressed concerning specific mechanisms underlying G. mellonella-fungal interactions. Closing these gaps in understanding will strengthen G. mellonella as a model for fungal virulence in the upcoming years. In this review, we provide comprehensive comparisons between fungal pathogenesis in mammals and G. mellonella from immunological and virulence perspectives. When information on an antifungal immune component is unknown in G. mellonella, we include findings from other well-studied Lepidoptera. We hope that by outlining this information available in related species, we highlight areas of needed research and provide a framework for understanding G. mellonella immunity and fungal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F. Q. Smith
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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15
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Bojang E, Ghuman H, Kumwenda P, Hall RA. Immune Sensing of Candida albicans. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7020119. [PMID: 33562068 PMCID: PMC7914548 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans infections range from superficial to systemic and are one of the leading causes of fungus-associated nosocomial infections. The innate immune responses during these various infection types differ, suggesting that the host environment plays a key role in modulating the host–pathogen interaction. In addition, C. albicans is able to remodel its cell wall in response to environmental conditions to evade host clearance mechanisms and establish infection in niches, such as the oral and vaginal mucosa. Phagocytes play a key role in clearing C. albicans, which is primarily mediated by Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP)–Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR) interactions. PRRs such as Dectin-1, DC-SIGN, and TLR2 and TLR4 interact with PAMPs such as β-glucans, N-mannan and O-mannan, respectively, to trigger the activation of innate immune cells. Innate immune cells exhibit distinct yet overlapping repertoires of PAMPs, resulting in the preferential recognition of particular Candida morphotypes by them. The role of phagocytes in the context of individual infection types also differs, with neutrophils playing a prominent role in kidney infections, and dendritic cells playing a prominent role in skin infections. In this review, we provide an overview of the key receptors involved in the detection of C. albicans and discuss the differential innate immune responses to C. albicans seen in different infection types such as vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) and oral candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrima Bojang
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (E.B.); (H.G.); (P.K.)
| | - Harlene Ghuman
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (E.B.); (H.G.); (P.K.)
| | - Pizga Kumwenda
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (E.B.); (H.G.); (P.K.)
| | - Rebecca A. Hall
- Kent Fungal Group, Division of Natural Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK
- Correspondence:
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16
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Yogarajah S, Mahendran K, Barker J, Setterfield J, Carey B. WITHDRAWN: Going Through A Rough Patch. ADVANCES IN ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adoms.2020.100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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17
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Muhvić-Urek M, Saltović E, Braut A, Kovačević Pavičić D. Association between Vitamin D and Candida-Associated Denture Stomatitis. Dent J (Basel) 2020; 8:dj8040121. [PMID: 33096916 PMCID: PMC7712357 DOI: 10.3390/dj8040121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida-associated denture stomatitis (CADS) is a fungal infection affecting 60–65% of denture wearers. Its etiology is complex and multifactorial and often associated with host immunodeficiency. Evidence exists that vitamin D has potential immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of this case–control study was to assess the association between vitamin D levels and CADS. The study included 32 complete denture wearers with CADS and 32 sex- and age-matched complete denture wearers without CADS. The patients were clinically examined, and the severity of denture stomatitis was assessed according to Newton’s classification scale. The serum vitamin D level was determined via the use of an electrochemiluminescence assay. The vitamin D level in the CADS group and control group was 54.68 ± 17.07 and 56.82 ± 17.75 nmol/L, respectively. There was no significant difference between the groups (p = 0.622). Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of CADS was not associated with hypovitaminosis D (odds ratio (OR) = 1.44; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.37–5.54). It can be concluded that vitamin D is not associated with CADS and does not play a significant role in host susceptibility to CADS. This finding suggests that vitamin D screening is not indicated routinely in patients with Candida-associated denture stomatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Muhvić-Urek
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Rijeka, Kresimirova 40, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Dental Clinic, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Kresimirova 40, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ema Saltović
- Dental Clinic, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Kresimirova 40, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Alen Braut
- Dental Clinic, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Kresimirova 40, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Rijeka, Kresimirova 40, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Daniela Kovačević Pavičić
- Dental Clinic, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Kresimirova 40, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Rijeka, Kresimirova 40, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia
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18
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Ryan LK, Hise AG, Hossain CM, Ruddick W, Parveen R, Freeman KB, Weaver DG, Narra HP, Scott RW, Diamond G. A Novel Immunocompetent Mouse Model for Testing Antifungal Drugs Against Invasive Candida albicans Infection. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E197. [PMID: 33007818 PMCID: PMC7712810 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Disseminated infection by Candida species represents a common, often life-threatening condition. Increased resistance to current antifungal drugs has led to an urgent need to develop new antifungal drugs to treat this pathogen. However, in vivo screening of candidate antifungal compounds requires large numbers of animals and using immunosuppressive agents to allow for fungal dissemination. To increase the efficiency of screening, to use fewer mice, and to remove the need for immunosuppressive agents, which may interfere with the drug candidates, we tested the potential for a novel approach using in vivo imaging of a fluorescent strain of Candida albicans, in a mouse strain deficient in the host defense peptide, murine β-defensin 1 (mBD-1). We developed a strain of C. albicans that expresses red fluorescent protein (RFP), which exhibits similar infectivity to the non-fluorescent parent strain. When this strain was injected into immunocompetent mBD-1-deficient mice, we observed a non-lethal disseminated infection. Further, we could quantify its dissemination in real time, and observe the activity of an antifungal peptide mimetic drug by in vivo imaging. This novel method will allow for the rapid in vivo screening of antifungal drugs, using fewer mice, and increase the efficiency of testing new antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K. Ryan
- Division of Infectious Disease and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Amy G Hise
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Medicine Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Chowdhury Mobaswar Hossain
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (C.M.H.); (W.R.); (R.P.)
| | - William Ruddick
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (C.M.H.); (W.R.); (R.P.)
| | - Rezwana Parveen
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (C.M.H.); (W.R.); (R.P.)
| | - Katie B. Freeman
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center, Inc., Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA; (K.B.F.); (D.G.W.); (R.W.S.)
| | - Damian G. Weaver
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center, Inc., Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA; (K.B.F.); (D.G.W.); (R.W.S.)
| | - Hema P. Narra
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - Richard W. Scott
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center, Inc., Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA; (K.B.F.); (D.G.W.); (R.W.S.)
| | - Gill Diamond
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; (C.M.H.); (W.R.); (R.P.)
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40902, USA
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19
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Mohammed I, Mohanty D, Said DG, Barik MR, Reddy MM, Alsaadi A, Das S, Dua HS, Mittal R. Antimicrobial peptides in human corneal tissue of patients with fungal keratitis. Br J Ophthalmol 2020; 105:1172-1177. [PMID: 32855162 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-316329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungal keratitis (FK) is the leading cause of unilateral blindness in the developing world. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been shown to play an important role on human ocular surface (OS) during bacterial, viral and protozoan infections. In this study, our aim was to profile a spectrum of AMPs in corneal tissue from patients with FK during the active pase of infection and after healing. METHODS OS samples were collected from patients at presentation by impression cytology and scraping. Corneal button specimens were collected from patients undergoing therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty for management of severe FK or healed keratitis. Gene expression of human beta-defensin (HBD)-1, -2, -3 and -9, S100A7, and LL-37 was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS Messenger RNA expression (mRNA) for all AMPs was shown to be significantly upregulated in FK samples. The levels of HBD-1 and -2 mRNA were found to be elevated in 18/20 FK samples. Whereas mRNA for HBD-3 and S100A7 was upregulated in 11/20 and HBD9 was increased in 15/20 FK samples. LL-37 mRNA showed moderate upregulation in 7/20 FK samples compared with controls. In healed scar samples, mRNA of all AMPs was found to be low and matching the levels in controls. CONCLUSION AMP expression is a consistent feature of FK, but not all AMPs are equally expressed. HBD-1 and -2 are most consistently expressed and LL-37 the least, suggesting some specificity of AMP expression related to FK. These results will help to identify HBD sequence templates for designing FK-specific peptides to test for therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Mohammed
- Academic Ophthalmology, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham United Kingdom
| | - Debasmita Mohanty
- Kanupriya Dalmia Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory, L V Prasad Eye Institute, MTC Campus, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Dalia G Said
- Academic Ophthalmology, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham United Kingdom.,Ophthalmology Department, Nottingham University Hospitals, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham United Kingdom
| | - Manas Ranjan Barik
- Ocular Microbiology Service, L V Prasad Eye Institute, MTC Campus, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Mamatha M Reddy
- Ocular Microbiology Service, L V Prasad Eye Institute, MTC Campus, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ahmed Alsaadi
- Ophthalmology Department, Zayed Military Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sujata Das
- Cornea and Anterior Segment Service, L V Prasad Eye Institute, MTC Campus, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Harminder Singh Dua
- Academic Ophthalmology, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham United Kingdom .,Ophthalmology Department, Nottingham University Hospitals, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham United Kingdom
| | - Ruchi Mittal
- Kanupriya Dalmia Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory, L V Prasad Eye Institute, MTC Campus, Bhubaneswar, India
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20
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Zhou C, Monin L, Gordon R, Aggor FEY, Bechara R, Edwards TN, Kaplan DH, Gingras S, Gaffen SL. An IL-17F.S65L Knock-In Mouse Reveals Similarities and Differences in IL-17F Function in Oral Candidiasis: A New Tool to Understand IL-17F. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:720-730. [PMID: 32601099 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) is an opportunistic infection of the oral mucosa caused by the commensal fungus Candida albicans IL-17R signaling is essential to prevent OPC in mice and humans, but the individual roles of its ligands, IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-17AF, are less clear. A homozygous IL-17F deficiency in mice does not cause OPC susceptibility, whereas mice lacking IL-17A are moderately susceptible. In humans, a rare heterozygous mutation in IL-17F (IL-17F.S65L) was identified that causes chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, suggesting the existence of essential antifungal pathways mediated by IL-17F and/or IL-17AF. To investigate the role of IL-17F and IL-17AF in more detail, we exploited this "experiment of nature" by creating a mouse line bearing the homologous mutation in IL-17F (Ser65Leu) by CRISPR/Cas9. Unlike Il17f-/- mice that are resistant to OPC, Il17fS65L/S65L mice showed increased oral fungal burdens similar to Il17a -/- mice. In contrast to humans, however, disease was only evident in homozygous, not heterozygous, mutant mice. The mutation was linked to modestly impaired CXC chemokine expression and neutrophil recruitment to the infected tongue but not to alterations in oral antimicrobial peptide expression. These findings suggest mechanisms by which the enigmatic cytokine IL-17F contributes to host defense against fungi. Moreover, because these mice do not phenocopy Il17f-/- mice, they may provide a valuable tool to interrogate IL-17F and IL-17AF function in vivo in other settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsheng Zhou
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Leticia Monin
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Rachael Gordon
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and
| | - Felix E Y Aggor
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Rami Bechara
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Tara N Edwards
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Daniel H Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Sebastien Gingras
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and
| | - Sarah L Gaffen
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261;
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21
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Aggor FEY, Break TJ, Trevejo-Nuñez G, Whibley N, Coleman BM, Bailey RD, Kaplan DH, Naglik JR, Shan W, Shetty AC, McCracken C, Durum SK, Biswas PS, Bruno VM, Kolls JK, Lionakis MS, Gaffen SL. Oral epithelial IL-22/STAT3 signaling licenses IL-17-mediated immunity to oral mucosal candidiasis. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:eaba0570. [PMID: 32503875 PMCID: PMC7340112 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aba0570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC; thrush) is an opportunistic infection caused by the commensal fungus Candida albicans Interleukin-17 (IL-17) and IL-22 are cytokines produced by type 17 lymphocytes. Both cytokines mediate antifungal immunity yet activate quite distinct downstream signaling pathways. While much is now understood about how IL-17 promotes immunity in OPC, the activities of IL-22 are far less well delineated. We show that, despite having similar requirements for induction from type 17 cells, IL-22 and IL-17 function nonredundantly during OPC. We find that the IL-22 and IL-17 receptors are required in anatomically distinct locations within the oral mucosa; loss of IL-22RA1 or signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in the oral basal epithelial layer (BEL) causes susceptibility to OPC, whereas IL-17RA is needed in the suprabasal epithelial layer (SEL). Transcriptional profiling of the tongue linked IL-22/STAT3 not only to oral epithelial cell proliferation and survival but also, unexpectedly, to driving an IL-17-specific gene signature. We show that IL-22 mediates regenerative signals on the BEL that replenish the IL-17RA-expressing SEL, thereby restoring the ability of the oral epithelium to respond to IL-17 and thus to mediate antifungal events. Consequently, IL-22 signaling in BEL "licenses" IL-17 signaling in the oral mucosa, revealing spatially distinct yet cooperative activities of IL-22 and IL-17 in oral candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix E Y Aggor
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Timothy J Break
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Natasha Whibley
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bianca M Coleman
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rachel D Bailey
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel H Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Julian R Naglik
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Wei Shan
- Cytokines and Immunity Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Amol C Shetty
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carrie McCracken
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Scott K Durum
- Cytokines and Immunity Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Partha S Biswas
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vincent M Bruno
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jay K Kolls
- Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah L Gaffen
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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22
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Dahal GP, Launder D, McKeone KMM, Hunter JP, Conti HR, Viola RE. Aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase inhibition suppresses the growth of the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. Drug Dev Res 2020; 81:736-744. [PMID: 32383780 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Potent inhibitors of an essential microbial enzyme have been shown to be effective growth inhibitors of Candida albicans, a pathogenic fungus. C. albicans is the main cause of oropharyngeal candidiasis, and also causes invasive fungal infections, including systemic sepsis, leading to serious complications in immunocompromised patients. As the rates of drug-resistant fungal infections continue to rise novel antifungal treatments are desperately needed. The enzyme aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (ASADH) is critical for the functioning of the aspartate biosynthetic pathway in microbes and plants. Because the aspartate pathway is absent in humans, ASADH has the potential to be a promising new target for antifungal research. Deleting the asd gene encoding for ASADH significantly decreases the survival of C. albicans, establishing this enzyme as essential for this organism. Previously developed ASADH inhibitors were tested against several strains of C. albicans to measure their possible therapeutic impact. The more potent inhibitors show a good correlation between enzyme inhibitor potency and fungal growth inhibition. Growth curves generated by incubating different C. albicans strains with varying enzyme inhibitor levels show significant slowing of fungal growth by these inhibitors against each of these strains, similar to the effect observed with a clinical antifungal drug. The most effective inhibitors also demonstrated relatively low cytotoxicity against a human epithelial cell line. Taken together, these results establish that the ASADH enzyme is a promising new target for further development as a novel antifungal treatment against C. albicans and related fungal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal P Dahal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Dylan Launder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Joseph P Hunter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Heather R Conti
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Ronald E Viola
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
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23
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Gaffen SL, Moutsopoulos NM. Regulation of host-microbe interactions at oral mucosal barriers by type 17 immunity. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:eaau4594. [PMID: 31901072 PMCID: PMC7068849 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aau4594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The oral mucosa is a primary barrier site and a portal for entry of microbes, food, and airborne particles into the gastrointestinal tract. Nonetheless, mucosal immunity at this barrier remains understudied compared with other anatomical barrier sites. Here, we review basic aspects of oral mucosal histology, the oral microbiome, and common and clinically significant diseases that present at oral mucosal barriers. We particularly focus on the role of interleukin-17 (IL-17)/T helper 17 (TH17) responses in protective immunity and inflammation in the oral mucosa. IL-17/TH17 responses are highly relevant to maintaining barrier integrity and preventing pathogenic infections by the oral commensal fungus Candida albicans On the other hand, aberrant IL-17/TH17 responses are implicated in driving the pathogenesis of periodontitis and consequent bone and tooth loss. We discuss distinct IL-17-secreting T cell subsets, emphasizing their regulation and function in oropharyngeal candidiasis and periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Gaffen
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Niki M Moutsopoulos
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Molecular characterization of pulmonary defenses against bacterial invasion in allergic asthma: The role of Foxa2 in regulation of β-defensin 1. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226517. [PMID: 31881038 PMCID: PMC6934329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma, characterized by chronic airway Th2-dominated inflammation, is associated with an increased risk of infection; however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Forkhead box protein A2 (Foxa2) plays a critical role in Th2 inflammation and is associated with pulmonary defenses. To determining the role of Foxa2 in Th2-dominated lung inflammation against the invading bacteria, we established a mouse OVA-sensitized model, an Escherichia coli lung invasion model, and mice with conditional deletion of Foxa2 in respiratory epithelial cells. The number of bacteria in the lung tissue was counted to assess clearance ability of lung. Lung inflammation and histopathology was evaluated using HE and PAS staining. It was found that OVA-sensitized mice had decreased E. coli clearance, reduced Foxa2 expression, and decreased DEFB1 secretion. Conditional deletion of Foxa2 in respiratory epithelial cells led to decreased clearance of E. coli and impaired secretion of DEFB1, similar to the OVA-induced allergic condition. The impaired secretion of DEFB1 may be responsible for the increased risk of infection in the Th2-dominated airway inflammation. Dual luciferase assay demonstrated that Foxa2 regulates DEFB1 expression by affecting its promoter activity in HBE cells. Our study indicated that Foxa2 plays an important role in Th2-dominated airway inflammation against invading bacteria. Conditional deletion of Foxa2 in respiratory epithelial cells can reduce pulmonary's defense against bacterial invasion by inhibiting DEFB1expression.
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Mao X, Qiu X, Jiao C, Lu M, Zhao X, Li X, Li J, Ma J, Zhang H. Candida albicans SC5314 inhibits NLRP3/NLRP6 inflammasome expression and dampens human intestinal barrier activity in Caco-2 cell monolayer model. Cytokine 2019; 126:154882. [PMID: 31629100 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that colonizes human gastro-intestinal mucosal tissues. Its effect on the immune response in intestinal epithelial cells and on the intestinal mucosal barrier are not yet fully understood. In this study, we investigated Caco-2 cells, a monolayer model of intestinal epithelial cells, with or without treatment with C. albicans SC5314 (CA) or heat-inactivated CA (CA-inact). RNA sequencing was conducted, and the mRNA and protein levels of NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) or NLRP6/ASC/caspase-1 inflammasome signaling pathway components, inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-18 [IL-18] and IL-1β), anti-microbial peptides (AMPs; β-defensin-2 [BD-2], BD-3, and LL-37), and tight junction proteins (occludin and zona occludens-1 [ZO-1]) were examined by real-time PCR, western blotting, and/or immunofluorescence microscopy. Lactase dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the Caco-2 cell supernatant were measured by enzyme kinetics analysis. Our results showed that the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway participates in the CA- and CA-inact-infected Caco-2 cells, as shown by microarray analysis of total mRNA expression. The expression of NLRP3, NLRP6, ASC, BD-2, BD-3, occludin, and ZO-1 were significantly decreased in Caco-2 cells infected with CA and CA-inact compared to that in the untreated control. IL-1β expression was decreased in the Caco-2 cells in both the CA- and CA-inact-infected groups compared to that in the control. Caspase-1 and IL-18 levels were not markedly affected by CA or CA-inact in Caco-2 cells. Our findings indicate that CA can inhibit the NLRP3 and NLRP6 pathways and dampen human intestinal mucosal barrier activity by decreasing the production of AMPs and tight junction proteins, independent of CA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaqiong Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyun Qiu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunhua Jiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meijiao Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueting Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiajia Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjing Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Kulatunga DCM, Dananjaya SHS, Nikapitiya C, Kim CH, Lee J, De Zoysa M. Candida albicans Infection Model in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) for Screening Anticandidal Drugs. Mycopathologia 2019; 184:559-572. [PMID: 31473909 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-019-00378-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen which causes systemic infections in human. In this study, C. albicans infection model was developed in zebrafish to understand the host-pathogen interactions for straightforward anticandidal drug screening. METHODS To develop the infection, 1 × 106 cells of C. albicans suspended in phosphate-buffered saline were deposited in zebrafish dorsal muscle by manually operated syringe. The infection progression was externally assessed by a scale of wound-healing events, based on visible changes of yeast deposited in the muscle tissues. Chemotherapy was carried out with known antifungal drugs (fluconazole, nystatin, and amphotericin B) and a potential antifungal agent, chitosan silver nanocomposites (CAgNC), after the infection as direct exposure in the water. Histopathological analysis was performed to identify the pathogen virulence and the host-pathogen interaction during the infection. RESULTS The light microscopic observations and histopathological analysis revealed the yeast-hyphae transition at the site of infection (at 72 hpi) and progression of the infection in the host tissues. The larval survival rate under fluconazole (up to 80 μg mL-1) and nystatin (up to 20 μg mL-1) was > 90% and for CAgNC it was 40% at 36 h post-exposure (hpe). The infection progression was suppressed with the fungicidal treatments. Among inflammatory genes, il-1β has been highly upregulated (14.68-fold) at 24 h post infection (hpi). Both il-1β and tnf-α were moderately upregulated in infected fish gills at 72 hpi. Among the C. albicans antioxidant genes, cat1 and sod2 have been upregulated during the infection, and relative expression folds were increased from low to moderate levels with the time. DISCUSSION We demonstrate the approach for the development of artificial infection model of zebrafish with C. albicans. By this mini vertebrate zebrafish model, researchers will be able to study novel anticandidal compounds in vivo with respect to the host, pathogen, and their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C M Kulatunga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - S H S Dananjaya
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Chamilani Nikapitiya
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Hee Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences and Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahanama De Zoysa
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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Kalia N, Singh J, Kaur M. Immunopathology of Recurrent Vulvovaginal Infections: New Aspects and Research Directions. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2034. [PMID: 31555269 PMCID: PMC6722227 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent vulvovaginal infections (RVVI), a devastating group of mucosal infection, are severely affecting women's quality of life. Our understanding of the vaginal defense mechanisms have broadened recently with studies uncovering the inflammatory nature of bacterial vaginosis, inflammatory responses against novel virulence factors, innate Type 17 cells/IL-17 axis, neutrophils mediated killing of pathogens by a novel mechanism, and oxidative stress during vaginal infections. However, the pathogens have fine mechanisms to subvert or manipulate the host immune responses, hijack them and use them for their own advantage. The odds of hijacking increases, due to impaired immune responses, the net magnitude of which is the result of numerous genetic variations, present in multiple host genes, detailed in this review. Thus, by underlining the role of the host immune responses in disease etiology, modern research has clarified a major hypothesis shift in the pathophilosophy of RVVI. This knowledge can further be used to develop efficient immune-based diagnosis and treatment strategies for this enigmatic disease conditions. As for instance, plasma-derived MBL replacement, adoptive T-cell, and antibody-based therapies have been reported to be safe and efficacious in infectious diseases. Therefore, these emerging immune-therapies could possibly be the future therapeutic options for RVVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namarta Kalia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Jatinder Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Manpreet Kaur
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
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Galocha M, Pais P, Cavalheiro M, Pereira D, Viana R, Teixeira MC. Divergent Approaches to Virulence in C. albicans and C. glabrata: Two Sides of the Same Coin. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2345. [PMID: 31083555 PMCID: PMC6539081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans and Candida glabrata are the two most prevalent etiologic agents of candidiasis worldwide. Although both are recognized as pathogenic, their choice of virulence traits is highly divergent. Indeed, it appears that these different approaches to fungal virulence may be equally successful in causing human candidiasis. In this review, the virulence mechanisms employed by C. albicans and C. glabrata are analyzed, with emphasis on the differences between the two systems. Pathogenesis features considered in this paper include dimorphic growth, secreted enzymes and signaling molecules, and stress resistance mechanisms. The consequences of these traits in tissue invasion, biofilm formation, immune system evasion, and macrophage escape, in a species dependent manner, are discussed. This review highlights the observation that C. albicans and C. glabrata follow different paths leading to a similar outcome. It also highlights the lack of knowledge on some of the specific mechanisms underlying C. glabrata pathogenesis, which deserve future scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Galocha
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Pais
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Mafalda Cavalheiro
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Diana Pereira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Romeu Viana
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Miguel C Teixeira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Interleukin-17 in Antifungal Immunity. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8020054. [PMID: 31013616 PMCID: PMC6630750 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8020054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of IL-17 biology has received much attention over the last decade owing to the pathogenic role of this cytokine in psoriasis and other autoinflammatory disorders and the successful implementation of IL-17-targeting therapies in patients suffering from these diseases. IL-17-mediated pathologies are contrasted by the important host beneficial effects of this cytokine. IL-17 is essential for regulating microbial colonization in barrier tissues. Rare congenital defects in the IL-17 pathway exemplify the relevance of IL-17 in protective immunity against the opportunistic fungal pathogen C. albicans. However, more recently, evidence is accumulating that IL-17 can also provide protection against fungi other than C. albicans. Importantly, protective IL-17 responses directed against commensal fungi can, under certain conditions, promote inflammation with detrimental consequences for the host, thereby assigning fungi a new role as disease-promoting factors apart from their role as potential infectious agents.
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30
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Candida albicans Interactions with Mucosal Surfaces during Health and Disease. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8020053. [PMID: 31013590 PMCID: PMC6631630 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8020053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexible adaptation to the host environment is a critical trait that underpins the success of numerous microbes. The polymorphic fungus Candida albicans has evolved to persist in the numerous challenging niches of the human body. The interaction of C. albicans with a mucosal surface is an essential prerequisite for fungal colonisation and epitomises the complex interface between microbe and host. C. albicans exhibits numerous adaptations to a healthy host that permit commensal colonisation of mucosal surfaces without provoking an overt immune response that may lead to clearance. Conversely, fungal adaptation to impaired immune fitness at mucosal surfaces enables pathogenic infiltration into underlying tissues, often with devastating consequences. This review will summarise our current understanding of the complex interactions that occur between C. albicans and the mucosal surfaces of the human body.
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Candida albicans-induced acute lung injury through activating several inflammatory signaling pathways in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 72:275-283. [PMID: 31005037 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans infection-induced acute lung injury is one of the most prevalent diseases in immunosuppressive individual. Nevertheless, the mechanism by which Candida albicans induced acute lung injury remains unclear. The present study investigated the mechanism by which Candida albicans induced acute lung injury in mice. Mice were randomly divided into four groups and intratracheally injected with 60 μl Candida albicans (106 CFU) or normal saline. Half of the mice were sacrificed at 6 h after Candida albicans. The rest of the mice for survival test were observed until 7 d after Candida albicans. As expected, immunosuppression aggravated Candida albicans-induced acute lung injury and death in mice. Additionally, Candida albicans infection elevated mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory and chemokines in lungs and the levels of IL-6, IL-1β and IL-17 in serum. Further study showed that Candida albicans promoted nuclear translocation of NF-κB p50 and p65 subunits in pulmonary epithelial cells and interstitial cells. Candida albicans induced pulmonary p38, ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation in normal and immunosuppressive mice. Moreover, Candida albicans infection activated pulmonary STAT3 signaling in normal and immunosuppressive mice. Overall, these results suggest that Candida albicans induced acute lung injury and death may be through activating several inflammatory signaling pathways.
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Meade KG, O'Farrelly C. β-Defensins: Farming the Microbiome for Homeostasis and Health. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3072. [PMID: 30761155 PMCID: PMC6362941 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse commensal populations are now regarded as key to physiological homeostasis and protection against disease. Although bacteria are the most abundant component of microbiomes, and the most intensively studied, the microbiome also consists of viral, fungal, archael, and protozoan communities, about which comparatively little is known. Host-defense peptides (HDPs), originally described as antimicrobial, now have renewed significance as curators of the pervasive microbial loads required to maintain homeostasis and manage microbiome diversity. Harnessing HDP biology to transition away from non-selective, antibiotic-mediated treatments for clearance of microbes is a new paradigm, particularly in veterinary medicine. One family of evolutionarily conserved HDPs, β-defensins which are produced in diverse combinations by epithelial and immune cell populations, are multifunctional cationic peptides which manage the cross-talk between host and microbes and maintain a healthy yet dynamic equilibrium across mucosal systems. They are therefore key gatekeepers to the oral, respiratory, reproductive and enteric tissues, preventing pathogen-associated inflammation and disease and maintaining physiological normality. Expansions in the number of genes encoding these natural antibiotics have been described in the genomes of some species, the functional significance of which has only recently being appreciated. β-defensin expression has been documented pre-birth and disruptions in their regulation may play a role in maladaptive neonatal immune programming, thereby contributing to subsequent disease susceptibility. Here we review recent evidence supporting a critical role for β-defensins as farmers of the pervasive and complex prokaryotic ecosystems that occupy all body surfaces and cavities. We also share some new perspectives on the role of β-defensins as sensors of homeostasis and the immune vanguard particularly at sites of immunological privilege where inflammation is attenuated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran G. Meade
- Animal and Bioscience Research Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Ireland
| | - Cliona O'Farrelly
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Tan L, Bai L, Wang L, He L, Li G, Du W, Shen T, Xiang Z, Wu J, Liu Z, Hu M. Antifungal activity of spider venom-derived peptide lycosin-I against Candida tropicalis. Microbiol Res 2018; 216:120-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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de Oliveira Santos GC, Vasconcelos CC, Lopes AJO, de Sousa Cartágenes MDS, Filho AKDB, do Nascimento FRF, Ramos RM, Pires ERRB, de Andrade MS, Rocha FMG, de Andrade Monteiro C. Candida Infections and Therapeutic Strategies: Mechanisms of Action for Traditional and Alternative Agents. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1351. [PMID: 30018595 PMCID: PMC6038711 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Candida genus comprises opportunistic fungi that can become pathogenic when the immune system of the host fails. Candida albicans is the most important and prevalent species. Polyenes, fluoropyrimidines, echinocandins, and azoles are used as commercial antifungal agents to treat candidiasis. However, the presence of intrinsic and developed resistance against azole antifungals has been extensively documented among several Candida species. The advent of original and re-emergence of classical fungal diseases have occurred as a consequence of the development of the antifungal resistance phenomenon. In this way, the development of new satisfactory therapy for fungal diseases persists as a major challenge of present-day medicine. The design of original drugs from traditional medicines provides new promises in the modern clinic. The urgent need includes the development of alternative drugs that are more efficient and tolerant than those traditional already in use. The identification of new substances with potential antifungal effect at low concentrations or in combination is also a possibility. The present review briefly examines the infections caused by Candida species and focuses on the mechanisms of action associated with the traditional agents used to treat those infections, as well as the current understanding of the molecular basis of resistance development in these fungal species. In addition, this review describes some of the promising alternative molecules and/or substances that could be used as anticandidal agents, their mechanisms of action, and their use in combination with traditional drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle C. de Oliveira Santos
- Programa de Doutorado em Biotecnologia da Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Cleydlenne C. Vasconcelos
- Programa de Doutorado em Biotecnologia da Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Alberto J. O. Lopes
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | | | - Allan K. D. B. Filho
- Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, Programa de Doutorado em Biotecnologia da Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo M. Ramos
- Department of Information, Environment, Health and Food Production, Laboratory of Information Systems, Federal Institute of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo S. de Andrade
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Flaviane M. G. Rocha
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica, Programa de Mestrado em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Cristina de Andrade Monteiro
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica, Programa de Mestrado em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís, Brazil
- Departmento de Biologia, Instituto Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
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Miró MS, Rodríguez E, Vigezzi C, Icely PA, García LN, Peinetti N, Maldonado CA, Riera FO, Caeiro JP, Sotomayor CE. Contribution of TLR2 pathway in the pathogenesis of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Pathog Dis 2018; 75:4098498. [PMID: 28911197 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the prevalent etiological agent in acute vulvovaginal infection and the most severe chronic condition known as recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). A critical role of local innate immunity in defense and pathogenesis of vaginal infection by Candida is proposed. The fungal recognition by the innate immune receptor is an essential step for the induction of local responses including cytokines and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) production for host protection. Using TLR2-deficient mice, we characterized the early innate immune response during VVC. Intravaginal challenge of TLR2-/- mice with C. albicans demonstrated that in response to the initial massive penetration, a strong local inflammatory reaction with recruitment of polymorphonuclear neutrophils was developed. Both interleukin 1β (IL1β)-regarded as the hallmark of VVC immunopathogenesis-and IL6 were increased in vaginal lavage. Murine beta defensin 1 (mBD1), a constitutive AMP with fungicidal and chemotactic activity, was significantly upregulated in wild type (WT) animals in response to infection. Interestingly, in the absence of TLR2 recognition, levels of mBD1 RNA more than twice higher than those in WT infected animals were observed. Interestingly, our results demonstrate that TLR2 signaling is important to control the fungal burden in the vaginal tract. These finding provide new evidence about the role of this innate receptor during VVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Soledad Miró
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity to Fungal Pathogens, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Center for Research in Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, CIBICI-CONICET, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Emilse Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity to Fungal Pathogens, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Center for Research in Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, CIBICI-CONICET, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Vigezzi
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity to Fungal Pathogens, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Center for Research in Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, CIBICI-CONICET, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Paula Alejandra Icely
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity to Fungal Pathogens, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Center for Research in Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, CIBICI-CONICET, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Luciana N García
- Institute of Health Sciences Research, INICSA-CONICET and Electronic Microscopy Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Cordoba, Enrique Barros esq. Enfermera Gordillo, Ciudad Universitaria, 5016 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nahuel Peinetti
- Institute of Health Sciences Research, INICSA-CONICET and Electronic Microscopy Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Cordoba, Enrique Barros esq. Enfermera Gordillo, Ciudad Universitaria, 5016 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cristina A Maldonado
- Institute of Health Sciences Research, INICSA-CONICET and Electronic Microscopy Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Cordoba, Enrique Barros esq. Enfermera Gordillo, Ciudad Universitaria, 5016 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Fernando Oscar Riera
- Infectology Department, Allende Sanatorium, Pedro Simon Laplace 5749, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Caeiro
- Infectology Department, Privado Hospital, Av. Naciones Unidas 346, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia Elena Sotomayor
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity to Fungal Pathogens, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Center for Research in Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, CIBICI-CONICET, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
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36
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Carey B, Lambourne J, Porter S, Hodgson T. Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis due to gain-of-function mutation in STAT1. Oral Dis 2018; 25:684-692. [PMID: 29702748 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) is a heterogenous group of primary immunodeficiency diseases characterised by susceptibility to chronic or recurrent superficial Candida infection of skin, nails and mucous membranes. Gain-of-function mutations in the STAT1 gene (STAT1-GOF) are the most common genetic aetiology for CMC, and mutation analysis should be considered. These mutations lead to defective responses in Type 1 and Type 17 helper T cells (Th1 and Th17), which, depending on the mutation, also predispose to infection with Staphylococci, Mycobacteria and Herpesviridae. We describe the clinical and genetic findings for three patients with CMC due to gain-of-function mutations in the STAT1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Carey
- Oral Medicine Unit, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, Eastman Dental Hospital, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Lambourne
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Stephen Porter
- Oral Medicine Unit, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, Eastman Dental Hospital, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK
| | - Tim Hodgson
- Oral Medicine Unit, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, Eastman Dental Hospital, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK
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37
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Labrière C, Kondori N, Caous JS, Boomgaren M, Sandholm K, Ekdahl KN, Hansen JH, Svenson J. Development and evaluation of cationic amphiphilic antimicrobial 2,5-diketopiperazines. J Pept Sci 2018; 24:e3090. [PMID: 29845683 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Labrière
- Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nahid Kondori
- Department of Infectious diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Josefin Seth Caous
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Borås, Sweden
| | - Marc Boomgaren
- Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kerstin Sandholm
- Linnaeus Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Kristina N Ekdahl
- Linnaeus Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory C5:3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jørn H Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Johan Svenson
- Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Chemistry and Materials, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Borås, Sweden
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38
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Salazar F, Brown GD. Antifungal Innate Immunity: A Perspective from the Last 10 Years. J Innate Immun 2018; 10:373-397. [PMID: 29768268 DOI: 10.1159/000488539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens can rarely cause diseases in immunocompetent individuals. However, commensal and normally nonpathogenic environmental fungi can cause life-threatening infections in immunocompromised individuals. Over the last few decades, there has been a huge increase in the incidence of invasive opportunistic fungal infections along with a worrying increase in antifungal drug resistance. As a consequence, research focused on understanding the molecular and cellular basis of antifungal immunity has expanded tremendously in the last few years. This review will provide an overview of the most exciting recent advances in innate antifungal immunity, discoveries that are helping to pave the way for the development of new strategies that are desperately needed to combat these devastating diseases.
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39
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De Rose V, Molloy K, Gohy S, Pilette C, Greene CM. Airway Epithelium Dysfunction in Cystic Fibrosis and COPD. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:1309746. [PMID: 29849481 PMCID: PMC5911336 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1309746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, whereas chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is mainly caused by environmental factors (mostly cigarette smoking) on a genetically susceptible background. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of these diseases are different, both are associated with progressive airflow obstruction, airway neutrophilic inflammation, and recurrent exacerbations, suggesting common mechanisms. The airway epithelium plays a crucial role in maintaining normal airway functions. Major molecular and morphologic changes occur in the airway epithelium in both CF and COPD, and growing evidence suggests that airway epithelial dysfunction is involved in disease initiation and progression in both diseases. Structural and functional abnormalities in both airway and alveolar epithelium have a relevant impact on alteration of host defences, immune/inflammatory response, and the repair process leading to progressive lung damage and impaired lung function. In this review, we address the evidence for a critical role of dysfunctional airway epithelial cells in chronic airway inflammation and remodelling in CF and COPD, highlighting the common mechanisms involved in the epithelial dysfunction as well as the similarities and differences of the two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia De Rose
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, A.O.U. S. Luigi Gonzaga, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Kevin Molloy
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sophie Gohy
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Pole of Pneumology, ENT and Dermatology, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pneumology, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charles Pilette
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Pole of Pneumology, ENT and Dermatology, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pneumology, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine M. Greene
- Lung Biology Group, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Dublin, Ireland
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40
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Candida albicans - Biology, molecular characterization, pathogenicity, and advances in diagnosis and control – An update. Microb Pathog 2018; 117:128-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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41
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Richardson JP, Moyes DL, Ho J, Naglik JR. Candida innate immunity at the mucosa. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 89:58-70. [PMID: 29501618 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The tremendous diversity in microbial species that colonise the mucosal surfaces of the human body is only now beginning to be fully appreciated. Distinguishing between the behaviour of commensal microbes and harmful pathogens that reside at mucosal sites in the body is a complex, and exquisitely fine-tuned process central to mucosal health. The fungal pathobiont Candida albicans is frequently isolated from mucosal surfaces with an asymptomatic carriage rate of approximately 60% in the human population. While normally a benign member of the microbiota, overgrowth of C. albicans often results in localised mucosal infection causing morbidity in otherwise healthy individuals, and invasive infection that often causes death in the absence of effective immune defence. C. albicans triggers numerous innate immune responses at mucosal surfaces, and detection of C. albicans hyphae in particular, stimulates the production of antimicrobial peptides, danger-associated molecular patterns and cytokines that function to reduce fungal burdens during infection. This review will summarise our current understanding of innate immune responses to C. albicans at mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David L Moyes
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Mucosal & Salivary Biology Division, Dental Institute, King's College London, UK.
| | - Jemima Ho
- Mucosal & Salivary Biology Division, Dental Institute, King's College London, UK.
| | - Julian R Naglik
- Mucosal & Salivary Biology Division, Dental Institute, King's College London, UK.
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42
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Davidson L, Netea MG, Kullberg BJ. Patient Susceptibility to Candidiasis-A Potential for Adjunctive Immunotherapy. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:E9. [PMID: 29371502 PMCID: PMC5872312 DOI: 10.3390/jof4010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida spp. are colonizing fungi of human skin and mucosae of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract, present in 30-50% of healthy individuals in a population at any given moment. The host defense mechanisms prevent this commensal fungus from invading and causing disease. Loss of skin or mucosal barrier function, microbiome imbalances, or defects of immune defense mechanisms can lead to an increased susceptibility to severe mucocutaneous or invasive candidiasis. A comprehensive understanding of the immune defense against Candida is essential for developing adjunctive immunotherapy. The important role of underlying genetic susceptibility to Candida infections has become apparent over the years. In most patients, the cause of increased susceptibility to fungal infections is complex, based on a combination of immune regulation gene polymorphisms together with other non-genetic predisposing factors. Identification of patients with an underlying genetic predisposition could help determine which patients could benefit from prophylactic antifungal treatment or adjunctive immunotherapy. This review will provide an overview of patient susceptibility to mucocutaneous and invasive candidiasis and the potential for adjunctive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Davidson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Bart Jan Kullberg
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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43
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Naglik JR, König A, Hube B, Gaffen SL. Candida albicans-epithelial interactions and induction of mucosal innate immunity. Curr Opin Microbiol 2017; 40:104-112. [PMID: 29156234 PMCID: PMC5733685 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a human fungal pathogen that causes millions of mucosal and life-threatening infections annually. C. albicans initially interacts with epithelial cells, resulting in fungal recognition and the formation of hyphae. Hypha formation is critical for host cell damage and immune activation, which are both driven by the secretion of Candidalysin, a recently discovered peptide toxin. Epithelial activation leads to the production of inflammatory mediators that recruit innate immune cells including neutrophils, macrophages and innate Type 17 cells, which together work with epithelial cells to clear the fungal infection. This review will focus on the recent discoveries that have advanced our understanding of C. albicans-epithelial interactions and the induction of mucosal innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian R Naglik
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.
| | - Annika König
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany; Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care, University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sarah L Gaffen
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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44
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Mohammed I, Said DG, Dua HS. Human antimicrobial peptides in ocular surface defense. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 61:1-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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45
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Innate Immunity to Mucosal Candida Infections. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:jof3040060. [PMID: 29371576 PMCID: PMC5753162 DOI: 10.3390/jof3040060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal epithelial tissues are exposed to high numbers of microbes, including commensal fungi, and are able to distinguish between those that are avirulent and those that cause disease. Epithelial cells have evolved multiple mechanisms to defend against colonization and invasion by Candida species. The interplay between mucosal epithelial tissues and immune cells is key for control and clearance of fungal infections. Our understanding of the mucosal innate host defense system has expanded recently with new studies bringing to light the importance of epithelial cell responses, innate T cells, neutrophils, and other phagocytes during Candida infections. Epithelial tissues release cytokines, host defense peptides, and alarmins during Candida invasion that act in concert to limit fungal proliferation and recruit immune effector cells. The innate T cell/IL-17 axis and recruitment of neutrophils are of central importance in controlling mucosal fungal infections. Here, we review current knowledge of the innate immunity at sites of mucosal Candida infection, with a focus on infections caused by C. albicans.
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46
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The intraspecies diversity of C. albicans triggers qualitatively and temporally distinct host responses that determine the balance between commensalism and pathogenicity. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:1335-1350. [PMID: 28176789 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The host immune status is critical for preventing opportunistic infections with Candida albicans. Whether the natural fungal diversity that exists between C. albicans isolates also influences disease development remains unclear. Here, we used an experimental model of oral infection to probe the host response to diverse C. albicans isolates in vivo and found dramatic differences in their ability to persist in the oral mucosa, which inversely correlated with the degree and kinetics of immune activation in the host. Strikingly, the requirement of interleukin (IL)-17 signaling for fungal control was conserved between isolates, including isolates with delayed induction of IL-17. This underscores the relevance of IL-17 immunity in mucosal defense against C. albicans. In contrast, the accumulation of neutrophils and induction of inflammation in the infected tissue was strictly strain dependent. The dichotomy of the inflammatory neutrophil response was linked to the capacity of fungal strains to cause cellular damage and release of alarmins from the epithelium. The epithelium thus translates differences in the fungus into qualitatively distinct host responses. Altogether, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the antifungal response in the oral mucosa and demonstrates the relevance of evaluating intraspecies differences for the outcome of fungal-host interactions in vivo.
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47
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Nishio K, Ozawa Y, Ito H, Kifune T, Narita T, Iinuma T, Gionhaku N, Asano M. Functional expression of BMP7 receptors in oral epithelial cells. Interleukin-17F production in response to BMP7. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2017; 37:515-521. [PMID: 28812969 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2017.1360352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily. Recently, BMP7 has been demonstrated to be produced by salivary glands and contribute to embryonic branching in mice. The BMP7 in saliva is thought to be delivered to the oral cavity and is expected to contact with stratified squamous epithelial cells which line the surface of oral mucosa. In this study, we attempted to investigate the effects of BMP7 on oral epithelial cells. METHODS The expression of BMP receptors was examined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). OSCCs were stimulated with human recombinant BMP7 (hrBMP7) and the phosphorylation status of Smad1/5/8 was examined by western blotting. For microarray analysis, Ca9-22 cells were stimulated with 100 ng/mL of hrBMP7 and total RNA was extracted and subjected to real-time PCR. The 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of IL-17 F gene was cloned to pGL4-basic vector and used for luciferase assay. Ca9-22 cells were pre-incubated with DM3189, a specific inhibitor of Smad1/5/8, for inhibition assay. RESULTS All isoforms of type I and type II BMP receptors were expressed in both Ca9-22 and HSC3 cells and BMP7 stimulation resulted in the phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8 in both cell lines. The microarray analysis revealed the induction of interleukin-17 F (IL-17 F), netrin G2 (NTNG2) and hyaluronan synthase 1 (HAS1). Luciferase assay using the 5'-UTR of the IL-17 F gene revealed transcriptional regulation. Induced IL-17 F production was further confirmed at the protein level by ELISA. Smad1/5/8 inhibitor pretreatment decreased IL-17 F expression levels in the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Nishio
- a Department of Complete Denture Prosthodontics , Nihon University School of Dentistry , Tokyo , Japan.,b Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center , Nihon University School of Dentistry , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yasumasa Ozawa
- c Division of Applied Oral Sciences , Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hisanori Ito
- c Division of Applied Oral Sciences , Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Takashi Kifune
- c Division of Applied Oral Sciences , Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Tatsuya Narita
- a Department of Complete Denture Prosthodontics , Nihon University School of Dentistry , Tokyo , Japan.,b Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center , Nihon University School of Dentistry , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Iinuma
- a Department of Complete Denture Prosthodontics , Nihon University School of Dentistry , Tokyo , Japan.,b Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center , Nihon University School of Dentistry , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Nobuhito Gionhaku
- a Department of Complete Denture Prosthodontics , Nihon University School of Dentistry , Tokyo , Japan.,b Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center , Nihon University School of Dentistry , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Masatake Asano
- d Department of Pathology , Nihon University School of Dentistry , Tokyo , Japan.,e Division of Immunology and Pathobiology , Nihon University School of Dentistry , Tokyo , Japan
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48
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Chieosilapatham P, Ogawa H, Niyonsaba F. Current insights into the role of human β-defensins in atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 190:155-166. [PMID: 28708318 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-microbial peptides or host defence peptides are small molecules that display both anti-microbial activities and complex immunomodulatory functions to protect against various diseases. Among these peptides, the human β-defensins (hBDs) are localized primarily in epithelial surfaces, including those of the skin, where they contribute to protective barriers. In atopic dermatitis skin lesions, altered skin barrier and immune dysregulation are believed to be responsible for reduced hBD synthesis. Impaired hBD expression in the skin is reportedly the leading cause of increased susceptibility to bacterial and viral infection in patients with atopic dermatitis. Although hBDs have considerable beneficial effects as anti-microbial agents and immunomodulators and may ameliorate atopic dermatitis clinically, recent evidence has also suggested the negative effects of hBDs in atopic dermatitis development. In the current review, we provide an overview of the regulation of hBDs and their role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. The efforts to utilize these molecules in clinical applications are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chieosilapatham
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Ogawa
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - F Niyonsaba
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of International Liberal Arts, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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49
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Leyssens C, Verlinden L, De Hertogh G, Kato S, Gysemans C, Mathieu C, Carmeliet G, Verstuyf A. Impact on Experimental Colitis of Vitamin D Receptor Deletion in Intestinal Epithelial or Myeloid Cells. Endocrinology 2017; 158:2354-2366. [PMID: 28472309 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases are gastrointestinal diseases that include Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis. The chronic inflammation is thought to result from an excessive inflammatory response to environmental factors such as luminal bacteria in genetically predisposed individuals. Studies have revealed that mice with impaired vitamin D signaling are more susceptible to experimental colitis. To better understand the contribution of vitamin D signaling in different cells of the gut to this disease, we investigated the effects of intestinal-specific or myeloid vitamin D receptor deletion. Our study addressed the importance of vitamin D receptor expression in intestinal epithelial cells using intestine-specific vitamin D receptor null mice and the contribution of vitamin D receptor expression in macrophages and granulocytes using myeloid-specific vitamin D receptor null mice in a dextran sodium sulfate model for experimental colitis. Loss of intestinal vitamin D receptor expression had no substantial effect on the clinical parameters of colitis and did not manifestly change mucosal cytokine expression. Inactivation of the vitamin D receptor in macrophages and granulocytes marginally affected colitis-associated symptoms but resulted in increased proinflammatory cytokine and increased β-defensin-1 expression in the colon descendens of mice with colitis. Intestinal deletion of the vitamin D receptor did not aggravate symptoms of chemically induced colitis. Loss of the vitamin D receptor in macrophages and granulocytes mildly affected colitis-associated symptoms but greatly increased proinflammatory cytokine expression in the inflamed colon, suggesting a prominent role for innate immune cell vitamin D signaling in controlling gut inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlien Leyssens
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Lieve Verlinden
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Gert De Hertogh
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Shigeaki Kato
- Research Institute of Innovative Medicine, Tokiwa Foundation, Iwaki 972-8322, Japan
| | - Conny Gysemans
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Geert Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Verstuyf
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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50
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Tong Y, Tang J. Candida albicans infection and intestinal immunity. Microbiol Res 2017; 198:27-35. [PMID: 28285659 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections cause high rates of morbidity and mortality in intensive care and immunocompromised patients, and can represent a life-threatening disease. As a microorganism commonly found in the intestine, Candida albicans (C. albicans) can invade the gut epithelium barrier via microfold cells and enter the bloodstream. The defensive potential of the intestinal barrier against invasive C. albicans is dependent on innate and adaptive immune responses which enable the host to eliminate pathogenic fungi. The lamina propria layer of the intestine contains numerous immune cells capable of inducing an innate cellular immune response against invasive fungi. This review focuses on the immune response triggered by a C. albicans infection in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Tong
- Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Jianguo Tang
- Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai 200240, PR China.
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